Castor (Ricinus communis L.) Plant: Medicinal, Environmental ...

International Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences 2018; 3(5): 78-91

http://www.openscienceonline.com/journal/ijaes

Castor (Ricinus communis L.) Plant: Medicinal, Environmental and Industrial Applications

Aliyu Ahmad Warra

Centre for Entrepreneurial Development, Federal University, Gusau, Nigeria

Email address

To cite this article Aliyu Ahmad Warra. Castor (Ricinus communis L.) Plant: Medicinal, Environmental and Industrial Applications. International Journal of

Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. Vol. 3, No. 5, 2018, pp. 78-91.

Received: August 9, 2018; Accepted: September 10, 2018; Published: October 10, 2018

Abstract

Ricinus communis L. a bioenergy crop shows great potential for many domestic and industrial uses. The bean of the castor

plant (Ricinus communis, L) has been recognized since antiquity in many parts of the world for its value. The potential of

castor plant products in industrial and domestic uses made castor a valuable resource with multiple applications. Due to

organic richness and less side effects of medicinal plants, researches have been in the increase. Despite its toxic effects,

Ricinus communis L. has been used in many parts of the world for treatment of various ailments. In this review an attempt was

made to have insight at developing commercial products from castor plant. Concise overview of present findings and literature

reports are in favour of steps for the development of cultivation of the plant and better processing of its products that could

substantially be useful for environmental and industrial applications. The review mainly centred on the prospects for castor in

phytoremediation of contaminated lands, medicinal uses, industrial and domestic applications of its products. It showed that

the plant has wide applications in environmental phytoremediation, generation of feed-grade supplements, production of

bioenergy from biofuels, preparation of cleansing agents, polymer and composites production, industrial preparation of

polyurethanes, application in textile and dyes, production of corrosion inhibitors, medicinal and pharmaceutical applications,

possession of antimicrobial activity, possession of phytochemicals, applications in biotechnology, nanotechnology and

conversion of waste to wealth.

Keywords

Ricinus communis L., Environmental, Domestic, Industrial, Bioresource

1. Introduction

The castor (Ricinus communis L.; Family: Euphorbiaceae)

is the sole member of the genus Ricinus and of the sub tribe

Ricininae. The castor plant is native to the Ethiopian region

of east Africa. It grows in tropical and warm temperate

regions throughout the world [1], mostly growing wild on

waste land and also cultivated for its oil seeds [2]. It is an

oleaginous plant that can potentially be used as a bioindicator

plant owing to its rapid growth and large leaves, which have

a wide surface area of contact with the air and the pollutants

therein [3]. Ricinus communis L.(Castor bean) is a potential

multi-purpose environmental crop for improved and

integrated phytoremediation [4].

It has high traditional and medicinal value for maintaining

the disease free healthy life. Traditionally the plant is used as

laxative, purgative, fertilizer and fungicide etc. whereas the

plant possess beneficial effects such as anti-oxidant,

antihistamic, antinociceptive, antiasthmatic, antiulcer,

immunemodulatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective,

antifertility, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, central

nervous system stimulant, lipolytic, wound healing,

insecticidal and larvicidal and many other medicinal

properties. This activity the plant possesses is due to the

important phytochemical constituents like flavonoids,

saponins, glycosides, alkaloids and steroids [5]. Known since

antiquity, castor oil has been first used in medicine. Now,

even if it remains present in small quantities as an excipient

in many pharmaceutical specialties, it finds a lot of

applications in cosmetics, industrial applications and

chemical industry. Castor oil specificity comes from its high

content of ricinoleic acid (up to 85%) that combines a double

bond and an hydroxyl function in the heart of a 18 carbons

79 Aliyu Ahmad Warra: Castor (Ricinuscummunis L.) Plant: Medicinal, Environmental and Industrial Applications

linear chain. This particular structure is the key of a unique

chemistry that gives by thermal cracking a wide range of

compounds with either 7 or 11 carbon atoms. A whole range

of innovative chemistries and end use products are generated

from these base reaction products [6].

In Nigeria, castor is grown in the northern and middle belts

where the weather is favourable [7] Castor bean was

cultivated on over 6,000 hectares across most of the states.

The crop grows in the wild even where it is not cultivated.

Benue, Gombe, Yobe, Cross Rivers, Kogi, Ebonyi, Kwara,

Zamfara and FCT are the promising producers where the

bulk of the hectares are cultivated. The output is estimated at

twelve thousand metric tonnes (12,000MT) [8]. Castor bean

seeds sourced from different locations in Nigeria vary in

proximate and mineral composition and can be good gene

pool for breeding programmes [9]. Varieties of castor differ

regarding the branching habits of the plant, colour of the

stem, the branches and leaves, the nature of the capsule, the

duration of maturity and the size of the seeds. Two varieties

were found in Nigeria; the big seed variety the cultivated

type and small seed variety which are the wild variety.

Around 160 million hector unused is available in India. India

is the world’s largest producer of castor oil producing over

75% of the total world’s supply. There are over a hundred

companies in India small and medium those are into castor

oil production, producing a variety of the basic grades of

castor oil. All the above factors make it imperative that the

India industry relooks at the castor oil sector in order to

devise suitable strategies to derive the most benefits from

such an attractive confluence of factors [10]. Castor oil is

unique owing to its exceptional diversity of application. The

oil and its derivatives are used in over 100 different

applications in diverse industries such as paints, lubricants,

pharma, cosmetics, paper, rubber and more. Recent

developments have successfully derived polyol from natural

oils and synthesized range of polyurethane (PU) products

from them. However, making flexible solution from natural

oil polyol is still proving challenging [10]. The crop is now

widely revived as an agricultural solution for all tropical and

subtropical regions, addressing the need for commercial

crops with low input costs and viable returns. Castor is a

hardy crop, easy to establish on the field, resistant to drought,

tolerate different types of soil even marginal soil and yield

350 – 900 kg oil per hactare. Castor is an important oilseed

crop with great utilitarian value in industry, pharmaceutical

and agricultural sectors [11]. In this review, the aim is to

explore various environmental and industrial applications of

castor.

Plant Description

The Plant

Castor is a perennial, erect, branched, herb, typically less

than 2 meters in height. Large leaves are alternate, palmately

lobed with 5-11 toothed lobes. Leaves are glossy and often

red or bronze tinted when young. Flowers appear in clusters

at the end of the main stem in late summer. The fruit consists

of an oblong spiny pod which contains three seeds on

average. Seeds are oval and light brown, mottled or streaked

with light and dark brown and resemble a pinto bean. There

are two varieties of seeds, the wild castor seeds and castor

beans (Figures 1-10).

Figure 1. Castor bean plant.

Figure 2. Wild castor plant.

Figure 3. Flowers of wild castor variety.

International Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences 2018; 3(5): 78-91 80

Figure 4. Flowers of Castor bean.

Figure 5. Castor bean fruits.

Figure 6. Wild castor fruits.

Figure 7. Dried undeshelled wild castor seeds.

Figure 8. Dried undeshelled castor bean seeds.

Figure 9. Wild castor seeds.


Figure 10. Castor beans.

Autumnal sowings might be advantageous for castor grown

as semi-perennial crop, mainly with no irrigation [12].

2. Environmental Application for

Phytoremediation

Ricinus communis L. shows great potential for

phytoremediation of lands contaminated by toxic metals and

wastes and or pollutants (Figure 11-12).

Figure 11. Phytoremediation of water banks with wild castor plants.

Figure 12. Phytoremediation of eroded lands using wild castor plants.

Growth response and remediation applicability of castor oil

plant (Ricinus communis L.) to crude oil contaminated soil,

specifically soil contaminated with 1%, 3% and 5% (w/w)

crude oil was reported. The growth response of two different

local varieties (green variety and red variety) of castor was

observed for a period of 180 days. Parameters taken into

account for study of growth responses were plant height, stem

girth, leaf area and days to flowering. Soil samples collected

from the rhizosphere of the experimental plants were analyzed

for total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) amount and an

assessment of hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria (HUB) count was

also done. It was observed that at 1% crude oil concentration,

the plant shows more vigorous growth than that of the control

(without crude oil), though at 3% and 5% plant exhibit

reduction in the growth. GC-MS data analysis confirms the

presence of some hydrocarbon compounds in the experimental

plant roots. The amount of TPH was observed to be decreasing

and the mean value of the HUB count was observed to be

increasing along with time. It was found that the rhizosphere of

the plant supports the growth of hydrocarbon degrading

bacteria. This suggests that oil loss from the soil might be due

to rhizodegradation. This may provide us an alternative

method for removing crude oil contaminants from the polluted

soil while promoting seed production which definitely has

great economic importance [13]. Ricinus communis L. was

reported to have great potential for removing DDTs and Cd. A

comparison of the ability of 23 genotypes of Ricinus communis

L. in mobilizing and uptake of Cadmium (Cd) and

dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was attributed to its

fast growth, high biomass, strong absorption and accumulation

for both DDTs a priority pollutant and Cd a toxic metal [14].

3. Industrial and Domestic

Applications of Castor Products

Competitive nature of castor plant products in industrial


and domestic uses made castor a valuable resource with

multiple applications.

Castor seed oil A rigorous study and characterization of seven Mexican

Ricinus communis L. seeds and its respective extracted oil

was reported. Several physicochemical properties were

measured in order to know moisture, total lipid content, fiber

content, starch presence, morphology, acidity, free fatty acid

profile, ricinoleic acid content, and viscosity and crude oil

density. The results showed that quality, composition,

physicochemical properties, and the nature of castor oil vary

according to the implemented extraction method. The

insights exposed will be of high relevance when the final use

of castor oil is required in the production of lubricant,

biodiesel or crude [15]. Physico-Chemical and GC/MS

Analysis of both castor bean and wild Castor (Ricinus

communis L.) oils (Figures 13-14) reportedly showed the

fatty acids profile [16, 17]

Figure 13. Castor bean seed oil.

Figure 14. Wild castor seed oil.

Castor seed cake The possibility to generate a feed-grade supplement based on

a detoxified castor bean residue enriched with tannase and

phytase was reported, making it possible to combine the

biotechnological production of these two enzymes, which are

important in the feed enrichment process, with the biological

detoxification of the castor bean residue, enabling its use as a

rich protein source in animal feed [18]. Production of oil from

castor (Ricinus communis L.) seed powder (Figure 15) generates

two main by-products: husks and meal. For each ton of castor oil,

1.31 ton of husks and 1.13 ton of meal are produced. Castor

meal is the most important by-product due to its high nitrogen

content and presently optimized blends is reportedly useful as an

organic fertilizer [19]. The parameters of an extraction process

of protein from castor bean cake (Figure 16) by solubilisation in

alkaline medium was reported [20]

Figure 15. Castor seed powder.

Figure 16. Castor bean cake.

Biofuel and Lubricants

Biodiesel production from castor oil by using calcium

oxide derived from mud clam shell was reported [21]. FTIR

spectroscopic analysis and fuel properties of wild castor

(Ricinus communis L.) seed and castor bean oils showed

biofuel potential of castor oil [22; 23]. Production and

characterization of biodiesel from seed oil of castor (Ricinus


communis L.) plants was made by Al-Harbawy and AL-

Malla [24]. The effects of Trans-Esterification of castor Seed

oil using ethanol, methanol and their blends on the properties

and yields of biodiesel was reported [25]. Lubricating oil is

one of the most widely used commercial and industrial oil.

The process of manufacturing lubricating oil can be

differentiated into three ways: by refining crude petroleum

oil, by extracting from crude vegetable oil, and by synthetic

processes. Lubricating oil from the castor plant is regarded as

one of the best sources of quality lubricating oil [26].

Estolide ester from Ricinus communis L. seed oil for

biolubricant purpose was developed [27].

Cleansing Agents Green detergent synthesize from the biodiesel of castor

seed (Ricinnus comminus L.) oil is a recent trend in detergent

industry, The green detergent compared favourably with the

controls except in biodegradability where it was better,

indicating that an environmental friendly detergent was

synthesized from castor seed oil [28]. Extraction,

characterization and optimization of castor oil from castor

seeds for production of synthetic detergent was reported [29;

30; 31]. Production of transparent soap (Figure 17) from an

indigenous castor bean oil extracted using n-hexane solvent

was reported [32]. Modification of castor oil through the

melainization of castor oil carried out with the use of maleic

anhydride to form maleinized castor oil was achieved. In this

method of addition of unsaturation compound to the

unsaturated part of the oil molecule, thus increasing its

complexity and heat reactivity. The product obtained from

maleic addition is known as the adduct which when

neutralized with inorganic alkali, ammonia gives water

miscible oils. Their solubilized oils may be used for different

applications like cosmetics, detergents etc. The application of

melainized castor oil has been done in the formulation of

liquid detergent. Liquid detergents prepared by this resin

with acid slurry in different proportions are giving excellent

results in comparison with that of commercial products [33].

A scanning electron miscroscopy study reported the

evaluation of dentin cleansing by a detergent derived from

castor oil (Ricinus communis L.) used as root canal irrigant,

the cleaning was of root canal walls after biomechanical

preparation and irrigation with castor oil [34].

Figure 17. Castor seed oil soap.

Polymer and Composites

Recent research interests have increase significantly on

polymeric materials from renewable resources because of

their environmental and economic importance. The use of

natural fibers as reinforcement in polymeric composites for

technical applications has been a research subject of

scientists. Nowadays, there is a great interest in the

application of sisal fiber as substitutes for glass fibers,

motivated by potential advantages of weight saving, lower

raw material price, and ecological advantages of using green

resources which are renewable and biodegradable. Castor oil,

a triacylglycerol vegetable that has hydroxyl groups, was

reacted with 4, 4’ diphenylmethanediisocyanate (MDI) to

produce polyurethane matrix. As reinforcements woven sisal

fiber and woven fiber glass were used in separate, and the

composites were processed by compression molding. Sisal

fibers were used untreated and thermal treated at 60°C for

72h. The composites were also characterized by scanning

electron microscopy. It showed that the use of laminates to

reinforce structures is viable once these laminates present

considerable strength. It also showed mechanical behavior of

natural fiber composites [35, 36]. Castor oil found

application in Curaua fibers which were used as reinforcers

of high-density biopolyethylene (HDBPE), which is prepared

by polymerization of ethylene obtained from sugar cane

ethanol, thus being a material derived from a renewable

source. Additionally, liquid hydroxyl-terminated

polybutadiene (a rubber, LHPB) and castor oil (CO, a natural

product) were added to the formulation to reduce crack

propagation during impact and also as coupling agents, since

LHPB and CO have hydrocarbon chains with affinity for

biopolyethylene, and hydroxyl groups with affinity for the

polar groups of lignocellulosic fibers [37]. Production and

analysis of mechanical properties of polymeric composites

using a castor oil polyurethane matrix reinforced with sisal

fiber to use as wall panel was reported [38]. Selected results

of the research on biocomposites of a long-chain polyamide

(Suzhou Hipro Polymers, China) obtained from castor oil

were presented (Kuzniar, nd). To produce final conductive

polymer composites, peach palm fibers (PPFs) with

polypyrrole (PPy), and particles was incorporated into a

polyurethane (PU) matrix that was derived from castor oil

[39]. The effects of the epoxidized castor oil (ECO) and

Al2O3 content on the thermal stability and fracture toughness

of the diglycidylether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA)/ECO/Al2O3

ternary composites using a range of techniques was reported

[40]. Bio-based nanocomposite from Epoxidized castor oil,

layered silicate and their characterization was also developed

[41]. Two steps synthesis of Polyurethane (PU) based on

castor oil, 4. 4’diphenyl methylene diisocyanate and 1,3-

propane diol was reported. The composites were obtained by

blending the PU with various amounts of cellulosic fibers

extracted from the Moroccan Alfa stems (esparto grass plant)

[42]. Crude glycerin (RG/CG) and castor oil cake (COC), the

two byproducts of biodiesel production were used in the

development of “Green” composites based on those with

plant fibers [43]. The potential use of castor oil in preparation


of novel biodegradable polymeric pressure sensitive

adhesives and fiber reinforced polyester composites was

investigated which indicate that castor oil-based PSA films

and tapes have applications in various fields including

flexible electronics and medical devices because of their

thermal stability, transparency, chemical resistance, and

potential biodegradability from triacylglycerols [44]. Castor

stalk is a byproduct of the production of castor oil. As a

natural material, castor stalk has a great potential in the

production of bio-composites as reinforcement materials [45].

Polyurethanes

It is commonly known even for undergraduate chemistry

students how to make mattresses out of castor oil. Current

trend pose the need for polymer research using renewable

natural sources as a substitute for petroleum-based polymers.

The use of polyols obtained from renewable sources

combined with the reuse of industrial residues such as lignin

is an important agent in this process. Now there is the

possibility to develop polyurethane-type materials, varying

technical grade Kraft lignin content, which cover a wide

range of mechanical properties (from large elastic/low Young

modulus to brittle/high Young modulus polyurethanes) [46].

Analysis of the effect of matrix mixing on the properties of

castor oil based polyurethane foams was made. By using the

one sheet technique, castor oil based polyurethane foams

were prepared from two formulations at different stirrer

speed ranging from 120 – 1180 rev/min [47]. Graphite-castor

oil polyurethane composite electrode surfaces - AFM

morphological and electrochemical characterization was

reported [48]. Scanning microscopy electronic images (SEM)

indicated that castor oil-based polyurethane adhesive

occupies the gaps between the particles, a factor that

contributes to improved physical and mechanical properties

of the panels [49] Castor oil-based polyurethane as a

renewable resource polymer has been synthesized for

application as a host in polymer electrolyte for

electrochemical devices [50]. Physico-mechanical properties

of rigid polyurethane foams synthesized from modified

castor oil polyols was reported [51]. Effect of different

formulations of MDI on rigid polyurethane foams based on

castor oil was also reported [52]. Attempt to understand

natural oil polyols showed that flexible foams could be

synthesized from castor oil, a naturally occurring polyol [53.

The use of castor oil as a reactive monomer has been studied

in order to evaluate the use in synthesis of flexible

polyurethane foam [54]. Effect of castor oil as an auxillary

stabilizer in the production of flexible polyurethane foams

was also reported [55]. A literature reported a preparation of

chain extended polyurethane and its composites based on

castor oil and coir fiber [56] Polyurethane foam samples

were prepared with varying quantity of castor oil as a

reactant with polyisocyanate and their flammability test was

carried out using various flame test procedures indicating the

use of castor oil as a flame retardant in polyurethane foam

[57]. A study reported the biodegradation of a polymer

derived from castor oil, which is a renewable, natural

material that is a practical alternative for the replacement of

traditional polyurethane foams [58]. Influence of castor oil-

based polyurethane on Physico-chemical properties of

calcium silicate cement was presented [59]. A Comparative

study of castor oil and commercial thermoplastic

polyurethane membranes modified with polyanilinewas made

[60]. A review on synthesis and characterization of castor oil

based polyurethane adhesive was presented by Gaykiet al.

[61]. Synthesis and characterization of castor oil based

polyurethane adhesive for wood substrates was also reported

by Gaykiet al. [62]. A study made comparison between

polyurethanes containing castor oil (Soft Segment) and

cancellous bone autograft in the treatment of segmental bone

defect induced in rabbits [63]. Firm polyurethane (PU) foams

were prepared using Nigerian grown brown and white castor

seed oil starting materials extracted at ambient temperature.

Polyol with terminal primary hydroxyl groups synthesized

from crude castor oil were reacted with aromatic

diphenylmethanediisocyanate to prepare the foams [64].

Textile and Dyes

The stem (Figure. 18) of the plant is used in the textile

industry [65]. The roles played by four major functional

groups (amine, carboxyl, azo, hydroxyl groups) in the

biomass of castor seeds in adsorption of seven dyes were

investigated. These functional groups in castor seeds were

chemically modified individually to determine their

contribution to the adsorption of ionic dyes [66]. With the

rising environmental concerns and the need for bio-based

products to replace synthetic wetting agents, castor oil have

the potential to be used in many industries, Synthesis of

wetting agents from castor oil for the dyeing of cotton fabric

was reported [67]. Ede and Demissie [68] reported the characterization of biocides and biodyes from castorseed oil.

Figure 18. Cross-sectional view of cultivated Ricinus communis L. stem.

Corrosion Inhibitors

Production of corrosion inhibitor from castor oil for carbon

steel pipeline was reported. The preparation was by two steps;

the first step includes sulfonation of castor oil and the second

step includes amination the sulfonic castor oil with ammonia

solution the final product characterized by FTIR. The

effectiveness of the synthesized compounds is studied as


corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel [69]. A study reported

factorial design application for the protection of mild steel

from corrosive medium using castor seed oil as inhibitor [70].

Corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 1.0 M HCl with castor

oil extract as inhibitor was also reported [71]. Ricinus

communis L. was assessed as corrosion inhibitor for

aluminium alloy in 2M HCl and H3PO4 acid solution using

gravimetric and potentiodynamic polarization techniques was

investigated at 298K. The results revealed that

Ricinuscommunisoil in 2M HCl and H3PO4-aluminium

environment decreased the corrosion rate at various

concentrations considered [72]. Castor Oil as Corrosion

Inhibitor forIron in Hydrochloric acid was also reported [73].

Medicinal and Pharmaceuticals

Due to organic richness and less side effects of medicinal

plants, researches have been in the increase. Ricinus

communis L. has been used in many parts of the world for

treatment of various ailments. However in most case, the

active phytochemical constituents that participated in

alleviating these ailments cannot be justified. Against this

background Ricinus communis L.(castor) whole plant parts

for phenolics and saponins constituents for medicinal and

pharmaceutical applications was assessed [74]. Castor plant

possesses essential phytochemicals such as flavonoids and

tannins, which could be exploited for

medicinal/pharmaceutical applications [75]. It was reported

that, traditionally, the fresh leaves (2-3) of Ricinus communis

L. are crushed and the juice is obtained. Five to six drops are

put into the eyes twice a day for about two days to cure the

redness in eyes (Allergic conjunctivitis) [76]. Root decoction

along with half a gram sunthi (dried and powdered rhizomes

of Zinziber officinale Rosc), one pinch of heeng (ferula as

foetida Linn) and common salt is taken twice daily for 7 days

to treat kidney stones [77]. Root of Ricinus communis Linn.

is also used to treat inflammation and liver disorders [78].

The seeds are used traditionally to treat conjuctivitis, diarrhea,

anaemia constipation headache [79]. Oil obtained from seed

is highly purgative [80]. Castor seed oil was reported to have

a disincentive effect on E. coli isolated from recurrent urinary

tract infections [81]. A gel prepared from the oil is

traditionally useful in skin diseases particularly dermatitis

and eczema. The castor oil is also used to make contraceptive

jellies and creams [82]. Castor oil was used as model oil in

formulation development and evaluation of injection of

poorly soluble drug using mixed solvency concept [83]. Self-

Emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) of valsartan

using castor oil was described [84]. In investigating the

efficacy and safety of natural oils (castor oil and olive oil)

based phase transition microemulsion systems for ocular

delivery with reference to ethyl oleate systems, castor oil

based systems were comparable to the control. With respect

to ocular irritation castor oil based system were the least

irritant followed by olive oil systems with ethyl oleate

systems being the most irritant. Tropicamide was used as

model drug and was incorporated in the formulation at a

concentration of 0. 5% w/w [85]. It was reported that solid

dispersions with hydrogenated castor oil increase solubility,

dissolution rate and intestinal absorption of praziquantel [86].

A mini review of castor seed oil and its potential cosmetic

and pharmaceutical applications was reported [87].

Antimicrobial potential

The Ricinus communis L. is reported to possess

antimicrobial activity, various extracts of Ricinus communis

L. showed Antimicrobial potential [88; 89]. Antibacterial

properties inherent in fermented seed extracts (both alcohol

and water) of Ricinus communis was ascertain by Jombo and

Enenebeaku [90]. Antimicrobial activity of the seed extract

was also reported [91, 92]. The powder methanol extracts of

the plant showed antimicrobial activity [93]. Ricinus

communis among other herbs; Senna auriculata and

Euphorbia hirta were screened for their antimicrobial

efficiency. The herbal extracts were applied on the four

variant of denimfabric directly by using dip method. The

antimicrobial activity of the finished fabrics was assessed

against bacteria that normally exist like Escherichia coli and

staphylococcus aureus. To enhance the durability of the

finished fabric, micro encapsulation and nano encapsulation

of the herbal extracts were performed and the results showed

good resistance for microbes [94]. The antimicrobial activity

of the essential oil of castor (Ricinus communis L.) seeds

extracted using soxhlet extractor in 98% n-hexane was

assessed using in-vitro assay. Twenty microorganisms made

up of fourteen bacteria and six fungi were used in the

bioassay. The study suggested that castor oil could be used in

treating infections caused by the test organisms used [95].

Antimicrobial activities of methanolic extract of Ricinus

communis seeds against some human pathogens was reported

[96]. Antimicrobial activities of aqueous, methanol and

ethanol extracts leaf and stem of Ricinus communis were

determined on selected bacteria [97]. Mature leaf sample of

wild Ricinus communis L was also reported to show

antimicrobial activity [98]. Leaf extracts of Ricinus

communis showed the highest antibacterial activity among

Allium ampelo prasum, Solanum incanum fruits and Porrum

leaves tested. The ethanol extract of the tested plants could

be considered as an alternative source of new antibacterial

drugs [99]. Screening of antibacterial activity of Ricinus

communisL. leaves extracts against Xanthomonas

axonopodis pv. Punicae was reported [100]. Isolation and

screening of endophytic bacteria from fresh and

asymptomatic leaves of Ricinus communis L. for

antimicrobial activity was also reported [101]. Potential of

the roots as an effective antimicrobial agent was established

[102]. In-silico Antimicrobial activity of bioactive

compounds of Ricinus communis against DNA Gyrase of

Staphylococcus aureus as Molecular Target was reported

[103]. Antifungal Properties of Ricinus communis L. was

assessed by Khan and Yadav [104]. The seed oil also showed

antimicrobial activity, antimicrobial activity of a calcium

hydroxide and Ricinus communis L. oil paste against

microorganisms commonly found in endodontic infections

showed greater antimicrobial activity [105].

Phytochemicals

Various phytochemicals of nutritional, medicinal and


cosmetic importance can be derived from seed oils.

Indigenous Ricinus communis L. (Bean) and Wild castor seed

oils were reported to contain some phytoconstituents [106].

Ethanolic extract of seeds of Ricinus communis were rich

source of various phytochemicals [107]. A novel oleanen

type triterpenoid, has been isolated from butanolic extract of

the seeds of Ricinus communis L. Its structure was elucidated

as 3-O- [β -D-glucoronopyranosyl-(1→3)-α –L-

rhamnopyranosyl-(1→ 2)β-D-glucopyranosyl]-4α,20α-

hydroxy methyl olean-12-ene-28-oic acid on the basis of

spectral evidences i.e. FTIR, 1HNMR, 13C NMR and FAB-

MS data [108] Ricinus communis L. leaves was also reported

to contain some phytochemicals [109]. Phytochemical and

pharmacological investigations of Ricinus communis Linn

was explored [110]. The percentages of crude protein and fat

obtained as well as phytochemical constituents present

suggest that Ricinus communis L. seeds could be a good

source of protein for humans consumption and livestock

feeding, oil for industrial uses and medicine for treating

various ailments [111].

Biotechnological resource

Biotechnology offers many opportunities to alter the

molecular composition of fatty acids to create entirely new

substitutes for traditional oils and fats. Castor oil is just one

target of current biotechnology research [112]. The role of

biotechnological tools in the genetic improvement of castor

was enumerated. Castor is monotypic and breeding

programme has mostly relied on the variability available in

the primary gene pool. The major constraints limiting

profitable cultivation are: vulnerability to insect pests and

diseases, and the press cake is toxic which restrict its use as

cattle feed. Conventional breeding techniques have limited

scope in improvement of resistance to biotic stresses and in

quality improvement owing to low genetic variability for

these traits. Genetic diversity was assessed using protein

based markers while use of molecular markers is at infancy.

In vitro studies in castor have been successful in shoot

proliferation from meristematic explants, but not callus-

mediated regeneration. Genetic transformation experiments

have been initiated for development of insect resistant and

ricin-free transgenics with very low transformation frequency

[113]. Molecular diversity study for varietal identification

and phylogenetic relationships among thirteen castor

genotypes and identification of those with distinct DNA

profiles was reported [114].

Nanotechnology

An attempt was made to create an optimized protocol for

nanoparticles due to their wide applicability in various areas

such as electronics, catalysis, chemistry, medicine and energy.

The use of environmentally benign materials like plant leaf

extract, bacteria, fungi and enzymes for the synthesis of

silver nanoparticles offers numerous benefits of eco-

friendliness and compatibility for pharmaceutical and other

biomedical applications as they do not use toxic chemicals

for the synthesis protocol [115]. Green synthesis of silver

nanoparticles synthesized from aqueous plant extract of

Ricinus communis L. and its antimicrobial activity was

studied. The synthesized nanoparticles of Ricinus communis

L. have shown good antimicrobial efficacy as compared to

plant extract and may prove to be better antimicrobial agent

against wide range of microbes [116].

Waste to Wealth

Waste generation during industrial production is always in

the increase, therefore there is the need to get rid or minimize

its amount by recycling and other means. It was reported that

useful coating products may be obtained by chemical

valorization (glycolysis) of post consumed poly (ethylene

terephthalate) (PET) wastes. Glycolysis of PET waste carried

out using poly (propylene glycol) (PPG) of molecular weight

2000. The depolymerized oligoesters obtained were trans-

esterified with Castor oil and Jatropha oil which results in the

formation of saturated hydroxyl-functional polyester polyols.

Two-pack coating systems were formulated using these

resins as base component and melamine formaldehyde resins

as hardener component [117]. A new bio-based monomer, 2-

octyl acrylate, has been derived from a waste product of the

processing of castor oil in alkyd manufacture. It was

substituted for n-butyl acrylate in three different types of

emulsion. In all cases good polymerisation was obtained and

paints showed improvements in some properties [118].

Formulation of biogrease from castorwaste was also reported

[118] Benes et al. [120] reported the chemical recycling of

waste poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) using castor oil

(CO) as a reagent. Tayone et al. [121] reported how

glycolyzed product (GP) is transesterified with castor oil to

convert into polyester polyol during microwave assisted

depolymerization of post-consumer pet bottles for the

reduction of rigid thermal insulating polyurethane foams.

4. Conclusion

Conclusively Castor plant products showed various

potential for industrial and domestic uses of which includes

among others; potential for phytoremediation of lands

contaminated by wastes, its products could substantially be

used for medicinal, cosmetic and pharmaceutical

preparations and also as valuable green cleansing agents.

Acknowledgements

The author acknowledged the funding of Tertiary

Education Trust (TetFund), Nigeria. Project No.

TETF/ESSD/KSUST/ALIERO/AMB/11-12/02

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Castor (Ricinus communis L.) Plant: Medicinal, Environmental ...

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