CASE REPORT SOL

ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONMeasurement and Evaluation in Education

(HMEF5053)

Prepared by:Mohamed Nizam (s1409053004)

Lecturer: Dr. Ibrahim Hassan

Content page

Content Page

numberTask 1

1. Table of specification 22. Mapping of test items 33. Original Question Paper and Marking Scheme 54. Report on content validity and reliability

check

15

5. Changes made to the revised test paper 196. Revised Test Paper and Marking Scheme 27

Task 2Student’s performance report 37Reflective Journal 41References 44

ASSIGNMENT QUESTION (HMEF5053) 1

Task 11) Table of Specification Performance Assessment on demand & supply

Economics, Grade 12

Learning Outcomes:

Students should be able to:

Define the terms demand and supply accurately. Explain laws of demand and supply. Describe the factors affecting demand as well as supply. Identify the causes and explain the changes in demand & supply curve. Describe the effects of maximum and minimum price on the market Define the terms price elasticity of demand and supply. Explain and interpret different types of elasticity. Perform calculations on price elasticity of demand as well as supply. Explore and analyse different products for price elasticity. Evaluate the importance of price elasticity to producers/sellers.


# Topic/ Content No.

of p

erio

dsRe

member

ing

Unde

rsta

ndin

g

Appl

icat

ion

Anal

ysis

Eval

uati

on

Crea

ting

Tota

l ma

rks

Perc

enta

ge

1 Demand 8 2 5 5 12 40

2 Supply 4 2 1 3 10

3 Price Elasticity of Demand 6 1 2 4 5 12 40

4 Price Elasticity of Supply 3 1 2 3 10

Marks 6 8 6 5 5 0 30

Percentages 20 26.7 20 16.7 16.7 0 100

2) Mapping of test items

I) Multiple Choice Questions

Mark

(s)

Qno.

Level ofBloom’sTaxonomy

Learning Objective

1 Remembering Define demand and supply. 12 Remembering Explain law of demand and law of supply. 13 Understandin

gIdentify the causes and explain the changes in demand & supply curve.

1

4 Understanding

Identify the causes and explain the changes in demand & supply curve

1

5 Understanding

Describe the effects of maximum and minimum price on the market.

1

6 Understandin Identify the causes and explain the changes in 1


g demand & supply curve7 Understandin

gDescribe the factors affecting demand and supply.

1

8 Remembering Describe the factors affecting demand and supply.

1

9 Remembering Explain the changes in demand & supply curve. 110 Understandin

gIdentify the causes and explain the changes in demand & supply curve.

1

11 Remembering Define price elasticity of demand and supply. 112 Understandin

gExplain and interpret different types of elasticity.1

13 Understanding

Explain and interpret different types of elasticity.

1

14 Application Perform calculations on price elasticity of demand and supply.

1


1


1


1

18 Remembering Define price elasticity of demand and supply. 119 Understandin

gExplain and interpret different types of elasticity.1


1

II) Essay Questions

Mark(s

)

Qno.

Level ofBloom’sTaxonomy

Learning Objective

1(a)

Evaluation Evaluate the importance of price elasticity to producers/sellers.

5

1(b)

Analysis Explore and analyse different products for price elasticity.

5


3) Original Question Paper and Marking Scheme


Performance Assessment

Demand & Supply, Grade 12Name: _____________________________ Index: ________ Total Marks: 30

Duration: 45 minutes

Section A (Multiple Choice Questions)I)Choose the best answer. [20×1=20]

1) The demand curve of a product indicates the relationship between

its price and:

A the total cost incurred to produce.

B the changes in the population.

C the income of the consumers

D the quantity of the product consumed

2) Which statement correctly explains law of demand for any product?

A Other things remain constant, more a good

is demanded at higher prices.

B Other things remain constant, less of a

good is demanded at lower process.


C Other things remain constant, more of a

good is demanded at lower prices.

D Other things remain constant, more of a

good is demanded at higher incomes.

3) The diagram shows an increasing revenue with the upward shift of

demand curve. What is the new equilibrium price and new equilibrium

quantity?

Equilibrium price($) Equilibrium QuantityA 50 4500B 40 3500C 50 3500D 40 4500

4) Which one of the following would certainly shift the demand curve of

a good to the left?

A an effective advertisement campaign

B a rise in the price of its alternative

products

C a fall in price of its alternative products

D a rise in price of the product it self


5) The diagram shows the market for flour in Maldives. A maximum price

OQ per kg of flour is established by the government. What is likely

to be the immediate result of this measure?

A a movement of the demand curve to the left

B a movement of the supply curve to the right

C a surplus of flour

D a shortage of flour

6) The diagram shows the demand and supply of Red Bull energy drink in

Maldives. An article was published in a famous daily newspaper

states that energy drinks are hazardous to health. At the Same time,

the demand for Coca Cola increased due to its strong advertising

campaign for World Cup 2014. What is likely to be the new

equilibrium position?


7) What effect is caused when the price of a good rises, consumers

switch to other possible alternatives?

A It is called the income effect.

B It is called the substitution

effect.

C It is called the diminishing

marginal utility effect.

D It is called the ceteris paribus

effect.

8) Which of the following is a considered a factor affecting supply?

A Changes in income of people

B Changes in number of consumers

C Changes in the prices of a substitute

D Changes in cost of inputs

9) What type of change in supply is shown in the diagram below?

A Extension of supply

B Contraction of supply

C Increase in supply

D Decrease in supply


10) There is an increase in supply for a good where the supply

curve and the demand curve are normal. Certainly, which of the

following would be the direct effect?

A A shortage of demand

B A fall in price

C A fall in demand

D An excess supply

11) A student calculated the price elasticity of demand for a good

and got the answer as 1.75. Hence, the demand for the good can be

described as:

A normal demand B elastic demand

C inferior demand D inelastic demand

12) MVK, the bus service provider in Male’ knows that the demand

for its service is inelastic. How is the MVK certain to increase

total revenue?

A by dropping all fare prices by 40%

B by maintaining the same price

C by dropping all fare prices by 10%

D by increasing all fares

13) A rise in the supply of a product leads to a fall in the price,

but no alteration in the actual quantity of the product exchanged.

It implies that;

A the price elasticity of supply is zero.

B the price elasticity of supply is infinite.

C the price elasticity of demand is unitary.


D the price elasticity of demand is zero.

14) If the price elasticity of demand for a good is equal to 1,

then a 20 percent increase in price will:

A increase quantity demanded by 30 percent.

B decrease quantity demanded by 20 percent.

C decrease quantity demanded by 30 percent.

D increase quantity demanded by 20 percent.

15) The demand schedule for a product is given below. The price

elasticity of demand when price decreases from $9 to $7 is:

A 0.63 B 1.16

C 1.60 D 2.25

16) Total revenue earned from the sales of a product falls as the

price of a good increases, when the price elasticity of demand is:

A elastic B inelastic C

unitary elastic D totally inelastic

17) The 1000 units of a good M are traded at the price of $10 and

750 units M are traded at a unit price of $15, following a price

change from $10 to $15. It means in this price range:

A price elasticity of demand for M is elastic.


B buyers are more responsive to price changes of M.

C demand for M has shifted upwards

D price elasticity of demand for M is inelastic.

18) The price elasticity of demand for a commodity measures the

responsiveness of:

A income to changes in price

B price to changes in income

C quantity demanded to a change in price

D price to changes in quantity demanded

19) Supply is likely to be more price elastic for a particular

good,:

A if the time lag for the market tend to be longer

B if factors of production are relatively immobile

between industries

C if there are very few producers in the market

D if it is difficult to expand output in a short run

20) The price elasticity of supply for Honda Wave 125i motor bikes

in Maldives is 2. The price increased by 10 %. What would be the

percentage change in quantity supplied?

A 40%

B 10%

C 20%

D 30%


Shade the correct answers using a pencil in the respective column


Section B (Essay Questions)

II) Answer the following questions

1) Countline is a one of the dominant firm in the chocolate market in

Maldives. They operate number of outlets nationwide.

a) Explain your opinion, whether the knowledge of price

elasticity of demand is crucial for the managers of Countline

outlets.

[5]

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b) Analyze whether Tango chocolate Counline supplies is likely to

be price elastic or price inelastic.

[5]

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Good Luck


Section A (Multiple Choice Questions)

III) Choose the best answer. [20×1=20]

# Key # Key

1 D 11 B

2 C 12 D


3 A 13 D

4 C 14 B

5 D 15 D

6 B 16 A

7 B 17 D

8 D 18 C

9 C 19 A

10 B 20 C


IV) Answer the following questions

a)

Important points Mark(s)

Definition of PED 1How knowledge of PED would assist a firm to anticipate the effect on its sales and therefore on its revenue andprofit if it changed its price

1

Proper decision when PED is elastic 1Proper decision when PED is inelastic 1Any further explanation relevant and accurate 1

5


(Note – maximum of 4 marks, if no reference to Countlinechocolate outlets)

b)


Accurate argument whether chocolate as a necessity or luxury

1

Accurate argument on the proportionate income spent 1Accurate argument on the proportionate substitute 1Proper decision when PED is inelastic 1Conclusion 2

5(Note – A maximum of 3 marks only if no conclusion is made)

4) Report on content validity and reliability check

The tests conducted for the students must be valid and reliable. It

must also have a degree of fairness. The reliability of a test

emphasizes on its consistency and validity emphasizes on relevancy.

Three types of validity check can be done for a test. They are


construct validity, content validity and criterion-related validity.

“If a test reveals poor validity then it does not measure the

desired outcomes. When this is the case, there is no justification

for using the test results for their intended purpose (Professional

Testing, Inc, 2006)”.

The content validity of the test paper was ensured to the maximum as

learning outcomes were set in a way that it covers almost all

relevant areas of the topic demand and supply. As it is a very broad

topic which is covered widely in all level of economic courses, it

may not be possible to cover all important areas about demand and

supply. But, learning outcomes were decided in a way that all key

areas for students ‘A’ level economics syllabus were included. A

table of specification was prepared with learning outcomes and all

the levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy. In the Table of Specification,

contents were categorized into demand, supply, price elasticity of

demand and price elasticity of supply. As more importance is given

in the syllabus for demand and price elasticity of demand, 40 % of

exam weightage was given to each. The other two, supply and

elasticity of supply weighs 10% each. This was also decided based on


the number of teaching hours allocated for each. The test paper is

very much focused on including all the levels of blooms taxonomy.

20% of the total marks was allocated for remembering and another

26.7 % was allotted for understanding. It means around 46.7 % of the

total weightage of the paper gives opportunity for low ability and

average students to prove their scope. Application level questions

consists of 20 % and 16.7% was allocated for analysis and evaluation

each. Application, analysis and evaluation considered as higher

level of Bloom’s Taxonomy comprise 53.3 % of total test marks.

A test conducted must be reliable. “As stated in (Professional

Testing, Inc, 2006), a test with poor reliability, on the other

hand, might result in very different scores for the examinee across

the two test administrations”. If a test conducted reveals

unreliable and invalid scores, it may be unethical to take any

fundamental actions on the basis of the test. In order to enhance

the reliability of the test, lots of thing were ensured and done

before the test and during the test. As True Score is equal to

Observed Score plus Error, sufficient efforts was put forth to

minimize the Error to the maximum possible extent. Prior to the

question paper, a well-structured Table of Specification was


prepared. Many documents related to findings on Multiple Choice

Questions and Essay Questions were read to create a quality paper.

The test was conducted for a class of grade 12 in a higher secondary

school in Male’. The topic demand and supply was chosen because it

is topic that, students have been doing since grade 9. As the test

is for 30 marks, (20 Multiple Choice Questions carrying 1 mark each

and 2 Essay questions with 5 marks each), 45 minutes was the set

duration to complete the test. 30 minutes to complete Multiple

Choice Questions and 15 minutes to complete 2 Essay Questions. I put

my effort to create well-designed Multiple Choice Questions as well

as good Essay Questions to ensure the validity and reliability of

the test. The students were very well monitored during the test time

and adequate time was provided to finish the test. A detailed

marking scheme was prepared with the question paper. Marking was

done very carefully to avoid any possible human error. Essay

questions were checked for inter-rater reliability by assigning the

marked papers to another economics teacher for double checking. She

did no brought any change to the marks, I have given.


After conducting the test, difficulty index, discrimination index

and distractor analysis was done to check the reliability and

validity.


The above shows an item analysis prepared for the purpose of

calculating Difficulty Index and Discrimination Index mentioned

above. All papers were arranged in order from the highest result to

the lowest result. Then. 5 papers at the very top and 5 papers at

the very bottom was selected to do item analysis. The marks of each

student was entered for both, essay questions and multiple choice

questions. All candidates were given a number in order to protect

their privacy. All questions were included in the Item Analysis. The

Difficulty Index and Discrimination Index were calculated for Essay

Questions as well.


As per the difficulty index calculated question 1, 2 and 11 are

found to be too easy. There is no question item which can be

considered as too complicated but question 6 and 13 are found to be

most difficult among all the test items included. Most of the

questions in the test are proven to be moderately difficult. As far

as Discrimination Index is considered, Question 1, 2 and 11 are

found have no discrimination. Questions, 3, 6, 7, 8, 12 & 13 are

proven to have moderate discrimination. As per the result of both


Difficulty Index and Discrimination Index, Questions, 1, 2 & 11

should be immediately removed to ensure validity and reliability.

Questions, 3, 6, 7, 8, 12 & 13 have to be checked and revised to

enhance validity and reliability.

5) Changes made to the revised test paper

It was identified from the Difficulty Index and Discrimination Index

calculated that questions, 3, 6, 7, 8, 12 & 13 have to be revised

and modified while question 1, 2 & 11 have to be removed. In order

to obtain a deep understanding on the questions to be modified, a

Distractor Analysis was carried out for questions, 3, 6, 7, 8, 12 &

13. All these questions have been modified in a way that the changes

are compatible to the table of specification completely.


The correct option for each Multiple Choice Question is marked with

yellow. According to this analysis, distractor problem is only

identified in question 13, the distractor ‘A’. As more of upper

groups are attracted to it compared to lower group.

Questions removed totally

It was identified that question 1 is too easy. As a result the lower

group was also able to grasp the correct answer easily. Hence, the

question has been entirely changed in the revised paper to enhance


the validity as well as reliability. The new question is also from

the same level of Bloom’s taxonomy and also is compatible with the

learning outcomes. The correct answer of the new question is ‘C’ but

it was ‘D’ before.

Similarly question 2 also has been replaced with a new question.

This new question is also from the same level, remembering and it

falls into the learning outcomes. As in question 1, question is also

found to be too easy. As a result both high and low ability students

performed equally. The correct answer to the new question is ‘A’ and

it is ‘C’ for the old question.

Question 11 is also found to be too easy for both high and low

ability students. Hence, the Difficulty Index shows 1 and

Discrimination Index show 0. A new question has been added replacing

the old question. The correct answer for both new and old question

is ‘B’.


Revised Questions


The distractor analysis reveals that there is no problems with the

distractors given. Hence, only stem of the question has been

changed. As equilibrium is a term very much emphasized by teachers,

when they teach demand and supply. Hence, the term ‘equilibrium’ was

replaced with ‘market’.

Similarly question 6 has also been improved by removing a part of

the question. Old question is found to be bit tricky. As two causes,

both affecting demand are mentioned, students get deviated from the


correct answer. Hence, one cause was removed. The Distractor

Analysis carried out does not reveal any issues on the distractors.

Question 7 also has no issues with distractors which is found to be

moderately discriminated. Hence, the stem of the question was

changed. The previous question focuses on substitution effect but

the new focus has been changed to income effect. As a result, the

correct answer has been changed from ‘B’ to ‘D’.


Question 8 is also a moderately discriminated question which reveals

no issues with the distractors. Hence, only the stem of the question

has been removed. As old stem is very much direct, the new question

would force the students to think more.


Question 12 is also proven to be easy and moderately discriminated.

As all level of students found this question easy, the stem of the

question has been modified with an additional task for the students

to think. This forces students to think in two different angles

which may enhance the reliability and validly of the test Item. A

uniform alteration has been brought to the distractors as well to

enhance the relevance to the stem.


The Distractor analysis reveals that the distractor ‘A’ forced the

high ability students to choose a wrong answer. Hence, no change was

brought to the stem and only distractor ‘A’ has been modified

slightly so that high ability students would not be misled.


6) Revised Test Paper and Marking Scheme

Performance Assessment

Demand & Supply, Grade 12Name: _____________________________ Index: ________ Total Marks:

30 Duration: 45 minutes

Section A (Multiple Choice Questions)I)Choose the best answer. [20×1=20]


1) An extension in demand of a product is caused due to:

A a decrease in demand due to a fall in

income.

B an increase in money supply in the

economy.

C a decrease in the price of the good

itself.

D an increase in the price of the good

itself.

2) Which of the following best describe an increase in demand curve?

A an upward shift in demand curve due to a

non-price factor

B a decrease in demand due to an increasing

in supply

C a downward shift in demand curve due to

price factor

D an decrease in demand due to fall in price

of its substitute

3) The diagram shows an increasing revenue with the upward shift of

demand curve. What is the new market price and new market quantity?


Equilibrium price($) Equilibrium QuantityA 50 4500B 40 3500C 50 3500D 40 4500

4) Which one of the following would certainly shift the demand curve of

a good to the left?

A an effective advertisement campaign

B a rise in the price of its alternative

products

C a fall in price of its alternative products

D a rise in price of the product it self

5) The diagram shows the market for flour in Maldives. A maximum price

OQ per kg of flour is established by the government. What is likely

to be the immediate result of this measure?

A a movement of the demand curve to the left

B a movement of the supply curve to the right

C a surplus of flour


D a shortage of flour

6) The diagram shows the demand and supply of Red Bull energy drink in

Maldives. An article was published in a famous daily newspaper that

energy drinks are hazardous to health. What is likely to be the new

equilibrium position?

7) What effect is caused when the quantity consumed of a product

increase as people get better off?

A It is called the income effect.

B It is called the substitution

effect.

C It is called the diminishing

marginal utility effect.

D It is called the ceteris paribus

effect.

8) Which of the following is a considered a factor affecting supply?

A Changes in income of people

B Changes in number of consumers


C Changes in the prices of a substitute

D Changes in cost of inputs

9) What type of change in supply is shown in the diagram below?

A Extension of supply

B Contraction of supply

C Increase in supply

D Decrease in supply

10) There is an increase in supply for a good where the supply

curve and the demand curve are normal. Certainly, which of the

following would be the direct effect?

A A shortage of demand

B A fall in price

C A fall in demand

D An excess supply

11) If the price elasticity of demand for a good is 1.75, an

increase in price of the product will:

A increase revenue B decrease revenue C

increase demand D increase loss

12) MVK, the bus service provider in Male’ knows that the demand

for its service is inelastic at night but elastic during the day.


How is the MVK certain to increase total revenue it earns during the

night time?

A by dropping all fare prices by 40% during the night.

B by maintaining the same price during the night

C by dropping all fare prices by 10% during the night

D by increasing all fares during the night

13) A rise in the supply of a product leads to a fall in the price,

but no alteration in the actual quantity of the product exchanged.

It implies that;

A the price elasticity of supply is elastic.

B the price elasticity of supply is infinite.

C the price elasticity of demand is unitary.

D the price elasticity of demand is zero.

14) If the price elasticity of demand for a good is equal to 1,

then a 20 percent increase in price will:

A increase quantity demanded by 30 percent.

B decrease quantity demanded by 20 percent.

C decrease quantity demanded by 30 percent.

D increase quantity demanded by 20 percent.

15) The demand schedule for a product is given below. The price

elasticity of demand when price decreases from $9 to $7 is:


A 0.63 B 1.16

C 1.60 D 2.25

16) Total revenue earned from the sales of a product falls as the

price of a good increases, when the price elasticity of demand is:

A elastic B inelastic C

unitary elastic D totally inelastic

17) The 1000 units of a good M are traded at the price of $10 and

750 units M are traded at a unit price of $15, following a price

change from $10 to $15. It means in this price range:

A price elasticity of demand for M is elastic.

B buyers are more responsive to price changes of M.

C demand for M has shifted upwards

D price elasticity of demand for M is inelastic.

18) The price elasticity of demand for a commodity measures the

responsiveness of:

A income to changes in price

B price to changes in income

C quantity demanded to a change in price

D price to changes in quantity demanded

19) Supply is likely to be more price elastic for a particular

good,:

A if the time lag for the market tend to be longer

B if factors of production are relatively immobile

between industries


C if there are very few producers in the market

D if it is difficult to expand output in a short run

20) The price elasticity of supply for Honda Wave 125i motor bikes

in Maldives is 2. The price increased by 10 %. What would be the

percentage change in quantity supplied?

A 40%

B 10%

C 20%

D 30%




II) Answer the following questions


2) Countline is a one of the dominant firm in the chocolate market in

Maldives. They operate number of outlets nationwide.

a) Explain your opinion, whether the knowledge of price

elasticity of demand is crucial for the managers of Countline

outlets.

[5]

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b) Analyze whether Tango chocolate Counline supplies is likely

to be price elastic or price inelastic.

[5]


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Good Luck



Section A (Multiple Choice Questions)

V)Choose the best answer. [20×1=20]

# Key # Key

1 C 11 B

2 A 12 D

3 A 13 D

4 C 14 B

5 D 15 D

6 B 16 A

7 D 17 D

8 D 18 C

9 C 19 A

10 B 20 C



III) Answer the following questions

a)


Definition of PED 1How knowledge of PED would assist a firm to anticipate the effect on its sales and therefore on its revenue andprofit if it changed its price

1

Proper decision when PED is elastic 1Proper decision when PED is inelastic 1Any further explanation relevant and accurate 1

5(Note – maximum of 4 marks, if no reference to Countline

chocolate outlets)

b)


Accurate argument whether chocolate as a necessity or luxury

1

Accurate argument on the proportionate income spent 1Accurate argument on the proportionate substitute 1Proper decision when PED is inelastic 1Conclusion 2

5(Note – A maximum of 3 marks only if no conclusion is made)


Task 2

Student’s performance report

The mean marks of all the candidates participated is 21.9. The

median and mode are 23 while standard deviation is 3.8. As the paper

consist of two parts. The highest mark obtained by students is 29

while the lowest is 10.

Part 1

Part 1 consists of 20 multiple choice questions. Among the 30

students, 100% of the students achieved the correct answer for

question 2 and 11. More than 80 % of the students achieved the

correct answer for questions, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 16, 18,

19 &20.

The questions fewest number of students obtained the correct answer

include questions, 6, 10, 13, 14 and 17. Only 17 % of the students


attended the test achieved the correct answer for question 6.

Question 6 is found to be the most difficult question in the test

paper. Only 50 % of the students who attended the test were able to

find the correct answer for question 13.

Question 6 is based on the movements of demand and supply curve. The

correct answer for the question is ‘B’. But most of the students

popularly chose ‘A’ as the answer. It should be a downward shift in

demand for both causes, hence the correct answer should be A.

Question 13 asked about price elasticity. The correct answer for the

question is ‘D’. The most popular answer among the candidates is

‘A’. Actually it is talking about a perfectly inelastic demand curve

but most of the students confused this with perfectly inelastic

supply curve.

Part II

In average, students’ performance on Essay questions are found to be

good. In average, students scored 3.4 out of 5 in the first question

and 2.5 out of 5 for the second questions.

Question 1a is on the importance the knowledge of price elasticity

and most of the students wrote the correct definition of price

elasticity of demand. It is also identified that most of the


students know the appropriate decision to be taken when the demand

is elastic as well as inelastic. But, it is discovered that most of

the students find it difficult to expand the idea on the

relationship between pricing decision and price elasticity any

further. As a result very few students were able to get full marks.

Question 2a is about price elasticity of chocolate. Most of the

students successfully identified the demand for chocolate as

elastic. In contrast, most of the students failed to explain the

reasons for their decision accurately. Hence, very few students got

full marks for this question.


Reflective Journal

This reflective journal is focused on whole process of test

construction. In order to create a test paper with valid and

reliable test items, the topic demand and supply was chosen. It was

decided to design a test for grade 12. As my very first work, the

areas of demand and supplied covered in the ‘A’ level syllabus was

identified. Then, learning outcomes to be tested was decided to

prepare the Table of Specification. As Table of Specification

includes different levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy, I read some articles

on it. Unlike ‘A’ level syllabus, I have decided to include all

levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy separately. Table of specification was


prepared focusing on four key content areas with 10 learning

outcomes. In Table of Specification, demand and price elasticity of

demand carries 40 % each while supply and elasticity of supply

carries 10% each. The lower levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy carries 46.7

% and the higher levels weighs 53.3%. The original question paper

was prepared in accordance with Table of Specification. A task of

mapping the test items to different levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy and

to the learning outcomes was done successfully.

The paper consists of 20 Multiple Choice Questions and 2 Essay

Questions. Several articles were read to create effective Multiple

Choice Questions as well as Essay Questions. Multiple Choice

Questions are used in all countries as a reliable approach to assess

students. “Multiple choice questions can be written at different

level to assess if a student is able to remember understand, apply,

analyze, evaluate and create facts, concepts, and procedures

(Virginia Commonwealth University, 2012)”. In the test, I put my

effort to include Multiple Choice Questions on remembering,

understanding & application. I maintained my focus on creating 20

effective MCQs. I spent most of my time to prepare the question


paper as it requires a careful consideration. “As stated in

(Murdock, 2006), do not try to write the entire test in one day: it

takes time, creativity and thought to write good multiple choice

questions”.

I tried to make the stems very clear and relevant. The wordings used

in the stems are familiar to the students and negative statement

were ignored completely. I tried my best to leave zero opportunity

for the students to guess the answer simply by reading the stem. I

avoided using never and always in the stems and none of the

distractors have statements like ‘all of the above’ or ‘none of the

above’. All distractors were set in a way that students need an

adequate subject background to choose the correct answer. “The

function of the incorrect alternatives is to serve as distractors,

which should be selected by students who did not achieve the

learning outcome but ignored by students who did achieve the

learning outcome (Brame, 2014)”. “As cited in (Weimer, 2014), it is

a bad question when a sizeable percentage of students miss the

question and when a sizeable percentage of those with the highest

scores on the exam (or in the class) are missing the question”.


Essay Question is another effective exam technique used in

assessing. “Essay grades ought to reflect not just the quantity of

knowledge accurately reproduced but also the quality of reasoning,

logic or insight the student generates in the time allowed (Brown,

2010)”. I have included two Essay questions. The first question is

designed to the level ‘evaluation’ and second question fits to the

level ‘analysis’. “Essay questions can better assess the complexity

of students’ thought processes, as well as their ability to think

critically and solve problems in a particular domain of knowledge,

than can multiple-choice or fill-in-the-blank items (University of

North Carolina, 2012)”. The clear learning outcomes were set for

two essay questions and the chosen learning outcomes can be best

assessed with Essay Questions. Both the task and scope are taken

into consideration to make these test items more effective. The

question written are short and clear and the appropriate time was

allocated. Each question carries 5 marks.

After the completion of the question paper, a detailed marking

schemes was prepared to ensure quality marking. A pilot test was


conducted to a group of students to ensure the validity and

reliability of all the test items. The test was marked and tested

for content validity and reliability. From the content validity and

reliability check, it was identified that questions, 1, 2 & 11

should be removed immediately. As per the analysis, these questions

in original paper were replaced with new questions that fit into

same level of Bloom’s Taxonomy. Questions, 3, 6, 7, 8, 12 & 13 are

identified as questions which require modification. As the

Distractor Analysis reveals the option ‘A’ (distractor) in question

13 has a problem. Hence, it was changed. In the questions, 3, 6, 7,

8 & 12, the stem of the question was changed. The reliability and

validly check reveal no issues on Essay questions. A revised paper

was finalized with the mentioned changes and marking scheme was

updated accordingly.

The students results was analysed by preparing an Item Analysis.

Mean, mode, median and standard deviation of the test score were

calculated. The Z score and T score were also calculated for further

analysis on students’ performance. A normal distribution curve was

also drawn.


As a whole, the complete process of test construction, conducting

the test, analyzing students’ performance and revising the test

paper went smoothly and successfully. I have acquired new and

additional informations and skills on test construction and

analysing students’ performance as well.

References

Brame, C.J. (2014). Writing Good Multiple Choice Test Questions. Retrieved

from Vanderbilt University website:

http://cft.vanderbilt.edu/guides-sub-pages/writing-good-multiple-

choice-test-questions/#guidelines

Brown, G. T. L. (2010). The validity of examination essays in higher education:

Issues and responses. Higher Education Quarterly, 64(3), 276-291.

Murdock, J (2006). Basic Tips for Writing Effective Multiple Choice Questions

(MCQ’s): A Compilation of the Most Useful Advice. Retrieved from Faculty of


http://cft.vanderbilt.edu/guides-sub-pages/writing-good-multiple-choice-test-questions/#guidelines

http://cft.vanderbilt.edu/guides-sub-pages/writing-good-multiple-choice-test-questions/#guidelines

Arts & Science, University of Toronto website:

http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~murdockj/teaching/MCQ_basic_tips.

pdf

Professional Testing, Inc. (2006). How do you determine if a test has

Validity, Reliability, Fairness, and Legal Defensibility?. Retrieved from

Professional Testing Website:

http://www.proftesting.com/test_topics/pdfs/test_quality.pdf

University of North Carolina. (2012). Writing and Grading Essay

Questions. Retrieved from University of North Carolina Website:

http://cfe.unc.edu/pdfs/FYC7.pdf

Virginia Commonwealth University. (2012). Writing multiple choice

questions. Retrieved from VCU website:

http://www.vcu.edu/cte/resources/nfrg/12_03_writing_MCQs.htm

Weimer, M. (2014). Tips for Writing Good Multiple-Choice Questions. Retrieved

from faculty focus website:

http://www.facultyfocus.com/articles/teaching-professor-blog/writ

ing-good-multiple-choice-questions/


http://www.facultyfocus.com/articles/teaching-professor-blog/writing-good-multiple-choice-questions/

http://www.facultyfocus.com/articles/teaching-professor-blog/writing-good-multiple-choice-questions/

http://www.vcu.edu/cte/resources/nfrg/12_03_writing_MCQs.htm

http://cfe.unc.edu/pdfs/FYC7.pdf

http://www.proftesting.com/test_topics/pdfs/test_quality.pdf

http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~murdockj/teaching/MCQ_basic_tips.pdf

http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~murdockj/teaching/MCQ_basic_tips.pdf

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