AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CONCRETE USING ...

South Asian Journal of Engineering and Technology Vol.3, No.7 (2017) 151-161

151

ISSN No: 2454-9614

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CONCRETE USING

COCONUT SHELL ASH AND EGG SHELL POWDER R. Ranjith Kumar, R. Mahendran, S. Gokul Nathan, D. Sathya , K. Thamaraikannan

Department of Civil Engineering, Shree Venkateshwara Hi-Tech Engineering College, Gobi, Tamil Nadu, India.

*Corresponding Author R. Ranjith Kumar

Received: 02/01/2017, Revised: 03/02/2017 and Accepted: 02/04/2017

Abstract

The wish and rising cost of building construction in developing countries have been a source of concern to

government and private developers. This study investigated the use of Egg Shell Powder and Coconut Shell Ash as

replacement for cement in M-30 Grade concrete. The both materials used to partially replace the cement from 5%-

25%.Compressive strength, Split tensile strength and Flexural strength are evaluate at 7,14,21 and 28 days. The

reduction in cost up to 10% can be achieved for every cubic meter of concrete production with use of materials.

In the last decades, the use of residue in civil construction, especially in addition to concrete, has been subject of

many researches due to besides to reduce the environmental polluter’s factors, it may lead several improvements of

the concrete properties. The world Coconut Shell Ash is estimated in 500 million tons per year, and India is the

second producer. This project evaluates how different contents of Egg Shell Powder (ESP) and Coconut Shell Ash

(CSA) added to concrete may influence its physical and mechanical properties. Due to its high pozzolanic activity, both

strength and durability of concrete are enriched. This may increase the strength of concrete against cracking. Previously,

investigation on the corrosion performance of Coconut shell ash and Egg shell powder blended concrete is very limited.

Keywords: Coconut shell ash, egg shell powder, compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength, strength,

durability, concrete, cement e

1. Introduction

In construction sector there is always a demand to find a suitable material for effective replacement of

cement and fine aggregate since manufacturing of cement causes environmental pollution and lack of natural

resources to a greater extent. Nowadays, all over the world aimed at increasing the reuse and recycling products,

where it is technically, economically or environmentally acceptable.

a. COCONUT SHELL ASH

Coconut shell is one of the most important natural fillers produced in the tropical countries like

Malaysia, Thailand and Sri Lanka. Coconut shells are cheap and readily available in high quantity. Coconut shell


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contains about 65-75% volatile matter and moisture which are removed largely during the carbonization process.

The carbonization process converts coconut shells to charcoal by heating in the absence of oxygen.

b. EGG SHELL POWDER

Egg shell consist of several growing layers of caco3 & it is a poultry waste with chemical

composting nearly same as that of limestone. Use off egg shell waste to replace cement can have benefits like

minimizing use of cement, conserves natural lime & utilizing waste materials, majority of egg shell wastes are

deposited in landfill & it attracts vermin and causes human health & environmental problems. Collected egg shell

wastes are all dried & powdered. The powder was sieved through 75 mm sieve

2. Experimental INVESTIGATIONS

The experimental program was designed to investigate the strength characteristics of concrete.

2.1.1. Cement

The Ordinary Portland cement of 43 grade conforming to IS: 8112-1989 was used for present experimental study.

The important of this cement have been tested and given below

Table 2.1.1Test on cement

S. No

TESTS

VALUES

1

Specific gravity of cement

3.125

2

Normal consistency of cement

34%

3

Initial setting time of cement

30 minutes

4

Fineness modulus of cement

5%

2.1.2. Fine Aggregate

Natural river sand with fraction passing through 4.75mm sieve and on 150µm sieve was used and tested as

per IS: 2389-1983. The important properties tested for fine aggregate were given below.

Table 2.1.2TestonFine Aggregate

S.

No

TESTS

VALUES


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2.1.3. Coarse Aggregate

Crushed granite coarse aggregate of size 20mm was used and tested as per IS: 2386:-1983. The important properties

tested for coarse aggregate are given below.

Table 2.1.3 Tests on Coarse Aggregate

S. No

TESTS

VALUES

1

Specific gravity of Coarse Aggregate

2.63

2

Crushing value on Coarse Aggregate

49.76%

3

Impact value of Coarse Aggregate

11.48%

4

Water Absorption

2.5%

2.1.4. Coconut Shell Ash

Coconut shell ash is also extensively used to make products like furnishing materials, rope etc. The shells also

absorb less moisture due to its low cellulose content the report focuses on studying the effectiveness of coconut shell

particles as a source of natural material for reinforcing epoxy resins towards their flexural properties.

Table 2.1.4 Tests on Coconut Shell Ash

1

Specific gravity of fine

aggregate

2.35

2

Fineness modulus of fine

aggregate

2.53


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S. No

TESTS

VALUES

1

Specific gravity of Coconut Shell Ash

2.5

2

Fineness modulus of Coconut Shell Ash

8%

3

Normal consistency of Coconut shell Ash

38%

2.1.5. Eggshell Powder

Broken Eggshells collected from the local sources. The shells cleaned in normal water and air dried for five

days approximately at a temperature range of 25-300C. The shells then hand crushed, grinded and sieved through

75µm. Material passed through 75µm sieve was used for cement replacement and the retained material was

discarded.

Table 2.1.5 Tests on Eggshell Powder

S. No

TESTS

VALUES

1

Specific gravity of Eggshell Powder

2.2

2

Fineness modulus of Eggshell Powder

7%

3

Normal consistency of Eggshell Powder

35%

2.1.6. Water

Portable tap water available in laboratory with pH value of 7.0 to 7.4 and confirming the requirements of IS:

456-2000 was used for mixing concrete and curing the specimens.

2.1.6 Mix Design


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The mix design of M30 grade of concrete is done by using the IS method by using the test results of the

materials known. The concrete mix proportion (cement: fine aggregate: coarse aggregate) is 1:1.6:2.6 by volume & a

water cement ratio of 0.45 is taken. The coconut shell ash and egg shell powder is replaced at a rate of 5%-25% by

weight of cement.

3. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

3.1 COMPRESSION STRENGTH TEST

The cube (150x150x150mm) specimens was placed in compression testing machine and the load is to

be applied without shock and increased continuously at a rate of approximately 140 kg/cm2 min until the resistance

of the specimen to the increasing load breaks down and no greater load can be restrained. The maximum load

applied to the specimens is to be recorded and the appearance of the concrete and any unusual features in the type of

failure is noted. The measured compressive strength of the specimen is to be calculated by dividing the maximum

applied load to the specimen during the test by the cross sectional area. Average of the above three values is to be

taken as the representative of the corresponding mix. Compressive strength is determined using the following

formula

Compressive strength (MPa) =

The compression test specimens were tested on a compression testing machine (CTM) of capacity 2000kN.

The specimen was placed on machine in such a way that its position is at right angles to its own position which it

had at the time of casting. Load is applied gradually as the rate of 14N/mm2/min or 320kN/min

3.2. SPLIT TENSILE TEST

The tensile strength is one of the basic and important properties of the concrete. The concrete is not usually

expected to resist, the direct tension because of its low tensile and brittle in nature. However the determination of

tensile strength of concrete in necessary to determine the load at which the concrete members crack. The cracking is

a form a tensile failure. The main of this experimental test is to determine the maximum load carrying capacity of

test specimens.

Cylinders of size 150mm in diameter and 300mm height were cast for split tensile test. Two numbers of

specimens were tested 28days.

The splitting tests are well known as indirect tests used for determining the tensile strength of concrete. They are

sometimes referred as split tensile strength of concrete. The load was increased until the specimen fails, and the

maximum load applied to the specimen during the test was recorded. The mean value of the three specimen of each

type is taken as final split tensile strength value. The failure load of tensile strength of cylinder is calculated by using


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the formula

Tensile strength = 2P / DL

Where,

P - Failure of the specimen

D - Diameter of the specimen

L - Length of the specimen

3.3. FLEXURAL TEST

The main of this experimental test is to determine the maximum load carrying capacity of beam specimens.

The specimen is subjected to one point loading and the load at the failure of the specimen is noted down. Prisms of

size 100 x100x500mm were cast. Two numbers of specimens for each set were tested for 28days. These specimens

were tested in Universal Testing Machine (UTM) of capacity 1000kN. The main value of the specimen of each type

is taken as final flexure value. Flexural strength of the specimen is expressed as the modules of rupture.

Flexural Strength=PL/bd²

Where,

b = measured width in “mm” of the specimen

d = measured depth in “mm” of the specimen

L = length in “mm” of the span on which the specimen was supported

P = maximum load in “kg” applied to the specimen

4 .RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

TEST RESULTS

4.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE SPECIMEN

S.NO TYPE OF

CONCRETE

TEST RESULTS (N/mm2)

7 DAYS 14DAYS 21DAYS 28DAYS

1 conventional 31.84 33.5 36.0 39.54

2 5% 32.23 34.9 37.9 40.03

3 10% 34.43 36.73 39.23 42.73

4 15% 25.63 29.5 30.02 32.23

5 20% 19.7 23.8 24.6 27.63

6 25% 15.3 17.13 19.5 22.3


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Optimum percentage of replacement of concrete

4.2 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45ST

REN

GTH

PERCENTAGE OF REPLACE

COMPRESSIVE

STRENGTH

7 days

14 days

21 days

28 days

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

conventional10%

STR

ENG

TH


7 days

14 days

21 days

28 days

S.N

O

TYPE OF

CONCRET

E

TEST RESULTS (N/ mm2)

7 D 14D 21

D

28

D


158

00.5

11.5

22.5

33.5

44.5

STR

ENG

TH


SPLIT TENSILE

STRENGTH

7 days

14 days

21 days

28 days

1 Conventional 2.63 2.99 3.62 3.89

2 5% 2.81 3.12 3.71 4.01

3 10% 2.97 3.53 3.9 4.22

4 15% 2.03 2.71 3.24 3.43

5 20% 1.59 2.23 2.97 3.11

6 25% 1.32 1.94 2.18 2.39


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4.3 FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETE SPECIMENS

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

STR

ENG

TH


7 days

14 days

21 days

28 days

S.N

O

TYPE OF CONCRETE TEST RESULTS (N/mm2)

7 D 14D 21D 28D

1 conventional 4.93 5.42 5.9 6.43

2 5% 5.09 5.89 6.22 6.98

3 10% 5.88 6.43 7.01 7.34

4 15% 3.86 4.92 5.1 6.04

5 20% 2.94 3.8 4.33 5.23

6 25% 2.0 3.1 3.9 4.7


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0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

STR

ENG

TH


FLEXURAL STRENGTH

7 days

14 days

21 days

28 days

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

conventional10%

STR

ENG

TH


7 days

14 days

21 days

28 days


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Conclusions

The following points are concluded from the study on Coconut Shell Ash and Eggshell Powder as Cement in

Concrete and they are applicable for the range of parameters and materials used in this study.

Coconut Shell Ash and Eggshell Powder can be formed into useful binding materials. The properties of

both wastes are within the range of the values of concrete making cement replacing material.

The 10% replacement of cement by Coconut Shell Ash and Eggshell Powder has found to be attaining

nearer strength as like conventional concrete.

This Experimental work can be used for further experiments on the potential of recycled Coconut Shell Ash and

Eggshell Powder as cement for concrete.

Acknowledgement

The authors are thankful to Sophisticated Test and Instrumentation Center, Cochin, Kerala, for providing

instrumental facilities.

References [1] R. Jayasankar, et.al, “Studies on concrete using fly ash, rice husk ash and egg shell powder” International Journal of Civil and Structural

Engineering Volume 1, No 3, 2010

[2]Vigneshkumar Nagarajan, et.al, “Experimental study on partial replacement of cement with coconut shell ash in concrete”. International

Journal Of Science And Research (USR) ISSN: 2319-7064

[3]Amaranath Yerramala “Properties of Concrete With Eggshell Powder as Cement Replacement” The Indian Concrete Journal October (2014)

[4]Utsev, J.T., et.al, “Coconut Shell Ash as Partial Replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement In Concrete Production” International Journal of

Scientific & Technology Research Volume 1, Issue 8 September (2012)

[5]D.Gowsika, et.al, “Experimental Investigation of Eggshell Powder as Partial Replacement with Cement in Concrete” International Journal of

Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 14 Number 2 – August 2014.

[6]Praveen Kumar. R, et.al “Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Cement with Egg Shell Powder” International Journal of Innovation

in Engineering and Technology (IJIET).

[7]Sargunan. K “Experimental investigation of egg shell powder as partial replacement with cement in concrete”. (International Journal Of

Engineering Trends And Technology (IJETT) – Volume 14 Number 2-Aug 2014).

Okonkwo, et.al “The effects of eggshell ash on strength properties of cement –stabilized lateritic” (International journal of sustainable

construction engineering & technology (ISSN : 2180-3242) Volume 3. Issue 1, 2012)

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