SOMA 2011Proceedings of the 15th Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology, held at the University of Catania 3–5 March 2011

VOLUME I

Edited by

Pietro Maria MilitelloHakan Öniz

BAR International Series 2695 (I)2015

Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche, Corso di laurea magistrale in

Archeologia, opzione internazionale Università di CataniaScuola di Specializzazione in

Beni Archeologici

Turkish Foundation for Underwater Archaeology

General Association of Mediterranean Archaeology

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BAR S2695 (I)

SOMA 2011 Proceedings of the 15th Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology, held at the University of Catania 3–5 March 2011

© Archaeopress and the individual authors 2015

ISBN 978 1 4073 1342 9 (Volume I)ISBN 978 1 4073 1343 6 (Volume II)ISBN 978 1 4073 1344 3 (Set of both volumes)

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Table of Contents

Volume IPreface v

Part I – Prehistory and Protohistory of Europe and Anatolia 1

General Topics 3

Exchanges Between Paleolithic Hunter-gatherer Groups 3Neyir Kolankaya-Bostanci

Understanding Cross-cultural Communication in the European Bronze Age 11Paulina Suchowska-Ducke

Anatolia 21

Early Bronze Age (ca. 3000-2000 BC) Mining Activities in Central Anatolia, Turkey 21Derya Yilmaz

Observations on the Troy I Period in the Light of Recent Survey Finds from the Coastal Troad 27Derya Yilmaz

From the Middle Danube to Anatolia: Contacts During the Second Millennium BC. a Case Study 35Anca-Diana Popescu, Radu Băjenaru

Kitchen furniture in the second millennium BC: evidence from Salat Tepe 43Tuba A. Ökse, Ahmet Görmüş, Gamze Kaynak

Remnants of Incantation Rituals from the Middle Bronze Age Settlement at Salat Tepe: an Ethnoarchaeological Approach 51Tuba A. Ökse, Ahmet Görmüş, Tülin Bozkurt

Glass Trade in the Light of the Late Bronze Age Finds from Panaztepe 59Nazli Çinardali-Karaaslan

A Group of Urartian Metal Finds from the Karaman Archaeological Museum 65Makbule Ekici

Investigations in the Çaldiran Plain/Lake Van Basin: the Middle Iron Age 71Aynur Özfirat

Europe 81

Antique Bone and Antler Anvils Discovered in Romania 81Corneliu Beldiman, Diana-Maria Sztancs

A Joint Consideration of the Lithic Industries of Shell Middens in Muge, Portugal, and the Coastal Mediterranean Mesolithic Sites 89Anabela Joaquinito, Nuno Ribeiro

Daily Life and Social Reconstruction of an Argaric Settlement at Peñalosa (Baños de la Encina, Jaén) 93Juan Miguel Rivera Groennou, Eva Alarcón García

Greece 101

Archaeological Models and the Archaeology of Mesara (Crete) between the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age 101Rosario Maria Anzalone

Reconstructing the Landscape of the Dead. Some Observations on the Minoan Funerary Space in the Agiopharango Valley 111Sylviane Déderix

Some Eccentric Linear A Tablets from Ayia Triada 121Pietro Militello

Studying Grey Ceramics in the Adriatic Area. A Preliminary Report 127Eleonora Ballan

Protogeometric and Geometric Pottery from the Kos Early Iron Age Necropolis Revisited. Some Features of the Local Ceramic Production 135Maria Grazia Palmieri

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Italy 143

Settlement Strategies and Territorial Organization: a Methodological Approach to the Sardinian Bronze Age Context 143Francesca Cadeddu

Ceramic Ethnoarchaeometry in Western Sardinia: the Case of Oristano 155Evanthia Tsantini, Giuseppe Montana, Miguel Ángel Cau

Lyres in the Daunian Stelae: Towards a Better Understanding of Chordophones in the Mediterranean Iron Age 161Raquel Jiménez Pasalodos, Placido Scardina

Sicily 175

An Analytical Study of Neolithic Combustion Structures in the Province of Messina 175Francesca Cannizzaro, Maria Clara Martinelli

Material Culture and People. Some Methodological Remarks on the Study of Aeolian Middle Bronze Age Settlement Contexts 185Gianmarco Alberti

Oversea Lithic Exchanges Between the Aeolian Islands and Malta from an Inland Perspective: Preliminary Data from a Late Neolithic Site in Licodia Eubea, Catania - Sicily 197Damiano Bracchitta

Decorated Footed Bowls: Type, Distribution and Use 203Valeria Grasso, Carla Maria Caterina Cirino

Creating Boundaries: Elaborate Tombs and Trade Goods in the Early Bronze Age Necropolis at Castelluccio (Sicily, Italy) 211Anita Crispino, Massimo Cultraro

Dwelling in the Darkness: the Prehistoric Caves of the Hyblaean Mountains (Sicily) 217Dalma Cultrera

An Early Bronze Age Settlement Near Ragusa 227Francesco Cardinale, Giovanni Di Stefano, Milena Gusmano, Saverio Scerra

The Late Copper Age Phase in Rocchicella di Mineo: Preliminary Data 233Ivana Vacirca

Innovation and Tradition in the Technology of Large Storage Jars from the Sicilian Middle Bronze Age 239Carlo Veca

Piano dei Casazzi (Mineo, Catania). Data on the proto-historic inhabitation 249Francescaromana Alberghina

Ceramic ethnoarchaeometry in Sicily: recent traditional productions as a tool for understanding past manufactures 253Giuseppe Montana, Anna Maria Polito, Evanthia Tsantini

Use of Space in the Early Bronze Age on the Basis of Artefact Distribution: the Village of Coste Di Santa Febronia 259Roberta Mentesana

Archaeology and Sciences 265

Gis, Geographical Models and Archaeology: a Case Study for Late Prehistory Populations (5500-550 Bc) on the Ripoll River (Catalonia, Spain) 265Maria Yubero Gómez

Technical and Typological Approaches to Bronze Age Worked Bone from Central Iberia. The Settlement of Motilla del Azuer 273Manuel Altamirano García

Birch Resin Not Only As Climate Marker. Integration Between Chemical And Paleobotanical Analysis In Sicilian Prehistory 285Roberta Mentesana, Giuseppe De Benedetto, Girolamo Fiorentino

Part II – History and Archaeology of the Classical World I 291

Archaeology Greece and the Mediterranean 293

Seeing the Attic Vase: Mediterranean Shapes from 635 to 300 B.C. – The Beazley Data 293Filippo Giudice, Rossano Scicolone, Sebastiano Luca Tata

The Walled Towns of Thesprotia: from the Hellenistic Foundation to the Roman Destruction 313Marco Moderato

Ionian Sanctuaries and the Mediterranean World in the 7th Century B.C. 321Kenan Eren

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Stoa–bouleuterion? Some Observations on the Agora of Mantinea 329Oriana Silia Cannistraci

Archaeology The East 335

Two Fragmentary Sarcophagi from Aphrodisias in Caria: Imported Sculptors in the City of Sculpture? 335Esen Ogus

Hellenistic and Roman Pottery of Zengibar Kalesi (Isaura Nova?): from the South Necropolis Survey 349Zafer Korkmaz, Osman Doğanay

Some Archaeological Material from Seydişehir 361Asuman Baldiran

Archaeological Survey in Aksaray (Cappadocia): a Preliminary Report 379Mehmet Tekocak

Ancient Monuments between Research and Development: the Theatre of Kyme (Turkey) 391Stefania Mancuso

The Agora Basilica, Smyrna 399Burak Yolaçan

Archaeological Excavations at Istanbul’s Lake Kucukcekmece–2010 407Hakan Oniz, Sengul Aydingun, Emre Guldogan

Excavations in Ancient Smyrna 411Akin Ersoy, Gülten Çelik

The Cult of Zeus in Lykaonia 417Asuman Baldiran

‘Hierapolis of Phrygia’: a Roman imperial pottery deposit (US 274) found in the Northern Necropoli (Atlante di Hierapolis, foglio 18) 421Dario Sergio Corritore

Kyme of Aeolis. Excavations in the Necropolis (2007-2008): Preliminary Data 431Fabrizio Sudano

A Grave Dated to the Late- and Sub-Geometric Period at Mengefe 435Makbule Ekici

Archaeology The West and Africa 439

Beyond Aleria. Local Processes and Tyrrhenian Connections in the Early Corsican Iron Age (8Th–5Th Centuries Bc) 439Marine Lechenault

Genesis and Development of the First Complex Societies in the Northeastern Iberian Peninsula During the First Iron Age (7th-6th Centuries BC). The Sant Jaume Complex (Alcanar, Catalonia) 445David Garcia i Rubert, Isabel Moreno Martínez, Francisco Gracia Alonso, Laia Font Valentín, Marta Mateu

Sagué

Phoenicians in the Azores, Myth or Reality? 453Nuno Ribeiro, Anabela Joaquinito, Sérgio Pereira

The Roman uilla of Sa Mesquida: A rural settlement on the island of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain) 461Catalina Mas Florit, Bartomeu Vallori Márquez, Patricia Murrieta Flore, María José Rivas Antequera,

Miguel Ángel Cau Ontivero

Lamps From the Anonymous Temple of the Main Decumanus at Leptis Magna 467Veronica Riso

New Data on the Roman Wall Paintings of Leptis Magna. A Preliminary Report 475Giuseppe Cinquemani

The Coin Hoard from Misurata: the Container 483Francesca Trapani

Archaeology Sicily and Italy 495

Francavilla Marittima: a Contextual Analysis of Male Burials in the Necropolis of Macchiabate (9Th-6Th Century BC) 495Claudia Speciale

The Fortified Settlement at Mura Pregne: an Indigenous Site Close to the Greek chora of Himera 507Calogero Maria Bongiorno

Licodia Eubea-Style: Some Remark 511Marco Camera

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Recent Discoveries at the Sanctuary of the Divine Palikoi 517Laura Maniscalco, Brian E. McConnell

Rock Architecture and Some Colonial and Indigenous Centres: the Case of Leontinoi and Montagna Di Ramacca (Ct) 523Maria Nicotra, Giuseppina Gisella Lidia Verde

The Necropoleis of Gela: Updated Researches and Topographical Observation 529Marina Congiu

A Sanctuary of Apollo (Re)discovered in Sicily? Archaeological Evidence, Topography and Historical Source 535Francesca Buscemi

Elite and Society in a Settlement in the Sicilian Hinterland: a New Interpretation of Some Funerary Assemblages from the Monte Castellazzo Necropolis Near Marianopoli 543Rosalba Panvini

A Female Clay Bust from the ‘Artemis Well’ in Syracuse 557Mario Cottonaro

Material Culture as an Indicator of Adoption and Resistance in the Cross-Craft and Cultural Interactions Among Greek and Indigenous Communities in Southern Italy: Loom Weights and Cooking Ware in Pre-Roman Lucania 563Alessandro Quercia, Lin Foxhall

Archaeological Analysis of Roman Naval Warfare in Iberia During the Second Punic War 575Eduard Ble Gimeno

Sailing Towards the West: Trade and Traders on the Routes Between the Iberian Peninsula and Campania Between the 2nd Century BC and the 1st Century AD 585Michele Stefanile

Roman Period Theatres in Sicily: a Structuralist Approach 593Zeynep Aktüre

A Fish-Processing Plant in Milazzo (ME) During the 1st Imperial Age 603Annunziata Ollà

Some Observations On The Road Network Through The Peloritani Region, North-Eastern Sicily 609Anna Lisa Palazzo

Volume II

Part III – History and Archaeology of the Classical World II 615

Iconography and Artistic Production 617

The ‘Mosaic of the Sages’ from Lyrbe / Seleukeia 617Nazlı Yildirim

Some Remarks on the Iconography of Hermes Kriophoros in Magna Graecia and Sicily in the 5th Century BC 627Ambra Pace

The Origins of the lorica segmentata 633Marco Conti

Handmade Terracotta Figurines: Subjects Of Daily Life 639Vanessa Chillemi

Hellenistic Plastic Vases in Sicily: Some Reflection 651Alessandra Granata

Between Myth and History: Mediterranean Funerary Monuments in the 4th Century BC 657Alessandro Poggio

Archaeology of Gesture and Relics: Early Signs of the Sacred In Veii 661Laura Maria Russo

History 677

The Dionysus Cult in Antioch 677İnanç Yamaç

Economy and Institutions in Ancient Greek Proverbs. A Contribution on Trade and Taxation 685Carmela Raccuia

Attic Weights and the Economy of Athen 691Mario Trabucco

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Sitodosia, euerghesia and emporia: Some Examples from Sicily 695Elena Santagati

Greeks and Sikels in the Hyblaean Area: an Historical Interpretation of the Epigraphic Evidence in the Chalcidian Hinterland 699Nella Sudano

Reconstructing Aspects of pre-Roman History, Political Organization, Religion and Trading Contacts of Greek Colonies of ‘Thracia Pontica’: the Case of Histria and Kallati 709Maria Girtzi

The Role of Professional Associations in the Romanization Process of the Western Provinces. A Study Proposal 717Ilenia Gradante

The Eastern Mediterranean in the Greek Anthroponymy of Roman Hispania: the Case of Aegyptu 723Pedro Marques

In the Land West of the Euphrates: the Parthians in the Roman Empire 731Leonardo Gregoratti

The Ecclesia Dei in Early Christian Inscriptions: Bishops, Presbyters and Deacons in Sicily 737Giuseppe Falzone

The Two Agorai of the Piraeus: Literary, Epigraphic and Archaeological Source 749Valentina Consoli

From Earthquake to Archaeological Rediscovery: Two Unpublished Epigraphs from the Aquila Province 757Carla Ciccozzi, Alessandra Granata, Walter Grossi

Numismatic 763

Water Fauna and Sicilian Coins from the Greek Period 763Mariangela Puglisi

Coinage and Indigenous Populations in Central Sicily 779Lavinia Sole

Greek and Hellenistic Coins in the Central Adriatic Apennines Between the 5th and 2nd Centuries BC 789Maria Cristina Mancini

Coins in Messapia: Research and New Perspective 793Valeria G. Camilleri, Paola d’Angela, Valeria R. Maci, Stefania Montanaro, Lorenzo Rinaudo,

Giuseppe Sarcinelli, Aldo Siciliano, Adriana Travaglini

The ‘Six Emperors’ Coin Hoard’ from the Bay of Camarina 805Giovanni Di Stefano, Giuseppe Guzzetta, Viviana Lo Monaco, Maria Agata Vicari Sottosanti

Archaeology and Sciences 809

Trapeza: A Computer Approach to the Study of Domestic Pottery in Greek Sicily 809Alessandra Cilio

Punic Amphorae from Entella (Sicily): Archaeometric Characterisation of This Possible Consumption Centre 815Giuseppe Montana, Anna Maria Polito, Mariella Quartararo

Physical And Chemical Causes of Deterioration in Excavated Gla 825Ceren Baykan

Some Archaeological and Archeometric Observations on Two Amphorae from the Venice Lagoon 837Iwona Modrzewska, Giancarlo Taroni, Franco Pianetti

Part IV – Byzantine and Medieval Archaeology and History, Museography, Historiography 847

Byzantine and Medieval Anatolia 849

Byzantine Bronze Coins Found in Anatolia and Their Circulation 849Zeliha Demirel Gökalp

An Early Byzantine Graveyard Area in Ankara 857Ayse Fatma Erol

Stoneworks with Animal Motifs Along the Mediterranean Coast of Anatolia During the Byzantine Period 865Ferda Önengüt, Pinar Serdar

The Usage of the Golden Ratio in East Mediterranean Early Byzantine Churche 871Sener Yildirim

The Contribution of Women in the Construction and Decoration of Churches in the Holy Land 881Lihi Habas

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The Beçin–Yelli Madrasah 895Kadir Pektaş

Taş (Stone) Madrasah – The Akşehir Archaeological Museum 901Melda Arca Yalçın

Some Medieval Glazed Wares Uncovered from the Archaeological Excavations at Alanya Castle, Southern Turkey 911Sema Bilici

The 18th-Century Saliha Sultan Tomb 915Bilge Karaöz

Mediterranean Ships in the Russian Medieval Written and Graphic Tradition 919Petr Sorokin

Some Seljukid Tiles Uncovered from the Archaeologıcal Excavatıons at Alâıyye Castle, Southern Turkey 925Leyla Yılmaz

Italy, Sicily and the Mediterranean 929

Urban Topography in the Adriatic Italic Area: the Cult of S. Lorenzo in the Middle Age 929Carmen Soria

Late Medieval Pilgrim Ampullae from Southern Apulia. An Indicator of Long-Distance Pilgrimage or Local Shrines? 937Marco Leo Imperiale

Typological Analysis of a Cooking Ware Vessel for the Dating of Medieval and Post-Medieval Archaeological Contexts in Salento 941Patricia Caprino

The Serapieion and the Church of St. Pancratius in Taormina. The Building from Antiquity to the Middle Age 945Leonardo Fuduli

Importation and Trade of African Pottery in the Ancient Ecclesia Carinensis During the Late Roman Age 959Emma Vitale

Production and Circulation of Palermitan Amphorae in the Medieval Mediterranean 963Fabiola Ardizzone

Agrigento between Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Dynamics of Transformation in the Area of the Early Christian Cemetery from the 3rd to the 11th Centuries A.D. 975Giuseppina Cipriano

Vandals in the Mediterranean: a Problematical Presence 987Vincenzo Aiello

Vandals in the Mediterranean: Sicily and its Role 991Elena Caliri

Vandals in the Mediterranean: the Monetary System 997Daniele Castrizio

The Settlement in the District of Grammena-Valcorrente Near Belpasso (Ct) between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages 1001Elisa Bonacini, Maria Turco, Lucia Arcifa

Qui eadem aqua utuntur. A Late Antique and Early Byzantine Village in Rural Calamonaci (Agrigento, Sicily) 1011Maria Concetta Parello, Annalisa Amico

The Dump of Burgio: the Kiln Wastes of the First Pottery Workshops (16th-17th Centuries A.D.) in the Garella District 1019Maria Concetta Parello

Interdisciplinary Study of a Rupestrian Site Differently Utilized from 5Th-6th to 14th Centuries (South-East Sicily) 1025Noemi Billeci, Lorella Pellegrino, Giacomo Caruso, Francesco Paolo Mancuso, Franco Palla

Marble Production and Marble Trade Along the Mediterranean Coast in the Early Byzantine Period (5th-6th centuries AD): the Data from Quarries, Shipwrecks and Monument 1033Elena Flavia Castagnino Berlinghieri, Andrea Paribeni

Medieval Byzantine Shipwrecks in the Eastern Adriatic 1043Vesna Zmaić

Museums, Historiography, Enhancement 1051

The Archaeological Museum of Thassos: the New Permanent Exhibition 1051Dimitria Malamidou, Zisis Bonias, Konstantinos Galanaki

Ancient Sardinia on the Move 1063Barbara Costa

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From the Universal Museum to the Public Museum: the Role of Archaeological Finds in Palermo Between the 18th and 19th Century 1075Rosanna Equizzi

The Legend of Mount Nemrud: Commagene Kingdom 3D Reconstruction of the Archaeological Remains of the Holy Sanctuary on Mount Nemrud 1081Ahmet Denker, Hakan Onız

Some Examples of Traditional Housing from the Village of Eskikizilelma and the Aktopraklik Höyük Excavations, Bursa 1089Abdullah Deveci

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Some Observations On The Road Network Through The Peloritani Region, North-Eastern Sicily

Anna Lisa PalazzoIndependent archaeologist

The existence of internal routes passing through the Peloritani chain, the mountainous region that characterizes the north-eastern area of Sicily, is one of the least known and discussed issues in the archaeological literature. The particular topographical conformation of this mountainous belt, making it almost an island within the island, has certainly discouraged, so far, the beginning of systematic surveys about the process of understanding the peopling of this area in historical times. This paper aims at focusing on one of the major unresolved issues characterizing the area in ancient times, the question of the road network. Relying on the historical, archaeological and topographical clues of material culture, it seems possible to provide some diachronic observations regarding the possible existence of two types of routes: an internal route, passing through the Peloritani Centrali (called Transpeloritana) – an particularly through the area of the today’s towns of Francavilla di Sicilia and Novara di Sicilia – and a road system using dry riverbeds, connecting the Ionian coast to the Tyrrhenian Sea.1

The internal route – Transpeloritana

This mountainous area presents two very different habitats, both from the topographic and orographic point of view. The first is the habitat of the Alcantara River Valley2 which includes the town of Francavilla sulla Valle dell’Alcantara with its Greek sanctuary, representing the peak of the cultural and religious Greek expansion towards the ‘boundary’, perhaps not only a natural one, of the Peloritani region.3

At the end of the Alcantara Valley there is a belt of territory (Fig.1, zone 1) characterized by high mountains alternating with steep saddles4 that in ancient times too was probably located in an intermediate position compared to the indigenous or colonial settlements close to the Tyrrhenian coast (Longane-Rodì; since

1 I wish to thank Valeria Leotta for helping me with the English translation.2 I.G.M., F. 262, I SW Taormina; I.G.M., F. 262, IV SE Castiglione di Sicilia. 3 Already peopled in the Bronze and Iron Age, Francavilla in the Valley of the Alcantara River (ancient Akesines) was the site of a settlement, probably situated in the upper part of the village (where a medieval castle is currently located) and of a sanctuary where pinakes of Locrian type have been found and subsequently related to the presence of the Dinomenidi in Naxos during the 5th century BC. For an overview of the status quaestionis, with previous bibliography, see Spigo 2003: 643-64.4 I.G.M., F. 262, IV NE Rocca Novara. From the geological point of view, the ‘coperture tardorogene pre-collisionali dell’Oligocene-Miocene Inferiore’ characterizing this habitat refers to two different units (Cfr. Lentini, Catalano, Carbone 2000): the one characterizing the area of Monte Trefinaite (OMar) presents ‘alternanze argilloso-arenacee, costituite da arkosi grigio-giallastre in strati da decimetrici a metrici cui si intercalano livelli decimetrici argilloso-marnosi’, while the other side, in the area of Monte Donavedao-Poggio Primavera, is characterized by Capo d’Orlando Flysch deposits (OMc).

the Hellenistic period5 Abakainon-Tripi6) and the Ionic one (Francavilla). A recent work by M.G. Bacci7 clearly points out the limits of the research on this area, whose topographical boundaries are formed by the above-mentioned towns, which the archaeological surveys have only partially investigated.

Even if today this region is mainly used as a grazing area, it includes plenty of woods characterized by high-mountain tree species (particularly pines, oaks, chestnuts), especially in the highest areas above sea level. Up to now, no evidence of material culture in historical times has been found in this mountainous region between the two above-mentioned indigenous towns, which are likely to represent the limit of human penetration of this area. Nevertheless it is worth remembering that the indigenous centre of Abakainon8 probably extended its chora as far as the wooded areas to the south in the direction of Rocca Novara9. As a matter of fact, the sēma of a local coin (litra) of Abakainon, representing a wild boar sometimes accompanied by its offspring and/or acorns, has been interpreted as proof of this, since, according to G. Manganaro, it refers to one of the main features of the local landscape and wildlife typical of the Nebrodi and Peloritani regions.10 From the Dionysian age onwards, following the foundation of Tyndaris (396 BC), and the resulting phenomenon of control by the Syracusan hegemony on the Tyrrhenian coast and then the inclusion of the coastal indigenous towns in the sphere of influence of Syracusai,11 this area seems to have become an intermediate transit area.

For this period only G. Uggeri proposes an itinerary that reconstructs the existence of a road linking various places of the hinterland of the Ionian coast and intercepting this area. The road probably climbed the Peloritani chain up to Rocca Novara/Salvatesta and, running along the Fantina dry river (maybe identifiable with the ancient river Longanos), reached

5 As for the settlement and the necropolis of Longane (c.da Grassorella, Rodì), see Genovese 1977: 9-54, and Bacci 1999: 258, with previous bibliography.6 The identification of the site in Contrada Piano (Tripi- Messina), inhabited since prehistoric times, with Abakainon is a recent archaeological investigation; the necropolis area is located in Contrada Cardusa, and dates back to a period between the 4th and the 2nd centuries BC. The burials are characterized by the presence of monumental epitymbia – comparable to the monumental types of Tindari, Messina, Lentini – and by rich grave goods, perhaps belonging to a high status city elite. 7 Bacci 1999.8 Manganaro 1999: 122, n. 54, and proposing comparisons with similar types from Morgantina.9 The boundaries of the chora have been beautifully reconstructed by Bacci 1999: 258, who recalls that, after the disappearance of Longane, the Abakainon territory extended up to the chora of Zancle. After the founding of Dionysian Tyndaris (396 BC) some of the territory passed under the control of the coastal town.10 Manganaro 1999: 122, n. 54.11 On this issue see Consolo Langher 1996: 577 with previous bibliography.

Copyright material: no unauthorized reproduction in any medium

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SOMA 2011

the Mazzarrà river (Helikon)12 and continued along the coast. According to G. Manganaro, the northern stretch of this road was covered by the theoroi of Delphi on their journey from Tyndaris to Abakainon at the beginning of the 2nd century BC.13

There is no evidence of human settlement in this area during the Roman period. For the Republican period the hypothesis of a Transpeloritana route, going from Tauromenion to Mylae and passing through the area of Portella Mandrazzi, has been reconstructed on the basis of an episode of the Bellum between Octavian and Sextus Pompey (the so-called Anabasis by Cornificius, 36 BC14) variously reconstructed by historians. Hypothetically, this road intercepted also the areas downstream of Monte Trefinaite, or even an area of the hinterland of Poggio Primavera (Argimusco), as suggested by A. Holm.15 The immediate northern hinterland of this area has yielded evidence of the fact that Abacaenum was inhabited also in the following period (according to R. Wilson, from the age of Augustus it became vicus of nearby Tyndaris).16

There is little known of the human settlement during the Byzantine period, but this area was probably very important for the new road network of the province of Byzantium which, even if maintaining the coastal main routes of the Roman cursus, began to prefer an internal road system, less smooth running but important for the strategic control of the area as well as for quick and efficient links between the coasts when the coastal roads were not practicable.17

The central area of the Peloritani chain – and particularly the area around the mountainous saddle near Portella Mandrazzi – probably played a significant role in this new topographic balance that combined the exigencies of control of the area and the need for routes of communication. This area probably had a major road system existing since the Byzantine period (Dromo), going from the Ionian coast to Francavilla di Sicilia and, through Novara, to the coast near today’s Castroreale San Biagio.18

As for the medieval period, it is worth recalling that Al-Idrisi19 mentioned the nearby town of Tripi and its role as a stopping

12 G. Uggeri has recently suggested that this route followed approximately today’s layout of SS 185, going from Giardini Naxos to Terme Vigliatore (Uggeri 2004: 124). As for the identification of the Fantina with the Longanos, and of the Helikon with the Mazzarrà, see Uggeri 2004: 206. 13 Manganaro 1996: 131.14 As for this episode, recalled by App., Bell. Civ., V, 113-114, see Roddaz 1984: 113-14.15 Spigo 2003: 647 reconstructs the route probably followed by Cornificius’ army according to the proposal by Pace 1947: I, 308-9: Francavilla, the Zavianni creek valley, Portella Mandrazzi, Novara-Salvatesta, Barcellona; the other itinerary, conjectured by Aiello-Holm (Holm 1901: 393-94), assumed the crossing of the Peloritani chain from the Mount Etna side: the north bank of the Alcantara River, Gaggi, Francavilla, Mojo, S. Domenica Vittoria, Roccella Valdemone, Bosco dell’Arginusco, Montalbano and the Tyrrhenian coastal area.16 The Roman settlement, of about 30 hectares, was characterized by the presence of structures probably belonging to a forum and a columned temple, see Wilson 1990: 149. The sporadic finding of ARSW (Hayes 8a) and a monumental inscription fragment (AE 1955, 195; I BC) mentioning two duoviri – see Bejor 1986: 495 – have also been reported from this site.17 Arcifa 2006: 142- 43.18 As for the possibility that the Dromo already existed in the Byzantine period, see Arcifa 1997: 181-186; as for the ‘privilegio di Ruggero II’ see Pirri 1773; as for the Dromo in the Peloritani region see also Uggeri 2004: 124 and Manganaro 1996: 131.19 Edr. VI, 66, 1-2 (Amari 1982: 119).

place within the polistellare20 topographical system, because of the castles and market places that already characterized the Islamic period and made its road system very different to that of earlier times. In the early medieval period the area was still crossed by the Dromo: at this time the route took its final shape (and probably still followed by today’s SS 185). The network of Basilian monasteries, built in order to control the inland areas that were very important after the re-conquest of the island by the Normans21 (Novara di Sicilia, Badia Vecchia, S. Giacomo di Calò),22 became more thoroughly organized around the Dromo.

The historical reports allow us to say that this region represented a transit area for long periods of time, the idea being to make quick links between the two coasts easier and also assist military purposes. These reports demonstrate that this area was crossed by a road system that was probably introduced by the Greeks and was exploited more intensely from the Byzantine period and especially during early medieval times, because of the phenomenon of territorial control following the spread of Basilian monasticism in the vicinity of the main axis (Dromo). It would be interesting to identify archaeologically areas of human activity or settlement at this site – where it was not always easy to live because of its position and altitude – linked to the exploitation of the land for hunting, especially in prehistoric times (as happened in the neighbourhoods of Monte Donavedao and Monte Paulera/Sperlinga di San Basilio),23 but perhaps also during later periods.24

The road system along dry riverbed

The other main route was the one that followed the path of the dry riverbeds below the mountains (Fig.1, zone 2). It is difficult to reconstruct this kind of road network, but the presence of some archaeological, topographical and historical clues help us to make some assumptions.

The dry riverbeds are the most noticeable phenomena of the Peloritani region. They run along the valley floor of the ridge on the Ionian coast, ascend the mountainous watershed and drop down the opposite ridge, connecting the Tyrrhenian and Ionian coasts.

It is a natural road system, probably related to seasonal activities such as sheep rearing – nowadays it is still used for the same purpose. On the highlands immediately overlooking the dry riverbeds there are grazing areas concentrated around particular structures typical of the region, still in use until last century (the so-called pagghiari), a reconstruction of which can be seen at the Museuo della Civiltà Agro-Pastorale in Antillo (Messina).25

20 See Uggeri 2004: 293.21 Arcifa 1997:181-86; Arcifa 2006: 141-52; see also Pirrotti 2006: 16-7.22 Prestipino 2000: 72.23 Riparo della Sperlinga: Cavalier 1971: 7-63. As for this issue see also Biddittu 1971: 68. As for the geological and climatical charateristics of the Peloritani region in prehistorical periods see Agnesi- Macaluso- Masini 1997: 44-45 and 52-53. In order to get a general view about the expansion of the wooded environment due to a major climatic change since the Holocene (10,000 BC) and about the typical fauna that populated this environment (deer, wild boar, dormouse) see also Villari 1997: 223-26 and Tagliacozzo 1997: 227-47.24 Think of the litrai from Abakainon with sēma of wild boar or\and acorn, as suggested by Manganaro 1999: 122, n. 54, recalling the typical faunal and arboreal environment of the hinterland of the indigenous village.25 For the importance of the continuity of the anthropological characteristics in non-industrialized areas, with special reference to

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The existence of a route along the dry Agrò riverbed during the Roman period has been reconstructed thanks to the analysis of the settlement of Scifì, above Forza d’Agrò, in the ancient district inland of Capo S. Alessio,26 halfway along Via Pompeia a Tauromenio ad Palmas. At this site, already inhabited since the 2nd century AD, some archaeologists discovered the structures of a villa from the 4th-5th century BC that was probably used as a dwelling place. The publisher of the complex, M.C. Lentini, writes that it was a statio viaria near an unofficial route connecting the Tyrrhenian and the Ionian coasts, thanks to the mountain paths that, through the area around Fondachelli, descended to the coast.27

The fact that the settlement of Scifì was still peopled in the 5th century AD seems to strengthen the facies of this region as a connecting area during the period of the ‘Theme’ of Sicily, characterized by the presence of connecting roads not always official, but very important for short-distance communications and above all useful for rapid movements of troops or to get to refuge areas in the interiors.28

No clues of material culture have been found in this area, but some remains of artefacts from the immediate hinterland are now kept in the small museum at Antillo which houses some fragments of dolia and semicircular roof tiles (the so-called tegole pettinate) typical of the 5th-7th centuries AD.29 The tiles are scored with vertical and corrugated grooves, a technique recently noticed in the storerooms of building material and transport amphorae from Statio Acium (5th century AD).30 Therefore these items point back to the late Roman-Byzantine chronological horizon. A local historian and retired teacher, M. Smiroldo, discovered some materials and highlighted the areas of origin, mainly concentrated in the region south of Antillo, between the homonymous stream and the upper part of the river Agrò.

pastoral economies, see Cambi 2000: 253. Structures of this kind have been observed also in the cultures of the smaller Eolian islands since the Middle Bronze Age. They are likely to represent a clue to the persistence of elements of material culture within societies that were essentially static in the long run (see Martinelli and Lopes 2005: 281- 85).26 Capo S. Alessio, located along the coastal route called via Pompeia a Tauromenion ad Palmas, is characterized by a small bay sheltered below the promontory where two excavation campaigns (1983 and 1986) revealed structures dating back to a period from the 2nd to the 4th/5th centuries AD, perhaps belonging to a settlement possessing a small harbour. This settlement was probably the statio Palmae sive Tamariciae (20km south of Messina) mentioned in the Itinerarium Antonini (see It. Ant., 87, 13; Portale 2006: 39 and Sirena 2006). 27 Portale 2006: 44. As for the hypothesis of an ‘unofficial route’ behind the Via Pompeia that went through the Peloritani region connecting the Ionian and Tyrrhenian coasts, see Lentini and Ollà 2001: 123-27. For the site of Scifì, in the Peloritani chain area that splits the Ionian coast of eastern Sicily from the Tyrrhenian highlands, three excavation campaigns (1985, 1995, 1997) showed the presence of a settlement from the 2nd century AD, with the most intense phases of population at the end of the 4th/early 5th centuries AD, and yielded some flat-bottomed transport amphorae produced in that same area, and some amphorae produced in North Africa (see Casasola 1996: 1191-1193) associated with ARSW D. 28 In the case of the Nebrodi and the Peloritani mountains, this phenomenon has been highlighted by L. Arcifa in 1997 (Arcifa 1997: 181-86) and during a lecture in 2006 (Arcifa 1997: 141-152).29 As for this production, peculiar to the Byzantine period in Sicily, see the still important essay by Wilson 1979: 23, fig. 2.1.c; pl. 2. VI. b. 30 The semi-circular tiles kept at the Antillo museum seem to be comparable with the materials of the 5th- century AD layers that come from the kiln of S. Venera al Pozzo-Statio Acium that have been dated to the early 4th century AD on the basis of the finding of coins of Constantine I and transport amphorae (Keay LII, Keay LIII and their variants), as well as of building material; for a comparison see Amari 2007: 154, n. 15.

In particular, most of the items kept at the museum come from the areas surrounding the top and slopes of Pizzo Pinazzo, where a settlement area31 and some tombs were located.32 Other reports of the presence of materials probably dating back to the Byzantine period come from the Contrade Marraleo, Sciarra,33 S. Cataldo,34 Caucinara, Acquafredda (loc. Caldaffella),35 Ferraro, Ghialoru,36 Qualinoto, Ciccuddu,37

During the early medieval period the road system of the area seems to be related to the phenomenon of Basilian monasticism,38 even if the existence of a Basilian church in Contrada Ferraro, on the top of Monte Schia39 – remembered by local historians, but not mentioned by historical sources and not proven by remains of buildings – is not certain. Therefore, these reports could be traced back to the hypothesis of the so-called sistema a pettine, the unofficial road system suggested by L. Arcifa for the central area of the Peloritani chain in the early medieval period (fig. 2).

After reaching the first peaks of the Peloritani chain at Antillo, this road went probably down in the direction of today’s town of Fondachelli Fantina (Messina).40 There are few clues to any

31 According to Smiroldo this would be the site of a burial area, ‘tra rocce calcaree, ad una decina di metri a monte della vecchia comunale piazzo-Ibissaro’, that held remains of a burial with grave goods, and further upstream, near Contrada Don Piano Cola, remains of cremations (Smiroldo 1991: 45).32 Smiroldo 1991; 47, (proprietà Sebastiano e Onofrio Pinto); in 1935, the area was destined to the construction of residential buildings.33 Smiroldo 1991: 47, reports the accidental discovery, from Contrada Marraleo e Sciarra, of ‘una o più ampolle con foro prominente e con disegni sulla superficie superiore’, which are currently not found among the materials kept at the Antillo museum. Smiroldo moreover indicates Contrada Marraleo as the place where a stone slab was discovered in the 1950s and then destroyed.34 Smiroldo 1991: 46, reports the presence of the remains of a silo (rinvenimento Giuseppe Lo Schiavo), of a basaltic millstone (proprietà Crupi), and some tombs.35 Smiroldo 1991: 35.36 Smiroldo 1991: 51 (roof and tiles). 37 Smiroldo 1991: 35, 54 (presence of dolia fragments).38 For this topographical issue and the relations between the Norman invaders and the Basilian monasteries, see the observations by Arcifa 2001: 2: ‘Possiamo, infatti, ipotizzare, pure in mancanza di esplicite testimonianza documentarie, l’esistenza di una importante via di comunicazione lungo il crinale del Dinnamare, alla quale si attestavano, in un sistema a pettine, una serie di assi ortogonali che risalivano le fiumare, discendendo in alcuni casi lungo il versante opposto. Questo sistema, tagliando trasversalmente la catena montuosa dei Peloritani, realizzava, così, un collegamento tra l’asse viario costiero del versante ionico e la costa tirrenica. Parte integrante di questo sistema è la maglia degli insediamenti basiliani, la cui ubicazione consentiva di intercettare le comunicazioni da e per l’interno. In questa logica, dunque, anche la disposizione di SS. Pietro e Paolo d’Itala, SS. Pietro e Paolo d’Agro, del S. Salvatore di Bordonaro, di S. Filippo il Grande, di S. Maria di Mandanici, di S. Maria di Mili risponde in modo capillare alla necessità di controllo di queste importanti arterie di penetrazione.’39 Smiroldo 1991: 63.40 I.G.M., F. 262, I NW Limina; I.G.M., F. 262, IV NE Rocca Novara. From the geological point of view, the area has homogeneous specific qualities that point back to the characteristics of Unità di S. Marco d’Alunzio (m3), see Lentini-Catalano-Carbone 2000. It is also worth noting that the immediate hinterland of the area is characterized by the presence of mining districts for the production of lead, iron, pyrite, silver, which, until the beginning of the 20th century, were exploited via mining installations at Argentiera (Monte Trefontane), Saitta-Purracchino (Monte Sereno), Rio delle Canne (Fantina), Volcano (Canale di Broccuro), Canale-San Giorgio Raccui (Fondachelli). As for these mining districts, probably known in ancient times, when the processes of mining were not yet known, see Wilson 1989: 217. As for the 1129 grant by Ruggero II acknowledging the exploitation of the mining area by the owners from Messina, see Bianchi 1841: 173-75. For the end of this privilege in the Svevian period and the returning of the territories where the mining districts were located to the public treasury, see Puzzolo Sigillo 1936: 54. For the copper, lead and silver mines operating in Fondachelli – and

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material culture that can prove the presence of nearby settlements, nevertheless, it is worth pointing out the discovery of a globular shaped dolium – comparable to the series of Late Roman dolia coming from the Peloritani region and recently published by M. C. Lentini41 – along the eastern ridge of the Vallone Bocca di Cane, in the surrounding area of the town of Fondachelli. Despite the absence of other evidence, the existence of a route running beside the dry Fantina riverbed (probably identifiable with the river Longanos), up to the Mazzarrà (Helikon) dry riverbed42 and along the coast, cannot be ruled out. The role played by dry rivers in this area was still important until the last century, when the dry riverbed system was paralleled by a road axis characterized by the presence of a warehouse that was still active at the end of 180043 and was mainly used for the supply of the villages inland of Mount Etna as for the goods coming from the ports on the Tyrrhenian coast (Milazzo in particular44). It was surrounded by scattered groups of houses gathered in districts that lodged the agricultural labourers who were employed in the large estates of Novara di Sicilia, to which Fondachelli still belonged until the 1950s.45 Even today the irregular topographical arrangement of the districts reflects the original status of groups of scattered dwellings.

Therefore, in the area between the two dry rivers on the Tyrrhenian and Ionian coasts (Agrò and Fantina) and underlying the mountainous watershed and ridges, there was probably a road system dating back to the Greek or perhaps Late Roman-Byzantine period, as demonstrated by the remains relevant to settlements inland of Antillo (Pizzo Pinazzo), and also by the report of the finding of dolium at Fondachelli.

Conclusions

The debate about the existence of routes passing through the Peloritani chain, alternative to the main coastal thoroughfares and allowing quicker connections between the major coastal towns of the northern Ionian area (the coloniae of Catina and Tauromenion) and the Tyrrhenian region (the oppidum of Mylae) – without having to rely on the Traiectus – is still ongoing in light of the lack of documentation on the traditional routes that made up the road system in Sicily.46 Other important factors included transport methods, i.e. carts used in preference on the carriage roads of the cursus publicus, rather than the mountain

certainly exploited at various times from 1726 to 1734 and from 1749 to 1759 by the Bourbons and from 1824 to 1840 by the British firm Routh, Valentine & Wallin, and from 1847 to1866 by W. Beck (MacLean Company) – and for the last attempt by J. F. Marchand in the two-year period 1874-1875, see the historical reconstruction by Prestipino 2000: 44- 68. For more recent projects relating to the exploitation of tungsten in the 1980s, carried out by the University of Messina and from the EMS (Ente Minerario Siciliano), see Baldanza and Triscari 1987: 134-139. 41 As reported by Mr. Italo Galofaro (Fondachelli Fantina). The artefact is currently in good condition and is kept, partially buried, near the entrance to the former olive press (‘Casa degli Inglesi’) in Fondachelli, now under renovation in preparation for a local museum of modern art. For a comparison, see Lentini 2001: 140-41, especially n. 8. 42 G. Uggeri has recently suggested that this route followed approximately today’s layout of SS 185, going from Giardini Naxos to Terme Vigliatore, v. Uggeri 2004, p. 124. For the identification of the Fantina with the Longanos, and of the Helikon with the Mazzarrà, see Uggeri 2004: 206. 43 For the derivation of the toponym ‘Fondaco-Fondachello’ from the Arabic word funduq = stopping place, see Uggeri 2004: 294. For the importance of toponomastic researches and archaeological surveys, see Cambi 2000: 253. For Fondachelli’s first built area, of uncertain date and on the outskirts of Novara di Sicilia, see Prestipino 2000: 86, 118-20. 44 Prestipino 2000: 28.45 Prestipino 2000: 161.46 The issue is just hinted at by Portale 2006: 44.

paths, which were more suitable for mules or for non-commercial traffic.47 Nevertheless, we can hardly rule out the existence of roads of this type, not only because of the need for quick connections between the two coasts, but also because of the exigencies arising from the exploitation of the resources of the area – more or less seasonal (timber, grazing areas, etc.) – and because of the presence of dry rivers, especially the Agrò and the Fantina, that are still today a natural connecting route to the Tyrrhenian coast.

The above-mentioned remarks seem to encourage the hypothesis of a more effective human presence after the Late Roman period and after the beginning of the ‘per iuga et per munitissima castra’48 peopling of the inland areas, during which the importance of connecting roads, unofficial but essential for communications on a small scale, becomes self-evident.

Such road networks often sprang from spontaneous needs and are often considered of minor importance. Their traces are difficult to find, even if frequently accompanied by the presence of small settlements. The recent archaeological evidence (mostly dating back to the 5th-7th centuries AD), that seems to have an equivalent in the discoveries made on the other side of the Peloritani chain, can probably be linked to this issue. Further archaeological researches are required to throw more light on this subject.

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Fig. 2: The road network within the Peloritan region during Medieval times (after Arcifa 2006)

Figure Palazzo_Fig_1.JP Fig. 1: Map of the Sicilian watercourses, indicating zones 1 (the probable area of the Transpeloritana road) and 2 (the probable area of the road system along the dry riverbeds). (After Piano di Tutela

delle Acque in Sicilia, Bacino Idroeologico dei Monti Peloritani,, I.N.G.V.- Regione Sicilia, Dicembre 2007) G

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