Muṇḍakopaniṣad 1.1.1 - 1.1.9 26.4.2017
मुण्डकोपनिषद ्Muṇḍakopaniṣad1《髡发奥义书》
Śānti Mantra
√bhand n sg acc √karṇ m pl inst √śṛ opt 1st pl m pl nom n sg acc √dṛś opt 1st pl akṣan n pl inst m pl voc
Oṁ bhadraṁ karṇebhiḥ śṛṇuyāma devā bhadraṁ paśyema akṣabhir yajatrāḥ2 | the auspicious by ears may we hear Devas the auspicious may we see with eyes the worthy of worship
√sthā adj m pl inst n pl inst √stu adj m pl nom √tan f pl inst vi-√viś opt 1st pl tatpu n sg acc rpn n āyus n sg acc
sthiraiḥraṅgaiḥstuṣṭuvāṁsaḥ3stanūbhiḥ4rvyaśema deva-hitaṁ5 yad āyuḥ || with steadfast limbs praising with bodies may we enjoy Deva-allotted that life span
ind ppn 1st pl dat m sg nom [bahu] ~as adj m sg nom m sg nom adj m sg nom
svasti6 na indro vṛddha-śravāḥ7 svasti naḥ pūṣā8 viśvavedāḥ9 | ‘let it be good’ to us Indra the great-famed Pūṣan all-embracing (knowing)
√tṛkṣ m sg nom [bahu] adj f sg nom √bṛh m sg nom √dhā imp 3rd sg
svasti naḥstārkṣyo10 ariṣṭa-nemiḥ11 svasti no bṛhaspatir12 dadhātu || Tārkṣya the undamaged-wheel Bṛhaspati may he grant
f sg nom
Oṁ śāntiḥ śāntiḥ śāntiḥ peace
1 muṇḍaka [m] the shaven-headed
2 Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary: [adj] worthy of worship or sacrifice, deserving adoration
3 tuṣţuvas [adj] praising, tuṣṭuvāṁsaḥ [adj m pl nom] strong base for pl
4 √tan to spread
5 hita [pp] of √dhā conveyed, allotted
6 su+asti lit. ‘well-is’; may it be well with thee! hail! health! adieu! be it!; Godspeed, blessing
7 vṛddhaśravas [adj, stem] name of Indra; vṛddha [pp] of √vṛdh great, abundant; śrava √śru fame, glory, renown
8 √pūṣ to nourish pūṣan [m] name of a Vedic deity originally connected with the sun, etc.
9 vedas [m] knowledge, viśvavedas [adj] embracing or absorbing all things, lit. ‘all-knowledge’
10 √tṛkṣ to go, tārkṣya the celestial bird Garuda
11 √ṛiṣ destroy, ruin; ṛiṣta [pp adj] torn off, broken, destroyed; ariṣṭa-nemiḥ [karma cpd] turns [bahu cpd] as adj for Garuda
12 √bṛh to pray; bṛhaspati [m] Lord of prayer or devotion
Muṇḍakopaniṣad 1.1.1 - 1.1.9 26.4.2017
Oṃ. O Devas! May we hear the auspicious with our ears!
O the worthy-of-worship ones! May we see with our eyes the auspicious!
Praising with steady limbs and bodies, may we enjoy the Deva-allotted life.
Bless us! Indra – the great-famed. Bless us! Pūṣan – the all-embracing.
Bless us! Tārkṣya – one with undamaged wheel. May Bṛhaspati grant us blessing.
Oṃ. Peace! Peace! Peace!
汉译文、译注:《五十奥义书 (修訂本)》徐梵澄译,中国社会科学出版社 2007
皈敬颂
唵!
诸天兮!吾人其可耳闻吉祥声!
群神兮!吾人其可眼见吉祥事!
肢体坚强兮,惟以颂以祝,
以身得享天神所赐之形寿!
赐福我辈兮!因陀罗!高名誉!
赐福我辈兮!普商!宇宙养育主13!
赐福我辈兮!多刹雅!轮无伤14!
赐福我辈兮!璧赫斯钵底15!赐予!
唵!平安!平安!平安!
13
【笔者:“宇宙养育者”viśvaveda, Pūṣan 字根 √pūṣ“养育”意;viśva: “宇宙”或“一切”;viśvaveda 字面意思 “全知”。】 14
【笔者:“多刹雅” Tārkṣya “神鹰”;“轮无伤”:ariṣṭa “不破”,nemi “轮”。】 15
【笔者:“璧赫斯钵底” Bṛhaspati “祈祷敬拜之神”。】
Muṇḍakopaniṣad 1.1.1 - 1.1.9 26.4.2017
First Muṇḍaka: First Khaṇḍa
~an m sg nom m pl gen √prath adj m sg nom √bhū perf 3rd sg
1. oṃ brahmā devānām prathamaḥ sambabhūva Brahmā among Devas foremost was (or manifested)
n sg gen m sg nom m/n sg gen m sg nom
viśvasya16 kartā17 bhuvanasya18 goptā19 | of the universe creator world’s or being’s protector
m [tatpu cpd] f sg acc pn-adj f √sthā f sg acc [tatpu cpd]
sa brahma-vidyāṁ sarva-vidyā-pratiṣṭhām he (of) Brahman -knowledge (of) all -knowledge -basis
~a m sg dat adj spv [karma cpd] m sg dat perf 3rd sg
arthavāya jyeṣṭha-putrāya20 prāha21 || for Atharva eldest for son told
Oṃ.
Brahmā was the first among Devas,
creator of the universe, protector of all.
He imparted the Brahma-vidyā – basis of all knowledge –
to his eldest son Atharva.
第一书 上篇
唵!
始生有大梵22是乃诸天首
创造此宇宙,护持此群有。
彼为其长子,名曰阿他婆,
说此大梵明,众明之基础。(一)
16 √viś to pervade; viśva [adj] all, universal; viśvaṃ universal 17
kartṛ creator 18
bhuvana 1. [n] a being, living creature, man, mankind; 2. [rarely m] the world, earth 19
√gup goptṛ protector 20
-iṣṭha [-ifc] forms superlative, jyeṣṭha eldest 21
√ha only [perf]; told, uttered, spoke; pra-āha [3rd sg perf] 22“大梵”Brahmā,指神。通常 Brahman“大梵”,乃指超人格性之“太极”,中性字,亦可曰“梵道”。
Muṇḍakopaniṣad 1.1.1 - 1.1.9 26.4.2017
~an m sg dat rpn f sg acc impf 3rd sg m sg nom
2. artharvaṇe yām pravadeta23 brahmā for Atharvan what proclaimed Brahmā
m sg nom f sg acc ind -o- √vac perf m sg dat [tatpu cpd] f sg acc atharvā tām purā uvāca aṅgire brahma-vidyām |
Atharvan that of old told for Aṅgir (of) brahman -knowledge
nom m sg dat m sg dat perf 3rd sg sa bhāradvārāya satyavahāya prāha
he for Bhāradvāja -Satyavaha told
m sg nom m sg dat adj f sg acc
bhāradvājo’ṅgirase parāvarām24 || Bhāradvāja for Aṅgiras in succession
What Brahmā proclaimed to Atharvan in olden days,
that Brahma-vidyā Atharvan told to Angir,
who told (it) to Satyavaha-Bhāradvāja,
(and) Bhāradvāja to Angiras – (the vidyā) is handed down in succession.
大梵以此教,阿他婆学之;
传是大梵明,维初授安吉。
由彼更传授,婆罗多洼遮;
上学下学俱,传安吉罗斯25。(二)
23
pra-√vad Vedic for avadat [impf 3rd sg] spoke clearly, told, proclaimed 24 Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary: handed down from earlier to later times, [adj] for vidyā 25
此学之传承:大梵>阿他婆>安吉>萨睇耶婆诃·婆罗多洼遮>安吉罗斯
Muṇḍakopaniṣad 1.1.1 - 1.1.9 26.4.2017
m sg nom ind m sg nom m sg acc
3. śaunako ha vai mahā-śalo’ṅgirasaṁ26 Saunaka indeed great householder to Aṅgiras
ind pp adj m sg nom √prach perf 3rd sg
vidhivad27upasannaḥ28 papraccha | duly approached asked
n sg loc ind ~at m sg voc adj n sg loc kasmin nu bhagavo29 vijñāte30
what now Bhagavat when known
pn-adj n sg acc n sg acc adj n sg acc √bhū pres 3rd sg sarvam idaṁ vijñātam bhavati iti ||
all this is known becomes
Saunaka, the great householder, approached Angiras duly with respect and asked:
“What is that, O Bhagavan, when known, everything becomes known?”
韶那迦者,大家主也,执弟子礼谒安吉罗斯,
问曰:“老师!知之则一切皆知,是何学也?”31 (三)
26
mahāśala [karma cpd]; mahā great; śāla [m] Vatica robusta used for house building 27
in accordance with Vedas injunctions or precept, duly 28
upa-sanna [pp of √sad] sat down close to someone (especially for instruction) =approached 29
Vedic for bhagavan [voc] 30
vijñāta [adj] discerned, understood, known; kasmin … vijñāte [loc of circumstance] =what when known 31
参《大林间奥义书》2.4.5。
Muṇḍakopaniṣad 1.1.1 - 1.1.9 26.4.2017
tad m sg dat nom pcl √vac perf du nom ~ā f du nom √vid fpp f du nom pcl 4. tasmai sa ha32oūvāca | dve vidye veditavye iti33 ha sma34
for him he (expletive) said two knowledge to be known (past sense)
rpn n sg acc m pl nom √vad pres 3rd pl adj f sg nom pcl adj f sg nom yad brahma-vido35 vadanti parā ca eva aparā ca ||
that Brahman-knowers said higher also lower
To him he said: “Two kinds of knowledge are to be known” – that the Brahman-knowers said – “One the lower and one the higher.”
彼告之曰:“有二明当学,如大梵明者所言:一为上明,一为下明。36 (四)
pcl adj f sg nom m m m m √śikṣ f √kḷp m 5. tatra aparā ṛgvedo yajurvedaḥ sāmavedo’tharvavedaḥ śikṣā37 kalpo38
therein the lower Rig Veda Yajur V. Sāma V. Atharva V. phonetics ritual
n n n n
vyākaraṇaṁ39 niruktaṁ40 chando41 jyotiṣam42 iti | grammar etymology prosody astrology/astronomy
ind adj f sg nom f sg inst nom √kṣar n sg nom √gam pass 3rd sg atha parā yayā tad akṣaram adhigamyate ||
and the higher with which that imperishable is attained
Therein the lower knowledge: Rig Veda, Yajur Veda, Sama Veda, Atharva Veda, phonetics, rituals, grammar, etymology, prosody and astronomy;
and the higher knowledge with which the imperishable is attained.
下明者,《黎俱韦陀》,《夜珠韦陀》,《三曼韦陀》,《阿他婆韦陀》,——
声明,仪礼,文法,文字学,诗学,天文学皆是也。
上明者,由之而悟入‘不变灭者’ 也。43” (五)
32
enclitic particle, which in the older language slightly emphasized the preceding word, but a mere expletive in later Sanskrit 33
should it be ’veditavya iti’ after sandhi? 34
gives a present tense (here vadanti) a past sense 35
brahma-vit brahma-knower; Vedic for brahmavitaḥ [m pl nom] 36
参《弥勒奥义书》6.22 37
pronunciation and accent; √śikṣ to learn (the phonetics) 38
rituals and their mandates; √kḷp to conform to 39
grammatical analysis; vi-ākaraṇa [n] separation, distinction, discrimination 40
etymology; nir-ukta pronounced, explained, defined, etymology 41
studies of prosody metres 42
astrology/astronomy, √dyut to shine 43
“声明”以下为韦陀六支。
Muṇḍakopaniṣad 1.1.1 - 1.1.9 26.4.2017
n n √dṛś fpp n sg nom √grah fpp n sg nom adj n sg nom adj n sg nom
6. yat tad adreśyam44 agrāhyam agotram45 avarṇam46 which that imperceptible ungraspable no origin no attributes
[dvanda cpd] n sg nom n [dvanda cpd] n sg nom a-cakṣuḥ-śrotraṁ47 tad a-pāṇi-pādam48 |
no eyes and ears that no feet and hands
adj n sg nom adj n sg nom adj n sg nom adj n sg nom nityaṁ vibhuṁ49 sarva-gataṁ su-sūkṣmaṁ50
eternal omnipresent all-pervading very subtle
n vi-aya adj n sg acc n [tatpu cpd] f sg acc pres 3rd pl m pl nom tad avyayam yad bhūta-yoniṁ51 paripaśyanti dhīrāḥ ||
that imperishable which (of) beings-source behold everywhere the wise
That which is imperceptible, ungraspable, unoriginated, attribute-less;
with no eyes nor ears, hands nor feet; eternal, omnipresent, all-pervading, very subtle –
the wise behold everywhere as the Imperishable source-of-all-beings.
彼不可见,摄,
无姓氏,无色,
无眼,耳,手,足,
恒常,而遍入,
遍在,微妙极,
彼非变灭者,
是万物之胎,
智者观遍是。(六)
44
Vedic for adṛśyaṃ 45
gotra [n] cowshed =family, race, lineage, origin 46 √vṛ to cover; varṇa character, appearance, attribute 47
cakṣu [m] śrotra [n] 48
pāṇi [m] pāda [m] 49
manifested in diverse forms 50
su [pfx] very, well; sūkṣmaṁ [adj] subtle; cf. suṣṭhu [adv] exceedingly; 51
bhūta [n] being; yoni [m/f] womb, place or source of birth
Muṇḍakopaniṣad 1.1.1 - 1.1.9 26.4.2017
pcl m pl inst √sṛj pres 3rd sg √grah pres 3rd sg
7. yathā ūrṇanābhiḥ sṛjate gṛhṇate ca just as by spiders casts withdraws
pṛthivī f sg loc oṣadhi f pl nom √bhū pres 3rd pl yathā pṛthivyām oṣadhayaḥ sambhavanti |
on earth plants grow
sat pap m sg abl m sg abl n pl nom yathā sataḥ puruṣāt keśa-lomāni52
living fr. man hair -body hairs
pcl n sg abl pres 3rd sg pcl n sg nom tathā akṣarāt sambhavati iha53 viśvam ||
so too fr. the imperishable emerges this here universe
As a spider emits and draws back (its threads); as plants grow on earth;
as body-hairs (grow) from a living man;
just so from the Imperishable emerges this universe here.
如蜘蛛吐丝,
而又吸收之;
如地生草木,
如人长毛发,
自不变灭者,
万物如是起。54(七)
52
keśa [m] hair, loman [n] body-hair (later roman); keśa-loman [karma cpd?] 53
iha [pcl] here in this world 54
三喻颇当分别观之。蛛丝吐纳,则万物之成坏皆在于是。“人”,原作“生人”,如生人之长毛发也。
Muṇḍakopaniṣad 1.1.1 - 1.1.9 26.4.2017
tapas n sg inst √ci pres 3rd sg n sg nom tatas pcl n sg nom pres 3rd sg
8. tapasā55 cīyate56 brahma tato’nnam57 abhijāyate | thru. tapas distends Brahman thereupon ‘food’ (is) born
n sg abl m sg nom ~as m sg nom n sg nom m pl nom ~an m pl nom √mṛ n sg nom annāt prāṇo manaḥ satyaṁ lokāḥ karmasu ca amṛtam58 ||
fr.‘food’ vital breath mind truth worlds in actions ‘immortality’
Brahman distends through tapas, thereupon it gives birth to primordial matter;
from it the Prāṇa, mind, truth, the worlds and the endlessness in karmic actions.
以内修密行59,
大梵乃增大;
自彼生粮食60,
粮食出生气,
心思与真理。
而在行业中,
乃有永生寄。(八)
55
√tap to warm, illuminate, do penance; tapas [n] religious austerity, bodily mortification, penance, severe meditation, special
observance 苦行、热力 56
√ci to expand, build up, increase, distend, augment 57
√ad [2P] (causative sense) to eat/feed, anna [adj] food, contextually the un-manifest i.e. primordial matter 58
contextually the endless entanglement of karma 59
“密行”即内中之力,智识所成也。 60
“粮食”,“食”皆谓“物质”。
Muṇḍakopaniṣad 1.1.1 - 1.1.9 26.4.2017
m adj m sg nom adj m sg nom m sg gen adj n sg nom n sg nom
9. yaḥ61 sarva-jñaḥ sarva-vid yasya jñānamayaṁ62 tapaḥ | he who omniscient all-knowing whose knowledge-filled austerity
m sg abl n sg acc n sg acc nāman [dvavda] n sg acc n sg acc √jan 4Ā pres 3rd sg tasmād etad brahma63 nāma-rūpam annaṁ ca jāyate ||
from him this Brahman name-and-form primordial matter (is) born
He who is omniscient and all-knowing; whose austerity is knowledge-filled,
from Him he gives birth to this: Brahman, name-form, and primordial matter.
“彼”全智全明,
密行,智识成。
凡此自“彼”生:
大梵,名,色,食。(九)
Grammatical Abbreviations
<masculine feminine neuter> <singular dual plural> <1st
2nd
3rd
person>
<nominative accusative instrumental dative ablative genitive locative vocative>
<present imperfect perfect periphrastic-perfect aorist future periphrastic-future >
<imperative optative conditional subjunctive injunctive>
<passive causative desiderative intensive denominative>
<adjective adverb indecline numeral comparative superlative>
<adjective adverb preposition indeclinable particle prefix suffix comparative superlative>
<numeral cardinal ordinal > <locative absolute, genitive absolute>
<compound: o (ibc) start of cpd,
o (ifc) end of cpd, tatpuruṣa, karmadhāraya, bahuvrīhi, dvanda, upapada>
<pronoun: ppn personal, dpn demonstrative, rpn relative, ipn interrogative,
rfpn reflexive, pn-adj pronominal adjective>
<participle: pap present active, pmp present middle, ppp present passive;
psap past active, pp past passive;
fap future active, fmp future middle, fpp future passive;
pfap perfect active, pfmp perfect middle
gerund (absolutive/indeclinable past participle) infinitive>
61
i.e. Brahmā [m sg nom] of brahman, the God in verse 1 62
-maya [sfx] filled with, consisting of 63
i.e. brahman [n sg acc] the neutral, non-personified Brahman