Croatia (Hrvatska)

THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOKOF ARCHAEOLOGICAL

HUMAN REMAINSAND LEGISLATION

An international guide to laws and practicein the excavation and treatment of

archaeological human remains

Edited by Nicholas Mdrquez-Grant and Linda Fibiger

El Routledoef,\ raytorarranciftroup

LONDON AND NEW YORK

Fint published 2011

by Routledge2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada

by Roudedge270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016

Routledge is an inpint of the Taylor & Ftancis Croup, an inJonna business

@ 2011 Nicholas Mirquez-Grant and Linda Fibiger

for selection and editorial matter; individual chapters, their contributon

AII rights reserued. No part ofthis book rnay be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any

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British Library Cataloguing in Publimtion Data

A catalogue record for this book is available ftom the British Library

Library o;f Congres Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The Routledge handbook of archaeological human remains and legislation: an

intemational "gold.

to laws and practice in the excavation and treatment of archaeological

human remains / edited by Nicholas Mirquez-Grant and Linda Fibiger'

p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. Human rernains (Archaeology)--Law and legislation. I' Mirquez-Grant,

Nicholas, 1g76- lI. Fibiger, Linda. III. Title: Handbook ofarchaeological

human remains and legislation.

K3791.R68 2010344''094--dc22

2070020706

ISBN: 978-0-415-58857-7 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-203-83871-6 (ebk)

Typeset in Bembo byTaylor & Fmncis BooksPrinted and bound in Great Britain byCPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham, Wiltshire

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ITALY

CroattalHwatska

Mario Slaus, Mario Novak and Marin Vodanovii

INTRODUCTION: A BRIEF HISTORY AND CURRENT STATUS OFPHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY IN CROATIA

The beginnings ofbioarchaeological research in Croatia are related to the palaeoanthropological

studies carried out by Dragutin Gorjanovi6 Kramberger at the end of the 19th and the begin-

ning of the 20th century (Gorjanovi6-Kramberger 1899, 1906, 1913). His analysis of the

Neanderthal skeletal material recovered from Huinjakovo brdo near Krapina significantly con-

tributed to the acceptance of the existence of fossil man, and thus, to the acceptance of the

concept of the evolution of mankind. Go{anovi6's multidisciplinary analysis of human, animal

and stone artefacts recovered from Krapina were crucial, not only for the reconstruction of the

anatomical fearures and the qualiry of life of the Neanderthal inhabitants of Croatia, but they

also provided clues to sorne social characteristics of Neanderthal sociery. These analyses were

part of the foundations of modem palaeoanthropology.

Bioarchaeological analyses of modem man in Croatia began after the Second World War

with rwo major publications by Franjo Ivaniiek. In these works Ivaniiek presented the results

of detailed palaeodemographic and craniometric analyses of the mediaevai sites of Bijelo Brdo

(Ivani6ek 1949) and Ptuj (Ivaniiek 1951). Unfortunately these studies, although in many

respects ahead of their time (for instance the anthropological analysis of the 11th-13th-century

Bijelo Brdo site incorporated the results of animal bone and pollen analysis), were not noticed

by the intemational scientific communiry, possibly because of the fact that they were written in

Croatian. Twenty years later, Ivanitek's student Georgina Pilari6 published several papers that

focused on the craniometric characteristics of early mediaeval Croat populations (Pilari6 1967,

1,968, 1969, 1974 P:Jrant and Schwidetzky 1987).

A major qualitative and quantitative leap forward in Croatian physical anthropology and

bioarchaeology began in the 1990s. It was enabled through the work of rwo extraordinary sci-

entisrs: Pavao Rudan and Hubert Maver, who in 1977 founded both the Croatian Anthro-

pological Sociery (Hrvatsko antropoloiko druiwo), and the scientific joumal Collegiunr

Antropologirunr. They organized nunlerous intemational scientific workshops including anlong

thern the annually held School of Biological Anthropology. Their work led to the founding ofthe first scientific and educational institution dedicated exclusively to anthropological research in

Croatia: the Institute of Anthropology in Zagreb, established in 1'992.

83

Mario Slaus et al'

Today, bioarchaeological and physical anthropological analyses are perfomred in numerous

Croatian scientific centres of excellence: the Institute of Anthropology, Department of

Archaeology at the Univenity of Zagreb: the Institute for Archaeology inZagreb; the Depart-

ment of Pathology and Forensic Medicine at the (Jniversiry of Split; the Department of Dental

Anthropology at the School of Dental Medicine, Univenity of zageb; and the Department of

Archaeology at the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts. The results of the research under-

taken by these institutions are published in intemational peer-reviewed joumals of the highest

qualiry, such as the Ameican Journal of Physical Anthropology, Homo, International Journal oJ

ortroarrlraeology and the Journal of Forensic sciences. Scientists actively engaged in this field of

science in Croatia tod"iy "r.' 2. Flraii, J' Boljundi6, H' Brki6' Z' Hincak' I' Jankovi6'

M. Novak, P. Raji6 Sikaryi6, M. Shus, M. Vodanovi6, and V' Vyroubal'

Besides the tireless work of Pavao Rudan and Hubert Maver, additional impetus to

the development of bioarchaeology in croatia was given by the establishment of three under-

graduate and lwo postgraduate .o,rrr", in bioarchaeology at the universities of Zagreb and

2adar, andthe founding of the osteological collection of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and

Arts. Readen inrerested in a more detailed review of the history of physical anthropology/

bioarchaeology in Croatia can get a better appreciation of it in the works of Raji6 Sikanji6

(2005) and Shus (2006).

Physical anthropology/bioarchaeology in Croatia today

The leading centre of bioarchaeological research in Croatia today is the Department of Archae-

ology at the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zageb where four scientists 12' neait,

V. Vyroubal, M. Novak and M. !hu$ are actively engaged in bioarchaeological studies of

cro"ti"r, archaeological populations. These researchen study a wide range of topics including

;;;;ttt iStnur-zooo, )ooz, zooe1, subadult stress (Slaus 2008a), infectious diseases (Slaus

ZOOO;"Shur'".rd Novak 2007), dental pathology (Shus 2002; Vodanovi6 et al' 2005) and bone

rrauma (Shus 2008a; Slaus and Novak 2006). A list of the archaeological sites in Croatia at which

anthropological/bioarchaeological studies have been carried out is presented in Table 9'1'

Skeletal collections and databases

The osteological collection of the Departrnent of Archaeology at the Croatian Academy of Arts

and Sciences in Zagreb is the largest collection of human skeletal material in Croatia' It cur-

rently holds skeletal material from more rhan 37 archaeological sites in Croatia dating from

approximately 8,000 yean BC ro the eighteenth century ao. with a total number of over 5'500

skeletons. The collection holds approximately 150 skeletons dated to the prehistoric period'

600 skeletons frorn the Antique p.tioa, over 3,000 skeletons frorn the mediaeval period' and

1,750 skeletons ftom the Historic/Modem Age period. The numben are approximations

because the collection is growing, both through the addition of skeletons from newly dis-

covered sites, and through the addition of skeletons frorn systematic excavations that have' in

some cases, continued for over ten years.

In the osteological laboratory of the same department, skeletal material is processed through

strictly defined p.ocedures. Fint, the bones are cleaned under running water with soft brushes,

dried, numerated and when necessary and possible reconstructed' Following this a complete

inventory of all present bones, joint surfaces and teeth is made for each skeleton' After that'

each individual skeleton i, ,."eJ, aged, and the available pathological and trauma data are col-

lected and detailed taphonomic data are recorded, as is the potential Presence of associated

84

Croatia

sites in Croatia for which anthropological/bioarchaeological studies have beenTable 9.1 Archaeological

carried out

Site ChronologY Type of analysis Autltor(s)

Vukovar - Srednja ikola

Vinkovci

Josipovac - Gravinjak

Vuiedol

NeolithicNeolithicEneoiithicEneolithic

Demography,

Demography,

Pathology

DemograPhY, PathoiogyDemography, artificial

cranial deformation

Demogaphy, DNAPathoiogy

Demography, PathologyLead concentration in

human bone samPles

Occipital bone analYsis

Craniometric analYsis

Dental measurements

DemograPhY, Pathology

Demography, PathologYDemography, PathologyDemograPhY, Pathology

Slaus 2002a

Hincak er a1.,2007b

Ylak et a1.,2009

Shus 2002a

Teschler-Nicola and

Bemer 1994

Hincak et a\.2007b

Raji6 Sikanji6 et al. 2009

Slaus 2002a

Brajkovi6 et al. 1990

Boljunii6 t994/1995

pathologY

DNA

Fran;evac

Bezdanjaia

EneolithicBronze Age

(qualitative and

quantitative

characteristics)

Anomalies - upPer Boljunii6 1991

portion ofthe vault-Blood

ryp.t of ABO Petriievi6-Jagi6 et al' 1'992

system

Oval defect on frontal Malez and Nikoli6 i975

bone

Morphologicalcharacteristics of lower

jaws

Demography, PathologyDemography, PathologYDemography, PathologyAna\sis of cremated

human bones

Microscopic analysis of Hincak et al' 2007t

cremated hutnan bones

Demography, pathology Slaus 1998, 2001' 2002a'

2008a; Shus et al ,2004b'2004c

Demography, pathology Shus 2002a' 2008a; Siaus

et al" 201)4b

Demography, pathology Slaus 2002a, 2008a; Slaus

et al'' 201't4b

Demography, pathology Shus 2002a, 2008a; Slaus

et a\.,2004bPilait 1974

Kallay 1974

Shus 2002b, 2004a,

2004b, 2008a

Sbus 2008a

Slaus 2008a

Sbus 1999,2008a

Percai 1993

Raji6 Sikanji6 2008

Raji6 Sikanji6 2006

Slaus 2002a, 2003

Shus and Novak 2004

Lagamit

NadinVinkovci - "NAMA"Zvonimirovo - Veliko

polje

Sepkoviica

Strbinci

Osijek

Zmajevac

Vinkovci

Treitanovaika gradina

vid

Kaitel Su6urac

ZadarSplit - Ad basilicas Pictas

Bronze Age

Iron Age

Early hon Age

Late Iron Age

Antique period

Late Antique Period

Late Antique Period

Late Antique Period

Late Antique Period

Late Antique Period

Late Antique Period

Late Antique PeriodLate Antique PeriodLate Antique Period

85

(Continued on next Pdge)

Mario Slaus et al.

Table 9.1 (continued)

Site Chronology Type of analysk Author(s)

Ferenci

Guran - Na kdZu

Novigrad

Vinkovci

Jopi6eva pe6ina

Privlaka - Gomje njive

Stari Jankovci

Buzet - MejicaNin - Z&ijac

Donje poljeRadaiinovciGlavice

Velim - Veli5tak

Konjsko pole - LivadeMravinci

Bijelo Brdo

Ear\ Mediaeval period

Late Antique/EarlyMediaeval periodLate Antique/EarlyMediaeval period

Early Mediaeval period


Early Mediaevd period

Early Mediaevd period










Case of dental anomaly

Case of perimortemtraumaDemography, pathology,

conelation: grave rype

and sex/age

Demography, pathology

2002

Case ofartificial cranial Shus 2002a

deformation

Raji6 Sikanji6 and

Meltrovi6 2006ihlus et al- 2O07e,

Raji6 and Ujdi6 2003;

Raji6 Sikanji6 and Ujiii2003

Slaus 2002a; Shus et a/.

Sbus 1993, 1,996r, 2002a,

2008a; Slaus et a\.2002

Shus 1993, 2008; Shus

et a\.2002

Dolinar and Vidovii 1974

Stefandii 1995

Sbus 2006, 2008a

Shus 2006, 2008a

Shus 2006

Sbus 2006, 2008a

Novak ef al. 2008

Miki6 1990

Pilari6 and Schwidetzky1987

Pilari6 and Schwidetzky

1987

Shus 2002a; Shus et al.,

2002

Pient 1967

Slaus 2002a; Sbus et al.

2002

Shus er al. 2000

Demography, pathology,

discriminant analysis ofcrania


discriminant analysis ofcrania

Dental pathologies

Demography,

morphology and

rypology of crania






Cranial measurements

and indexes

Demography,

craniometry, cranial

measurements and indexes

Dental pathologies

Ivanidek 1949; Pilari6

1968

Vodanovii et a\.2004,2005

Sex determination based Vodanovi6 et al. 2006,

on morphology of the 2007

Vukovar - Lijeva Bara

Bribir

Vinkovci

Darat - Bolnjaci

Lobor

lower jaw and

odontometrics

Early Mediaeval period Multivariate craniometric

analysis

Early and Late Mediaeval Multivariate craniometric

period analysis

Early and Late Mediaeval Demography, pathology

periodEarly and Late Mediaeval Demography, cranial

period measurements and indexes

Early and Late Mediaeval Demography, pathology

periodCase of osteochondroma

85

Croatia

Table 9.1 (continued)

Sitz Clronology Type o.f analysk Author(s)

Srit4.r,o

Eelekovec

Stenjevec

Zvonimirovo - Velikopolje

Josipovo

Eakovo

Danilo - Sematorij

Suhopolje - KlilkovacOzalj

Ridice

Krbavsko poljeDugopolje

Nova Raia

Early and Late MediaevalperiodEarly and Late Mediaevalperiod

Early and Late MediaevalperiodEarly and Late Mediaeval

period

Early and Late Mediaevalperiod

Mediaeval period

Mediaeval period

Mediaeval period

Mediaeval period

Late Mediaeval period








DNADemography, pathology

Demography, pathology;

craniometric differences

between 2 phases


mulrivariate craniometric

analysis

Trauma analysis

Perimortem trauma and

occupational stfess


Trauma analysis

Demography, subadult

stress

Dental pathologies

Sex differences inmortality profiles and

stress levels





Subadult stress

Trauma analysis

Case of venereal syphilis


Sex determination based

on lower jaws

Shus 2002a; Slaus et al.

2002

Sbus 2002a; Shus et a/.

2002

Slaus 2002a, 2002c; Slaus

et al. 2002

Boljundit 1997a;

Boljunii6 and Mandi6

1993Boljundi6 2007

Boljun6i6 1997b

Slaus 2002a; Slaus and

Filipec 1998; Slaus er a/.

2002

Slaus 1996b

Shus and Novak 2006

Shus 1994

Miki6 1988

Shus 2008bNovak and Slaus 2007

ilaus et al. 1.997

Shus 2000

Shus 2002a

Shus er al. 2007b

Shus 2002a

Novak ef al. 2007

Novak 2008

Shus and Novak 2006

Shus and Novak 2007Siaus er a/. 2003b

Vodanovi6 et a\.2006

Kamengrad

Zageb - Sv. Franjo

TomaiKoprivno - Kod kriia

Crkvari - Sv. Lovre

Toriec

Poiega - Sv. Terezlja

Late Mediaeval periodLate Mediaeval period


Early Modem period

Mediaeval/Early Modemperiod

Mediaeval/Early Modemperiod

Modem period

archaeological material or animal remains. Finally anthropometric and craniometric data are

recorded.

Skeletal material may be sent for additional analyses (x-ray, DNA, CT, stable isotope analysis,etc.) to other institutions in Croatia, or other parts of the world if required. Once the analysis is

completed, all bones are stored in individually marked boxes in the osteological collection ofthe Department of Archaeology of the Croatian Academy of Arts and Sciences.

87

Mario Slaus et al.

Apart from the Department of Archaeology of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts,

bioarchaeological analyses are also conducted at the Institute of Anthropology in Zagreb by

P. Raji6 Sikanji6; rhe Institute of Archaeology in Zagreb (J. Boljunii6); the Department ofArchaeology, Faculry of Philosophy, Univeniry of Zagreb (Z,. Hincak); and the DePartment ofDental Anthropology, School of Dental Medicine, Universiry of Zagreb (H. Brki6 and

M. Vodanovi6).In terms of the populariry, interest from the general public and from the media for the results

of bioarchaeological research, the situation in Croatia is specific. The high qualiry of the workundertaken by Croatian physical anthropologists in the identification and analysis of the cause ofdeath of civilian victims of the 1991 war that followed the dissolution of the former Yugoslavia

has highlighted both the importance of physical - in this context forensic - anthropology, and

the importance of developing an osteological database.

The 1991 conflict bewveen Croatia and Serbia caused extensive material destruction and loss

of life. From 7991 to 1995 there were nore than 14,000 war-related deaths in Croatia. Among

these were a large number of civilians whose remains were subsequently recovered from 143

mass graves and a large number of individual inhumations. To identfy and determine the cause

of death of these individuals, a joint USA-Croatia forensic anthropology project was developed.

In this project, forensic anthropologists from the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts

(Hrwatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti), and the Department of Forensic Medicine at the

School of Medicine, Univeniry of Zagreb, together with forensic anthropologists from the

Smithsonian Institution, 'W'ashington DC, and the Univeniry of Tennessee in Knoxville,

developed a forensic anthropology database in which data were collected on age, sex, stature,

metric characteristics, osteological and dental pathology, and on peri-nortem trauna and pos-

sible cause of death. The pulpose of this database, modelled on the forensic database developed

at the lJniversity of Tennessee, has been to:

1 Identify a basic and standard set of measurements, observations and definitions to ensure that

data are comparable;

2 Store the data in a computer in such a way that particular subsets can be quickly accessed;

3 Provide up-to-date discriminant formulae for detemining sex, estimating stature, and

defining other traits useful for comparative research and forensic analysis.

The fomration of this database has contributed to the high frequency of positive identifica-

rions of civilian victims of the 1991 conflict (55.7%), and has educated the Croatian public and

media on the type of data that physical anthropological research can yield. This has carried on

to bioarchaeological research, with results frequently featuring on TV shows and in newspaper

articles.

An additional positive response following the formation of the forensic osteological database

was the increased interest ofscientists frorn related scientific fields, particularly archaeologists, for

the preservation and analysis of human skeletal material. The vast majoriry of Croatian archae-

ologists today are aware of the usefulness of bioarchaeological analysis for reconstructing the

living conditions and lifesryles of archaeological populations. However, because bioarchaeolo-

gical analyses of human skeletal material from archaeological sites in Croatia are not legally

required, physical anthropologists/bioarchaeologists still utilize every opportuniry (workshops,

lectures, science Gstivals, etc.) to emphasize the importance of these analyses. The result is that

virtually all human bones found in archaeological sites in Croatia today are analysed.

The downside of this significantly increased interest for bioarchaeological research is that the

large number of rescue archaeological excavations related to large state infrastructure projects

88

such as the construction of highways, coupled with the relatively small number of active

bioarchaeologists,/physical anthropologists in Croatia, means that physical anthropologists are

rarely able to stay on a site throughout its entire archaeological excavation. Bioarchaeologists

are present on an archaeological site usually at the invitation ofthe archaeologist, and generally

for a short period of time. This sometimes causes problems in terms of the recovery of the less

well preserved skeletal remains. Apart from preliminary analyses of sex and age, physical

anthropologists on archaeological sites assist in diflerentiating betlveen human and animal

remains, and berween archaeological and potential forensic cases.

There are several professional associations in Croatia in which bioarchaeologists/physical

anrhropologists actively participate. The most important is the Hrvatsko antropoloiko druitvo

(Croatian Anthropological Sociery), which is a part of the European Anthropologrcal Associa-

tion. This associarion assembles not only bioarchaeologists/physical anthropologists but also

experrs and scientists from all branches of anthropology. Beside this association, almost all

Croatian bioarchaeologists are active memben of the Hrvatsko arheoloiko dru5wo (Croatian

Archaeological fusociation), and actively participate in their annual congresses. The seat of the

Intemational Association for Paleodontology (IAPO) is at the Department of Dental Anthro-

pology, School of Dental Medicine, in Zagreb. This is an association that deals with the

research of the oral and dental health of ancient populations.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL HUMAN REMAINS AND LEGISLATION

There is no legislation that specifically regulates the excavation and treatment of human skeletal

material found in archaeological sites in Croatia. The fate of newly discovered human remains

in Croatia depends on the circumstances of theirdiscovery. When the remains are discovered in

archaeological excavations they are treated as any other archaeological finds. If human skeletal

material is found accidentally (for instance, during construction works), a tealn consisting offorensic experrs, physical anthropologists/bioarchaeologists and archaeologists is sent to the site

to deterrnine whether the discovered renains are from an archaeological context or represent a

forensic case. If the bones are considered to be a forensic case they are transported to the

parhology departments of a local hospital, or to the Departments of Forensic Medicine in

Zagreb, Split, RSeka or Osijek. When human bones are considered to be part of an archae-

ological context they are transported to the local museunl, or to one of the institutions in which

bioarchaeologists are active.

There is no regulation that determines when human remains are considered to be fi'om

archaeological contexts, and when they are considered to be part of a forensic investigation. A

general rule is that human skeletal remains dated to the end of the 19th century are usually

considered to be from archaeological contexts.

Because of atrocities committed during the Second World War and its immediate afterrnath,

mass graves with victims from this time period are sometines uncovered. Although there have

been several artemprs to develop a govemmental body that would holistically deai with these

remains, from identifying the number, age and sex of the victims, through possible positive

identification of some victims, to the reburial of the remains in one or several specific ceme-

teries, as yet nothing has transpired. At present, these remains are treated as forensic investiga-

tions in the sense that the remains are transported to and analysed in departments of forensic

medicine - usually the department in Zagreb.

As previously noted, there is also the possibiliry of uncovering individual or nass graves

related to the 1991 war in Croatia. In instances where there is any indication that this may

89

Mario Slaus et al.

be the case, the remains are handled by the 'Committee for Imprisoned and Missing Indivi-duals'. This govemmental body coordinates all procedures related to the recovery, rransporta-tion, storage and identification of these remains and treats them as forensic cases (Slaus er a/.

2007c).

Archaeological legislation

The'Law on the protection and preservation of cultural goods', adopted in 1999 and revised in2003, legally regulates archaeological research in the Republic of Croaria. Below are describedthe most important articles of this act that relate to archaeological excavations and the handlingof archaeological findings, including human skeleral material.

According to article 2 of the Croatian 'Law on the protection and preservation of culturalgoods', ctlltural goods include movable and imrnovable items of palaeontological, archae-ological, and anthropological significance. Consequently, human skeletal remains recoveredduring archaeological research are considered archaeological findings. Article 6 ofthe same lawcites the competent legal authorities responsible for the protection and proper handling ofarchaeological material found during excavations: conservation departments of the Ministry ofCulture, and the Zagreb City Bureau for the protection of monurnents of culture and thenatural heritage. Article 47 describes the conditions that need to be satisfied in order to getapproval for archaeological excavations:

... approval may be issued only to legal and physical persons that rneet the require-ments of qualification for the perfomance of such works, and if the necessary materialand technical resources to cary out the excavations, the conservation of sites,planning, and presentation ofsites and rhe findings are provided.

I-ar.u on the prtttectiou arrd preseruation of rulrural gttods, Article 47 (author's translation)

Article 68 defines the procedure employed when archaeological material is sent abroad:

.. ' it may be temporarily sent abroad for purposes of exhibition, expertise, analysis,implementation of procedures for the protection and preserwation, or other justifiablereasons, with the approval of the Croatian Ministry of Culture. The applicant for thetemporary export shall at the request of the Ministry of Culture give a guarantee incase of damage, destruction or theft of cultural goods in the fomr of cash deposit in a

bank in the full anount of the value of cultural goods, or sone other appropriateguarantee. The Minister of Culture prescribes conditions for the tentporary export ofcultural goods.

Laut ort the protectiort an.d preseruation oJculnrralgoods, Artide 68 (author's translation)

The 'Regulations for archaeological research', adopted in 2005, describe in more detail theprocedures for excavation, analysis, documentation and storage of archaeological material,including among them human skeletal material. Article 4 of the 'Regulations for archae-ological research' prescribes the measures that have to be taken before the start of the excava-tion, such as obtaining the approval of the conservation departments of the Minisrry of Culture,or the Zagreb Ciry Bureau for the protection of monuments of culture and nature. The samearticle cites which documents must be provided by the applicant for authorization: a form forspecific details on the director of rhe excavation; data on the fpe, merhodology, location,time, scope, content, and goals of the research; data on the manager and individuals involved in

90

Croatta

the work; and data on the storage place that will be used for the recovered archaeological

artefacts. Article 6 prescribes the necessary conditions that the professional manager of the

archaeological research nlust satisfy: he or she nrust be a citizetr of the Republic of Croatia, must

have a BA in archaeology, must have at least 12 mor"rths' experience in archaeological

excavations, and must have the approval of the Ministry of Culture. Article 10 prescribes the

technical requirements and equipment that the professional manager is required to provide.

Article 17 lays down the conditions that nrust be met if the material is to be exported outside

the country:

... exporting the sar-nples intended for analysis abroad is only possible with the

approval of the Ministry of Cultule and under the conditions prescribed by the Law

on the protection and preservation of cultural goods. A professional nanager nlust

submit the application for export.Rcgulations -fbr archaeological research, Artide 17 (autlnr's translation)

Aricle 18 addresses the issue of the publication of the excavated and analysed material and

documentation.

HUMAN REMAINS AND LEGISLATTON

The above infomration indicates the most important legal regulations in Croatia concerning

issues of excavarion and the handling of archaeological findings, including among thenl

human skeletal material. So far, these legal provisions have worked well in Practice, and

there are no significar-rt negative experiences. This does not mean, however, that in the near

future the possibiliry of further elaboration of legal provisions that would better regulate the

treatnlent of hunran skeletal material lbund during archaeological excavations should be

ignored.Skeletal nraterial can be, and in fact almost routinely is, sent to other countries for additional

analyses. Skeletai sanrples are fiequently sent for C1+ dating (for instance to the Leibr-riz-Labor

fiir Altersbesrimmung und Isotopenforschung in Kiel, Geurauy, or to the Beta Analytic

Laboratory in Miami, USA). Bone and dental samples from the collection of the Department ofArchaeology of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts have also been sent for stable iso-

topes analysis ro rhe Dorothy Gar-rod Laboratory for Isotopic Analysis at the Depaftment ofArchaeology, Universiry of Cambridge.

So far no ethical issues have been raised by any religious or non-goverxment grollps that

would inrpede the analysis of human skeletal r-naterial recovered from archaeological sites.

METHODS OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

Intemationally recognized standards and methods ibr deternrining age and sex (for a mole

detailed list of these see, for example, Slaus 2008a) are generally used in the bioarchaeologrcal

analysis of skeletal marerial from Croatia, although specific nethods generated for Croatian

archaeological populations are also utilized. These include discriminant functions for detemlin-

ing sex in mediaeval Croatian populations based on the dimensions of the femur and tibia (Slaus

1997; Slaus and TomiIi6 2005), as well as discdminant functions for detennining sex in modetn

Croats based on the dirrensions of the femur (Slars et a\.2003a)'

9l

Mario Slaus et al.

CONCLUSION

Croatia has a long history and tradition of research in physical anthropology dating from the

end of the 19th century, and the exceptional palaeoanthropological studies carried out byDragutin Go{anovi6 Kramberger on the Krapina Neanderthal remains. Bioarchaeologicalresearch of archaeological populations that inhabited Croatia significantly intensified at the end

of the last century, when a new generation of bioarchaeologists/physical anthropologists

working under the tutelage of Pavao Rudan and Hubert Maver emerged. The increased

interest in bioarchaeological research in Croatia was additionally fuelled by a widespread interest

in physical anthropology triggered by the role that Croatian physical anthropologists played inthe identification of civilian victims of the 1991 war in Croatia.

Although the level of funding and equipment in Croatian bioarchaeological laboratories

cannot be compared to that in more developed countries, the results that Croatian bioarch-aeologists/physical anthropologists are able to achieve are of the same high standard achieved

throughout European bioarchaeology/physical anthropology.There is no specific legislation in Croatia prescribing the treatment of human skeletal

remains recovered from archaeological contexts. Procedures that must be implemented prior toand during archaeological excavations, as well as procedures related to the handling of all

archaeological material, including human skeletal remains, are regulated by the 'Law on the

protection and preservation of cultural goods' and the 'Regulations on the archaeological

research of the Republic of Croatia'. So far, there have been no significantly negative experi-ences, and the cooperation between Croatian archaeologists and bioarchaeologists/physical

anthropologists is generally excellent. This does not mean, however, that more detailed legal

provisions in the form of regulations that would standardize the process of excavation, trans-

portation, analysis, presentation and publication of human skeletal remains should not be

developed in the future.

USEFUL CONTACTS

Croatian Anthropological Society, Gajeva 5, 10 000 Zagreb. Email: [email protected]; [email protected].

Croatian Archaeological Sociery, Tomaii6eva 6, 10 000 Zagreb. Email: [email protected].

Intemational Association for Paleodontology, Gunduli6eva 5, 10 000 Zagreb. Email: iapo@paleo

dontology.com.'Website: www.paleodontology. corn/Institute of Anthropology, Gajeva 5, 10 000 Zagreb. Email: [email protected]; [email protected].

'Website: www.inantro.hrlDepartment of Archaeology, Croatian Acadenry of Sciences and Arts, Ante Kovaii6a 5, 10 000

Zagreb. Email: [email protected].

Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]. 'Website: www.info.hazu.hr,/odsj ek_za_arheolo gij u/

Institute of Archaeology, Divka Budaka lD, 10 000 Zagreb. Email: [email protected].

Website: www.iarh.hrlDepartment of Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy, Univeniry of Zagreb, lvana

10 000 Zagreb. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.flzg.hrlarheo/Department ofDental Anthropology, School of Denal Medicine, Univenity of Zagreb, Gunduli6eva

5, 10 000 Zagreb. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.sfzg.hr/zda/

Croatia

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