#include<iostream>#include<math.h>#include<iomanip>

using namespace std;

int main(){

/* varaiable "f" is for supply freqency variables pf1- existing power factorvariable pf2-desired power factor

variable V --true power of existing load in KILO WATTSvariable V-- Supply voltage in VOLTs:*/

//define constant varaiable PI for calculate PI value const double PI=4.0*atan(1.0);int f;double pf1,pf2, P,V;

// Variable Q-- reactive power in KVARS// variable C-- capacitance in Microfarads.double Q,C;

//varaibles theta for calculating anglesdouble theta1, theta2;

//varaible deg1, deg2 to display the angle values in degreesdouble deg1, deg2;

//choice variable for repeation of the program without exit;//if user enter 1 when required it start the program again with out

being closed ;

int choice;do{

tryAgain:cout<<" \nSINGLE PHASE POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

CALCULATION:"<<endl<<endl;cout<<" \nEnter the supply frequency (in Hertz): ";cin>>f;if(f<=0){

cout<<" \nThe value entered for frequency is negative, Enterit again ";

goto tryAgain;

}

cout<<"\nEnter the existing power factor : ";cin>>pf1;

if(pf1<=0 || pf1>=1){

cout<<" \nThe value entered for Power Factor is not accurate, it must be +ve and less than 1, Please Enter again :"<<endl;

goto tryAgain;

}

cout<<"\n Enter the power factor that you want to acheive : ";cin>>pf2;

if(pf2<pf1 || pf2>1){

cout<<" \nthe desired power Factor must lie between existingpower factor and 1:";

cout<<"\nEnter the values again"<<endl;goto tryAgain;

}

cout<<"\n What is the true power of the existing load (In KILO WATTS) : ";

cin>>P; if(P<=0) {

cout<<" \nThe true power of the existing load must be positive :"<<endl;

cout<<" \nEnter the values again"<<endl; goto tryAgain;

}

cout<<"\n What is the supply Voltage (in Volts) : ";cin>>V;

if(V<=0){

cout<<"\nthe supply voltage value must be +ve "<<endl;cout<<" \nEnter the values again " <<endl;goto tryAgain;

}

theta1=acos(pf1);theta2=acos(pf2);

deg1=theta1*(180/PI);deg2=theta2*(180/PI);

Q=P*(tan(theta1)-tan(theta2));

// As we know the formual of Q= KVAR=V^2 *2PIf * C * 10^-6/(10^3) in microfarads

//therefore: capacitance is C=Q *10^9/(V^2 * 2PIf);C=(Q*(pow(10.0,9.0)))/(pow(V,2.0)*2*PI*f);

cout<<" \nThe existing power factor of "<<pf1<<" is a phase angle of :"<<setprecision(4)<<deg1<<" degrees"<<endl<<endl;

cout<<"\nthe desired power factor of "<<pf2<<" is a phase angle of :"<<setprecision(4)<<deg2<<" degrees"<<endl<<endl;

cout<<" \nThe necessary power factor correction capacitor is rated at : "<<setprecision(4)<<Q<<" KVArs"<<endl<<endl;

cout<<" \nWhich at "<<f<<" HZ "<<"and "<<V<<" Volts is a capacitance of "<<C<< " Microfarads "<<endl;

cout<<"\n To continue again with testing power factor correction Enter 1 ORPress any other key to Exit "<<endl;cin>>choice;

}while(choice==1);system("pause");return 0;

}

Output: 123456789

Line 18: error: iostream: No such file or directoryLine 17: error: iomanip: No such file or directoryLine 5: error: expected '=', ',', ';', 'asm' or '__attribute__' before 'namespace'In function 'main':Line 35: error: 'cout' undeclared (first use in this function)Line 35: error: (Each undeclared identifier is reported only onceLine 35: error: for each function it appears in.)Line 35: error: 'endl' undeclared (first use in this function)Line 37: error: 'cin' undeclared (first use in this function)

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Automatic power factor controller by microcontroller

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by Sanket Shitole

on Feb 26, 2014 inShare

371 views

power factor

1 comment

1–1 of 1 comment

Kiran Kyashwar at R.V College of Engineering Hello Sanket, can you please provide the source code used in this project.. 2 months ago

Marye Tsadik

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Automatic power factor controller by microcontroller Presentation Transcript

1. POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT BY AUTOMATICALLY ENGAGING APPROPRIATE NUMBER OF SHUNT CAPACITOR FOR INDUCTIVE LOADS

Under the Guidance of: Submitted by: 1)SHITOLE SANKET SUBHASH

2. INTRODUCTION In the present scenario of technological revolution it has been observed that the power is very precious. The industrialization is primarily increasing the inductive loading, the Inductive loads affect the power factor so the power system losses its efficiency. There are certain organizations developing products and caring R&D work on this field to improve or compensate the power factor. The Automatic Power factor Correction device is a very useful device for improving efficient transmission of active power. Automatic Power factor correction device readsthe power factor from line voltage and line current, calculating the compensation requirement switch on differentcapacitor banks.

3. WHAT IS POWER FACTOR Power factor is the ration betweenthe KW and the KVA drawn by an electrical load where the KW is the actual load power and the KVA is the apparent load power. It is a measure of how effectively the current is being converted into useful work output and more particularly is a good indicator of the effect of the load current on the efficiency of the supply system.

4. Why APFC are required: In industry most of the load is inductive in nature which results in lagging power factor that is why there is loss and wastage of energy which results in high power bills and heavy penalties from electricity boards. If the load is uneven it is very difficult to maintain unity power factor. To overcome this difficulty APFC panel is used which maintains unity P.F.

5. HARDWARE COMPONENTS MICROCONTROLLER (AT89S52) RELAY RELAYDRIVER LCD CURRENT TRANSFORMER INDUCTIVE LOAD SHUNT CAPACITOR PUSH BUTTONS LED RESISTOR CAPACITOR

6. POWER SUPPLY Bridge rectifier 230 V AC 50 Hz 5v Regulator5V DC 12V step down transformer Filter(470µf)

7. MICROCONTROLLER It is a smaller computer Has on-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports... CPU I/O Port RAM ROM Serial Timer COM Port A single chip Microcontroller

8. INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF A MICRO CONTROLLERAT89S52/51 External interrupts Interrup t Control On-chip ROM for

program code Timer/Counter On-chip RAM Timer 1 Timer 0 CPU OSC Bus Control 4 I/O Ports P0 P1 P2 P3 Address/Data Serial Port TxD RxD Counter Inputs

9. FEATURES OF AT89S51/52 Compatible with MCS®-51 Products 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Three16-bit Timer/Counters Eight Interrupt Sources Full Duplex UART Serial Channel Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode Watchdog Timer

10. PIN DESCRIPTION 11. RELAY IT IS A ELECTRO MAGNETIC SWITCH USED TO CONTROL

THE ELECTRICAL DEVICES COPPER CORE MAGNETIC FLUX PLAYS MAIN ROLE HERE

The relay's switch connections are usually labeled COM, NC and12. NO: COM = Common, always connect to this; it is the moving part of the itch. NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is off. NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on

13. RELAY DRIVER (ULN 2003) ULN2003 is a high voltage and high current Darlington transistor array It consists of seven NPN Darlington pairs that feature highvoltage outputs with common-cathode Clamp diode for switching inductive loads. The ULN2003 has a 2.7kW series base resistor for each Darlington pair for operation directly with TTL or 5VCMOS devices. Current, Output Max:500mA Voltage, Input Max:5V Voltage, Output Max:50V

14. Fig: ULN 2003 15. QUAD VOLTAGE COMPARATOR LM339 ● Wide single supply

voltage range 2.0VDC TO 36VDC or dual supplies ±1.0VDC to ±18VDC ● Very low supply current drain (0.8 ㎃ ) independent of supply voltage (1.0 ㎃ /comparator at 5.0VDC) ● Low input biasing current 25 ㎃ ● Low input offset current ±5 ㎃ and offset voltage ● Input common-mode voltage range includes ground ● Differential input voltage range equal to the powersupply voltage ● Low output 250 ㎃ at 4 ㎃ saturation voltage

● Output voltage compatible with TTL, DTL, ECL, MOS and CMOSlogic system ● Moisture Sensitivity Level 3

16. LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD) Most common LCDs connected to the microcontrollers are 16x2 and 20x2 displays. This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line by 2 lines, respectively.

17. LCD BACKGROUND If an 8-bit data bus is used the LCD will require 11 data lines (3 control lines plus the 8 linesfor the data bus) The three control lines are referred to asEN, RS, and RW EN=Enable (used to tell the LCD that you are sending it data) RS=Register Select (When RS is low (0), data is treated as a command) (When RS is High(1), data being sent is text data ) R/W=Read/Write (When RW is low (0), the data written to the LCD) (When RW is low (0),the data reading to the LCD)

18. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS Keil an ARM Company makes C compilers, macro assemblers, realtime kernels, debuggers, simulators, integrated environments, evaluation boards, and emulators for ARM7/ARM9/Cortex-M3, XC16x/C16x/ST10, 251, and8051 MCU families. Compilers are programs used to convert a High Level Language to object code. Desktop compilers produce an output object code for the underlying microprocessor, but not for other microprocessors.

19. ADVERSE EFFECT OF OVER CORRECTION Power system becomesunstable Resonant frequency is below the line frequency Current and voltage increases

20. ADVANTAGES OF IMPROVED POWER FACTOR Reactive power decreases Avoid poor voltage regulation Overloading is avoided Copper loss decreases Transmission loss decreases Improved voltage control Efficiency of supply system and apparatus increases

21. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that power factor correction techniques can be applied to the industries, power systems and also house holds to make them stable and due to that the system becomes stable and efficiency of the system as well as the apparatus increases. The use of microcontroller reduces the costs. Due to use of microcontroller multiple parameters can be controlled and

the use of extra hard wares such as timer , RAM,ROM and input output ports reduces.

22. REFERENCES P. N. Enjeti and R martinez, “A high performance single phase rectifier with input power factor correction ,”IEEE Trans. Power Electron..vol.11,No.2,Mar.2003.pp 311317 “The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems” by Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Janice Gillispie Mazidi. Data sheet of micro controller AT89S52 by ATMEL CORPORATION

23. ANKYOU TH

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Capacitor Bank Type Power Factor Control System Project AIM:

        The main aim of Capacitor Bank Type Power Factor Control System project is to design an equipment which controls the power factor by using a bank of capacitors. 

DESCRIPTION:

 The block diagram mainly consists of a microcontroller, zero crossing detector, inductive load, capacitive load, zero crossing detector and capacitors. Here we are using bank of capacitors. Since these are bank of capacitors they are operated sequentially. There are two keys, key1 and key 2. When a key1 is pressed signal is sent to the microcontroller and inductive load is operated and relay is operated for resistive load and tripping occurs. In the inductive load the current is lagging because inductor always opposes the sudden change in current. In order to identify the inductive load here we are using choke. Hence when inductive load is operated the micro controller sends and the capacitors C1,C2and C3 are operated sequentially.

Here we are using a bank of capacitors. So depending up on the load the capacitors are made on. Say for eg when alarge amount of load is dealt then all the capacitors aremade ON. when a medium amount of load is dealt only two capacitors are made on and when small amount of load is dealt  only one capacitor is made ON. When key 2 is pressed resistive load is operated and relay is operated for inductive load and tripping occurs.When the resistiveload is operated then the current is leading and hence itsends signal to the micro controller and the microcontroller sends signal further and the relay is operated and tripping occurs. Here in order to identify the resistive load  bulb is used. In alternating current,the zero-crossing is the instantaneous point at which there is no voltage present. 

download  Capacitor Bank Type Power Factor Control Systemembedded system Project .

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