ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTIVITY OF AQ.ALLIUM CEPA LEAFEXTRACT IN FORCED SWIMMING TEST ANIMAL MODEL IN MICE.

Syed Iqra Naznin.

y.b.chavan college of pharmacy.

Abstract :The present syudy was undertaken toevalute the antidepressant activity of Aq.allium cepaleaf extract in suspension form administred orally byusing forced swimming test .dose of aq.allium cepa leafextract is( 50mg/kg ) given once in 72hours for 7daysto mice of same sex. The animal were divide into fourgroups (n=16) the dose of flouxetine(10mg/kg),control(50mg/kg) and quercetin(20mg/kg) inone week treatment .The immobility period ofcontrol ,flouxetine(reference) ,quercetin treated micewere recorded in forced swimming test(FST) .The effectof extract at the doses 50mg/body weight were potentthan reference antidepressant flouxetine.Theextract ,at this doses ,significantly inhibited the(MAO)monoamine oxidase A activity in mice . Theflouxetine showed SSRI’s have tendency to inhibit MAOA and B activity in animal brain to study in micemodel .The immobility time reduction in forced

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swimming test in mice through plotting histogramcomparing the control ,flouxetine , aq.allium cepa leafextract and quercetin respectively . the movement ofmice in FST slowly decreases comparing flouxetine andextract to study of antidepressant activity.It showenthat the extract is work effectively in depression onmice which decreases MOA inhibitor

Keywords: Carboxy methyl cellulose, flouxetine, quercetin , aq extract of allium cepa leaf,

INTRODUCTION

depression is very common with about patient showingdepressive symptoms. This is disorder of mood and hence

classified as effective disorder. Depression may be final outcomeof genetic predisposition, or of neurotransmitter dysfunction or

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of psychosocial stress. Example: divorce, unemployment, death ofloved ones and Chronic illness ex: cancer, hypothyroidism or MI.

Emotional symptoms misery, apathy, and pessimism, low selfesteem; feelings of guilt inadequacy and ugliness indecisiveness

loss of motivation.

It’s truly said that depression results from a chemical imbalanceor chemical disturbances. . Rather, depression has many possiblecauses, including faulty mood regulation by the brain, geneticdisorder ,stressful life events, medications, and medicalproblems. It’s believed that several of these forces interact tobring on depression.To be sure, chemicals are involved in thisprocess, but it is not a simple matter of one chemical being toolow and another too high. Rather, many chemicals are involved,working both inside and outside nerve cells. There are millions,even billions, of chemical reactions that make up the dynamicsystem that is responsible for your mood, perceptions, and howyou experience life. With this level of complexity, you can seehow two people might have similar symptoms of depression, but theproblem on the inside, and therefore what treatments will workbest, may be entirely different.. There are millions, evenbillions, of chemical reactions that make up the dynamic systemthat is responsible for your mood, perceptions, and how youexperience life. With this level of complexity.

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Neurotransmitters. Scientists have identified many differentneurotransmitters. Here is a description of a few believed toplay a role in depression:

Acetylcholine: enhances memory and is involved in learningand recall.

Serotonin: helps regulate sleep, appetite, and mood andinhibits pain. It supports the idea that some depressedpeople have reduced serotonin transmission. Low levels of aserotonin byproduct have been linked to a higher risk forsuicide.

Norepinephrine constricts blood vessels, raising bloodpressure. It may trigger anxiety and be involved in sometypes of depression. It also seems to help determinemotivation and reward.

Dopamine: is essential to movement. It also influencesmotivation and plays a role in how a person perceivesreality. Problems in dopamine transmission have beenassociated with psychosis, a severe form of distortedthinking characterized by hallucinations or delusions. It’salso involved in the brain’s reward system, so it is thoughtto play a role in substance abuse.

Glutamate: is a small molecule believed to act as anexcitatory neurotransmitter and to play a role in bipolardisorder and schizophrenia. Lithium carbonate, a well-knownmood stabilizer used to treat bipolar disorder, helpsprevent damage to neurons in the brains of rats exposed tohigh levels of glutamate. Other animal research suggeststhat lithium might stabilize glutamate reuptake, a mechanismthat may explain how the drug smooths out the highs of maniaand the lows of depression in the long term.

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA): is an amino acid thatresearchers believe acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter.It is thought to help quell anxiety.

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ANTIDEPRESSANTS

Antidepressants is the broad name for the many drugs that can beprescribed to combat different types of depression, although theuse of drugs on its own is rarely enough to achieve a long term‘cure.’

Drugs are often only used to alleviate symptoms while a patientworks through therapy sessions. Common prescription medications for different types of depressioninclude:■Prozac■Zoloft■Cipralex■Lustral

For example, rather than experiencing appetite loss the personinstead experiences appetite increase; and sleepiness rather thaninsomnia. Someone with atypical depression is also likely to havea personality style of interpersonal hypersensitivity ( expectingothers not to like or approve of them).

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Classification of antidepressants 1) Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) .2) Tetracyclic antidepressants .3) Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) .4) Serotonin and Norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitors

(SNRIs) .5) Serotonin receptor modulators (SRMs) .6) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). 7) Lithium Salts .

Side effects of different antidepressants are asfollows: 1) Tricyclic & tetracyclic antidepressants: Dizziness, headache,

sweating, tremor, somnloence, palpitation, dry mouth,constipation, blurred vision, difficulty passing urine, andorthostatic hypotension. Other less-common adverse effectsinclude seizure, liver dysfunction, ECG changes and abnormalblood count.

2) SSRIs: Nausea, vomiting, gastrointestinal discomfort,somnolence, dry mouth, tremor, headache, sweating, sexualdysfunction and weight loss, etc. Occasionally, somepatients may experience excitement, anxiety, insomnia,restlessness or seizure.

3) SNRIs: Similar to SSRIs. May cause hypertension at high doses.

4) SRMs: Somnolence, tremor, headache, constipation, weight gainand hypotension

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Some patients may develop seizure, abnormal liver function testsand blood disorder, etc.

5) MAOIs: Dizziness, headache, nervousness, gastrointestinaldisturbance, etc. May interact with tyramine-rich food ordrinks, as a consequence inducing sweating, vomiting andhypertensive crisis. E.g. pigeon, alcoholic beverages,cheese, chicken and beef liver, chocolate or cheese, etc.

6) Lithium salts: Bitter taste, dry mouth, tremor, polyuria,fatigue and weight gain. Other less-common side effectsinclude hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, ECG changes, raisedanti-diuretic hormone concentrations, renal failure orleucocytosis.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS1) TCAs: Amitriptyline, Imipramine, Clomipramine,

Nortriptyline, Desipramine, Dothiepin, Doxepin,Trimipramine, Melitracen.

2) Tetracyclic antidepressants: Mianserin, Maprotiline3) SSRIs: Fluoxetine, Paroxetine, Sertraline,

Fluvoxamine, Citalopram, Escitalopram. 4) SNRIs: Venlafaxine/ Venlafaxine XR, Duloxetine. 6) MAOIs: Moclobemide, Phenelzine, Isocarboxazid,

Tranylcypromine. 7) Lithium salts: Lithium carbonate. 8)ATYPICAL ANTIDEPRESSANTS:Trazodone, Nefazodone,

Bupropion.

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FLUOXETINE:

DESCRIPTION: It is selective serotonin inhibitors for oral

administration .It is also maarketed for the treatment of

premenstural dysphoric disorder It is desiginated drug is a

white to off-white crystalline solid with a solubility of 14mg

/ml in water 40mg of fluoxetine. prozac capsules are delayed

release formulations contain enteric coated pellets of drug

blue no .2 gelatin ,hypromallose acetate succinate ,sodium

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luaryl sulfate sucrose, suger spheres ,talc titanium dioxide ,

triethyl citrate and other inactive substances.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY:

MECHANISM OFACTION:

Although it is known it is

presented to be linked to its inhibtion of CNS neurnal uptake

serotonin.

pharmacodynamics: clinical studies at revent doses in man

have demonstrated that fluoxetine blocks to be associated with

various anti cholinergic sedative and cardiovascular effects of

classical tricyclic antidepressants drugs

fluoxetine binds to these and other membrane receptors

from brain tissue much less potency in vitro than do the

tricyclic.

pharmacokinetics:

systemic bioavalibilty: In man, following a single

oral 40mg dose , peak plasma concentration of fluoxetine from 15

to 55ng/ml are observed after 6to 8hrs.Weekly capsule dosage

forms of fluoxetine are bioequivalent. Food does not appear to

affect the system bioavalibility of fluoxetine, although it may

delay its absorption by1to 2hrs, which is probably not clinically

significant.Thus drug, may be administered with or without

food.capusules delayed –release formulations, contain enteric

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coated pellets that resist dissolutions until reaching a segment

of the gastrointestinal tract where the PH exceeds. The enteric

coating delays the onset of absorption of fluoxetine 1to2hrs

relative to the immediate release.

PROTEIN BINDING: It concentration range 200to 1000ng/ml ,

approximately 94.5%of fluoxetine is bound in vitro to human serum

proteins, including albumin and α1 –glycoprotein .The interaction

between fluoxetine and other highly protein bound drugs has not

been fully evaluated but may be important .

METABOLISM:

Fluoxetine extensively metabolized in the liver

to norfluoxetine and a number of other unidentified

metabolites .The only identified active metabolite ,

norfluoxetine ,is formed by demethylation of fluoxetine, the

animal models, S-norfluoxetine is a selective inhibitor.

The pri route of elimination appears to be hepatic metabolism to

inactive metabolites excreted by the kidney.

it poor metabolism of drugs as such as debrisoquine, dextro

methorphan, and TCS drug reduced .fluoxetine involves in

metabolism like that of a number of selective involves therapy

with drygs also metabolized by this enzyme system.

ACCULUMATION AND SLOW ELIMINATION:

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Elimination half life of 1to 3days after acute administration

and 4to 6days after chronic administration .plasma concentration

of fluoxetine were higher than t hose predicted by single –dosee

studies ,because fluoxetine metabolism is not proportional to

dose.

Cmax:

fluoxetine is 90mg dose was approximately 1.7fold

higher than the Cmax value to for the estabished of 20mg once-

daily regimen foll transition the next day to the once weekly

regimen. in contrast when first 90mg once weekly dose and last

20mg daily once dose were separated by 1week Cmax is similar.

NON CLINICAL TOXIOLOGY :CARCINOGENESIS dietary administration to fluoxetine recommended

to rats and mice for 2yrs at doses of upto 10-12mg/ dayrespectively produce no evidence of carcinogenicity in humanat dose of 80mg on a mg/m

MUTAGENICITY: show no genotoxic effects based on following assaybacterial mutation assay DNA repair in cultured rathepatocytes , mouse lymphoma assay vivo sister chromatidexchange assay in Chinese hamster above marrow cells.

ANIMAL TOXICOLOGY:

SPECIFIC USE IN PREGNANCY :Prozac should be used during pregnancy only if

the potential benefit justifies the potential risk.PEDIATRIC USE : Long term effects of flouxetine on the

development snd maturation of children and adolescentpatients.

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ALLERGIC REACTIONS: FREQUENT:Emotional cability ,infrequent akathesia ,ataxia

baldisorder, syndrome depersonalization, euphoria,hypertonic, libidoincreased, myoclomus, paranoid, reaction

Respiratory system larynx edema skin appendages.Urogenital system frequent maturation disorder infrequent dysuria

,gyneocological bleeding.Flouxetine clinicaltrials 7%of 10,782 patients developed various

type of rashes and or urticaria. Among the cases of rashesend systemic signs or symptoms edema carpel tunnel syndromerespiratory distress,lymphadenopathy,proteinuria, mildtransminase elevation

CONTRAINDICATIONS:the use of MAIOs intended to treat psychiatricdisorders with Prozac or written 5weeks of stoppingtreatment with Prozac is contraindicated because of increaserisk of serotonin syndrome.

DRUG INTERACTIONS:drugs interfere with heomostasis eg;Nsaids,aspirin, warfarin, electroconvulise therapy potential forother drugs Potential for prozac toaffect other drugs.

ADVERSE REACTIONS:body as a whole Asthemia,Flu syndromecardiovascular system vasodilations Digestive systemnausea ,diarrhea anorexia dry mouth dyspepsia .Nervoussystem insomnia, anxiety ,nervousness tremor Respiratorysystem sinusitis yawn.Skin and appendages sweating rash .

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.

.

MATERIALS AND METHOD:

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Objective:

Aim: To study antidepressants of Aqueous Allium cepa extract in forced swimming test animal model in mice.

Material and Method:Collection of Plant-Material

1) Drying and Extraction.

2) Experimentation.

Collection of Plant-Material: The plant material,onion leaves along with the bulbs was collected from market.

Drying and extraction:

● The drug was dried under shade at room temperature .This wascut and chopped

● The chopped drug was extracted and was boiled with water (55-60c) at low flame for 3-4 hrs.

● Allowed to cool and filtered.

●Extracted drug was concentrated under higher temperture appropriate concentractions of the

extracted drug were made in distilled water.

●The dry extract was stored in air tight container for furtherexperiment.

Experimentation :Experimental animal :

A mice weighing 35-40gm for the study .the animals was maintained at controlled

DOSE :A dose is made in suspension form.In this suspension a vehicle used is carboxy

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methyl cellulose disslove in distill water which was administered orally

sr. PARAMETER DOSE[mg] oral suspension.

Control

50mg/kg

2. Flouxetine

10mg/kg

3. Extract

50mg/kg

4. Quercetin

20mg/kg

Experimental Procedure:

Forced Swimming Test:

Procedure:

This test was a modification of the method of poroslt and others (1977) unlike porsolts method for mice whichconsist of immersion of animals after injecting drugs, the mice were subject to “pre test session” for 15 mins in a glass cylinder (21*12*12) containing water up to height of 9cm maintained 24hrs lattertheanimalstreatedorallywithvehicle(50mg/kg),flouxetine(10mg/kg),extract(50mg/kg) ,quercetin(20mg/kg) to each group and againforced to swim in similar enviroment for a period of 6mins in test session and immobility time recorded. The mouse was judged immobile if it ceased struggling and remained floating

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motionless in water making only those movement necessary to keep its head above water.

Plant literature :

Plant profile: Onion (Allium cepa)

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Onion

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae

Division: Angiosperms

Class: Monocots

Family: Alliaceae

Genus: Allium

Species: A. cepa

Binomial name: Allium

cepa .L .

SYNONYMS OF Allium cepa Linn.

Other names :  Garden Onion, Bulb Onion, White

Onion

English : Scallion (young onion with

green leaves)

Hindi : पपपपप, पपपपप, पपपपप (Pyaj,

Piyaj, Pyaz, Piyaz, Kanda)

Urdu : از� ی� (Pyaz) پ��

Marathi : Kanda, Kandaa, Piyav , etc.

Sanskrit 

: Dirghapatra, Durgandha, Latarka, Mahakanda ,etc.

Tamil

: Acam, Aleriyam, Aritarapasakam, Cukantam, etc.

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Description:

A perennial herb, strong smelling when crushed; bulbs vary in

size and shape from cultivar to cultivar, often depressed-

globose and up to 20 cm in diameter; outer tunics membranous.

Stem up to 100cm tall and 30 mm in diameter, tapering from

inflated lower part. Leaves up to 40 cm in height and 20mm in

diameter, usually almost semicircular in section and slightly

flattened on upper side; basal in first year, in second year

their bases sheathing the lower sixth of the stem. Spathe

often 3-valved, persistent, shorter than the umbel. Umbel 4–

9cm in diameter, subglobose or hemispherical, dense, many-

flowered; pedicels up to 40mm, almost equal. Perianth

stellate; segments 3–4.5 2–2.5mm, white, with green stripe,

slightly unequal, the outer ovate, the inner oblong, obtuse or

acute. Stamens exerted; filaments 4–5mm, the outer subulate,

the inner with an expanded base up to 2 mm wide and bearing

short teeth on each side. Ovary whitish. Capsule about 5mm, 2n

16.

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Main active components

Amino-acids: glutamic acid , arginine, lysine, glycine, etc.

Minerals: Mainly: Potassium, phosphorous, calcium,

manganese, sodium, sulphur and, in less quantity, iron,

manganese, zinc, copper and selenium.

Vitamins: vitamin C, Folic acid, Vitamin E.

Essential oil with many sulphurous components: dipropyl

disulfide methyl methanethiosulfinate , etc.

Quercetin

Allicin, in less quantity than in garlic .

Chemical constituents:

of all the healthy compounds contained in onions, two stand

out: sulfur and quercetin - both being strong

antioxidants. Amino-acids: glutamic acid, arginine, lysine,

glycine, etc. minerals mainly potassium, phosphorous,

calcium, manganese, sodium, sulphur and in less quantity,

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iron, manganese, zinc, copper and selenium. Vitamins viz

vitamin C, Folic acid, Vitamin E. Essential oil with many

sulphurous components: dipropyl disulfide, methyl

methanethiosulfinate , etc. Quercetin, Allicin,[287] in less

quantity than in garlic. They each have been shown to help

neutralize the free radicals in the body, and protect the

membranes of the body’s cells from damage. Like garlic, onion

contains many organic sulfur compounds, including trans-S-(1-

propenyl) cysteine sulfoxide, S-methylcysteine sulfoxide, S-

propylcysteine sulfoxide, and cycloalliin. Except for

cycloalliin, these sulfur compounds are converted to simpler

sulfur compounds by the enzyme alliinase released when the

onion is cut or crushed. These simpler compounds are unstable

and undergo further decomposition to sulfides (di-, tri-,

etc.) and other compounds that are responsible for the onion

flavor (especially methylpropyl disulfide, methylpropyl

trisulfide, and dipropyltrisulfide). The lachrymating (tear-

producing) principle in crushed or cut onion is

thiopropanal S-oxide (propanethial S-oxide) produced from its

precursor, trans-S-(1-propenyl)-cysteine sulfoxide, by the

action of alliinase. Onion also contains a trace of volatile

oil composed mainly of sulfur compounds, with dipropyl

disulfide as the main component (but not an important flavor

contributor). Others present include the three important

flavor contributors methylpropyl disulfide, methylpropyl

trisulfide, and dipropyl trisulfide, as well as allylpropyl

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disulfide, dimethyl disulfide, 3,4-dimethylthiophene, methyl-

cis-propenyl disulfide, and others. Other constituents present

in onion include phenolic acids (caffeic, inapic, p-coumaric,

protocatechuic acids, etc.), flavonoids[288] (e.g., quercetin,[289] isorhamnetin, taxifolin, and their glucosides),

anthocyanins (e.g., cyanidin, carboxypyranocyanidin, and

peonidin glycosides), sterols (cholesterol, stigmasterol, β-

sitosterol, etc.), saponins (e.g., tropeosdies and

ascalonicosides), sugars, vitamins (A, C, B, and B2), pectin,

and peptides (e.g., alliceptin), among others. 

Uses of onion as food

It is a vegetable that should never be lacking in our tables.

It always should be eaten raw, since boiling destroys its

essential components. One can eat onion soup, onion broth or

cooked with other vegetables. It is advised to prepare raw

salads which keep all the plant properties. However, stomach

refusal can be solved by leaving onion in maceration with

olive oil during the night. The onion can be "softened" if we

introduce it in a water container with some lemon juice.

Medicinal properties

Onion has numerous medicinal uses for treating diseases. Onion

is used almost in all the medicinal systems. Different plant

parts are used in various forms such as raw, hot or cold water

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extracts, fresh or dried, decocted or extracted with water or

butanol. These are used either orally, aurally or externally

to treat several ailments. Medicinal uses of onion reported

from several countries worldwide are summarized below.

Although researchers have found several advantages of onion

formulations in tests on animals, only traditional uses of

onion for treating human beings .

Raw bulb:

The raw bulb is eaten to improve eyesight; taken orally for

gastronomic purposes, amenorrhea, menstrual and uterine pains.

These (hot bulbs) are applied externally to treat

Fresh bulb:

The fresh bulb is taken orally for tuberculosis in the

following manner -

furuncles.

500 g leaf of Adhatoda vasica and decoct in 5 litres of water till it turns into a dark

brown mass. Use half a teaspoonful of this drug with honey and 10 grams Allium cepa

twice daily for 6 months.

The fresh bulb, eaten raw with salt, helps in relieving

stomachache.

If taken orally it acts as a sedative, blood purifier,

expectorant; a carminative, tonic, antipyretic, hypotensive,

diuretic; and as an emmenagogue

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Hot water extract of fresh bulb:

It is believed that hot water extract of the fresh bulb if

taken orally, acts as an aphrodisiac (to increase sexual

desire) for both men and women.

It is used to regulate blood pressure (hypertension), treat

inflammation, diabetes, urinary problems, dysentery, fever,

dropsy, colic, renal and biliary calculi, catarrh, chronic

bronchitis, scurvy, body heat, epilepsy, hysterical fits,

nosebleed, jaundice, unclear vision, spleen enlargement,

rheumatic pain and strangury; to induce miscarriage and

diuresis.

Extract is used externally for acne treatment.

Dried bulb

The dried/roasted bulb is used either orally as a

contraceptive, antiphlogistic, or intra-vaginally to induce

menses.

It is applied externally, as an emmenagogue, in the form of a

pessary in Unani medicine. Dried bulb is also used to treat

infections and also as a liniment.

Hot water extract of dried bulb: Hot water extract of the dried bulb

is taken orally for diabetes, dropsy colic, catarrh, chronic

bronchitis, scurvy, epileptic and hysterical fits, epistasis,

jaundice, enlarged spleen, rheumatic pain and strangury. It is

applied externally for wounds, ulcers, bruises, sores, skin

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diseases, irritations, inflammation, eruptions, erysipelas and

burns.

Fresh bulb juice:

Fresh bulb juice is used externally -

as an anti-inflammatory agent on insect bites and for

bronchitis,

applied opthalmically to improve eyesight;

used orally with sugar is given to children for worms,

mixed with the juice ofAchyranthues bidentata leaves is taken

orally every 2 hours for cholera.,

aurally for earache (juice warmed with coconut oil is dropped

in the ear).

Seeds:

The dried seed is used as an abortifacient -

3 parts of the seed, 3 parts of Punica granatum root, 2

parts of cajanus cajan and red lead oxide are taken with

honey.

For abortion, the vaginal region is fumigated with feces of

wild pigeon and seeds of Allium cepa. Hot water extract of the

seed is taken orally as an emmenagogue to promote menses.

Leaf Juice:

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The leaf juice is administered opthalmically to treat

jaundice; its decoction used externally as a cicatrizing

(healing after scar, injury) agent; and

decoction of the dried leaf, together with Pimpinella anisum,

and Allium sativum, is given orally to newborn infants.

Shoot: Decoction of the dried shoot is taken orally as a

cicatrizing agent and to treat insect bites.

Root:

The root of the onion plant is taken orally to facilitate

expulsion of the placenta.

Essential Oil:

Fresh bulb essential oil, administered by inhalation, is

used for the treatment of colds. The bulb is taken orally

for gastrointestinal infections.Extract of onion is also

used as homeopathic medicine to treat cold and several other

ailments.

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Internal use

Circulation: 

The presence of allicin, although in less proportion than in

garlic, gives this plant antithrombotic properties (avoids the

formation of blood platelets) so, it becomes very interesting to

make blood fluid, which prevents much of the following

circulatory diseases: arteriosclerosis, cholesterol,

hypertension, angina pectoris , heart attack and some other ones

related with a bad blood flow such haemorrhoids or hearing loss.

Diuretic:

It favours the removal of body liquids, being very suitable in

case of obesity, rheumatism, gout, arthritis, dropsy, diabetes,

edemas, and bladder.Its diuretic properties give it power to get

rid of body toxins, something that is very useful to treat some

anomalies as urticaria.

Natural antibiotic: 

Because of its highly sulphurous contents, it becomes together

with garlic, in one of the best natural remedies to fight

infectious processes of respiratory tract (common cold,

influenza, bronchitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, etc.) digestive

tract diseases (intestine decomposition, diarrhoea, etc. Being

one of best natural antibiotics, the habitual ingestion of onion

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can prevent the bacterial infections or many inflammations of

the excretory system (cystitis, nephritis, etc.)

Digestive:  It helps digestion by stimulating the liver, the

bladder and pancreas, although it should be avoided when having

hyperchloridia stomach acidity ) as well as in fragile stomachs.

Because of its content in quercetin, it helps to reduce

inflammation in those people affected by celiac disease.

(Decoction of an onion skin in a liter of water. Drink the water

that throughout the day)

Hay fever: 

It helps you breathe better by means of decongesting your nose

(maceration of a peeled onion for a couple of minutes in water.

Drink the liquid)

Anti-cancer: 

Recent studies attempt to associate the consumption of onion

with cancer inhibition .Among the sulphurous products, diallyl

disulfide seems to be responsible for the inhibition of

cancerous cells in stomach. Flavonoid quercetin, because of its

antioxidant properties, seems to play the same role in this

sense.

Aphrodisiac:

 Onion is a remedy for the lack of sexual desire caused by lack

of power as a result of damage to the nerves that control blood

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flow to the penis. (Eat onions with a little olive oil in

salad.) You can increase the aphrodisiac power of the onion in

salads if you add some cumin seeds which are used to increase

the desire in people who have little appetite because of stress

problems.

External use

Insect stings : 

Its bactericide properties make it a good disinfectant against

animal bites of stings, especially those of insects . (Soak the

affected zone with the liquid of a fresh smashed onion).

Warts:  Warts can be eliminated by applying a plaster with the

juice of an onion smashed in vinegar twice or three times a day.

Chilblains: 

To eliminate itching, very common in the presence of chilblains,

as well as for its wealth of alliin, one of the best natural

antibiotics, using raw onion can be very appropriate (Rub a raw

onion on chilblains).

Hair lotion: Besides stimulating the hairy follicle, sulphur gets

rid of dandruff and helps to preserve hair. Quercetin is

fundamental (Make daily friction with the juice of a fresh

onion).

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DISCUSSSION : In our study flouxetine reduced theimmobility duration.Reduction in aq.allium cepa leaf extract hasfind through experimentation from forced swimming test .The dosesare given as per the body weight of mice . The studies was takenin few days with respect to the Cmax values of flouxetine whichhas elimination rate is minimum 72hrs.The allium cepa leaf waswidely used in food, drug, as a flavonoids .It also used intreatment of cardiovascular disease ,diabetes, cataracts, pepticulcers, schizophhrenia, inflammation ,dietaryfibers ,antioxidants. These al l represents the interaction between food and drugmechanism and interactions produces action againstdepression.which produces large number of neurotransmmiters inthe brain treat the patients from severe and common depression.

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HISTOGRAM OF AQ. ALLIUM CEPA EXTRACT : Effect of aq. ALLIUM CEPA LEAF EXTRACT onduraction of immobility in FORCED SWIMMING TEST .Each histogram represents mean duration of immobility in seconds

30

(n=12.6).star on top represents SD. mean duration of aq.alliumcepa leaf extract is more significant than std drugs flouxetine .

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RESULT:

GROUP TREATMENTIMMOBILITYIN SEC

1.CONTROL

±4.438 52.8

(50mg)

2.

std Flouxetine

±6.952 23.4

(10mg)

3. extract

± 3.62 18.8

aq.allium cepa ext(50mg)

4.quercetin

± 1.14 12.6

(20mg)

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Conclusion:The present study evaluated the antidepressant activity of aq.Allium cepa leaf extract by using mice model of depressionthrough forced swimming test(FST).Administration of the drug aq.allium cepa leaf extract atdosage50mg/kg of body wt for 8 days Significantly reduced theimmobility time in sec inFST.that indicating consumption ofa .allium cepa leaf extract represents antidepressantactivity inmice .The FST trail tends to increases dopaminergic activity inhypothalamus the administration of extract 50mg/kg suppressed theincreases in neurotransmitters.

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35

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