1

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 History of SIWES

The growing concern among various industries and organizations that graduates

of higher institutions lacked adequate practical knowledge suitable for employment in

their areas of discipline brought about the establishment of the students industrial work

experience scheme (SIWES) in the year 1973 which has continually coped with the

increasing number of participants (Students) as well as the innovation in technology.

The scheme was initiated and designed by the industrial training fund (ITF)

giving the students the opportunity to acquire skills in handling employers equipment

and machinery thereby meeting the needs of the industries and organizations when

employed in their various areas of specialization.

I was exposed to the various drilling processes like survey, preparation of mud

and sand pits, drill point, mouse hole connection etc., well development processes

(casing, back flushing, surging, gravel packing and grouting), testing and installation of

pumps, repair and maintenance of drilling equipment during my internship at Imoh

Global Technical Service Limited.

1.2 Aim of SIWES

The student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) is aimed at

familiarizing and exposing students to the needed experience in handling equipment

and machinery in their field of specialization thereby balancing the difference between

theory and practical.

1.3 Objectives of SIWES

The objectives of SIWES are as follows;

2

i. To bridge the gap of inequality between theory and practical giving the students

opportunity to apply their knowledge in real work situation especially under

stress and emergency.

ii. To expose students to most machinery and equipment not found within their

respective institutions and its effective work methods and techniques.

iii. To create a chance for students contacts for later job placement giving them a

view to the world of work.

iv. To prepare the minds of the students for future employment.

v. To enlist and strengthen employers involvement in the entire educational

process.

Table 1.1: Roles of the different organization involve in SIWES

ORGANIZATIONS ROLES

Federal Government

(Federal Ministry of

Commerce and

Industry)

i. Funds the programme, gives rules and regulations to

govern the scheme.

ii. To make it mandatory for all Ministries, companies and

Parastatals to offer places for the attachment of

students in accordance with the provisions of Decree

No. 47 of 1971 as amended in 1990.

Industrial Training

Fund (SIWES

DIVISION)

i. Management of the scheme as well as ensuring

smooth operation of the scheme.

ii. Disburse Supervisory and Students’ allowances.

iii. Organise biennial SIWES National Conference and

Annual SIWES Review Meeting.

iv. Vet and process students’ logbooks and ITF form 8.

3

Supervising/Regulato

ry Agencies

(NUC, NBTE)

i. Directing of institution which they regulate, to

establish, monitor and fund SIWES coordinating unit.

ii. Ensure the establishment and accreditation of SIWES

Units in institutions under their jurisdiction

Industry/Employers

(Government

Establishments)

i. To appoint an Industry-based Supervisor for students

on attachment.

ii. Employ students for SIWES and train them in their

specialized areas.

Tertiary Institutions

(Polytechnics,

Universities)

i. Supervise students at their places ofattachment and sign

their log-books.

ii. Organise orientation courses in collaboration with the

ITF for their students.

iii. Submit comprehensive reports on the scheme to ITF

through their Supervising Agencies on ITF Form 8A at

the end of every year’s programme.

Student Trainees

(Science and

Technology,

Engineering)

i. To avail themselves for the training in order to acquire

knowledge, as they are the direct beneficiaries of the

program.

ii. To be obedient to constituted authorities and adhere

strictly to all rules and regulations of the Organization

where the student is attached.

iii. To record all training activities and other assignments

in the log-book and complete ITF Form-8 to ensure

proper assessments.

4

Fig 1.1: Structure of SIWES organization

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

(FEDERAL MINISTRY OF

COMMMERCE & INDUSTRY)

CHIEF

EXECUTIVE

FORUM

SUPERVISING

AGENCIES

(NUC, NCCE)

INDUSTRIAL

TRAINING FUND

(SIWES DIVISION)

ORGANISED PRIVATE

SECTOR (MAN, NECA,

NACCIMA)

TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS

(UNIVERSITIES,

POLYTECHNICS,

COLLEGES OF

EDUCATION)

ITF AREA OFFICES

(SIWES UNIT)

EMPLOYERS

(INDUSTRY/GOVERNMEN

T)

STUDENT TRAINEES

(SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY,

ENGINEERING)

5

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF IMOH GLOBAL TECHNICAL SERVICES LIMITED

2.1 Profile of the Company

Imoh Global Technical Services Limited (I.G.T.S.L) is a water servicing

company which deals with water drilling, repairs of submersible pumps, water

distribution, installation and completion. The director Mr. Imoh Okon with years of

experience in this field owns and runs the affairs of the company. It is situated at No

470 Oron road, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State.

2.2 Brief History of I.G.T.S.L.

The company was incorporated in 2007 with registration no. 689497. It is an

indigenous private enterprise whose prime objective is providing reliable and excellent

service in water production and distribution for domestic and industrial use. The

establishment is owned by Mr. Imoh Okon who is also the director and has about

twenty (20) personnel working in the various departments.

2.3 Services Rendered By I.G.T.S.L.

For the past thirteen (13) years, the company has been able to excel in the

following;

Provision of suitable/clean water for domestic and industrial consumption.

Maintenance and repair of borehole.

Installation of pumps and casing.

Development of borehole.

Erection of water tanks and plumbing.

Harnessing and solving electrical faults.

6

2.4 Equipment/Facilities Owned and Used By the Company

A 15KVA Lister Generator owned by the company

2 model mw100 drilling rig capable of drilling up to 350m usually hired by the

company

6 Water tanks owned by the company.

A VHP 700 atlas Copco Air Compressor of 12bar capacity owned by the

company

A 20 horse power submersible pump mainly for industrial use owned by the

company

7.5 & 5 horse power Granfos submersible pump with accessories for testing

owned by the company

2.5 Departments of the Organization

Administrative department: This department is concerned with running the

administration of the company. The department is headed by Mr. Imoh Okon,

the director of the company.

Operation department: They are concerned with water drilling operations as

well as the completion and installation of the borehole; the following persons are

involved;

Mr. Imoh Okon Head of Department

Mr. Anwanga-abasi Udofia Assistant

Mr. Jonathan Member

Mr. Nkese Ikpe Member

Mr. Nsisong Member

Mr. David Member

Mr. Oto-obong Member

7

Engineering Department: The members of this department are concerned with

the repair of the borehole and servicing of equipment.

Accounting Department: this department keeps record of the cash inflows and

outflows of the company as well as staff payment, headed by Miss Florence.

Fig 2.1: I.G.T.S.L. Organizational chart

2.6 Mission of the Company

The company’s mission is to create better opportunities for students to acquire

basic skills in their field and interested individuals; to cultivate a service culture that is

quality oriented in the provision of clean water for domestic and industrial uses thereby

attaining her goal as a global best.

Director

Secretary/Accountant

Operation manager

Safety Officer Drilling Unit Electrical Unit

8

CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Pre-Drilling Procedures

Before drilling takes place, various procedures are carried out. They include:

Site preparation

Drilling fluid/mud preparation

Preparation of drilling equipment

3.2 Site Preparation

During this process, the site for drilling is first located, the following few factors

were considered before preparing the site;

i. The site to be drilled must not be too rocky.

ii. It must not be close to any source of contamination.

3.3 Drilling Mud Preparation

3.3.1 Materials Used:

i. Bentonite

ii. Clean water

iii. Antisol

iv. Extender

3.3.2 Equipment Used:

i. Marsh Funnel

ii. PH Meter

9

3.3.3 Steps Involved In Preparing Drilling Mud

i. A measurable amount of Bentonite is added to a given amount of water and

mixed thoroughly while pumping water through a 3-way valve and recirculating

the water back through the pit.

ii. A sample of the mud is taken and a PH meter is used to measure the

concentration of the hydrogen ions of the mud.

iii. Using the above sample, the viscosity of the mud is also measured using a marsh

funnel, this helps to determine the ability of the drilling fluid to hold cuttings.

iv. The mixture is allowed for a certain period of time to ensure complete clay

hydration to avoid it swelling in the hole.

3.3.4 Importance of the Drilling Mud

i. Provide the hydrostatic pressure needed to subdue the formation pressure and

aids borehole stability.

ii. It seals the borehole wall and reduces fluid loss.

iii. It transports sands/rocks (cuttings) from the bottom of the borehole to the

settling pit (sand base).

iv. It cools and lubricates the drill bit, the drill pipe and the mud pump.

v. It allows cutting to drop out in the sand base to prevent recirculation.

3.3.5 Preparation of Drilling Equipment

i. Connect the drill bit to the drill pipe.

ii. The suction hose is then connected to the mud pump.

iii. One end of the Kelly hose or Delivery hose is connected to the swivel and the

other to the mud pump.

iv. The swivel along with the Kelly hose is then connected to the drill pipe using a

pipe wrench.

10

3.4 Drilling Methods

Primarily there are two (2) methods of drilling, they include:

1. Manual Method which include:

a. Chakachaka drilling

b. Tripod Stand

c. Rotary jetting

2. Mechanical Method which include:

a. Drilling Rig

In oil industry, heavy machineries are used such that man power is not required

but in this case, we are most concerned with the manual (man power). During drilling,

Different geological formations are encountered, requiring a four-man power to break

through the formations with the help of the clamp.

3.4.1 Advantages of Manual Drilling Method

i. The cost of hiring tools and equipment are very low, thus enabling the local

artisans carry out their work effectively.

ii. Easy access to drilling sites in the rural areas where drilling rigs cannot be

used.

iii. It is cost effective.

iv. It does not occupy space as in the case of drilling rig.

3.4.2 Disadvantages of Manual Drilling Method

1. It consumes much time and energy to get a task completed.

2. The efficiency of the work depends on the number of workers present due to its

quest for man power

11

3.4.3 Chakachaka Drilling Method

Chakachaka is used in sandy or soft formations, where no rocks will be

encountered and in cases where there is no space for the installation of the tripod stand.

In this method, the clamp is fastened to the drill pipe and the Kelly hose is

connected to one end of the swivel and the drill pipe is connected to the other end of

the swivel with the drillbit then connected to the other end of the drill pipe to be

tripped in, thus drilling resumes by a clockwise rotation of the clamp.

3.4.4 Tripod Stand Drilling Method

The equipment is made up of three stands as the name implies. The use of this

equipment to drill is called the tripod method. It is mostly used in hard/rocky

formations. But the chakachaka can be used in the case where there is no space for the

stands to be erected, though it requires more time and energy.

In tripod stand method, the Kelly hose is connected to one end of the swivel and

the drill pipe to the other end of the swivel, the swivel is then connected to the central

point of the stand by a hook which is connected to a winch. A rotating clamp is

fastened to the drill string and with its help; the component is rotated in a clockwise

direction to enhance effective penetration of the bit.

The komkom bit is used to drill, but when a hard formation is encountered, a

wrap bit (fork like in nature, not used to drill but to break hard rocks) is used.

3.4.5 The Rotary Jetting Method

Jetting is a process that involves the useof a pump to compel a flow of water

down a drill pipe and out of a narrow nozzle to make a jet of water, which helps to

soften the sediment.

12

The pipe is suspended from a tripod and rotated by hand to keep the borehole

straight. There is usually a return flow of the drilling fluid outside the drill pipe which

carries cuttings to the surface and down to the settling pit then back to the mud pit.

The major disadvantage of this method is that; It cannot be used in rocky

formations due to the weight of the cuttings, which cannot be carried by the drilling

fluid to the surface.

3.5 Water Drilling Process

3.5.1 Materials Used For Drilling

i. Bentonite

ii. Antisol

iii. Extender

3.5.2 Equipment Used For Drilling

i. Drill pipe

ii. Tripod stand

iii. Spade

iv. Winch

v. Pipe wrench

vi. Drill bit

vii. Clamp

viii. Kelly hose

ix. Suction hose

x. Swivel

Drilling process begins with the site preparation, equipment, drilling fluid

preparation, mud pit of about 3ft and settling (sand pit) pit of about 21/2ft are

13

excavated, and any of the drilling methods could be used depending on the nature of

the formation.

The drill bit is connected to the drill pipe and to the swivel using a pipe wrench, the

mud pump and the water tanks are kept near the mud pit, the Kelly and the suction

hose are then connected to the mud pump which when switched on circulates water

from the mud pit through the Kelly hose, swivel and drill pipe into the formation and

back to the mud pit, it is a continuous process till the drilling operation is completed.

The drill pipe is 10ft, so at the end of every drilled pipe the formation sample is

collected. During the first 60ft of drilling, clean water is used as drilling fluid without

any additive to minimize subsequent well development problems (like: reduction in

penetration rate) , the formations at this depth is made up of clay which yields when

mixed with water acting as bentonite. After this depth bentonite is added to increase

the viscosity of the mud to prevent the hole from collapsing since the formations below

are sandy.

The drilling mud needs to be adjusted during drilling, either by adding water or by

removing accumulated cuttings from the sand pit. As the drilling depth increases, the

formation samples become finer. Drilling operation is discontinued when crystalline

sand sample is obtained which indicates that a clean water table has been reached. Due

to the nature of formations, the drill depth differs in various terrains (locations).

14

Fig 3.1: The drilling process

3.6 Well Casing and Screen Installation

Borehole is cased to prevent the caving in of the hole. There are several forms of

screened metallic pipes used in the oil industries but in this case PVC pipes are used to

avoid contamination and by this, one of the casing pipes is slotted with the help of a

saw blade to create openings which is equivalent to the perforation of the production

casing in petroleum for oil drainage into the wellbore.

3.6.1 Equipment Used:

i. Saw blade

ii. Hammer

15

iii. Rope

3.6.2 Materials Used:

i. PVC screen pipe

ii. PVC casing pipes

iii. Toptic gum

Before casing is carried out, the total depth of the well (distance of borehole from

top to bottom) must be known and the required casing pipes and screen cleaned and put

in place for use.

A casing slump and a drive shoe are attached to the bottom of the well screen to

prevent mud and silt from entering into the casing, a slip clamp is attached to the upper

part of the screen to prevent it from slipping into the hole and then subsequent casings

are joined using gum and nail till the casing screen reaches the bottom, a rope is used

to slightly raise and suspend the casing into the well.

3.6.3 Functions of Well Casing and Screen Installation

i. The screen acts as a filter to prevent silt, sand and gravel from entering into the

water.

ii. The casing prevents the well from caving in.

iii. The casing prevents and protects the submersible pump from damage and also

enhances fishing process when need arises.

3.7 Gravel Packing Process

Gravel packing as the name implies, is carried out in order to prevent sand and

silt particles from entering into the well, the gravels are used to fill the annular space, it

acts as a filter.

16

3.7.1 Functions of Gravel Packing

i. It helps to increase the life of the well.

ii. It increases the porosity of the wellbore.

iii. It results in high yield of the well.

3.8 Well Development

This is the process of removing sand particles, clay and silt that were introduced

into the well while drilling to keep the well clean.

3.8.1 Materials Used:

i. Air

ii. Water

3.8.2 Equipment Used:

i. Pipe hose

ii. Air compressor

iii. Steel pipes

3.8.3 Benefits of Well Development

i. It helps to produce high quality water.

ii. Well development helps to increase the service life of the pump.

iii. It increases the rate of water flow from the aquifer into the well.

iv. It stabilizes the aquifer and prevents sand pumping.

v. It helps to breakdown and removes any drilling mud additives that may have

penetrated into the well.

3.8.4 Well Development Techniques

The various well development techniques used are as follows;

17

i. Over pumping

ii. Surging

iii. Bailing

iv. Air compression

v. Back flushing

Over pumping: The process of pumping a well for at least 3-4 times, the water is

discharged for a long period of time; it pumps the well sand free at a very high rate.

Pumping is not done continuously but by a process known as the “start-stop cycle

pumping”.

Surging: In this process, the surge block is pushed downwards in other to force water

at a high velocity and pressure out of the screen. As the surge block is pulled upwards,

the muddy water is pulled into the screen and pumped out as well.

Bailing: A bailer is a pipe with one way valve in the bottom. The bailer is lowered into

the well until it is filled with water and sediments. It is then pulled to the surface and

emptied. It takes a long period of time to be completed.

Air Compression: In this method, a compressor is used to inject air at a very high

pressure into the well to lift the water. As it reaches the top of the casing, the supply of

air is shut off thereby allowing aerated water column to fall.

Back Flushing: In this process, a water lifting device and a container in which water

can be stored and allowed to flow back easily into the well are used. Water is then

pumped to the surface until the container is full, and it is quickly dumped into the well,

this process is repeated continually until the well is clean.

3.9 Installation of the Well Head

After well development has been carried out, the well head is installed. Its main

functions include:

18

i. It provides a suspension point for the casing strings that runs from the bottom of

the wellbore to the surface.

ii. It helps to suspend the tubings (risers).

iii. It provides a means of attaching a well pump.

iv. It provides a means of linking the pipe to the storage tank.

Fig 3.2: Installation of wellhead

3.10 Installation of Risers and Pump

Risers and pump are the next things to install after well head installation. A

pump ranging from 1.5hp to 20hp can be used depending on the capacity, purpose or

19

demand of the owner. The electric pump is made up of the pump head, the pump motor

and the pump cable.

The riser pipes serves as a channel for the passage of water to the surface and

down to the storage tanks. During the installation process, a riser pipe is screwed to the

threaded part of the pump and a marine rope is knotted to the two holes on the pump

close to the threaded section. A cello tape is used to bind the cable and the marine rope

to the riser and the whole assembly is sent down into the well and the marine rope and

cable are tensioned to avoid the whole assembly from slipping into the borehole. With

the same procedures, subsequent risers are screwed one to another and sent down until

the installation depth is reached.

After the pump and risers installation, a process known as “pump testing” is

usually carried out. Pump testing involves the testing of the flow rate of the pump per

second.

3.11 Setting of the Storage Tank

A storage tank is use for the storage of the water, usually situated close to the

borehole, where a pipe is connected from the wellhead with the aid of either PVC or a

GI elbow and down to the storage tank which is sometimes on top of a platform, same

approach is applied in the oil industry, in tank farms for the storage of oil.

20

Fig 3.3: Installation of water storage tank

3.12 Slab and Fence

After installation, a concrete slab is usually made, and a fence is made around

the well head using concrete. When the slab solidifies, it is being placed on the fence in

a way that it will cover the well head assembly. The slab and fence are to prevent

surface water from getting into the borehole and its design is based on the owners taste.

21

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

During the program, we were coached on how to handle various equipment and

machinery and most times we were given opportunity to carryout different task in the

field, which helped boast our spirit of teamwork, competence and leadership. We were

shown various techniques and the need to satisfy our employers.

Below are few sites drilled during this program:

4.1 Drilling at Use Offot, Nwaniba

The total depth drilled was 180ft; a tripod stand was used to drill in this

formation because it was rocky. The type of bit used here was the komkom bit with the

size of 6in and a casing size of 4.5in was installed at a depth of 160ft.

The various formations encountered are as follows:

Table 4.1: Drilling data at EtimOkonUsangha, off Nwaniba

DEPTH(ft) FORMATION TYPE

10-30 Laterite

50-60 Laterite mixed with sand

80-80 Fine grain sand (brown)

100-100 Medium grain gravels

120-130 Clay

150-150 Clay sand

170-170 Fine grain gravels

180 Fine sand (pure white)

22

4.2 Drilling at Etinan LGA

The borehole here was drilled to a total depth (TVD) of 190ft before pure water

was found. The chakachaka method was used to drill this formation (because the

formation was not rocky). The diameter of the bit used was 6in with a casing size of

4in cased to the depth of 110ft.

The various formations that were encountered include:

Table 4.2: Drilling data at Ikot Aka, Etinan

DEPTH(FT) FORMATION TYPE

10-40 Laterite

50-90 Sharp sand

90-120 Fine sharp sand

120-140 Clay sand

150-190 Fine gravel sand

10-40ft 50-70ft 80-100ft

100-120ft 125-145ft

150-165ft 170-190ft

23

Fig 4.1: Drilling Formation Samples at Etinan LGA.

4.3 Drilling at Oron

Here the well was drilled to a total depth of 250ft at which pure water was

obtained. The diameter of the drill bit used was 10in and cased with an 8in casing pipe

at a depth of 240ft.

The various formations encountered while drilling on this site include:

Table 4.3: Drilling data at Oron

DEPTH(ft) FORMATION TYPE

10-50 Laterite

60-80 Coarse grain sand

90-100 Medium grain sand

110-130 Clay sand

140-150 Compacted clay

160-170 Sand intercolated with clay

180-190 Compacted sand

200-220 Gravels

230-240 Sand gravel

250 Fine grain sand (pure white)

24

4.4 Drilling at Ikot Ekpene Road

Here the well was drilled to a total depth of 180ft at which pure water was

obtained. The diameter of the drill bit used was 10in and cased with an 8in casing pipe

at a depth of 170ft.

The various formations encountered while drilling on this site include:

Table 4.4: Drilling data at Oron

DEPTH(FT) FORMATION TYPE

10-30 Laterite

40-80 Sharp sand

90-110 Fine sharp sand

120-150 Clay sand

160-180 Fine gravel sand

4.5 The Problems of Borehole Drilling, Causes and Solutions

1. Stuck Drill Pipe

In the case where there is short of drilling fluid in the mud pit when

drilling into a clay formation and the drill pipe is left in the formation for a day

or more before drilling fluid is supplied for the continuation of the drilling

process, it will result to stuck pipe and may extend the drilling time.

Though the stuck pipe can be freed by the addition of water and the

continuous shaking and pulling, which might require much energy as in the case

of Ikot Aka, Etinan local government area.

25

2. The Cost Of Drilling

Different areas have different cost of drilling depending on the nature of

the formations to be encountered or performance record from the nearby wells

used to determine the depth to be drilled. Rocky and clay formations with high

depth charges more than soft formation with less depth.

3. Shortage Of Water

It is one of the most important problems encountered while drilling in

remote areas where there is no good road for water supply and no source close to

the drilled site, in this case the drilling is always abandoned or takes longer time

for its completion.

4. Collapse Of The Borehole

The borehole can collapse during drilling if the right amount of antisol is

not added, this antisol helps to hold the walls of the formation when drilling and

prevent collapse, and the well can also collapse if not properly cased after

drilling.

5. Fluid Loss

When drilling, the drill fluid may be loss to the permeable walls of the

formation thereby preventing effective circulation.

6. Not Drilling To The Right Depth

When drilling for water, there are some formations that contain water

(not sufficient), but this is not usually the right depth. If the driller stops drilling

at this point, there is a possibility that after installation and completion, the water

will flow for few days and then stop.Thus, it is advisable to carry out survey on

26

the intended terrain to be drilled to know the depth at which clean water is

expected, thereby helping your budget for the drilling process.

Table 4.5: Differences between water and oil drilling

S/N WATER DRILLING OIL DRILLING

1. Water can be produced at a

shallow depth

Oil is buried deep into the earth crust

2. Artificial pump is used to bring

water to the surface

The well flows at a high pressure,

artificial pumps can only be used when

the pressure is not sufficient enough for

production

3. Tripod stands are used for

drilling

It involves the use of drilling rigs

4. The only drilling fluid use here

is the water base mud

Oil based mud, water based mud and air

based mud are the drilling fluids used

5. The mud man checks the sand

base and removes cuttings,

mixes mud and additives

Here, the mud engineer monitors the

mud system

6. Drilling is carried out only on

land

Drilling is carried out both on land and

water (onshore and offshore)

7. There is no possibility of

blowout

There is high possibility of blowout due

to high depth drilled

27

CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

4.1 Conclusion

The water drilling process is quite similar to the drilling process for crude oil

production in petroleum engineering and the challenges encountered are slightly

different due to the operating system, materials, equipment, techniques and depth

drilled.

The industrial training program at Imoh Global Technical Services Limited

(I.G.T.S.L) has granted me the opportunity to learn the practical aspect of drilling as it

applies in my field which has improved my competence, team spirit, leadership skills

and ability to critically evaluate and handle work situations even under stress and

emergency. Now with the impacted ideas and techniques in areas such as; Repairs and

Maintenance, pre-drilling procedures, drilling process and well development processes,

I can confidently sail through work situations when called upon.

4.2 Recommendation

For subsequent trainees, I strongly recommend that;

i. Various educational bodies should participate in the supervision of students as

well as employers.

ii. Incentives benefits should be given to trainee no matter how small to boast their

focus and performance.

iii. The checking of log books on weekly bases so as to make the trainee more

focus.

28

iv. Funds should be released to improve the scheme as there is a growing number of

institutions, as well as the number of participants.

v. Trainees should be given opportunity to engage in field work and operate

machinery no matter how complicated it may be.

vi. Placement opportunities be created for students in the industries where they can

be exposed not only in one area of their field, and get to experience what is

really explored (not water instead of oil) to enhance effective competency after

graduation.

29

REFERENCES

Anderson, K. (1993). Ground Water Handbook, Dublin Ohio: National ground water

Association, pp. 401.

Driscoll, F. G. (1986). Ground water and wells, 2nd Edition, St. Paul: Johnson Division,

pp. 1089

Chilingarian, G. V. and Vorabutr, P. (1983). Drilling and Drilling fluid.

Imoh, E. O. (2007). Imoh Global Technical Services Company’s Bronchure.

Kate, Van Dyke (1998). Drilling Fluid, Mud pumps and conditioning equipment.

Miller, C. Drilling (2012). Drilling techniques.

Moffat, B. (1986) “Efficient Water Well”, Developing World Water, Hong Kong:

Grosvenor Press International, pp. 36-37.

Raymond, Rowley (1995). Drilling for water (2nd edition). Avebury, Cranfield

University.

Schreurs, R. (1987) “Well Development is Critical”, Developing World Water, Hong

Kong: Grosvenor Press International.

University Of Uyo Students SIWES Handbook.