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"* date quhief! wil l ! ive in infernv."Frankiin D. Rooscvelt's speech to Congress requesting a declaration ofwar onJapan

On December 8, a erlm faced president went beior€ Congress, nreeiing r jo ni session.

A,iFsre rday. De.cmber 7, ro4r r dare which will live in infamy the Unired srates of Ameica

Y *.s sL'dd."ly..d d.lJberately :ttatked by naval and air forces of the Empire ofJapan.6 Tie UnLrcd Srates was ar peace with that Nation .}nd, at the sol;cirarion of Japan, vas

still in conversar:ion vith its covernnent and its Emperor looking toward the maintenance ofpea.e in the Paci6c. lndeed, one hour 3frer Japanese an squadrons had commenced bonbing inOahu, theJapanesc Ambassador to the Unitcd Statcs and hrs colleague deliwered to the Secretaryof Siate a formal reply to x rece.t American message. While this reply stated that it seemed use-less to continue thc existing diplomatic negotiations, it contained no threat or hint of war or

It vill be recorded rhat the distance of Havaii ftom Japan makes it obvious rhat the att3ck wasdeliberately planned nanl' days or cven veeks ago. During the interening time theJapanese covern-ncnt has deliberatelv sought to deceive theUnited States by tllse statements and expressions of hopelor continuedpeace.

The attack yes terda,v on the Havaiian Islands has causcd severe danage to Americar naval and ariiirary forces. Vert man] Americar lives have been lost. In addition Amelican ships have been reportediorpedoed on the high seas between San Francisco and Honolulu.

Ye e-d.y rheJ"fr-e.r Co,rynmenr al . " hunched J- r , -"1 gr i - . r \4r l ry- .

Last nightlapanese forces atiacked HongKong

Last nightJapanese forces attacked Guam.Last nightJapanese forces attacked the Philippine hlands.Lrst night theJapanese attacked Wake Islmd.'rbis morning theJapanese attacked Midvay Island.

Japan has, therefore, undertaken a surprise oilensive exrending throughout the Pacific.]rea. Thefacts of Jcsterday speak Ior themselves. The people of the United States have already formed their

'opinions and well understand the implications to the very life and safety of our Nation.As Comnander in Chief of rhe Army and Navy I have directed rhat all measures be iaken for our

Always will we remenber the character of the onslaughr against us.No matter how longit mav takc us to overcome this preneditared invasion, thc Amedcan people in

their righteous mightvill win through to absolute victory.

I beijeve I irterpret the \.i11 of thc Congres and of the people vhen I assert that we vill not onlydefend oursehes to the utternost but will make very certain that rhis forn of treachery shall never

Hostiliries exisr. Tbere is no bliaking at the fact that our peoplc, our territor$ and our ilrcrests areh grave dmger

With conidence in our umed lorces-vith the r:nbounded deternin.rtion of our PeoPlc ve villgain cheintritable triun,ph so help us God.

I ask that the Congress declare that since the unprovokcd and dasrardly attack byJaPan on sundal,

Dccember seventh, a state of wa has existed betvtrn the United States 3nd theJaPanese ImPir(.

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ENEMY AIIENS BAFFLE WEST COAST AATEONITYRestrictions Pr0ve Hard t0 Entorce and probtems Arel\4a ny and Varied

By LAWRENCE E. DAyIES

Sr\N FRINCISCO, tcb. r4 X1,.nr. "

;.,"6,,"tron : squelid shrck, quarrers ;u

" t o".a,,,*

. r . r . . - r . ,ua . l l r . ,bclrg va.aicd thjs srcl as erer , atjens in ,,pr0

hib;red" arcrs ol ttre \.csr ato3sr l.,r- ,o iinan:r Iomcs ir trne irith a stcrditr-deJopire prop "o. , - \ \ , l t , , D- l

' . l , ' . - l , , \ r I p. , t . 1

1 ' " .\r'rr h:rpp.nc.t ir I,c,I t Hr.bo. Rcrtizlijon of rLet.rfr thl-e,l in rlrc lafrjrcsc rrh.l thcrc br. racFi*h atolrDI ir Hr\.rii J oui.,l ttrc J,rciri. iirhrand li.diril olticjrls !r \\istr'fqro. ro i| xNr(rc* of r l i t mistrr hrppc. l r re urr l .ss cr f t r : ln. lcrrorr l ,e, I r fec. rorr \ sr t l r rcrc r : r ler .

, lof l . bfgin r :L l r rg ih i r rd,ooo fup.rnc,c

:rrrcrs m tr ls 5_tr . . . rn l s.r . i rL l r l ru!rnd i r ( ) , f! . , ) , j i iJ \ \ r jLr j . ! r rnr . n;ghr Llo ro

"rhorr : .d.rcns.pl l r rsu n, . r i . t invrd. js j f r t rer \ercp.,r r i ( .d nr l i rc l |d r I? l s. idr . rur rcsrfr r idr \ . i i l lshorL-wrr rrdh sers, po$.rful scrrchligt, I s .tD.lorhcf srlan.lilg der;ces, riiles and ammul]itii,,,., r t . - l , r , r . r, ietcd J.r ,ooo Iul i r . x l ;cDs r l ]d r9.ooo ccmins.

l ]erc, r l reD, on Dcc. 7 \ \as.r pore, t j r l \ \ .csr(nls i l : r f t l j colunr l rnr \ oJ p.r t j3ps r2i ] .ooo.relrDers rnd rheJ.rpancse protrlc \.is heighL,

- . ' t . ' t , .. " , , , \ . , b. , .Ho\. 'n rnr ' { , r ' r rcs. se.olrd g.ncfxLi( , rJr l j .urcse

5t. f l r \ src| , b ' i r t i r i ( ! ,51oNtr f t j s ! j i jn.m,Lr r \ rL l r r . r rLr .LnrL, t r r r , - . . , , , : r i. . tc \ : t r t t r . f robl .Ds trcsf j jkJ I l nrr fc su. l r

berd s'hen beld br.nationxts of.lapar, cern,nnr. r . r I - . ,d -C. -d I "

. , r _ro_.. I I J;trayct bv cnemr 3ti.n! yrsdl norc dilticult and,rn man\...rses, nnpossibte. -{L rlc ;.ecornmenda-tion of riie \{ur Deparrmcnr, vhictr had con_du.(erl 1is o\yD [?sr coasr survey anJ jn rurnhad rcceiycd suggesrions rrln rhe r\-.r,r., ,{r.orr.v aien.ral Biddlc begr. phrtinq a nci, u,!r. olt iG for thousi fds of ab,st r l ieDs

He esLrbl ishci l lc l t or t 1oo resn. i . red ! r r !snclr r i r r l del i 'nsc pl l l r r j : lnd mi l i i j r l insral l !

. i i . . , . \ \ ' . ,o. . i . ; , , .

s.tu- of \hi.h aii.r.cr-r \rlnrlti\ lnd Feb. r4,rcslectr l r l \ ; no. leDI , r lLc,r nrr scr t i rot rn, lc,

I o 'N1tur. l i r t . i . \ rurJ in! j l r !nr thc Oreg.I Mj. lcL5or,r l r \ r i r rLt f ror . rhxr 5oo i l .s . hc D,rdc ! , . . , rJ is " ?or. ! r \ t i .h entn) x l jcns , ] l 5r r l r l , r jD rrh.me h.n 9 t l \1. t , r 6 A.N1

l\IeaNhile the l.cderil Burelo oi Inrcsrigrt roD v:r r . r ic lng Shnrro xtrd Bu. ld l i r r rcnrpl$,xfrcs(xrg xr one i rsruncc r , .pr iesr, ,

idenrt f ied ! r, . , , . t , , r t . r . . , . . .

t r ibd. l n i rerrr ts !s ncl l rs, ,dangcrotrJ, e l icnsrn. tefaucse colonrcs i r ) f r r seperr tcd c l t ies of rhc( i rxsr. thc"b.$nr3n' kno\r . i l r ih.conrn"rrl- as dx elrt.roi oi r ltrrn colorl ofJr f l r .se in rh. sr ln,as Yr l l . \ ; D,rrv of \ hoD.t iJr . 'L st . ! r t i r l l t isL. \ rs ort o i Lhe pr isoncrs

, \1. .g \ i rh rh. . lo j ;Jrs ( , i Ior : is . l ingur.q.. !1. , , t ,L. t hr \L i . , r , ,1. . , , . , _ l

- I

. I . c l r 'c t ,stgr t . rk. l t | Jatc Lr I cr j r re l aqrr. ,cs, . rn1n . . r rnr t rc( aSrrr i i . ! r i } jnof . r is . r

.u5 i rc i ion. \ I ! (h. l rh is !g i r . r r ion r ' : r l l ' rL lut

rhc eirs of i n i lc l f r , r , , fc,cJ Ieran ramtJ

\ '" i r rsr bustLig" lor ' lbLrrrr : , r r . \ rnold t r , l rbor

un! l . f thc t i i le 1,1 ( lo.rdinrtor. l r tcNl 'Con

Lr,1 t r r rhc \ \ 'c ! tcrn l )ctcn!c Cl , ) rnnrrnd I Ic

I s her grot ingdcurnds i i ) f drc ! lc !hr l t i !n

oi r t least , r r rodj i icd nrr l r l r l la\ , so t l rar

A!rer l .af born, laprnca' suspccLed of .1 is lor

. r l t r n ight bc morcd oLLt of r i t r l r rers along

Thc calin,mir pcnonncl borrd. in sPite ol !t

opiDior of larl ['urren' Starc ]ltLornc,v Getera],

Llat its rcLion irrs rliscri,ninatrrl enil illegal, pre

parcd to clrcuL.rtc a ctucstionnairc r r,rg rll

Japaresc nrnericrns in thc state's cmPlor md on

i r ' r ' n rr '

' ,r ho vcLc " t lur l c i t izcni 'of "dis lonl , \ ,ncr ic in i '

t r .p,r . :1tof I n) i r i l i r f i .g i rsrcr ' | rccccr1'rss\ \ -h,rr do drcJrfx|cs. nner i ( rns rhi tk oL (hc

siru:r t ion?,\ccorr i ing to Lt ,c i l nr)r f nblLl cr i | lc5. 1r

is rnyxsible to rsccfixnr \\lrrf ther tl,ilk l}rr

l . .Jers. l rhclrpr i r . . Alncf icIr ( l l r iTcn! Lc. lgtrc,

rith a mcnbership oi :o,ooo, hre t.rld thri corr.

-.pondeni drai thev h$r "gre$ iaith" Lr Lhc liLl

crel Gorerrmcnt, rhn:h thev rhink hrs bccn

"r er . i f r i r " Ore of therrr erPfcsscd i t lh is Nrr ' :

'1, : ' ,inrcstnents. our horres, our bLrsincsses:nd vc

don't vant to gi(c rheLr up. But if thc Federal

Golelnmcnt clecidcd clefinircl,r tliat, in the

interest of nrtioraL defcnse, martiaL l.rv ought

to be dcclared rnd the ci.izcns ]s fcll as Lhc

l lpanese al icns should be told io get out! Nh\!

thcn, \re ire rcaclr to lollori ordcrs BLrt if it's

dangcrous ior sccord generation JaPanese ro

remain, rrhat of second-generatior Iralians and

Germans? l)iscrinination like that is riniat rie

Arodrcr sperks of thc "resentncnt" shown

by lapanesc adolesccnts in the c. iuntrr o\er

Pcarl FIarbor.

"Rcscntmenr xgai lst whom?" onc is:sked

"Agrlnst-lap,rn," is the rePll

I In 7!u ;tnrni, !t'dt\ nd nt o.r!a,l |ti t164l

lillti!|h nt,tt|hr nr hi t' ht t3,t lrn kl tt t II

t r I t r 1\ t i l t t l t t1.11l td t l ' . t l i t l r , t \ t t l l t r th '

1r rL. s:rrc r . i r . l rcsr l ) r ics Lo J rhclr i t i ' r br

I l \

S:u F|rncrsco r s i \ \errold , \ r f ( r i . rn born

, fuprncse serr l to his t t ,ch.r " l coul l , r ' t : lccp

clLrrirg thc bl,rckort: I \rrs J[ri,] rhc -I.:Pd,csc

' lhere is ! t rct t r { leFr i rc t ic l inu. r r rorg ol1i-

c ia ls rs ml l rs r l icns. ihr t th. gfc i tc5t r ) .ed is

immedixic. posi t ive, r .gorous rct lon, so thr i

ever l .bodf r i l l Lnor. iusr aherc he stan. ls Lct

this statcnicnt bc appLled, lor purposcs of illuw

tr.tioni ro dre.rgdcultural siLLL.rrlon Tlre-lapar

ese, tbrough lorg t r r in ing. harc dercloped.r

verl spccialized rcchnqre in ioDlato .ulrurc,

\ r j th the resuLt fhr t a subsranr ia l part of the

.r ' "p l . r r '1od

Jto , . , l " 'Cll;fornia rc raised bv Jrprncse Ar,r' clisloca

r ion in the prescnt str tus of Jatanese tatn lab.r

thereiofe Nould rcsul t in sone curtr i lmcnt of

thc tomaro acre.rge, accordirg to agriculrrrri

This is one of the rrctom to be carcfullv

scighcd before r fineL rrs$cr vill be gilin to

ih is nrosi scr ious 3nd complex quest ion

-' It

Warns EnernSr Al iens to Register Ig:)eClBJ tO TErtr NE !t9' YOIIE, TrRSt-E- I

WASHINGTON, S'eb. 22-Si:(days renain for German, ftalianand Japa.nese aliens to apPly at.postoffices for eertificates of iden-tifieation, Attorney General Biddlewarned today, All who fail to ap-ply before the close of businessnext Saturday may be subJect toheary penalties, inctuding intern-ment for the duration of the war,Il{r. Biddle said

&&s$fbl*u$xd*&*xwxPublished: February 23, 1942

Copyright @ The New York Times

,q

Executive Order No. 9066The PresidentAuthorizing the Secretary of War to Prescribe Military Areas

Whereas the successful prosecution oflhe war requires e\,€ry possible protection against espionage andagamst sabotage to natiorml-defense material, naiional-defense premises, and nationaldef-ense utilities asdcfined in Section,{, Act of Apdl 20, 1918, 40 Stat. 533, as amended by the Act olNovember 30, I940,5,+ Stat. 1220, and the Act ofAugust 21, 1941, 55 Stat. 655 (U.S.C., Title 50, Sec. 10,1);

Now, therefore, by vitue ol the authority vested in me as President ofthe United States, and Commanderin Chiefofthe Army and Navy, I hereby authorize and direct the Secretary of War, and the MilitaryCornmanders whom he may lrom time to time designate, whenever he or any designate.d Comnunderdeens such action necessary or desirable, to prescribe military arcas in suchplaces ard of such extent ashe or the appropriate Mjlitary Comrnander may determine, from which a:ry or all persons may beexcluded, and with.espest to which, the right ol any pe6on to enter, remain in, or leave sha1l be subjectto $hatever restrictions the Secrerarl of War or the appropriate Military Commander may inrpose in his

--.dj5qel&g!The Secretary oI war r\ hereby authorized to provide for residents ofany such area who arecxcluded therefrcm, such transportation, food, shelter. and other aocofunodations as may be necessary. inthe judgment of the Secrctary of War or the said Military Commander, and until other arangements aremade, to accomplish d1e purpose ofthis order. The designation ofmilitary areas il any region or localitysha1l supersede designatious of prohibited and restdcied areas by the Attomey G€neral under theProclamations ofDecember 7 and 8, 1941, and shall supersede the responsibility and authority oftheAltomey General rurder the said Proclamations in rcspect of such prohibited and resmcted areas.

I hereby firflher authoize and direct the Secretary of War and the said Military Conlnanders to take suchother steps as he or tle apFopriate Military Conlnander may deem advisable to enlorce compliance withthe rcstrictions applicable to each Military area hereinabove authodzed to be designated. including the useof Federal troops and other Federal Agencies, with authodty to accept assistance ofstate and localagencres.

, I hereby futher authorize and direct all Erecutive Departnents, independent establishments and otherFederal Agencies, io assist the Secretary of War or the said Military Commanders in carrying out thisExecutive Order, including the fumishing ofmedical aid, hospitalization, food, clothing, tmnspofiatioD,1lse of land, shelter, and olher supplies, equipment, utilities, facilities, and services.

This order shall not be construed as modilying or limiting in any way the authority heretofore grantedunder Execulive Order No. 8972, dated December 12, 1941, nor shall it be conshued as limiting ormodifying the duty and rcsponsibility of the Fedeml Bueau oflnvestigation, with respect to theinvcstigation ofalleged acts ot' sabotage or the duty and responsibility ofihe Attomey General ar1d thef)eparlment olJustice under the Proclamations ofDecember 7 and 8, 1941, prescribing rcgulations lor theconduct and conhol oialien enemies, excepl as such duty and responsibiliiy is superseded by thedesigration of military areas hereunder.

Fran*lin D. Roosevelt

The White llouse,

February 19, 1942.

MAP 25.3 Western Relocation Authority Centerc

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Letter FDR March 23, 1942 Page I of2

Letter from James Y. Sakamoto ofthe Emergency Defense Council Seattle Chapter ofthe JapaneseAmerican Citizens League dated March 23, 1942. Emergency Defelsg qa!!r!l 01:tha S94t!tl9 Cluft€r,Jtpalesc Alncri!{!] Cilizellllgque. Box 18. Manuscripts and Univelsity Archives, UW Libraries.

March 23. 1942

The Honorable Franklin D. RooseveltPrcsident ofthe United States ofAmericaThe White HouseWashington, D.C.

Mr. President:

We, the American Citizens ofJapanese parentage in these United States, have taken seriously your variousstatements on the Four Fre€doms. Our parent generation too has taken comfort from those asseftions. They havenot enjoyed the dghts ofcitizenship in fiis country. For that reason they are at this time paticularly open toaccusation and suspicion.

We were reassured when war broke out and heard your directions as to the treatment to be accorded aiiens ofenemy counties. We felt those were commands upon all American citizens to pull together for a commonobjective. Even when the clamor against us rasied by a national organization whose patriotic motives areundoubted seemed about to threaten our very lives, we trusted in your prctectioti.

The picture has changed sjnce then. Evacuation has now become a cetainty for all ofus, non-citizen and citizenalike. We citizens havc becn singled out for treatment that has hitheto not been meted out to any American.Though the medicine was bitter, we have attempted to obey without criticism, and to swallow it.

We were prepared to go where w€ might be sent, to be uprooted permanently ftom the homes we have knownsince childhood. Our parents belbre us had in many instances built up the only homes we knew. They had givenus an Ame.ican education and in some thousands ofinstances sent us gladly into the service ofour country.They, too, were to accompaly us. We thought it would simply be a matter oftransfer to another locality inwhich we might carry on, under a cloud indeed, but demonstrating our loyaliy none the less, by obeying ahumiliating and distasteful command.

We are stiil so minded. We shall obey willingly. We shall continue to trust you and to give our allegiance to theideals you enunciate.

In the workiog out ofthe details ofevacuation, we have noticed an insistence upon the necessity for speed ingoing to plao€s rot designated by anyone. We are willing to go, glad to escape from even the possiblity ofeverbeing accused ofeven being present in the arca where sabotage might conceivably take place.

Undcr the circumstances prevailing, we hav€ bee1] so completely discredit€d by the American peopl€ at largethat it is impossible for us to appear anylvhere wjthout giving .ise to some hysterically false assumption that weare engaged in sone nel'arious design against a country that is as much ours as it is that ofour llllow citizens.So narked is fiis that had we any intention such as we are popularly credited with, the easiest manner in whichit might be accomplished would be for us to simply pick up and spread our Lrnwanted presence over the

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Letter: FDR March 21, 1942 Page 2 of2

American map and so precipitate, under Army dedee, that compl€te disruption ofthe war effo11.

Our people have not been unconscious ofthe extent to which ou. country has been dependent upon them for theproduction of cqtain articles of food in areas now filled with Atmy installations and all lines of war work.Certainly, had they any mind to sabotage they could have done so no more completely than by ceasing toproduce the lbod r.rpon which so much ofthe war effod depended.

Mr. President. we have protested our loyalty in the past. We have not been believed. We are willing to assumethe burden ofcontinuing to demonstrate it under all but impossible conditions. We would be deeply grateful ifyou would point it out to our fellow citizens that we arc not faitors to our country as the above facts, in ouropinion amply demonstate.

Restorc our good name to us that our soldiers ofJapanese ancestry need no longer hang their heads in shame astheir hearts seqetly bleed in anxi€ty over the whereabouts oftheir parents and loved ones possibly strandedpennilcss in some dcsert ofthe South!.est, or begging their bread in the streets of some strange place.

Give to us some refuge in the heaft ofthe counhl/ far removed from even the suspicion or possibility to doharm. We have helped to feed the nation in the past. Let us continue to do so now that it is needcd the more.Only let us do so fteely and not under that compulsion made notorious in an enemy country. We do not have tobe driven to work for a country in which we believe lbr ideals more precious than out life-blood.

We know there have been dissident elements among us, often unknown to ous€lves. We know that some ofthecustoms brought ftom abroad do lay some m€mbers ofour parents opeo to sus?icion even yet. We, like ourfellow citizens, have complete conhdence in the all-seeing eye ofthe Federal Bureau oflnvestigation. We haveseconded their efforls when told what it was they were searching fbr and we shall continue to do so.

We hope to find in the hearls ofthose like ours some undentanding of our problems and somo sucease fiomthe burdens that oppress us. We have confidence that you yourselfmay present our case to ihem as ademonshation here ofsincerity toward the promises you have nade to the world.

Trusting that you will give us your slanpathetic assistance and with the $eatest hope for your continued goodhealth, I am, my dear Mr. President,

Faithfully yours,James Y. Sakamoto

21 February 1997

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"ManzanarNice Place" - 1942

Vi*gg! &tuseue dlts City. of S6n F.affiisct,!q4e Ln!9! BvSubiect avYeaf Booraphes TbeG{tShog

'Manzanar Nice Place - It Better Than Hollywood'

fhis ditpzt h, passed by military authotities, is the frEt ct@-up report trom a aewpaperman who has [email protected] oDe ofthe Jdpanen @n@ntratrbn @nteB in california.-lhe E.titor.

BY HARRY FERGUSONunit€d Pr6ss staff corresoondent

MANZANA& Cal., April 21.-This is the youngest strangest city in the wor:d-i.thabitedby Japanese who hoist Ame.:can Flags/ put up pictures of George Washi.gtor and prayto the Christian cod for the defeat ofJaDar's armed forces.

It as a settlement that grew-in the magic time of three weeks-out of the sagebrush ofthe Mojave Desert. This is one of the places where the 118.000 Japanese who are beingmoved out of the strategic area of the pacific Coast are being reset ed.

Three weeks ago this was empty land between two mountain rang€s.

Today it is a city of 3303 population with a fire department, a hospital, a police fotce, anEnglish-language newspaper, baseball teams and community recreation centers.

It probably is the fastest growing town in the world becarse soon its population wial bedoubled and eventually quadrupled.

Most ofthe inhabitants are Japanese who have tasted American democracy and found itgood, Probably 95 per cert at least of the Japa.ese here are loyal to the United States.They are the ones like S. Akamatsu, wh6 moved into B!:lding No. 6 and immediately putup pict!:res of George Washington, Abraham linco!n and President Roosevelt,

Many of the loyal ones came here with fear and doubt in their hearts, expecting a NazFtype conc€ntration camp. Instead they found comfortable wooden buildings coveredwith tar paper, bathhouses and showers and plenty of wholesome food.

There is no fence around Manzanar now and while U.S. soldiers guard the main gate,there is nothing to prevent a Japanese flom slipping away at night except theknowledge that he undoubtedly would be caught. Nobody has tried :t, Emon Tatsui whowas brought here from Los Angeles, tooked around the camp a fuw days ago arddecided to wr:te a letter to his former employer, Murphy McHenry, Hollywood motionDicture executive:

"Dear Sir: Kindly send my money to new address by U.S. Post Office moneyorder. It may be too much trouble for you but we do not have bank open yethere. I like to tell you about this camp, Nice place to live. It bette. thanHollywood, Snow or mountains. Fresh air. snow is bright. Every day is 80 to45.

"No blackout in here, There are libefty, gafe and build up new life. Hundredsof carpenter/ hundreds plummer Hundreds so and so working hard to build!p, One thousand Japanese coming to tbis camp almost every day now.Good ball ground. Baseball field, Swimming pool, school building.Danceroom is about staat buildino then movie is next.

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"Manzanar Nice Place" - 1942

"Yours truly,"EMON TATSUI.

"P.S. Over 300 miles away from your city but still in Los Angeles city limjt.,'

No attempts have been made to separate the loyal from the disloyal, Those whosesympathies lie with Japan are keeping quiet about it, Eventually the.e will be a policeforce of 75 .Iapanese and the camp m6r6gement believes the loyal w:ll maintainsurveillance over the disloyal.

There are all types of Japanese here-rich, poor, old, young; issei, mostly old personsborn an Japan; nisei/ the younger group bom in this country, and kibei, born in this€oun:ry but sent back to Japan to be educated.

Democracy is at work among them. An election has been held to choose block leaders.Eventually from these blo€k leaders witl be chosen an advisory committee offive towork with the camp management in p.eserving orde. and arranging for the planting ofcrops. Manzanar hopes to become a self-sufficient community when irrigation is broughtto :he rich but arid land,

The laves of the inhabitants have fallen quickly into the normal pattern of living, The]apanese firemen play solitaire while waiting for an alarm. A baby has been born andnamed Kenji Ogawa, Howard Kumagai, a mechanical engineer, has fallen in love withKimiki Wakamura, former beauty shop operator/ has proposed and been accepted, Boysand girls make dates for dances and for the mov:es where James Cagney is extretnelypopuIar.

Some volunteered to evacuate their homes and come here. Among them is i{iss Ch:yeMori of Los Angeles, news editor ofThe Manzanar Free Press, the settlemena'amimeographed newspaper.

She was asked if she could write a brief statement explaining the teelirgs oftheJapanese who were loyal to the lrnited States. She turned to her portable typewriterand tapped this out o.| a sheet of paper:

"IfJapan wins this war we have the most to lose. We hope America winsand qr]:cHy. We voluntarily evacuat€d .s:he only means by which we coulddemonstrate our loyalty. we want to share in the ware effort. We want oshare the gloom of temporary defeats and the joys of ultimate v:ctory. wear€ deeply concemed with our American citizenship, which we prize aboveall els€,"

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&n Francisco NewsApril 21, 1942

Go to tlqJep4qse Internment page.

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April 23. I 942

Dear Miss Breed,

I hope you will forgive me for not saying goodbye, and for not writing you sooner.

How is San Diego?

I iind "camping life" very nice. We are all given a button which has a one, a two, or a tkee on it so tlatwe may have our meals at certain houls. I having a one, eat breaklast from 6:30 to 7:00, lunch at 11:30 to12:00, and dinner at 4:30 to 5:00. The food is simple, but delicious and wholcsome. I did not have to cookor wash the dishes as there arc many cooks and waiters ill the oafeteda. I love cooking, but thank heavensI do not have to do the dishes I Since I have a two and a half months brother, I wash daily, and sweep outmy ban'ack. About three times a week I iron the family's clothes. Therc is really not much I lnay do in theaftemoon, but get my exercise playing dodge bal1, catch or softball. Once in a while, I tlpe manuscriptsfor my friends, of write letters. I retire every night between 9:30 to 10:00 p.m. Atl lights should be out by10:00 in eaoh barrack.

I went over Louise Ogawa's barack and saw the two very interesting books you sent her. I certainly lovebooks and miss going to the library evera week; so I decided to write you a letter.

Ilorence is going to school daily fion 2:00 to 4:00 and enjoys it very much- She tells me she missesgoing to the library and asked ifl would write to you. She acquired her higllest grades in reading, and she|nrly enjoys ir.

I especialiy enjoy Dodd, Mead Career Books and would very much like to have any of the followingbooks:1. Shirley Clalton: Secrctary by Blance L. Gibbs and ceorgiana Adams2. Judy Grant: Editor by Dixie Wilson3 . Mariar-Mafiha by Lucile F. Faigo4. Press Box by Robeft F- Kelley.

If you happen to have any discarded books, Florence and I would certaidy appreciate them.

Please keep up the good work in teaching children to read books for that is the pathway to happiness!

I am enclosing dolls that Plormce made in school and some stamps.

Sincerely yours,

Florence and Margaret Ishino

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Willis Letter: May 1, 1942 Page 1 of2

Letter dated May 1, 1942. Elizabeth Bavlev Wjllis Papcrs. Box 1. Maruscripts and University Archives, tIWLibraries.

May 1, 1942

De ar Mrs. Willis,

All is confusion here. I arrivedjust belore noon yesterday. Today another and larger group arived at noon. Lastnight I was given ajob as a dishwiper.

The hours are very uncedain because ofthe confusion. Two shills are in force -- moming and night. Themoming shift is from 6 A.M. to 2:00 P.M. while the night shift begins at 12 noon and ends at 8:00 p.M. I'm onthe latter.

(l left offat this point to go to work, and I also wo*ed till g:30 last night (ovefiime), therefore I must apologizefor not being able to finish this letter on the same day.)

May 2, 1942

The rooms her€ aro 17'X 20'they claim. but it does not seem so big -- at least it's dowded - after 8 beds and astove (the only fuinished necessities) take up 3/4 ofthe floor space and the baggage for 8 ofus and ourselvestaking up the other 1/.1. Some l'amilies ofover 5 members have acqui.ed two aparhnents (that's what they callthese rooms) but we have as yet not been so fortunate.

My address is:Area A - Section 4 - Apad. 101Camp HarmonyPuyallup, Wash.

These are busy days for many, making makeshift tables, chaim, benches, etc. while others have acquiredcommon laborerjobs which means doing miscellaneous work such as hauling baggage, etc., and stiil others,like my brother, are on the trucking crew.

I have not yet made inquiries about having a lettering class here once a week but I shall ask some ofmy ftiendswhether it meets with their approval when I get the chance. I shall let you know about my results when I believeI have enough willing persons to make it wofih yo|ll while to go to the trouble ofgetting permission to do ussuch an excellent seNice. Ifl fail in my mission - well, I shall notify you on that score also. But there is a goodchance that I shall succeed because there arc boys here who are willing to peel potatoes for the reason that thercis nothing else to do but load. I hope you won't mind teaching eighth gradeN whom I intend to include amongmy hopefuls.

lf Kay Sato is still in your class I wish you would tell him that ifhe is send lsic7 here, too, he will find plenty ofwork to do. About the only things he will need is a change ofclothes (his halfboots he works in while workingwith the milroad gang would come rrl very handy whefl it rains), a mirror, some hooks for clothes, nails,hanmer, saw, a\ or hatchet, toilet afiicles (toilet paper is fumished), and a few nic-nacs for his own pleasure. Ofcouse he must b ng his ou,'n bedding, clothes line and clothes pins.

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Willis Letter: May 1, 1942 Page 2 of 2

There are I 1 "avenues. " 2 avenues constitute a block. At the head of each block and between th€ avenu€s arclocated the men's lavatory, womel's lavatory, men's bath and women's bath in the order given.

I forgot to add to the things Kay should bring that a wash tub or a bucket to wash his clothes in will come invery. very handy.

The Post Office and temporary headquarters is located at the head of2nd Avenue. There is also a tool shed atwhich place any penon desidng the use oftools may borrow them. However it is very inconveiient to waityour tum and it also takes a long time belbre youl tum comes.

A broom is another articie he should include in his baggage ifhe wants his floors to be swept and ifhe does notwish to order them hcre and wait till the order arrives.

I must go to eat now and then to myjob. Blt the way, breal<fast is from 7 to 8 A.M., lunch from I l:30 to 12:30,and dinner liom 5 to 6 P.M. There are six mess halls. I work in No. 4.

Name

httpJ/www.lib.washington.edu/exhibits,4rarmony/Documents/willis2.html 2n4/2oo8?

Willis Letter: May 20, 1942 Page I of I

Letter dated May 20, 19,12. Elizabetb.Bal/ley Willis Papers. Box 1. Manuscripts and University Archives, UWLibraries.

Area D Block 5 Apt. 78Camp HarmonyPuyallup, Wash

May 20, 19.12

Dear Mrs. Willis,

How are you? I am well, inspite ofthe food and cold living quarters. Before I continue any fulther I must thankyou for all that you have done for me. As soon as we get settled down I will devote my time in designing. I havenot seen Kinuye, because she is probably in another area. I hope some day we can have visiting day so that wecan get together and draw.

The camp in which I live consists ofabout 2,900 Japanese. Really, I have not seen so many all together in allmy life. There are many cabins which are divided into blocks- Each cabin has a small wood or oil stove, and abed for each person. The nattresses are filled with shaw. The first night was terible but eventually we got useto the bed.

Unless one has ajob it is very boring doing nothing but loai As soon as I can I am going to apply for ajob.

During the first few days the weather was sultry. As a result I am quite ta.nned and fteckled. Now a days it is sorainy and muddy that we have to stay in all day.

We don't not yet have a recreation hall but on Saturdays we have our dances. On such occasions there are morespectators than dancers. I hop€ that we will have a regular place to spend our leisure time very soon for we getquite tired just playing cards and walking about.

I miss school and all my school friends. I hope that someday we may all go back to normal life, enjoying peaceand lleedom. I thank you again for the many afi supplies you have given me from the bottom ofmy heafi.

Sincerely yours,

httpJ/www.lib.washington.edu/exhibits,/harmony/Documents/willis1.html 2/14/200s jl

Civilian Exclusion Order No.92

c. E- order 92

Page 1 of3

riri..r edlLejleqG I 5!rycy

INSTRUCTIONsTO ALL PERSONS OF

JAPANESEANCESTRY

LIVING IN THE FOLLOWING AREA:

A I lhar porLion oJ LhF coLr 'es of sacJanen.oand A,aador, Strate of Cal i fornia, wi th in thebornda.y beginn. ing al d poio dl whi-hcal i lornia State Eighway No. 16 lntersectsCal i fornia state t r ighway No. 49, appxoxinarety. wo mi les 6ouLn oL P /To r l h: I l -erce soulner . yalong 6did t l ighway \o. 49 ro the Amddo- -Cdlaveras counr / L rc; .Lel .ce wester ly a.orgthe Amador cafaveras Cornly Line to the Amador-sd I Jodsuir County l , -ne; l lence norrhF. ly dlonsthe Anador - San Joaquin CorDty Irine to thesdcrdJl tenco san. oaqL.n co ulry Linej thercenesr er I y olonq rhe sacramel to san Jodqu ia

of wdy of Ehe main ] -ne oI the cor l l -e n Pdc'"cPd i - . oad fron l ,odi !o sacrarenro; Lhen-e

crossing with cal i fornia state s ighway No. 16;thence easlerly along said l{ighway No. 15 to

Pursuant !o the provis ions of Civ i l ian ExclusionOrde. No. 92, Lr is ueadqldrLers, ddLed !-y 2), 9t2,all persons of Japane6e ancestry, both allen andnon-alien, will be evacuated fron the above area by12 o'c lock noon, P. i , l .T. . saturday, May 30, 1942.

No irapanese parson will be perndtted to move into,or ouL ot Lhe eove area aLlef r2 0 'c lock noon,P.W-T-, Salurday, May 23, 1942, wi thout obtaining6peciat permission fron the representat ive of theCommand ing cFne.al , NorLhern .d l Fornia Sector, a!the Civ i l Conlrol Slat ion located at :

WESTERN DEFENSE COMMAND AND FOURTH ARMYWARTIME CIVIL CONTROL Administration

Presidio of San Franclsco, Callforni:

Elk crove, Cal i fornia.

http JAss.sfsu.eddintemment/civilianexclusiontext.html 2/i4t2008

jx

Civilian Exclusion Ordff No.92

such pelmils will only be granted for the purpose ofu ' i r ing nenr lce. s ol a td i ly , o- i , cases o grave

The Civi f Control Stat ion is equipped ro assisr rhe.rapanese populalion affected by this ewacuarion inlbe followino wavs :

1. Give advice and instruct ions on the evacuar ion,2. Provide services with respect to the managemenr,leasing, sate, storage or othex disposir ion of nostk inds of property such as real estat .er business andprofessional equipment, household goods, boats,autonobi les and l ivestock.3. Provide ternporary residence elsewhere for allltapanese in fanily groups.4. Transport persons and a limited anount ofclolhing and equipnent to their new xesidence.

TEE POLLOWIIIG INTRUCTIONS }IUST BE OBSERVED:

1. A responsible menlcer of each fani ly, preferablylrre head of the fanily, or Lhe person in whose narr,emost of the proper:ty is hefd, and each individualliwing alone, vrill report to the Civif Controlstat ion to receiwe further inslrucl ions. Thi6 nuslbe done between 8:00 A.M. and s:00 P.M. on Sunday,May 24, 1942, or bel l reen 8:00 A.M. and s:0Q P.M. onMonday, May 25, a942 -2. Evacuees nrust car:ry with them on departure forthe Assen'lcly cent.er, lhe foltowing property:

(a) Bedding and l inens (no mattress)

(b) Toi let ar t ic tes for each nemoer of rhefmi ly;l - \ ! :vr" , , l^-Li id f^. ar^h nenber o! Lhe

fami ly;r r t eacpr- : . . "<^ni ar rpcts for ea. l neTlcerof the fmi ly.

A l i tens carr ied wi l l be securely packaged, L:eoad plainly narked with lhe name of the owner andnun'.bered in accordance with instructions obtained atthe civil Control Station. The size and nunber ofpackages is limited lo lhal which ce be carried bythe indiwidual or: family group.3. No pets of any k ind wi l l be permit ted.4. No personal items and no household goods \rill beshipped !o the Assembly Cenler.5. The United states Gover:nnent lhrough its agencieswi l l provide for the storage, at the 6ofe r isk ofthe oMer, of Lhe nore substant ia l househofd i tems,such as iceboxesr washing nachines, pidos and oiherhealy furniture. cooking utensils and other snallitens will be accepred for storage if crat.ed, packed

http Jfu ss.sfsu.edu/intemment/civilianexclusiontext.hhDl 2/14t2008?3

Page 2 of3

Civilian Exclusion Order No.92 Page 3 of3

and plainly narked with the name and address of rheownei. only one nme and address wilf be used by agiven fani ly.6. Each fandly, and individuaf living atone will befurnis l -cd rranspor 'dLio ! .o the Assenbly Cenrer.Private means of transportation will not beut i l ized. Al f inslruct ions pertaining ro rhemovenent will be obtained at the Civif Conrrol

Go to the Civil control Station between the hours of8.00 A.M. and 5:00 P.M., Sr.Dday, May 24, a942, otbetween the hours of 8:00 A. M. and 5.00 p. M.,Monday, May 2s, a942, to receive furrher

\ ' , I - . DEWITTLieutenant General,

MaY 23, L942

See civ i l ian Exclusion order No- 92.

sHouc l le lsdr l r .$ i r l_rrr i . t . l , , l rks

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t to camp Narmoiv an assemblv centef ocat€d at , re

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spi l lcd pr int in hcr halr . l he oper lo\c l shdvnr i l i rnd rhc pfetq ;bo\rcr cr i r t : ins l , l lch re put up thed:y before ve lefL. Hor srni t l l rv lnd c lexn \e lcf t i t fc , r thc r i r l ines pi lot r r r r l h ls rouug vi fc r ho aLenov'cnjoling the truits of our lebor.

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oougho{ thr t - l rpocsc hcr i t rgc "qa nrr" rcoleofsi ler t* f lcrngmrlrhl i t r tostrLip.r i r .{ )ddh-orough I st i l l hIr e bi t of terrh i r rml. prmiscs oi good l rc. tncrr ,$d I ' I rs. Lo. ,scf . l r \

p ledge of r lutL,re rorrh, / o{ go.,d n.kr i . rn . i r izcns. l ,n brnl ins enothcr 567 of incouc tu or the

funue. Sornctimcs I s.ant to spend the non* I h,r' c s.i isidc aor inconrc tN on r brt oi burrcr c'r rce

r:rcJr or somcthrng good ihr t I might hai .c enugglcd dLrorgh thc g,r t , :s, br t I . ! r ' r Jo i r \ Lcn I th ink

thatcuerydol l r r lcrntr( in(o"rh. f ighf to l ickrhclrps," thes. ,o.cr l \ iL lL,ehonrerqrnr Inrrsr Jor

\Vhar real lv hurts mosr is dre constanr reference to us .odrs s ' l ips." " lxfs" arc thc guls m aLc

6ghtirrg. $'e're on thrs siie er<1r'e want to hclp.

$rhvnrn't lnrerica ler us'?

* gftr

Letter August 24, t 942 Page 1 of 1

Letter from Fred to Charles (Ted) Takahashi describing conditions at Minidoka dated Aueust 24. 1942,Charle\ Theodorc Takahashi Papers. Bux 5. \4anuscripts and Uniu"r.ir l Archtves, ttw Librariei. lnclude,flqqrylan,

Mon. night Aug 24

Dear Ted.

Thanks for your letter. In asmuch as this isn't such a pleasant place yet and the tlain ide isn't very confortableeither, I hope you'll be able to come out here anyway to look the place over once. It's really a huge project andquite interesting for a while. Ifyou were to come later on you'd miss seeing the construction and these blindingdust clouds I've spoken of.

The mosquitoes aren't quite so thick lately, it's probably because they hav€ more people to pick on. As far asmaking preparations in fuinishing your f'uture "apaftments" is concemed I really think it's best you do it afteryou get here except that you might get some sort ofa hea\T drape for the closet. lt's open clear to the ceilingand six feet wide. There is plenty of scrap lumber to make tables, shelves etc. ard we've swiped (that's not avery good wod) quite a bit of it and have stafted making a few pieces ofruff^lc/ lirmiture. What do you

I received a big batch of lette$ today but none from Chds. What's the matter anlavay? IfI don't get onetomonow I'm gonna put in a squawk. This mail systsm is funny here. When we send an air mail letter it doesn'tseem to get to Puyallup any quicker yet when it's air mailed ftom Puyallup it gets here a day earlier than theregular mail.

Next Mon. Tues. and Wed. there will be five hundred a day coming in from the Pofiland Center so there will bea thousand a day pouring in here on those three days. I undeNtand the remainder ofthe Portland Center will goto Wyoming. The last batch that came in from Puyallup all stayed in rccreation halls and mi.n's domitodesbecause enough houses were not finished but they're going at it strong now. Not much news -- No election yetand the days are still hot but a little cooler at night. lf I don't see you before your trial, good luck.

With rcsards. Fred.

28,la uary 1997

http://www.lib.washington.edr/exhibits/hamony/Documents/minidoka.html91

2/14/200ii

September 14, 1942

Dear Miss Breed,

We are all getting used to the weather and dust and beginning to think that it isn't such a bad place afterall. Patitions have been put up in the lavatory and the wash rcom herc is much nicer and much closerlthan in Santa Anita].

We have each been given a cot bsd and a blantet. Now that we have caught up on our s1eep, the cots feelrather uncomforrable. We will be issued either hay or steel army cots and mahesses, but as yet no oneseems to know whenl Somedling should be done, though, because we need something as a mattrcssbecause it is colder at night.

It seems as thorlgh my lile is going through a thorough transfomation! Herc I go to Sewing School,Sunday School, Chulch, Singsperation, and Gids' Club Meetings. No more ofthose swell Saturday nightdancesl Gee, how I miss theml... The young girls fiom Reedtey, Visalia, and lrcsno and thereabouts nolonger go to dances cause they are afraid of the "Santa Atita yogor€s', (a colloquialism mealing ',not ihebest ofboys")- Due to this, the young fellows act twice as rowdy and really make us disgusted!

We, lsanta A]ita] girls no longer go out to dances ejtherl Most ofus stay at home and are tnrly goodgirls. Sometimes we go to each others house and look up into the dark blue star-filled sky. I regret that Idid not lake astronomy in school - the skl is truly beautiful at nightl

I know I'm asking a great deal ofyou but I wonder ifyou would be so kind as to send me a dictionary-lfyou have one that you donl need, wouid you please send it to us. It' you don't have an extra one I willsend you the money for one in my nexi letter.

Gee, Chdstmas must lall on Fdday! It ceftainly would be elegant if you could come to Arizona. Visitorshere are allowed to enter the barracks and visit people. It doesn't feel like a pdson here. Gee. but this issuch a desolate place I wonder ifyour tires will hold out -also your gas will be rationed won't it?

Please give your mother our best regards. My mother sends you her love.

Sincerely,

Fusa

7Y

Sept. 27, 1942

Tha nk ) ou M iss ^Breed.

for asking questions because it has helped me a I ot for then l klow this lettern€s someltuIg Ot Lnteresi Io you, Nos to answer them yes, we do have chairs and tables. Father madethem out of scraps of wood which we found lere and there. They may not be the best but they aresubstantial. rffe also have pillows which we brought from San Diego. But w" do rrot huu"

-"tt....".. W"

use some ofour blankets as mattresses. Tn Santa Alita we were issued a spring bed and mattrcss, but here\r e $ ere iust jssued a cor. Many peopLe who are sklled are making be<1s. The; say a wooden bed is muchnerrer ror )our posturc. I he cor sinj$ dor\ n in the middle while the wooden bed stays sualgni.

Tle movies arejust gand. We s€e one every Saturday evening. It is slm$,n outdoors. l.he screen is placealright in front ofthe oil tank and we sit Oring our own chairc) ;r stanal and enjoy rhe movie.

The police and the post office and fire dept. is run by Japanese Americans. As yet I have nor seen anypersons conn€cted with the a.my. Therc are no fence around this camp as there was in Santa Anita.

School has not begun yet and I do not know who the teachers are. But I shall write more fully about itafter school bcgins. Yesterday we saw how a teacher,s rcom is going to be funrished. Trers was a nrcebed with a spring and nrattress, dce Spanish style bedroom set,-a soifl chairs, lamps arlal ljnolcunl on thefloor. I was alnost tempted to sit on the soll chair, sit before the large dresser anci 1ay on the be<i.

I received a letter from a Aiend who is now in Lamas, Cololado. During the days they werc on the tmin,they had - fried eggs lor brealdast fried chicken, fried turkey, coolies, cakes, ani canaed fi.its.Wlren I read about this, my mouth watered and I cefiainly envi€; then. If i can only eat fried eggs andfried chicken just once more maybe, as the saying goes, if I am a nice girl my wish will soon begmnreo.

The food here is grand. Every Sunday moming we have 2 pancakes, 1 boiled egg, cocoa. I think tl1at,s agrand breaklast. This evening meal was the besr we ever had here 1 piece ofstJii, 1/2 sweet potato,leltuce, rice, veg. salad and catup. Ir you are interested I shall keep tire menu for one week and inlbrm youofit .

Most sincerely,

Louise Ogawa

Milton Eisenhower: When the Japanese attacked Peail Harbor, our West Coast became apotential combat zone. Living in that zone were more than 100.000 persons ofJapanese ancestry:two thirds ofthem American citizens; one third aliens. We knew that some among them werepotentially dangerous. But no one krew what would happen among this concentrated populationifJapanese forces should try to invade our shores. Military authorities therefore detennined thatall ofthem, citizens and aliens alike, would have to move. This picture tells how the massmigration was accomplished.

Neithgr the Army nor the War Relocation Authority relished the idea oftaking men, women, andchildren liom their homes, their shops, and thek 1'a1ms. So the military and civilian agenciesalike detemined to do thejob as a democncy shouldt with real consideration for the peopleinvolved.

First attention was given to the probiems ofsabotage and espionage. Now. he(e at San Francisco,for example, convoys were being made up within sight ofpossible Axis agents. There were moreJapanese in Los Angeles than in any other area. In nearby San Pedro, houses and hotels,occupied almost exclusively by Japanese, werc within a stone's throw ofa naval air base,shipyards. oil wells. Japanese fishermen had every oppoftunity to watch the movement ofours}tips. Japanese famers were living close to vital aircraft plants. So, as a fiIst step, all Japanesewerc required to move liom critical areas such as these.

But, ofcourse, this limited evacuation was a solution to only paft ofthe problem. The largerproblem, the uncertainty ofwhat would happen amonS these people in case of a Japaneseinvasion. still remained. That is why the commanding General ofthe Westem Def€nseCommand detemined that all Japanese within the coastal areas should move inla!1d.

Sorlrce-. Japa ese Relocatio , ptodtcedby the Office of War Infomation, 1942.NatioulArchives and Recotds Administration. Motion Pictue Division.

322.-14-dPoston, Aiizona

November 16, 1942

Dear Miss Breed,

Guess who? Yup it's ole u reliabie again, none other than yours truly, Tetsuzo. Gosh the wind's beenblowing all night and all moming. Kinda threatening to blow the roofs down. Dust is all over the place.Gives everl4hing a coating of fine dust.

The lood has been ali riglt except for quantity...The medical situation here is pitiful. Ior rhai matter in allthree camps. The main and the only hospital is at Camp I 1 5 miles away. Here in Camp Ill there is oneyoung doctor with not too much experience and one student docto. working in an emergency clinic. Theyare supposed to take care of approximately 5000 peoplel ! | I and they (tle Big shots) wonder why $resquawk about inadequale medical attention.

No I havenl hiked to the dver yet. I'd better do it soon cause there is going to be a fence around thiscampl!l!!l 5 stmnds ofbarbed wire!!!ll!!l!! They say ir's to keep the people out. . . . lt's also to keep outcattle. Where in the cattle countdes do they use 5 strands of barbed wire??

lf they don't watch oul there's going to be houble. What do tley lhink $,e are, fools?? At Santa Anita atthe time ofthe riot the a.mored cars parked outside ofthe main gates, pointed the heavy machine gunsinside and then the aimy had the ga1l to tell us that the purpose ofthat was lo keep the white lblk fromcoming in to mob the Japs. Same thing with the guards on the watch towers. They had their machinegunspointed at us to protect us from the outsiders. hah, hah, l1a\ lllnl laughing yet.

I am sending you a few things in appreciation for what you have done lbr me as well as for my sister andall the resi.... Your name plate I made from mesquite as are also the lapei pins. However the dark pin ismade from a pine knot from Santa Anita. The rest are all Poston Prcducts.

I've got to close now so dlat I can nake the outgoing mail today.

Very truly yous,

Tetsuzo

P.S. Have a nice Thanlsgiving dinner. THP.S. Do you think you could send me some Welch's peanul bdltle? TH

{l

Moris E. Opier, "InteNiew with . . . an Older Nisei,"

Manzanar Conrmunity Analysis Report No. 36, July 26, 1943, RG 210, National Archives.

lfthis county doesn't want me they can throw me out. What do they know about loyalty? I,m asloyal as anyone in this county. Maybe I'm as loyal as President Roosevelt. What business didthey have asking me a question like that?

I was bom in Hawaii. I worked most ofmy life on the West Coast. I have never been to Japan.We would have done an)'thitg to show our loyalty. All we wantgd to do was to be leff alone onthe coast. . . . My wife and I lost $ 10,000 in that evacuation. She had a beauty pador and had togive that up. I had a good position worked up as a gardener, and was taken away ftom that. Wehad a lrtt le homc rnd lhcr'. gonc no$ . . . .

What kind of Americanism do you call that? That's not democlacy. That's not the Americanway, taking ever)'thing away Aom people. . . . Wherc are the Gelmans? Where are the Italiam?Do they ask thern questions about loyalty? . . .

Nobodyhad to ask us about our loyalty when we lived on the coast. You didn't find us on telief.. . . We were first when therc was any civic ddve. We were first with the money for the RedCross and the Conrmunity Chest or whatever it was. Why didn't that kind ofloyalty count? Nowthey'rc trying to push us to the Bast. lts always "further inland, futher inland." I say, "To hellwith it!" Either they let me go to the coast and prove my loyalty there or they can do what theywant with me. If they don't want me in this county, they can throw me out. . . .

Evacuation was a mistake, there was no need for it. The govemment knows this, W1ly don't theyhave enough cowage to come out and say so, so that these people won't be pushed around? . . .

I've tried to cooperate. Last year I went out on furlough and worked on the best fields in Idaho.There was a contnct which said that we would be brought back here at the end ofthe work.Instead weiust sat there. . . . We had to spend our own money. The famers won't do anlthinglbr you. They treat you all right while you're working hard for them but as soon as your time isup, you can starve. . . . When I got back to lcamp] Manzanar, nearly all my uroney that I hadearned was gone. . . .

rF

Y*retq^{rq vt l}5

(a) Majoriry Opinion: Jtrstice Hoso Black

The petitioner, an Americu .itizcn of Japanese dcscmt,wrs nvi "d in r fed(-r ' d i \ r - - r LU-n 'o ."r J in ios inSan Leandro, California, a "Military AJea," cofltrary toCivilian Exclusion Order No. 34 ofthe Commanding Gen-ersl of the Western Commnd, U.S. Army, which directedthat after [1a]' 9, 1942, Jt persons of Japanese aocestryshould be excluded from drat area. No question was raisedas to the pedtioner\ loyalry to rhe United Srares. TheCircuit CouJt of Appeals affirmed, md the hrportance ofthe constitutional question involved caused r.rs to grand

It should be nored, to b€gin wi$, rhar all legal restricrions which cutail the civiJ righs of a single racial groupre immediately suspect. That is not to say that ali such restrictions are uconstitutional. k is to say thar coufis mustsubject them to the most ngid scfutiny. Pre$ins public necessiry may sometimes justify the existence ot such restrictionsj racial dltagonism n

In the liglt of the principles we amounced in theHiabayashi case.\ge xe unable to cotrclude that it was be

lond th. *a- power o€ Congre$ -nd Ll- . I x,cut , ! ( ro eyclude those of Japanese ancestry from dle West Co.st wararea atGe time they did. . . . But exclusion from a threatened area, no less thm curfew, has a defiaite and ctose re-lationship to the prevention of espionage and sabotage.The miiitary authorities, charged with the primary responsibiliq, o{ de{ending our shores, concluded that curfewprovided inadequate protection and ordered exclusion.TLe) d.J ,o. r ' poinl 'd otr n o r Hm\aya,bL opnton,traccordance with Congressional autbority to the military tosay who should, and who sholld not, remain in fie dueat

Like i " r [ u. esruinn of rno,e of Jrpa-ese o- 'gu ra<deened necessary because of the presence or an mascerrained nmber of disloyal members of the group, most oflvhom we have no doubt were loyal to this codntry It wasbecause we could not reject the finding of the nilitary au-rhorides that it wls impossible to bring about an immediara iegregation of the disloyal from fie loyal rhar we sustaitred the validiq, of the cufew ordf as appiyitrg to thewhole grodp. In the iostant case, temporary exclusion of

the entire group was rested by t}re milirary on the sameground. Tire judgment that uclusion of the whole group

was for t\e same reason a nilitary inperative ansrvers thecoitentioo thar the exclusion was in the narue ol grouppsnishment based o! antagodsn to those oiJapanese orrgin. . . . [wel are nor unnindftl of the hardships imposedby it upon a large group of Amedcan citizens. BLrt hard'ships re parr of wr, and war is an assresadon of hard-ships. All citizms alike, borh in and out of uniform, feelrhe impacr of war in greater or Lesser measue. Citizenshiphas its responsibilities as well as irs privileses, and in rimeofwar the burden is always he,vier Compulsory excLusionof large groups of citizens fron their homes, excepr uodercircumsru re, of d i e. t en'"rsen.y J ,d p"r i . ' i r .on. i . re Lwith our basic governmental instirurions. But when underconditions of modern warfare our shores are ttrJeatened byhostiLe forces, the power to protect must be commensuratewith the thr€atened danger . . .

Ir is said fiat we are dealing here with rhe case of im-prisonment of a citizen in a concentra.ion camp solely be-c, iu\e or . , . an(e\u ) . $ i rhout evide-re or incu n con-cn-ing his loyalty and good disposition towards the UnitedStates. Our rask would be simple, our dury clear, were thisr . r re in,o[ ;oB r-be mpjsnmcn. ul a loyr l . i t i . in

conceotration camp because of lacial prejudice. Regardlessof rhe true nature of the assembly and relocation ceniers-rnd we d(er i . r jur . i :b le .o cJl thcn roa.enf , ioncamps with al1 the ugly connotations that term implies-we ffe dealing specifically with rothing bur an exclusronorder To cast this case inro oudines of racial preiudice,without reference to the real military dangers which w€represented, merely contuses the issue. Koren,rsu vas norexduded from the military dea because of hostility to himor his race. He was excluded because we are at war virhthe Japanese Ernpire, because the properlr consrituted mil-itary authorities feared an invasion of our West Coasr and{elt cotrtraned to take proper security measues, becausethey decided that the military urgency of the siruation de-mnded that all cirizens of Japanese ancestry be segreg.tedfrom rhe West Coast tenporaril,v, and finatln becaLrse Con-gess, reposing its coflfidence in this time of war in our military leaders-as inevitably it must-deternined that theyshodd have rhe power to do jLrsr $is. There was evidcnce

r{3

of disloyalq' on dle paft of sooe, thc militarv authorities

considcred that the need for action was great' and rime

was shoft. \ve camot by arailing ourselves of the caln

perspective of hindsiSht now say that at that time these

acrions were uniusdfied.

Japanese ancestry ma). have a dangerous rendencv to com-

mit sabotase and espionase and to aid our JaPanese eDemv

in orher ways. It is difficulr ro bclieve that rcason' logic or

experience coold be marshaLed in support of such an as

That this forced exclmion was the result in good mer'

sure of this erroneous assumption of racial guilt rathel

than bona fide military necessity is evidcnce bv the Con-

manding Ceneralt Final Report o. the e'scuation tuom

rhe Pacific Coast area. In it he iefers ro all individMls of

jJpJD,.e de\enr r ' .u l ' r , r ' t ' . ' I ' b 'on6 t ro -a

eftmy race" whose "racjrl strains are undiluted"' and 'rs

consdruting'over 112,000 polenrial enemies . . dt large

(b) Dissent: Justice Frark MUPhY

This exclusion of "all persols of Japanese ancestv, both

alien afld non-atien," from rhe Pacific Coast area otr a plea

of nilitary nece$iq, in the absence oI maftial law ought

not to be approved. Such exclusion goes over 'the verv

brirk of consti$rtioflal power" md falls into the uglv abvss

. . . it is ess€ntial that there be defioite limits to mili-

tary dis.rerion, especially where manill law Eas not been

declared. lndividuals nust not be Left impoveiished of their

constitutional rights on a plea of ailitary ftcessitv thathas

neither substance nor suppon. Thus, like othe. cl,iN con

flicriry with lhe asserted constitutio al rigits of the hdi

vidual, the military cLaim must subjecr itself to the iudicialprocess of having irs reasonabteness determined and its

conflicts with other hrerests reconciled. "what are the a1-

lowable limits of mi[hry discretion, and wherher or not

they have been overstepped i' a particdiar case, are judi-

The judicial test of whether the Government' on a

pLea of military necessity, can validlv deprive an individ'

ual of my oI his constnutionaL rights is whethet the depri-

vatioa is reasonabLy lelated ro a pdblic danger rhat is so

"immediate, imminent, and imPending" as not to admtt

of delay and not ro permit the intervenrion of ordinz'v

corstiiutional processes to alleviate the danger Civilian

Exclusion Order No. 34, banishins fron a prescribed

area of the Pacific Coasr "all persons of Japanese ances-

try, borh alien and non-alien," clearlv does not meet that

rest. Being an obvious racial discrimination, the order de-

prives all those within its scope of the equal prorec-tioo ot

ihe laws as g"aranteed by the Fi{rh Ametrdneni It {dth€r

deprives these i{dividuaLs ol their constitutional righrs to

Live .nd work where they will, to €stablish n hoqe where

rhi" choo.e r rd ro ro 'e "boLr f lL ly. ln eYcommmica!

ins them without benefit of heariogs, this order also de

prives them of ali their constitutioml rights to Procedural

due process. Yet no reasonable reLarion to an 'rmmed€te,

immitreot, and impending" public drnser is evid€Dt to

suDDott this racial restliction vhich is one of the nost

.w-ping .n,l compLete deprivations of comtitutional

righta ia the history of $is nation in the absence of mar-

1=. . the exclusion order necessarilv mut relv

r r i *orolem* upor . \< r . . ' mp-:or ra rr l persons

todav" alone r'\e ?scific Coast .

. . . s"t1o i"f"' th.r "x"mples

of individual dislovaltv

pro\ . Broup dis lovalry Jnd u'r ' i " o i* min -r)

rc ior

ug.l*t th. ""t "

g-"p is rc denv rhat uder ou s)'stem of

law individuai euilt is the sole basis for depxvanotr oi

riehts. lvloreovei, this inference, which is at the verv heart

oithe evacuation orders, has been used in st'pport of the

abhorrent aod despicable tleatment of minoritv groups bv

the dictatorial tyrannies which this nation is now pledged

to destrov. To eive constirutional sanction to thar nterence

i" Uis case, nowe"* w"l]-inrentioned mal have been the

niLitary comnd on the Pacific Coast' is io adopt one of

the cmelest o{ the rationales used bv ou enemies to de

strov the disitv of the individual and to encourage and

ope; the do;r to disdiminarorv actlons againsi other mj

nority groups in the passions of tomorow -

No adequate reason is givetr for th€ fajhrre to tlear

these Tapaneie Anericans on an itrdividual basis bv hold

iie investieations and hearhss ro separate the lov'l from

tL aitL"v"t, o" -*

ao"" in the case of persofs of German

and Itrlian ancestry. It is asserred merelv thar the lovalties

of this eroup "were unknown and time was of the

essence." Yet nearly fouJ months elapsed after fedl Ha'

bor before the first e{clusion order was issued; nearlv eight

moqths went by util the last order wns issued; and the last

of these "subversive" persons was no' actnallv removed

until alnost eleven months hrd elapsed Leisure and delib

eration seem ro have been more of the essence thu speed

And the fact that condirions were not such as to warrant a

declaration of rnanial law adds strength to the belief that

the factors of time md militarv necessity werc not as ur

eeor as lhev have been reptcsenred Lo be

I d. \5mr, the-e ure. l ro ! rh ' lcgr l /a ior o rr ' 'n '

Racial discrimination ur anv form and in anv degree nas no

iustifiable DaJt whatever in ou democratic wav of life lt is

unattractive in my sening but it is ltrerly revolting among

a free oeoole who have embtaced the priffiples set forrh i!

th" consin,tion of the United Stares All residents of this

oarion are kin in some wav bv blood or culture to a foreign

land. Yer thev are primarilv and nec€ssarilv a part of the

new md disiincr civitization of the United Star€s Thev

must accordinslv be treated at aLl times as the heirs of the

A'n*i.* exp".i^ent .nd as endtled to ali $e rights and

freedoms grnranteed by the ConstitutLon

qq

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