Muṇḍakopaniṣad 1.1.1 - 1.1.9 26.4.2017

मुण्डकोपनिषद ्Muṇḍakopaniṣad1《髡发奥义书》

Śānti Mantra

√bhand n sg acc √karṇ m pl inst √śṛ opt 1st pl m pl nom n sg acc √dṛś opt 1st pl akṣan n pl inst m pl voc

Oṁ bhadraṁ karṇebhiḥ śṛṇuyāma devā bhadraṁ paśyema akṣabhir yajatrāḥ2 | the auspicious by ears may we hear Devas the auspicious may we see with eyes the worthy of worship

√sthā adj m pl inst n pl inst √stu adj m pl nom √tan f pl inst vi-√viś opt 1st pl tatpu n sg acc rpn n āyus n sg acc

sthiraiḥraṅgaiḥstuṣṭuvāṁsaḥ3stanūbhiḥ4rvyaśema deva-hitaṁ5 yad āyuḥ || with steadfast limbs praising with bodies may we enjoy Deva-allotted that life span

ind ppn 1st pl dat m sg nom [bahu] ~as adj m sg nom m sg nom adj m sg nom

svasti6 na indro vṛddha-śravāḥ7 svasti naḥ pūṣā8 viśvavedāḥ9 | ‘let it be good’ to us Indra the great-famed Pūṣan all-embracing (knowing)

√tṛkṣ m sg nom [bahu] adj f sg nom √bṛh m sg nom √dhā imp 3rd sg

svasti naḥstārkṣyo10 ariṣṭa-nemiḥ11 svasti no bṛhaspatir12 dadhātu || Tārkṣya the undamaged-wheel Bṛhaspati may he grant

f sg nom

Oṁ śāntiḥ śāntiḥ śāntiḥ peace

1 muṇḍaka [m] the shaven-headed

2 Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary: [adj] worthy of worship or sacrifice, deserving adoration

3 tuṣţuvas [adj] praising, tuṣṭuvāṁsaḥ [adj m pl nom] strong base for pl

4 √tan to spread

5 hita [pp] of √dhā conveyed, allotted

6 su+asti lit. ‘well-is’; may it be well with thee! hail! health! adieu! be it!; Godspeed, blessing

7 vṛddhaśravas [adj, stem] name of Indra; vṛddha [pp] of √vṛdh great, abundant; śrava √śru fame, glory, renown

8 √pūṣ to nourish pūṣan [m] name of a Vedic deity originally connected with the sun, etc.

9 vedas [m] knowledge, viśvavedas [adj] embracing or absorbing all things, lit. ‘all-knowledge’

10 √tṛkṣ to go, tārkṣya the celestial bird Garuda

11 √ṛiṣ destroy, ruin; ṛiṣta [pp adj] torn off, broken, destroyed; ariṣṭa-nemiḥ [karma cpd] turns [bahu cpd] as adj for Garuda

12 √bṛh to pray; bṛhaspati [m] Lord of prayer or devotion

Muṇḍakopaniṣad 1.1.1 - 1.1.9 26.4.2017

Oṃ. O Devas! May we hear the auspicious with our ears!

O the worthy-of-worship ones! May we see with our eyes the auspicious!

Praising with steady limbs and bodies, may we enjoy the Deva-allotted life.

Bless us! Indra – the great-famed. Bless us! Pūṣan – the all-embracing.

Bless us! Tārkṣya – one with undamaged wheel. May Bṛhaspati grant us blessing.

Oṃ. Peace! Peace! Peace!

汉译文、译注：《五十奥义书 （修訂本）》徐梵澄译，中国社会科学出版社 2007

皈敬颂

唵！

诸天兮！吾人其可耳闻吉祥声！

群神兮！吾人其可眼见吉祥事！

肢体坚强兮，惟以颂以祝，

以身得享天神所赐之形寿！

赐福我辈兮！因陀罗！高名誉！

赐福我辈兮！普商！宇宙养育主13！

赐福我辈兮！多刹雅！轮无伤14！

赐福我辈兮！璧赫斯钵底15！赐予！

唵！平安！平安！平安！

13

【笔者：“宇宙养育者”viśvaveda, Pūṣan 字根 √pūṣ“养育”意；viśva: “宇宙”或“一切”；viśvaveda 字面意思 “全知”。】 14

【笔者：“多刹雅” Tārkṣya “神鹰”；“轮无伤”：ariṣṭa “不破”，nemi “轮”。】 15

【笔者：“璧赫斯钵底” Bṛhaspati “祈祷敬拜之神”。】

Muṇḍakopaniṣad 1.1.1 - 1.1.9 26.4.2017

First Muṇḍaka: First Khaṇḍa

~an m sg nom m pl gen √prath adj m sg nom √bhū perf 3rd sg

1. oṃ brahmā devānām prathamaḥ sambabhūva Brahmā among Devas foremost was (or manifested)

n sg gen m sg nom m/n sg gen m sg nom

viśvasya16 kartā17 bhuvanasya18 goptā19 | of the universe creator world’s or being’s protector

m [tatpu cpd] f sg acc pn-adj f √sthā f sg acc [tatpu cpd]

sa brahma-vidyāṁ sarva-vidyā-pratiṣṭhām he (of) Brahman -knowledge (of) all -knowledge -basis

~a m sg dat adj spv [karma cpd] m sg dat perf 3rd sg

arthavāya jyeṣṭha-putrāya20 prāha21 || for Atharva eldest for son told

Oṃ.

Brahmā was the first among Devas,

creator of the universe, protector of all.

He imparted the Brahma-vidyā – basis of all knowledge –

to his eldest son Atharva.

第一书 上篇

唵！

始生有大梵22是乃诸天首

创造此宇宙，护持此群有。

彼为其长子，名曰阿他婆，

说此大梵明，众明之基础。(一)

16 √viś to pervade; viśva [adj] all, universal; viśvaṃ universal 17

kartṛ creator 18

bhuvana 1. [n] a being, living creature, man, mankind; 2. [rarely m] the world, earth 19

√gup goptṛ protector 20

-iṣṭha [-ifc] forms superlative, jyeṣṭha eldest 21

√ha only [perf]; told, uttered, spoke; pra-āha [3rd sg perf] 22“大梵”Brahmā，指神。通常 Brahman“大梵”，乃指超人格性之“太极”，中性字，亦可曰“梵道”。

Muṇḍakopaniṣad 1.1.1 - 1.1.9 26.4.2017

~an m sg dat rpn f sg acc impf 3rd sg m sg nom

2. artharvaṇe yām pravadeta23 brahmā for Atharvan what proclaimed Brahmā

m sg nom f sg acc ind -o- √vac perf m sg dat [tatpu cpd] f sg acc atharvā tām purā uvāca aṅgire brahma-vidyām |

Atharvan that of old told for Aṅgir (of) brahman -knowledge

nom m sg dat m sg dat perf 3rd sg sa bhāradvārāya satyavahāya prāha

he for Bhāradvāja -Satyavaha told

m sg nom m sg dat adj f sg acc

bhāradvājo’ṅgirase parāvarām24 || Bhāradvāja for Aṅgiras in succession

What Brahmā proclaimed to Atharvan in olden days,

that Brahma-vidyā Atharvan told to Angir,

who told (it) to Satyavaha-Bhāradvāja,

(and) Bhāradvāja to Angiras – (the vidyā) is handed down in succession.

大梵以此教，阿他婆学之；

传是大梵明，维初授安吉。

由彼更传授，婆罗多洼遮；

上学下学俱，传安吉罗斯25。(二)

23

pra-√vad Vedic for avadat [impf 3rd sg] spoke clearly, told, proclaimed 24 Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary: handed down from earlier to later times, [adj] for vidyā 25

此学之传承：大梵>阿他婆>安吉>萨睇耶婆诃·婆罗多洼遮>安吉罗斯

Muṇḍakopaniṣad 1.1.1 - 1.1.9 26.4.2017

m sg nom ind m sg nom m sg acc

3. śaunako ha vai mahā-śalo’ṅgirasaṁ26 Saunaka indeed great householder to Aṅgiras

ind pp adj m sg nom √prach perf 3rd sg

vidhivad27upasannaḥ28 papraccha | duly approached asked

n sg loc ind ~at m sg voc adj n sg loc kasmin nu bhagavo29 vijñāte30

what now Bhagavat when known

pn-adj n sg acc n sg acc adj n sg acc √bhū pres 3rd sg sarvam idaṁ vijñātam bhavati iti ||

all this is known becomes

Saunaka, the great householder, approached Angiras duly with respect and asked:

“What is that, O Bhagavan, when known, everything becomes known?”

韶那迦者，大家主也，执弟子礼谒安吉罗斯，

问曰：“老师！知之则一切皆知，是何学也？”31 (三)

26

mahāśala [karma cpd]; mahā great; śāla [m] Vatica robusta used for house building 27

in accordance with Vedas injunctions or precept, duly 28

upa-sanna [pp of √sad] sat down close to someone (especially for instruction) =approached 29

Vedic for bhagavan [voc] 30

vijñāta [adj] discerned, understood, known; kasmin … vijñāte [loc of circumstance] =what when known 31

参《大林间奥义书》2.4.5。

Muṇḍakopaniṣad 1.1.1 - 1.1.9 26.4.2017

tad m sg dat nom pcl √vac perf du nom ~ā f du nom √vid fpp f du nom pcl 4. tasmai sa ha32oūvāca | dve vidye veditavye iti33 ha sma34

for him he (expletive) said two knowledge to be known (past sense)

rpn n sg acc m pl nom √vad pres 3rd pl adj f sg nom pcl adj f sg nom yad brahma-vido35 vadanti parā ca eva aparā ca ||

that Brahman-knowers said higher also lower

To him he said: “Two kinds of knowledge are to be known” – that the Brahman-knowers said – “One the lower and one the higher.”

彼告之曰：“有二明当学，如大梵明者所言：一为上明，一为下明。36 (四)

pcl adj f sg nom m m m m √śikṣ f √kḷp m 5. tatra aparā ṛgvedo yajurvedaḥ sāmavedo’tharvavedaḥ śikṣā37 kalpo38

therein the lower Rig Veda Yajur V. Sāma V. Atharva V. phonetics ritual

n n n n

vyākaraṇaṁ39 niruktaṁ40 chando41 jyotiṣam42 iti | grammar etymology prosody astrology/astronomy

ind adj f sg nom f sg inst nom √kṣar n sg nom √gam pass 3rd sg atha parā yayā tad akṣaram adhigamyate ||

and the higher with which that imperishable is attained

Therein the lower knowledge: Rig Veda, Yajur Veda, Sama Veda, Atharva Veda, phonetics, rituals, grammar, etymology, prosody and astronomy;

and the higher knowledge with which the imperishable is attained.

下明者，《黎俱韦陀》，《夜珠韦陀》，《三曼韦陀》，《阿他婆韦陀》，——

声明，仪礼，文法，文字学，诗学，天文学皆是也。

上明者，由之而悟入‘不变灭者’ 也。43” (五)

32

enclitic particle, which in the older language slightly emphasized the preceding word, but a mere expletive in later Sanskrit 33

should it be ’veditavya iti’ after sandhi? 34

gives a present tense (here vadanti) a past sense 35

brahma-vit brahma-knower; Vedic for brahmavitaḥ [m pl nom] 36

参《弥勒奥义书》6.22 37

pronunciation and accent; √śikṣ to learn (the phonetics) 38

rituals and their mandates; √kḷp to conform to 39

grammatical analysis; vi-ākaraṇa [n] separation, distinction, discrimination 40

etymology; nir-ukta pronounced, explained, defined, etymology 41

studies of prosody metres 42

astrology/astronomy, √dyut to shine 43

“声明”以下为韦陀六支。

Muṇḍakopaniṣad 1.1.1 - 1.1.9 26.4.2017

n n √dṛś fpp n sg nom √grah fpp n sg nom adj n sg nom adj n sg nom

6. yat tad adreśyam44 agrāhyam agotram45 avarṇam46 which that imperceptible ungraspable no origin no attributes

[dvanda cpd] n sg nom n [dvanda cpd] n sg nom a-cakṣuḥ-śrotraṁ47 tad a-pāṇi-pādam48 |

no eyes and ears that no feet and hands

adj n sg nom adj n sg nom adj n sg nom adj n sg nom nityaṁ vibhuṁ49 sarva-gataṁ su-sūkṣmaṁ50

eternal omnipresent all-pervading very subtle

n vi-aya adj n sg acc n [tatpu cpd] f sg acc pres 3rd pl m pl nom tad avyayam yad bhūta-yoniṁ51 paripaśyanti dhīrāḥ ||

that imperishable which (of) beings-source behold everywhere the wise

That which is imperceptible, ungraspable, unoriginated, attribute-less;

with no eyes nor ears, hands nor feet; eternal, omnipresent, all-pervading, very subtle –

the wise behold everywhere as the Imperishable source-of-all-beings.

彼不可见，摄，

无姓氏，无色，

无眼，耳，手，足，

恒常，而遍入，

遍在，微妙极，

彼非变灭者，

是万物之胎，

智者观遍是。（六）

44

Vedic for adṛśyaṃ 45

gotra [n] cowshed =family, race, lineage, origin 46 √vṛ to cover; varṇa character, appearance, attribute 47

cakṣu [m] śrotra [n] 48

pāṇi [m] pāda [m] 49

manifested in diverse forms 50

su [pfx] very, well; sūkṣmaṁ [adj] subtle; cf. suṣṭhu [adv] exceedingly; 51

bhūta [n] being; yoni [m/f] womb, place or source of birth

Muṇḍakopaniṣad 1.1.1 - 1.1.9 26.4.2017

pcl m pl inst √sṛj pres 3rd sg √grah pres 3rd sg

7. yathā ūrṇanābhiḥ sṛjate gṛhṇate ca just as by spiders casts withdraws

pṛthivī f sg loc oṣadhi f pl nom √bhū pres 3rd pl yathā pṛthivyām oṣadhayaḥ sambhavanti |

on earth plants grow

sat pap m sg abl m sg abl n pl nom yathā sataḥ puruṣāt keśa-lomāni52

living fr. man hair -body hairs

pcl n sg abl pres 3rd sg pcl n sg nom tathā akṣarāt sambhavati iha53 viśvam ||

so too fr. the imperishable emerges this here universe

As a spider emits and draws back (its threads); as plants grow on earth;

as body-hairs (grow) from a living man;

just so from the Imperishable emerges this universe here.

如蜘蛛吐丝，

而又吸收之；

如地生草木，

如人长毛发，

自不变灭者，

万物如是起。54（七）

52

keśa [m] hair, loman [n] body-hair (later roman); keśa-loman [karma cpd?] 53

iha [pcl] here in this world 54

三喻颇当分别观之。蛛丝吐纳，则万物之成坏皆在于是。“人”，原作“生人”，如生人之长毛发也。

Muṇḍakopaniṣad 1.1.1 - 1.1.9 26.4.2017

tapas n sg inst √ci pres 3rd sg n sg nom tatas pcl n sg nom pres 3rd sg

8. tapasā55 cīyate56 brahma tato’nnam57 abhijāyate | thru. tapas distends Brahman thereupon ‘food’ (is) born

n sg abl m sg nom ~as m sg nom n sg nom m pl nom ~an m pl nom √mṛ n sg nom annāt prāṇo manaḥ satyaṁ lokāḥ karmasu ca amṛtam58 ||

fr.‘food’ vital breath mind truth worlds in actions ‘immortality’

Brahman distends through tapas, thereupon it gives birth to primordial matter;

from it the Prāṇa, mind, truth, the worlds and the endlessness in karmic actions.

以内修密行59，

大梵乃增大；

自彼生粮食60，

粮食出生气，

心思与真理。

而在行业中，

乃有永生寄。（八）

55

√tap to warm, illuminate, do penance; tapas [n] religious austerity, bodily mortification, penance, severe meditation, special

observance 苦行、热力 56

√ci to expand, build up, increase, distend, augment 57

√ad [2P] (causative sense) to eat/feed, anna [adj] food, contextually the un-manifest i.e. primordial matter 58

contextually the endless entanglement of karma 59

“密行”即内中之力，智识所成也。 60

“粮食”，“食”皆谓“物质”。

Muṇḍakopaniṣad 1.1.1 - 1.1.9 26.4.2017

m adj m sg nom adj m sg nom m sg gen adj n sg nom n sg nom

9. yaḥ61 sarva-jñaḥ sarva-vid yasya jñānamayaṁ62 tapaḥ | he who omniscient all-knowing whose knowledge-filled austerity

m sg abl n sg acc n sg acc nāman [dvavda] n sg acc n sg acc √jan 4Ā pres 3rd sg tasmād etad brahma63 nāma-rūpam annaṁ ca jāyate ||

from him this Brahman name-and-form primordial matter (is) born

He who is omniscient and all-knowing; whose austerity is knowledge-filled,

from Him he gives birth to this: Brahman, name-form, and primordial matter.

“彼”全智全明，

密行，智识成。

凡此自“彼”生：

大梵，名，色，食。（九）

Grammatical Abbreviations

<masculine feminine neuter> <singular dual plural> <1st

2nd

3rd

person>

<nominative accusative instrumental dative ablative genitive locative vocative>

<present imperfect perfect periphrastic-perfect aorist future periphrastic-future >

<imperative optative conditional subjunctive injunctive>

<passive causative desiderative intensive denominative>

<adjective adverb indecline numeral comparative superlative>

<adjective adverb preposition indeclinable particle prefix suffix comparative superlative>

<numeral cardinal ordinal > <locative absolute, genitive absolute>

<compound: o (ibc) start of cpd,

o (ifc) end of cpd, tatpuruṣa, karmadhāraya, bahuvrīhi, dvanda, upapada>

<pronoun: ppn personal, dpn demonstrative, rpn relative, ipn interrogative,

rfpn reflexive, pn-adj pronominal adjective>

<participle: pap present active, pmp present middle, ppp present passive;

psap past active, pp past passive;

fap future active, fmp future middle, fpp future passive;

pfap perfect active, pfmp perfect middle

gerund (absolutive/indeclinable past participle) infinitive>

61

i.e. Brahmā [m sg nom] of brahman, the God in verse 1 62

-maya [sfx] filled with, consisting of 63

i.e. brahman [n sg acc] the neutral, non-personified Brahman