书书书

陶渊明诗歌英译比较研究

A Comparative Study

of Tao Yuanming�s Poetry

汪榕培 编著

外语教学与研究出版社

Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press

目 录

自序

第一部分 陶诗英译比较研究 3⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

一语天然万古新 5⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

两种文化，两种田园诗———《读山海经》（其一）比读

68⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

各领风骚译陶诗———《归园田居》（其一）比读 99⋯⋯

诗中画，画中情，情中意———《归园田居》（其三）比读

115⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

陶诗英译百花开———《饮酒》（其五）比读 128⋯⋯⋯

承前启后，推陈出新———《停云》比读 148⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

一首深刻的寓言诗———《形影神》比读 160⋯⋯⋯⋯

第二部分 陶诗英译比读 191⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

The Course of Nature （With a Preface） 193⋯⋯⋯

时运（并序） 195⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

A Leisured Life on the Double Ninth （With a

Preface） 203⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

九日闲居（并序） 205⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

Back to Country Life 211⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

归园田居 212⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

Begging 224⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

乞食 225⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

A Poem of Sorrow Dedicated to Secretaries Pang

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and Deng 230⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

怨诗楚调示庞主簿邓治中 231⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

Moving Houses 236⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

移居二首 237⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

Matching a Poem by Secretary Guo 246⋯⋯⋯⋯

和郭主簿 247⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

Composed on My Way to Assume the Office

of Military Counsellor 255⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

始作镇军参军经曲阿作 256⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

Thoughts on the Ancients Written in My

Cottage 262⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

癸卯岁始春怀古田舍二首 263⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

Caught in Fire in Mid-June 267⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

戊申岁六月中遇火 268⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

The Double_Ninth Festival 276⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

己酉岁九月九日 277⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

Early Crops in the West Fields in

Mid_September 281⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

庚戌岁九月中于西田获早稻 282⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

Drinking Wine 287⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

饮酒 288⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

Abstaining from Wine 310⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

止酒 311⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

Admonishing My Sons 315⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

责子 316⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

In Imitation of Old Poems 324⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

拟古 325⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

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Miscellaneous Poems 332⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

杂诗 333⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

On Poor Scholars 351⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

咏贫士 352⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

On Jing Ke 361⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

咏荆轲 363⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

Reading The Book of Mountains and Seas

370⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

读《山海经》 371⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

Requiems 373⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

挽歌诗三首 374⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

Peach_Blossom Springs 389⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

桃花源诗 391⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

主要参考书目 397⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

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自 序

汪榕培

我最喜欢的诗人是陶渊明，所以我翻译他的诗。

陶渊明的诗歌从表面上看似容易，但是我在英译

的过程中发现，要想真正读懂陶诗却并不那么简单。

因为陶渊明的诗是跟他的思想和生平密切相关的，而

关于他的思想和生平又有许多争议。陶渊明究竟是以

儒家思想为主导、还是以道家思想为主导，陶学专家仁

者见仁，智者见智，各有高论。至于陶渊明究竟有没有

受到佛教玄学思想的影响，多数陶学专家不承认佛教

对他的影响，可是也有专家写出了《陶诗佛音辨》的洋

洋大著。关于陶渊明的生平，他的一生（包括他的出

生年代，故里所在地，甚至他的名字）都是众说纷纭的

话题。而对于这些没有定论的问题的不同理解会直接

导致对陶渊明诗歌的精神实质的把握，从而影响翻译

的传神达意。

为了加深对陶渊明生活环境的理解，我到陶渊明

的故乡江西省九江地区进行了实地考察。在九江县县

城沙河镇的陶渊明纪念馆，我参观了迁建的陶靖节祠

和仿建的陶渊明墓，与纪念馆的卢晓玲副馆长进行了

交谈并建立了联系。在马回岭乡的面阳山（在海军后

勤某部的院内），拜谒了陶渊明的原墓，墓地处在群山

深处，苍松环绕，层林迭翠，令人回肠荡气。从高速路

口搭乘进村的运货汽车，来到黄老门乡大塘陶家村，一

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路田园风光，跟陶渊明似乎没有隔代之感。更可喜的

是，我见到了 75 岁高龄的陶开成等陶氏后代，他们热

心好客，乐于助人� 邻村一位名叫杨宜发的村民一直把

我送到路口，体现了朴实的民风。在东方净土宗的发

源地东林寺，壮观的庙宇自然给我留下深刻的印象，但

是印象更深的是那些稚气未脱的小僧人。

我在翻译陶渊明诗歌的时候，除了阅读陶渊明诗

歌的各种版本以及现有的各种英译本以外，还设法阅

读了尽可能多的陶学研究著作和论文，并与类似题材

的英语诗歌进行了比读，其结果就是这本《陶渊明诗

歌英译比较研究》。

在本书的编写过程中，我得到了多方的支持和帮

助，尤其是在九江师范专科学校得以结识陶学编辑家

陈忠教授，承蒙他提供了许多难以得到的参考资料，更

加开阔了我的眼界，在此谨致以衷心的感谢。在学陶、

译陶、研陶的两年多时间里，我在陶学研究方面只不过

是初涉浅尝，越研究就越发现自己才疏学浅，仅能为陶

学走向世界尽一点微薄的努力。仅此而已。

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第一部分

陶诗英译比较研究

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一语天然万古新

陶渊明（365—427）是继屈原之后，唐朝李白和杜

甫之前最伟大的诗人，在我国乃至世界的诗坛上均享

有崇高的声誉。陶渊明的诗句“采菊东篱下，悠然见

南山”、“种豆南山下，草盛豆苗稀”、“暧暧远人村，依

依墟里烟。狗吠深巷中，鸡鸣桑树巅”自幼就在我的

脑海中留下了深刻的印象。从去年夏天开始，我用了

一年时间把陶渊明的全部诗歌译成英语，并陆续写了

一组有关陶诗英译比读的文章。我在反复阅读陶渊明

诗歌和国内外大量参考文献的时候，看到注释家、评论

家和翻译家们仁者见仁、智者见智，给陶渊明的诗歌贴

上各种标签（“田园诗人”、“隐逸诗人”等等），从局部

（一首诗、一些诗）来看都有道理，但是从另一个局部

来看却又不尽合适，外国翻译家的曲解之处则随处可

见。

陶渊明所处的时代是动荡的，他的思想是复杂的，

他的人格是高尚的，他的人生是坦荡的，陶渊明就是陶

渊明。他的诗歌是上述各种因素的自然流露，他的诗

歌的伟大之处就在于这些诗歌体现了一个活生生的陶

渊明，真实地反映了他的各种经历和各种思想情绪，成

为一颗颗光彩夺目的天然明珠。正因为陶渊明的诗歌

不是“雕琢”出来的，而是自然“凝结”而成的，所以英

译陶诗成功与否，关键在于能否把握每首诗的“自然”

之处，然后能否以朴素自然的译入语表达出来，“翻译

匠”是无法创造性地再现陶诗的意境和风貌的。

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正因为上述原因，在英译和比读工作即将告一段

落的时候，我越来越意识到翻译陶渊明的诗歌必须从

了解陶渊明其人开始，然后消化陶渊明其诗，进而在充

分借鉴前人成果的基础上，译出一个比较满意的文本

来。

一、陶渊明其人

（一）陶渊明的生平

关于陶渊明生平的最早的记载当数他的挚友颜延

之所作的《陶征士诔并序》，稍后又见于梁代沈约的

《宋书·隐逸传》、梁代萧统的《陶渊明集·序》、唐代

李延寿的《南史·隐逸传》和房玄龄的《晋书·隐逸

传》等书。各文的内容大同小异，但以沈约所撰的传

记最为详尽，兹将全文抄录如下�

陶潜字渊明，或云渊明字元亮，寻阳柴桑人也。曾

祖侃，晋大司马。

潜少有高趣，尝著《五柳先生传》以自况，曰�

先生不知何许人，不详姓字，宅边有五柳树，

因以为号焉。闲静少言，不慕荣利。好读书，不求甚

解，每有会意，欣然忘食。性嗜酒，而家贫不能恒得。

亲旧知其如此，或置酒招之，造饮辄尽，期在必醉。既

醉而退，曾不吝情去留。环堵萧然，不蔽风日，褐穿结，

箪瓢屡空，晏如也。尝著文章自娱，颇示己志，忘怀得

失，以此自终。其自序如此，时人谓之实录。

亲老家贫，起为州祭酒，不堪吏职，少日，自解归。

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州召主簿，不就。躬耕自资，遂抱羸疾，复为镇军、建威

参军，谓亲朋曰� “聊欲弦歌，以为三径之资，可乎？”执

事者闻之，以为彭泽令。公田悉令吏种秫稻，妻子固请

种粳，乃使二顷五十亩种秫，五十亩种粳。郡遣督邮

至，县吏白应束带见之，潜叹曰� “我不能为五斗米折

腰向乡里小人。”即日解印绶去职。赋《归去来》，其词

曰�

归去来兮，园田荒芜，胡不归。既自以心为形

役，奚惆怅而独悲。悟已往之不谏，知来者之可追。实

迷途其未远，觉今是而昨非。舟超遥以轻扬，风飘飘而

吹衣。问征夫以前路，恨晨光之希微。

乃瞻衡宇，载欣载奔。童仆欢迎，稚子候门。

三径就荒，松菊犹存。携幼入室，有酒停尊。引壶觞而

自酌，庭柯以怡颜。倚南窗而寄傲，审容膝之易安。园

日涉而成趣，门虽设而常关。策扶老以流，时矫首而遐

观。云无心以出岫，鸟倦飞而知还。景翳翳其将如，抚

孤松以盘桓。

归去来兮，请息交而绝游。世与我以相遗，复

驾言兮焉求。说亲戚之情话，乐琴书以消忧。农人告

余以上春，将有事于西畴。或命巾车，或棹扁舟。既窈

窕以穷壑，亦崎岖而经丘。木欣欣以向荣泉涓涓而始

流。善万物之得时，感吾生之行休。

已矣乎，寓形宇内复几时。奚不委心任去留，

胡为遑遑欲何之。富贵非吾愿，帝乡不可期。怀良辰

以孤往，或植杖而耘耔。登东皋以舒啸，临清流而赋

诗。聊乘化以归尽，乐夫天命复奚疑。

义熙末，征著作佐郎，不就。江州刺史王弘欲识

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之，不能致也。潜尝往庐山，弘令潜故人庞通之赍酒具

于半道栗里要之，潜有脚疾，使一门生二儿舆篮舆，既

至，欣然便共饮酌，俄顷弘至，亦无忤也。先是，颜延之

为刘柳后军功曹，在寻阳，与潜情款。后为始安郡，经

过，日日造潜，每往必酣饮致醉。临去，留二万钱与潜，

潜悉送酒家，稍就取酒。尝九月九日无酒，无宅边菊丛

中坐久，值弘送酒至，即便就酌，醉而后归。潜不解音

声，而畜素琴一张，无弦，每有酒适，辄抚弄以寄其意。

贵贱造之者，有酒辄设，潜若先醉，便语客� “我醉欲

眠，卿可去。”其真率如此。郡将候潜，值其酒熟，取头

上葛巾漉酒，毕，还复著之。

潜弱年薄官，不洁去就之迹，自以曾祖晋世宰辅，

耻复屈身后代，自高祖王业渐隆，不复肯仕。所著文

章，皆题其年月，义熙以前，则书晋氏年号，自永初以

来，唯云甲子而已。与子书以言其志，并为训诫曰�

天地赋命，有往必终，自古贤圣，谁能独免。

子夏言曰� “死生有命，富贵在天。”四友之人，亲受音

旨，发斯谈者，岂非穷达不可妄求，寿夭永无外请故邪。

吾年过五十，而穷苦荼毒，吾家贫弊，东西游走。性刚

才拙，与物多忤，自量为己，必贻俗患，黾勉辞世，使汝

幼而饥寒耳。常感孺仲贤妻之言，败絮自拥，何惭儿

子。此既一事矣。但恨邻靡二仲，室无莱妇，抱兹苦

心，良独罔罔。

少年来好书，偶爱闲静，开卷有得，便欣然忘

食。见树木交荫，时鸟变声，亦复欢尔有喜。尝言五六

月北窗下卧，遇凉风暂至，自谓是羲皇上人。意浅识

陋，日月遂往，缅求在昔，眇然如何。

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疾患以来，渐就衰损，亲旧不遗，每以药石见

救，自恐大分将有限也。恨汝辈稚小，家贫无役，柴水

之劳，何时可免，念之在心，若何可言。然虽不同生，当

思四海皆弟兄之义。鲍叔、敬仲，分财无猜，归生、伍

举，班荆道旧，遂能以败为成，因丧立功，他人尚尔，况

共父之人哉。颍川韩元长，汉末名士，身处卿佐，八十

而终，兄弟同居，至于没齿。济北汜稚春，晋时操行人

也，七世同财，家人无怨色。《诗》云� “高山仰止，景行

行止。”汝其慎哉！吾复何言。

又为《命子诗》以贻之，曰�

悠悠我祖，爰自陶唐。邈为虞宾，历世垂光。

御龙勤夏，豕韦翼商。穆穆司徒，厥族以昌。纷纭战

国，漠漠衰周。凤隐于林，幽人在丘。逸虬挠云，奔鲸

骇流。天集有汉，眷子愍侯。於赫愍侯，运当攀龙。抚

剑夙迈，显兹武功。参誓山河，启土开封。衅衅丞相，

允迪前踪，浑浑长源，蔚蔚洪河。群川载导，众条载罗。

时有默语，运固隆污。在我中晋，业融长沙。桓桓长

沙，伊勋伊德。天子畴我，专征南国。功遂辞归，临宠

不惑。孰谓斯心，而可近得。肃矣我祖，慎终如始。直

方二台，惠和千里。於皇仁考，淡焉虚止。寄迹夙运，

冥兹愠喜。嗟余寡陋，瞻望靡及。领渐华鬓，负景只

立。三千之罪，无后其急。我诚念哉，呱闻尔泣。卜云

嘉日，占尔良时。名尔曰俨，字尔求思。温恭朝夕，念

兹在兹。尚想孔，庶其企而。厉夜生子，遽而求火。凡

百有心，奚待于我。既见其生，实欲其可。人亦有言，

斯情无假。日居月诸，渐免于孩。福不虚至，祸亦易

来。夙兴夜寐，愿尔斯才。尔之不才，亦已焉哉。

9

潜元嘉四年卒，时年六十三。

由于历史的原因，有关陶渊明生平的文字资料十

分匮乏。现存的二十余种陶氏宗谱以及二十余种陶渊

明年谱中，连他的名字、出生年份、家乡地点等等一直

都是争论不休的话题。但是他的生活情况在他自己的

作品中有不少反映，基本线索是清晰可辨的。根据比

较普遍接受的说法，陶渊明的一生大约是这样度过的�

陶渊明又名陶潜，字元亮，宅边种有五棵柳树，故

自号“五柳先生”，他死后朋友私谥“靖节徵士”，故世

称“靖节先生”。他是寻阳柴桑（现在的江西省九江市

西南二十里赛湖、八里湖一带）人，于公元 365 年（晋

哀帝兴宁三年）出生在一个没落的士族家庭。他的曾

祖父陶侃是东晋的开国元勋，封长沙郡公，死后又追赠

大司马� 祖父陶茂曾任武昌太守，父亲陶敏也曾任过太

守一类的官职，但家道已日趋衰落。尤其在陶渊明出

生以后，家境更是每况愈下。

陶渊明八岁丧父，由于他的母亲是东晋名士孟嘉

的女儿，所以他的家庭教育良好，自小热爱自然、喜好

琴书，熟读儒家六经和《老子》、《庄子》，还阅读了大量

文史、神话等书籍，既受到了儒家思想的熏陶，又受到

了玄学思想的影响。在青年时期，他虽然没有特殊的

爱好和乐趣，但是觉得每天都很充实，具有昂扬的壮

志。陶渊明在二十多岁时结婚，妻子在生下长子俨之

后不久就去世了。陶渊明的第二个妻子翟氏为他生下

俟、份、佚、佟四个儿子。

陶渊明早年没有出仕，大约在公元 393 年他 29 岁

01

时才担任江州祭酒，但是任职不久就挂印而去� 在公元

400 年到荆州任刺史桓玄的幕僚，一年后以母亲去世

为由而辞职还乡。他在公元 404 年（义熙元年）的时

候，应建武将军刘裕之聘在其幕下任镇军参军� 在公元

405 年转任建威将军刘敬宣的参军，同年出任彭泽县

令，仅仅 80 多天后就因为官场的做法有违自己的夙

志、不肯与士族社会合作而毅然弃职归隐，时年 41 岁。

这是他生活道路上的一个分水岭，结束了前后 12 年的

5 次入仕和归隐的徘徊，开始了历时 20 余年的躬耕生

活，此后便再未出仕，过起归园田居的日子。

陶渊明辞去彭泽县令之职回到家乡，怀着满腔的

愤懑不平，重新回到了令他遐想留恋的大自然的怀抱。

他在刚归隐田园的时候，还没有温饱之忧，从险恶的政

治漩涡中解脱出来以后，感到田园生活特别的舒适和

清静。退隐之后的陶渊明和酒结下了不解之缘，以酒

消闲，酒后题诗。后来家里遭到大火，林室俱毁，甚至

只好寄居在船上。加上连年战乱和灾荒，他的生活越

来越拮据，但对归隐的决心丝毫没有后悔的意思。他

于公元 412 年把家搬到南里的南村，在这里一直住到

去世为止。他在那里交往的朋友除了朴实的农民以

外，还有郭主簿、刘遗民、殷景仁、庞通之、庞参军、羊长

吏、张长侍、胡西曹、顾贼曹、戴主簿、慧远、王弘、檀道

济等社会各界人士。他在晚年至少还有一次出仕的机

会，被征为著作佐郎，但是他不愿赴任，表现了他的高

风亮节。在公元 420 年（永初元年）刘宋王朝建立以

后，陶渊明改名为陶潜，取其水中藏身的意思，连深渊

中的明珠也不要了，在写诗文的时候不用新王朝的年

11

号，只用干支代表。陶渊明最后于公元 427 年（宋文

帝元嘉四年）在贫病交加之中悄然离世，享年 63 岁。

（二）陶渊明的思想

陶渊明身处东晋刘宋交替之际，一生经历了三个

朝代（东晋、楚、刘宋）、十个皇帝（晋哀帝、废帝、简文

帝、孝武帝、安帝、桓玄篡位、恭帝、宋武帝、少帝、文

帝），政权更替频繁，战争不断，饥荒瘟疫相继肆虐。

由于国家的分裂和政治的动荡，儒家思想失去了独尊

的地位，老庄思想盛行，玄学成为时髦，苦修今生期待

来世的佛家思想得以普及。当时的文人“齐家治国平

天下”的人生抱负被追求逍遥抱一的精神陶醉所取

代� 这是当时文人的基本特征。陶渊明生活在这样的

时代之中，各种哲学思想自然都会对他的思想产生一

定的影响。

陶渊明自幼就是一个嗜书之人，“少年罕人事，游

好在六经”（《饮酒》其十六）、“弱龄寄事外，委怀在琴

书”（《始作镇军参军经曲阿作》）、“少学琴书，偶爱闲

静，开卷有得，便欣然忘食”（《与子俨等疏》）。陶渊明

在一生的任何时候都喜好读书，认为“诗书敦宿好”

（《辛丑岁七月赴假江陵夜行涂口》）。在他辞官归隐

之后，更是“乐琴书以消忧”（《归去来兮》），“心好异

书”（颜延之� 《陶征士诔并序》），各种书都读，经史子

集无所不包。其中有儒家的经典著作 《诗经》、《易

经》、《书经》、《礼经》、《春秋》、《乐经》、《论语》等，也

有当时流行的 《老子》、《庄子》和 《列子》，以及 《史

记》、《汉书》、《楚辞》、《淮南子》等作品，甚至包括《穆

21

天子传》、《山海经》、《高士传》、《列仙传》、《列女传》

等笔记杂录。陶渊明从这些书籍中也受到了不同程度

的影响，有人做过统计，他在诗文中共引用了 183 种典

籍和作品。

陶渊明受到儒家思想的影响是不言而喻的。在他

的诗文中经常提到儒家的著作和言论� “少年罕人事，

游好在六经”（《饮酒》其十六）、“谈谐无俗调，所说圣

人篇”（《答庞参军》）、“先师有遗训，忧道不忧贫”

（《癸卯岁始春怀古田舍》其二）、“先师遗训，余岂云

坠。”（《荣木》）、“奉上天之成命，师圣人之遗书”（《感

士不遇赋》）等等。在儒家思想的影响下，陶渊明在青

年时期“少时壮且厉，抚剑独行游”（《拟古》其八），具

有“猛志逸四海，骞翮思远翥”（《杂诗》其五）的远大

抱负，在中年时期五次出仕，即使在辞官归隐之后也依

旧推崇儒家思想，关心国家的命运，认为“圣贤留余

迹，事事在中都。岂忘游心目，关河不可逾”（《赠羊长

史》），并以儒家的守穷固贫的思想来激励自己。

道家思想对陶渊明的影响也是一个重要的方面，

尤其在中晚年时，他更多地向道家思想靠拢。有人做

过统计，陶渊明用典仅涉及《庄子》就达 133 次之多，

例如，在《连雨独饮》一诗中，“重觞忽忘天”取自《庄子

·天地》的“忘乎物，忘乎天，其名为忘己。忘己之人，

是之谓入于天”� “形骸久已化，心在复何言”取自《庄

子·齐物论》的“其形化，其心与之然，可不谓大哀乎”

和《庄子·知北游》的“古之人，外化而内不化”。陶渊

明的委运自化、崇尚隐居、自然无为、逍遥而游和及时

行乐的思想都是和庄子一脉相承的，是他归园田居的

31

思想基础。

关于佛家思想，东晋以后名僧与名士交游蔚然成

风，陶渊明与庐山高僧慧远过从甚密。在陶渊明的诗

歌里经常可以看到这样的诗句� “人生似幻化，终当归

空无”（《归园田居》其四）、“吾生梦幻间，何事绝尘

羁”（《饮酒》其八）、“一生复能几，倏如流电惊”（《饮

酒》其三）等。而“问君何能尔？心远地自偏”（《饮酒》

其五）中的“心远”则是佛家“心净”的移用，跟《维摩

诘·佛国品》中的“欲得净土，当净其心� 随其心净，则

佛土净”意思几乎完全相同。

陶渊明的身上既体现了儒道释各家的思想，又体

现了他本人领悟出来的道理，这就是陶渊明之所以成

为陶渊明的地方。根据陈寅恪在《陶渊明之思想与清

谈之关系》一文中提出的看法，陶渊明思想可归纳为

“新自然说”这一主要倾向�

渊明之思想为承袭魏、晋清谈演变之结果及依据

其家世信仰道教之自然说而创改之新自然说。惟其为

主自然说者，故非名教说，并以自然与名教不相同，但

其非名教之意仅限于不与当时政治势力合作，而不似

阮籍、刘伶之佯狂任诞。盖主新自然说者不须如主旧

自然说者之积极抵触名教也。又新自然说不似旧自然

说之养此有形之生命，或别学神仙，惟求融合精神于运

化之中，即与大自然为一体。因其如此，既无旧自然说

形骸物质之滞累，自不致与周、孔入世之名教说有所触

碍。故渊明之为人实外儒而内道，舍释伽而宗天师者

也。推其造诣所极，殆与千年后之道教采取禅宗学说

41

以改进其教义者，颇有近似之处。然则就其旧义革新，

“孤明先发”而论，实为吾国中古时代之大思想家，岂

仅文献品节居古今之第一流，为世所共知者而已哉！

“自然”是老庄哲学特有的一个术语，指的是不借

人为的天然，即世界万物都以本来的面貌而存在，依其

自身固有的规律而变化，无需任何外在的条件和力量。

“自然”一词在《老子》中先后出现五次� “百姓皆谓我

自然”（十七章），“人法地，地法天，天法道，道法自然”

（二十五章），“道之尊，德之贵，夫莫之命而常自然”

（五十一章），“以辅万物之自然而不敢为”（六十四

章）� 在《庄子》中先后出现八次� “常以自然而不益生

也”（《德 充 符》），“顺 物 自 然 而 无 容 私 焉”（《应 帝

王》），“应之以自然”（《天运》），“调之以自然之命”

（《天运》），“莫之为而常自然”（《缮性》），“知尧桀之

自然而相非”（《秋水》），“无为而才自然矣”（《田子

方》），“自然不可易也”（《渔父》）。

陶渊明的“自然”观沿袭老庄的哲学思想并有所

发展，指的是自由自在的天性，个人自己的“自然”。

在他的诗文中，“自然”这个词共出现四次� “贵贱贤

愚，莫不营营以惜生，斯甚惑焉。故极陈形影之苦，言

神辨自然以释之”（《形影神序》），“久在樊笼里，复得

返自然”（《归园田居》其一）“及少日，眷然有归与之

情。何则？质性自然，非矫厉所得。饥冻虽切，违已交

病”（《归去来兮辞序》），“又问听妓，丝不如竹，竹不

如肉，答曰� ‘渐近自然’”（《晋故征西大将军长史孟府

君传》）。除了“自然”一词以外，他的诗文中的“天”、

51

“化”、“迁”、“运”等词以及“天道”、“天运”、“天命”、

“天爱”、“乐天”等词语都含有类似的意思。

陶渊明的“自然”思想体现在诗人生活和创作的

各个方面。他的合乎自然和委运任化的观点表现在努

力保持自己纯朴的天性，希望获得自由，能够自由自在

地生活，具有个人的言行自由。他在出仕和归隐的问

题上，该仕则仕、该隐则隐，不为官场所羁� 在读书的问

题上，好读书不求甚解，自由地阅读各种书籍� 在哲学

思想上，兼蓄各家的精华为己所用� 在归园田居后，读

书饮酒，随心所欲� 在创作的时候，想写就写，想写什么

就写什么，想怎么写就怎么写，毫无矫揉造作之处，才

换得一语天然万古新。所以，陶渊明的“自然”思想是

理解陶渊明的人生轨迹、思想发展和创作特色的关键。

二、陶渊明其诗

陶渊明流传下来的诗文数量有限，今存诗文一百

三十余篇，其中诗歌一百二十余首，辞赋三篇，散文六

篇，还有两篇接近四言诗的韵文。这些作品反映了他

对真善美的追求，是他人生追求的结晶，并以其独特的

艺术魅力倾倒了无数的读者，在中国文学史乃至世界

文学史上放射出绚丽的光芒。

陶渊明的一百二十余首诗歌按题材划分，可以分

为咏怀诗、哲理诗和田园诗三大类别，咏怀诗的数量最

多，哲理诗的数量最少，而田园诗最有特色、成就也最

高。这里仅就陶诗的主题和艺术特色谈几点学习体

会。

61

（一）陶诗的主题

陶诗涉及的范围广泛，以他的咏怀诗而论，有的直

抒胸臆、有的即事兴情、有的托物言志、有的借古讽今，

涉及日常生活的饮酒、读书、行役、采菊、教子、郊游等

各种事情，笔下的青松、芳菊、幽兰、孤云、归鸟、远山莫

不成为他人格情操的象征。但是粗略归类的话，他的

诗歌大致可以分为仕隐、人生、田园、饮酒四个主题。

1. 仕隐主题

陶渊明从 29 岁到 41 岁的 13 年间，5 次出仕、5 次

归隐，这段时间的经历在陶渊明的诗歌中得到了充分

的反映。

《庚子岁五月中从都还阻风于规林》二首是陶渊

明在公元 399 年到荆州任刺史桓玄的幕僚的时候，奉

命使都后，归途因受风阻而急于见到慈母及家人的心

情的真实写照。第一首侧重思家，第二首侧重思退隐。

I

On and on I go along the homeward way

And count the days to reach where I used to stay.

What a bliss to watch my mother�s grace！

What a joy to see my brother�s face！

Along the bending river goes my boat�

The sun hangs low in western skies remote.

As treacherous are ways in hills and rills，

71

The route ahead has filled me with thrills.

Against my wish the southern winds arise�

Beside a dreary lake my vessel lies.

The wild grass stretches far away from hence

While summer trees are growing tall and dense.

From the boat my home isn�t far to see�

It�s but a little o�er a hundred li.

When I look where the southern mountains lie，

As I am held up here，I can but sigh！

其一

行行循归路，

计日望旧居。

一欣侍温颜，

再喜见友于。

鼓棹路崎曲，

指景限西隅。

江山岂不险，

归子念前涂。

凯风负我心，

戢木世守穷湖。

高莽眇无界，

夏木独森疏。

谁言客舟远，

近瞻百里余。

延目识南岭，

空叹将焉如。

81

�Though royal service has been hard in sooth，

Not till now do I get to know the truth.

Look how the mountains rise and rivers swell，

The risks that travellers take are hard to tell.

The billows roar and rise up to the sky

While fierce winds blow as if they�ll never die.

I yearn to see my mother and my home，

Yet why should I be moored here in my roam？

On second thought，the best is rural life，

And so I�ll keep away from worldly strife.

Who knows how long can I be in my prime？

I�d better make the fullest use of time！

其二

自古叹行役，

我今始知之！

山川一何旷，

巽坎难与期。

崩浪聒天响，

长风无息时。

久游恋所生，

如何淹在兹。

静念园林好，

人间良可辞。

当年讵有几，

91

纵心复何疑。

《辛丑岁七月赴假还江陵夜行涂口》是陶渊明在

荆州任职期间告假回家后，假满返职经涂口时所作，通

过在赴职途中的所见所闻，表达了他对仕宦生涯的厌

倦和对田园生活的向往�

For thirty years I lived a leisured life

And always kept aloof from worldly strfie.

I take the poems and books as my pursuit

For a tranquil rural life without dispute.

Why on earth should I drop what is fit

And take the long way south to far_off Jin！

When under autumn moon the boat sets sail，

To my friends on shore I wave and hail.

A cool breeze starts to blow at early night，

Against a pretty landscape clear and bright.

While the boundless skies are bright and neat，

The river glitters like a flattened sheet.

Official jobs deprive me of my sleep�

I am still on my way when night is deep.

As I am tired of worldly toil and moil，

I am tightly attached to native soil.

I shall resign from office and go home�

Ne�er shall I seek positions on a roam.

In rural life I�ll keep my mental frame�

By this I try to have a better name.

02

闲居三十载，

遂与尘事冥。

诗书敦宿好，

林园无世情。

如何舍此去，

遥遥至南荆。

叩木世新秋月，

临流别友生。

凉风起将夕，

夜景湛虚明。

昭昭天宇阔，

=�=�川上平。

怀役不遑寐，

中宵尚孤征。

商歌非吾事，

依依在耦耕。

投冠旋旧墟，

不为好爵萦。

养真衡茅下，

庶以善自名。

2. 人生主题

陶诗的第二个重要主题是对人生的思索。他在青

年时满怀壮志，中年时徘徊于仕途，后期归园田居后反

复思索，进而考虑生死的问题。

12

《挽歌诗三首》是陶渊明生前最后的作品。第一

首写乍死而殓；第二首写奠而出殡；第三首写送而葬

之。充分表现了陶渊明求实豁达的生死观。尤其是第

一首的前两句“有生必有死，早终非命促”和第三首的

最后两句“死去何足道，托体同山阿”最能体现他的生

死观。不但生死无所谓，生命的长短也无所谓，死去就

是回归大地，实在是自然而然的事情。

I

As death displaces every life for sure，

An early death can�t be called premature.

Yesterday I was alive like other souls�

Today my name is listed on death rolls.

My spirit is dissolved into thin air，

With my frame in the coffin lying there.

My tender children cry for me in vain

While my friends are shedding tears like rain.

I�m unaware of any loss and gain lifelong，

Nor do I care about the right and wrong.

Ten millennium after I am gone，

My fame or shame will cease to linger on.

Howe�er，my sole regret will still survive

That I didn�t drink enough wine when alive.

其一

有生必有死，

早终非命促。

22

昨暮同为人，

今旦在鬼录。

魂气散何之，

枯形寄空木。

娇儿索父啼，

良友抚我哭。

得失不复知，

是非安能觉。

千秋万岁后，

谁知荣与辱。

但恨在世时，

饮酒不得足。

�I never had my fill of tasteful wine，

But now the wine stays idle on the shrine.

With beads of spring wine bubbling now and then，

Oh that I have another sip again！

On my altar piles the sacrificial food，

The kith and kin weep in a mournful mood.

I wish to say but cannot speak a sound.

I wish to see but cannot look around.

In the past I sleep in spacious halls，

But now I lie in fields where wild grass sprawls.

As no one sleeps with me on this wild site，

A vast expanse is what comes into sight.

Once I leave my home in dreamless sleep，

32

My spirit will return when night is deep.

其二

在昔无酒饮，

今但湛空觞。

春醪生浮蚁，

何时更能尝。

肴案盈我前，

亲旧哭我傍。

欲语口无音，

欲视眼无光。

昔在高堂寝，

今宿荒草乡。

荒草无人眠，

极视正茫茫。

一朝出门去，

归来夜未央。

�The wild grass stretches far and wide

While poplars whisper in the countryside.

When frost is heavy in an autumn date，

My hearse is carried outside city gate.

A profound silence reigns o�er the no_man�s land�

In the graveyard，lofty tombstones stand.

The horse neighs，raising its head to the skies�

The wind is wailing and heaving woeful sighs.

42

Once the sepulchre is closed and sealed，

I�ll lie fore�er in darkness in the field.

To lying fore�er in darkness in the field，

Even saints and sages have to yield.

Those who come in mourning all the way

Soon leave for home to spend the rest of day.

My relatives may have some lingering grief

While others cheer up for their woe is brief.

What else is there for the dead man to say？

Underneath the hill his body turns to clay.

其三

荒草何茫茫，

白杨亦萧萧。

严霜九月中，

送我出远郊。

四面无人居，

高坟正山焦山尧。

马为仰天鸣，

风为自萧条。

幽室一已闭，

千年不复朝。

千年不复朝，

贤达无奈何。

向来相送人，

各自还其家。

亲戚或余悲，

52

他人亦已歌。

死去何所道，

托体同山阿。

3. 田园主题

中国田园诗的传统可以追溯到公元前 11 世纪到

公元前 6 世纪的《诗经》以及其它农事歌谣，《诗经》中

的“七月”、“甫田”、“良耜”、“大田”等诗篇里都有农

事的内容。但是，中国田园诗真正的奠基人还是东晋

时期的诗人陶渊明。

陶渊明以“田园诗人”著称于世，其实他描写田园

生活和农事耕作的诗歌只有十余首，把表现相关内容

的诗歌全部算在一起也才三十余首，只占全部诗作的

四分之一。陶渊明的田园诗（如《归园田居》五首、《饮

酒》其五、《和郭主簿》二首、《移居》二首、《读山海经》

其一、《癸卯岁始春怀古田舍》二首、《庚戌岁九月中于

西田获早稻》等）虽然数量不多，却真实地反映了他的

农耕生活，因为他亲自参加了农业生产劳动，平淡恬静

的乡村田园在他的笔下充满了生机，内心的无限喜悦

在歌咏一草一木中得到了充分的体现，情、景、理融为

一体，成为中国田园诗的奠基石，开创了中国古典诗歌

的一个重要流派。陶渊明的过人之处在于他能从似乎

极平淡、极普通的田园生活中领悟到无限的乐趣，不愧

是中国田园诗的开山鼻祖。

以《癸卯岁始春怀古田舍》二首为例，陶渊明通过

怀古言志，表现了对归耕田园的喜悦，以及远离污浊世

62

俗的决心。第一首通过写一年之始的田园生活表达其

初步体验到古代植杖老翁隐后不仕的乐趣，第二首以

清新的笔调描绘出充满生机的田园景物，表现其劳动

之余的欣慰之情，进而要坚定地追慕古人守节自励的

节操。

I

I�ve heard about the land that gives good yields，

But never practiced farming in the fields.

Now that I�m poor without a single dime，

How can I stand with folded arms this time？

Prepared for work before the break of day，

I�m happy as a lark upon my way.

The birds are singing tunes of vernal song

While cool breeze brings uttermost joys along.

The winter bamboos hide deserted ways，

The distant paths that few men come to blaze.

No wonder hermits in the good old days

Would like to leave the world and make long stays.

In face of learned men I may feel shame，

But what I seek is more than keep my name.

其一

在昔闻南亩，

当年竟未践。

屡空既有人，

春兴岂自免。

72

夙晨装吾驾，

启涂情已缅。

鸟弄欢新节，

泠风送余善。

寒竹被荒蹊，

地为罕人远。

是以植杖翁，

悠然不复返。

即理愧通识，

所保讵乃浅。

�The Confucian teaching rings without doubt�

It�s Tao，not poverty，that man should care about.

As this teaching is not worth my toil，

I change my mind and start to turn to the soil.

I am busy working with the plough，

And give advice to farmers here and now.

Winds from afar blow o�er the stretching field�

The thriving shoots foretell abundant yield.

Although I don�t know how much I�ll reap yet

I�m sure of bumper harvests I shall get.

When I feel tired at times and take a rest，

No passer_by will come to make request.

When I go home with farmers hand in hand，

I take some wine to neighbours near my land.

I close my wattled gate and sing aloud，

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Content to be away from the madding crowd.

其二

先师有遗训，

忧道不忧贫。

瞻望邈难逮，

转欲志长勤。

秉耒欢时务，

解颜劝农人。

平畴交远风，

良苗亦怀新。

虽未量岁功，

即事多所欣。

耕种有时息，

行者无问津。

日入相与归，

壶浆劳近邻。

长吟掩柴门，

聊为陇亩民。

4. 饮酒主题

今存的陶诗一百二十余首，其中写到酒的竟有四

十八首之多，把吟酒的诗全算在内，多达六十余首，真

可谓是“篇篇有酒”。陶渊明果然在中年之后好酒成

性，关于他饮酒的趣事，史书多有记载。例如，他与人

饮酒，如果先醉了，就毫不客气地下逐客令� “我醉欲

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眠，卿可去。”又如他会自己酿酒，酒熟了就取头上葛

巾来滤酒，滤完再把葛巾照旧戴在头上。他的好友颜

延之知其家贫，离开寻阳时特意留下两万钱，他全部送

到酒家。

其实，嗜酒是陶渊明“举世皆浊我独清，众人皆醉

我独醒”的一种表现形式而已。他在《饮酒》二十首的

序中写道� “偶有名酒，无夕不饮。顾影独尽，忽焉复

醉。既醉之后，辄题数句自娱”，而组诗的最后一首中

又说� “但恨多谬误，君当恕醉人”。难怪梁朝昭明太

子萧统在《陶渊明集·序》中写道� “吾观其意不在酒，

亦寄酒为迹也”。他在归隐以后，对世事还是不满的，

但是他不愿再去介入了。陶渊明在饮酒时的心情是多

种多样的，酒也有多种多样的妙用� 可以安身、可以解

忧、可以悟理、可以骂人、可以隐逸，所以陶渊明至死也

没有抛弃。

《连雨独饮》是陶渊明借饮酒阐发人生哲理的一

个例子�

A life will come and go in its own ways�

That is the truth e�er since the ancient days.

The well_renowned immortals Song and Qiao，

Where in the world are these men living now？

My bosom friend gives me a jar of wine

And says this very nectar is divine.

The first sip keeps my woes indeed behind�

The second sip throws heavens out of mind.

But heavens never leave me any time！

03

Conformity to nature is sublime.

On magic wings the crane soars to the sky

And comes back in the twinkling of an eye.

Conformity to nature is the creed

I take for forty years in word and deed.

My flesh has long been gradually worn out�

What woe is there for me to talk about？

运生会归尽，

终古谓之然。

世间有松乔，

於今定何间？

故老赠余酒，

乃言饮得仙。

试酌百情远，

重觞忽忘天。

天岂去此哉，

任真无所先。

云鹤有奇翼，

八表须臾还。

自我抱兹独，

黾勉四十年。

形骸久已化，

心在复何言。

反映刘裕篡权、晋宋交替的《述酒》诗更是一首彻

底的政治诗�

13

When sunlight spread o�er the southern land，

The songs of birds resounded loud and grand.

Although the autumn grass was yet to wither，

The vernal breeze had long withdrawn from hither.

While the pebbles glittered on the shore

The clouds disappeared from south peaks evermore.

With Duke of Yuzhang menacing the throne，

The King of Jin would soon be overthrown.

With tears in eyes，I sighed with deepest woe

And sat all night to wait for cocks to crow.

Good omens came that people offered grains

While Inspired Beasts were halted under reins.

When royal troops began to launch the fight，

The usurper killed himself right on the site.

The king was forced to give up his just claim，

But was in no time slaughtered all the same.

The traitor minister recruited men

And thus betrayed his master there and then.

When the king had moved his capital town，

The Huns arrived and trampled people down.

Although the king had got a heir to him，

The prospect of Jin Dynasty was dim.

The House of Jin did not last very long

And was succeeded by the House of Song.

I shall retire and thus prolong my life，

To keep myself away from worldly strife.

23

Amid the mighty mountains in the west，

Lie the hermits I admire the best.

Long and long will live the hermit brothers，

Who stand in every sense above the others.

重离照南陆，

鸣鸟声相闻。

秋草虽未黄，

融风久已分。

素砾=�修渚，

南岳无余云。

豫章抗高门，

重华固灵坟。

流泪抱中叹，

倾耳听司晨。

神州献嘉粟，

西灵为我驯。

诸梁董师旅，

芈胜丧其身。

山阳归下国，

成名犹不勤。

卜生善斯牧，

安乐不为君。

平王去旧京，

峡中纳遗熏。

双陵甫云育，

三趾显奇文。

33

王子爱清吹，

日中翔河汾。

朱公练九齿，

闲居离世纷。

峨峨西岭内，

偃息常所亲。

天容自永固，

彭殇非等伦。

（二）陶诗的艺术特色

1. 抱朴含真

陶渊明追求“自然”的思想在他的诗歌创作中得

到了充分的体现，确实是想写就写，想写什么就写什

么，想怎么写就怎么写，毫无矫揉造作之处。他用普通

人的语言描写生活中最平常的事情，最平常的事物也

能显示出不平常的诗意，朴素的自然美产生了巨大的

艺术感染力，平淡与醇美得到高度的统一。他的写作

实践跟英国诗人华滋华斯所提倡的诗歌理论有不谋而

合之处，所不同的是，华滋华斯提出了诗歌理论却没有

身体力行，而陶渊明没有提出诗歌理论却躬行不辍。

《归园田居》（其三）是一个典型的例子。全诗八

句，语言极为平易浅显，时隔一千五百多年以后，当代

读者在理解这首诗的时候也不会有任何困难。所描写

的内容，都是生活中的平常小事� 种豆南山，草盛苗稀

（这是普通老农也能说的话）。草盛就得锄，所以一早

43

就下地了，整整干了一天活，回家的时候月亮已经出来

了。田间的小道非常狭窄，草木却长得很高，由于天时

已晚，草上凝结着露水，走道的时候沾湿了衣服。衣服

湿了倒没有什么可惜的，人格可不能受到玷污呀！这

些平常的小事娓娓道来，最后归纳出做人的理想，言简

意赅，发人深省。

When I plant beans at the foot of Southern Hill，

Bean shoots are few but rank grass grows at will.

I rise at early dawn to weed and prune

Till，hoe on shoulder，I return with the moon.

As the path is narrow，grass and bushes tall，

The evening dews will soak my dress and all.

It�s nothing if my dress is wet with dew，

As long as my desires indeed come true.

种豆南山下，

草盛豆苗稀。

晨兴理荒秽，

带月荷锄归。

道狭草木长，

夕露沾我衣。

衣沾不足惜，

但使愿无违。

53

2. 情景入理

陶渊明的诗歌景中有情，确实在描写自然景物的

时候做到了情景交融、浑然一体，把自己主观的感情寄

托于其中。他喜欢描写松菊幽兰、池鱼归鸟、孤云远

山，莫不是自己品格情操的写照。

《归园田居》（其一）描写的乡村景色里充满了田

园生活的逸趣，沁透了诗人怡然自得的愉悦心情，最后

两句进而入理，揭示了归园田居的主旨，显露出深邃的

理趣�

I�ve loathed the madding crowd since I was a boy

While hills and mountains have filled me with joy.

By mistake I sought mundane careers

And got entrapped in them for thirty years.

Birds in the cage would long for wooded hills�

Fish in the pond would yearn for flowing rills.

So I reclaim the land in southern fields

To suit my bent for reaping farmland yields.

My farm contains a dozen mu of ground�

My cottage has eight or nine rooms around.

The elm and willow cover backside eaves

While peach and plum trees shade my yard with leaves.

The distant village dimly looms somewhere，

With smoke from chimneys drifting in the air.

In silent country lanes a stray dog barks�

63

Amid the mulberry trees cocks crow with larks.

My house escapes from worldly moil or gloom

While ease and quiet permeate my private room.

When I escape from bitter strife with men，

I live a free and easy life again.

少无适俗韵，

性本爱丘山。

误落尘网中，

一去三十年。

羁鸟恋旧林，

池鱼思故渊。

开荒南野际，

守拙归园田。

方宅十余亩，

草屋八九间。

榆柳荫后檐，

桃李罗堂前。

暧暧远人村，

依依墟里烟。

狗吠深巷中，

鸡鸣桑树巅。

户庭无尘杂，

虚室有余闲。

久在樊笼里，

复得返自然。

73

在《形影神》的第三首《神释》中，“神”作了自己

的阐释� 造化没有偏爱，万物都按着自己的规律成长

繁衍，人所以能跻身于“三才”（天地人）之中，岂不就

是因为有了“神”的缘故。所以，“神”要坦诚地说说自

己的看法。上古时的三皇被称作大圣人，而今他们却

在何处？活到了 800 多岁的彭祖虽力求长生，但也留

不住他人间的生命。老的、少的、聪明的、愚笨的都将

同样走向坟茔，没有什么回生的运数可以挽救他们。

每日沉湎于酒中或能忘忧，但如此岂不是反而促使生

命尽快结束吗？立善常常是人们喜欢做的事，可是当

你辞世以后，谁会加以称赞呢？极力去思索这些事情

难免伤害自身，还是听其自然，随命运的安排去吧。在

宇宙中纵情放浪，人生没有什么可喜，也没有什么可

怕，当生命的尽头来临，就让生命之火熄灭吧，不必再

有什么顾虑了。这首哲理诗给予读者深邃的思想启

迪，同时又给予读者美妙的艺术享受�

As Nature is forever just and fair，

Each species grows and takes its share.

Man lives between the heaven and the earth

Because I myself have my genuine worth.

Although I�m different from the two of you，

We�ve been attached in all the years we grew.

We share our love and hatred day by day�

How can I keep from having my own say？

The three great emperors are of great mind，

But have they left a single trace behind？

83

In endless pursuit for eternal life，

Peng Zu died and gave up worldly strife.

Old and young，no one escapes from death.

Wise and foolish，man must draw last breath.

When you get drunk，you may forget your woe，

However，fatal outcome is sure and slow.

By worthy actions you may earn your fame�

But after death，who will recall your name？

Cares and worries do harms to my days，

And it is best to follow destined ways.

Plunge yourself in Nature�s course with cheers

And then you won�t have any joys or fears.

When your life has reached its destined date，

It is no use complaining of your fate.

大钧无私力，

万理自森著。

人为三才中，

岂不以我故。

与君虽异物，

生而相依附。

结托善恶同，

安得不相语。

三皇大圣人，

今复在何处？

彭祖爱永年，

欲留不得住。

93

老少同一死，

贤愚无复数。

日醉或能忘，

将非促龄具？

立善常所欣，

谁当为汝誉？

甚念伤吾生，

正宜委运去。

纵浪大化中，

不喜亦不惧，

应尽便须尽，

无复独多虑。

3. 推陈出新

陶诗在我国诗歌发展史上起了重要的作用，处于

上承《诗经》、下启三唐的重要地位。陶渊明为了追求

平和恬静、古朴淡远的情调，模仿《诗经》的格式创作

了若干首节奏平稳而简单的四言诗，现存《停云》、《时

运》、《荣木》、《赠长沙公》、《酬丁柴桑》、《答庞参军》、

《劝农》、《命子》和《归鸟》等九首，继承了《诗经》的优

良传统，其效果却比《诗经》更为明显。我们完全可以

说，陶渊明的诗歌确实起到了承前启后、推陈出新的作

用。

《归鸟》一诗采用了《诗经》中“比”的艺术手法，

以鸟比己，通过对归鸟的歌颂，表现自己的归隐之情，

同时也展现了孤高脱俗的情趣与追求自由的心志�

04

Returning birds glide in the sky�

At dawn they leave the woods close_by.

Sometimes they fly far far away�

Sometimes on hazy peaks they stay.

In flights against the spring_time breeze，

They turn around to seek the trees.

They echo each other in songs

Amid the shadowy trees in throngs.

Returning birds glide in the sky�

High into the sky they fly.

They do not long for distant place

But want the woods to hide their trace.

When they come across the cloud，

They turn back，echoing aloud.

Alluring as the passage seems，

Their nests conform to natural dreams.

Returning birds glide in the sky�

They fly above the woods close_by.

Although their flight would seem the best，

No place is better than the nest.

The former mates are nowhere to find，

But echoing songs are prettiest kind.

At dusk when healthy is the breeze，

They stay in woods and rest at ease.

14

Returning bird glide in the sky�

On chilly boughs they stop and lie.

In the woods they play and tease�

At night they sleep atop the trees.

In the early morning breeze

Are heard the pleasant songs in sprees.

Hunters，spare your arrows，please！

Tired birds are hidden in the trees！

翼翼归鸟，

晨去於林。

远之八表，

近憩云岑。

和风弗洽，

翻翮求心。

顾俦相鸣，

景庇清阴。

翼翼归鸟，

载羽载飞。

虽不怀游，

见林情依。

遇云颉颃，

相鸣而归。

遐路诚悠，

性爱无遗。

24

翼翼归鸟，

驯林徘徊。

岂思天路，

欣及旧栖。

虽无昔侣，

众声每谐。

日夕气清，

悠然其怀。

翼翼归鸟，

戢羽寒条。

游不旷林，

宿则森标。

晨风清兴，

好音时交。

銲缴奚施，

已卷安劳。

他的五言诗言约旨远、情趣高妙，继承了乐府民歌

和古诗十九首的古朴诗风，打破了魏晋时期玄言诗的

沉闷气氛，其中《归园田居》、《饮酒》等诗篇脍炙人口，

深得历代读者的喜爱。

《拟古》（其四）的句法全似《古诗十九首》，借登

高凭楼远望，进而发思古之幽情，表现了陶渊明对晋宋

易代的政局变乱而产生的激越悲愤的思想感情�

34

The building rises high up like a spear，

Commanding views of wild fields far and near.

At dusk the clouds encircle it abreast�

At dawn the birds have found it as a nest.

At a glance the hills and rills are seen

While stretching plains provide a splendid scene.

The fortune_seekers in the ancient days

Here battle after battle fought their ways.

As soon as dead and gone were those renowned，

One by one was piled the tomb and mound.

Felled are the graveyard pine and cypress trees，

With rolling bare mounds lying in the breeze.

Now that the tombs are left without repair，

Where are the roaming ghosts？Where？Where？

Although they cherished from worldly strife，

They suffer so much plight in afterlife.

迢迢百尺楼，

分明望四荒。

暮作归云宅，

朝为飞鸟堂。

山河满目中，

平原独茫茫。

古时功名士，

慷慨争此场。

一旦百岁后，

相与还北邙。

44

松柏为人伐，

高坟互低昂。

颓基无遗主，

游魂在何方？

荣华诚足贵，

亦复可怜伤。

4. 幽默达观

陶诗的内容丰富多彩，也决定了其创作风格的多

样化，既有自然清新的一面，又有慷慨激昂的一面。陶

渊明对生活的热爱和对生命的达观，在有的诗歌中时

而表现出幽默感。《挽歌诗》、《止酒》和《责子》等诗

是这一类诗歌的代表作。

《责子》一诗写得很有意思。陶渊明责备五个孩

子懒惰贪玩、不好好读书，他不是板着面孔说教，而是

流露出疼爱之心和戏谑的口吻，活灵活现地反映出他

又好气又好笑的心情�

My hair at both my temples has turned grey�

My skin and muscles weaken day by day.

Although I have five sons in my own right，

None of them would like to read or write.

Although A_shu is sixteen years of age，

He is more lazy than the average.

Although A_xuan will soon come to fifteen，

Fond of books and sums he�s never been.

54

Yong and Rui，thirteen years old by now，

Cannot tell six from seven anyhow.

What my nine_year_old A_tong now cares

Is no more than to pick the nuts and pears.

As this has been the destined fate of mine，

I�d better sit and drain the cup of wine.

白发被两鬓，

肌肤不复实。

虽有五男儿，

总不好纸笔。

阿舒已二八，

懒惰故无匹。

阿宣行志学，

而不爱文术。

雍端年十三，

不识六与七。

通子垂九龄，

但觅梨与栗。

天运苟如此，

且进杯中物。

三、陶诗英译概述

中国的诗歌介绍到其它东方国家（尤其是汉文化

圈国家）已经有一千多年的历史，但是介绍到西方国

家只有一百多年的历史。最早翻译成欧洲文字的中国

64

诗歌可能是法国人德尼斯（Marquis D�Hervey_Saint _

Denys）于 1862 年翻译出版的《唐朝的诗歌》（Poésie l�

époque des Thang）。至于陶渊明的诗歌，早在公元 8

世纪就已经东传日本，在公元 10 世纪已有朝鲜学者潜

心进行研究。但是，陶渊明诗歌的英译，还是本世纪初

的事情，亚瑟·韦利（Arthur Waley）在 1918 年出版的

《中国诗 170 首》（170 Chinese Poems）中选译了陶渊明

的诗歌 12 首，这是目前所见的最早的陶诗英译。

陶渊明的诗歌在国内外已有多种英译本问世，各

有独到之处，例如，阿格（William Acker）的译本 T�ao

the Hermit� Sixty Poems by Tao Ch�ien （1952），张葆瑚

（Lily Pao_hu Chang）的译本 The Poems of T�ao Ch�ien

（1953），海陶厄（James Robert Hightower）的译本 The

Poetry of T�ao Ch�ien （1970），戴维斯（A. R. Davis）的译

本 T �ao Yuan _ ming，His Works and Their Meaning

（1983），方重（Ronald Fang）的译本《陶渊明诗文选

译》（1984），谭时霖（Tan Shilin）的译本《陶渊明诗文

英译》（1993）等。至于在介绍中国诗歌的选集中少量

散译陶诗的英语译文更是无法统计，据笔者所见就有

近 20 种之多。

我到目前已收集到的陶诗译文以《归园田居》（其

一）为最多，这首诗的原文及我自己的译文是这样的�

Back to Country Life （I）

I�ve loathed the madding crowd since I was a boy

While hills and mountains have filled me with joy.

74

By mistake I sought mundane careers

And got entrapped in them for thirty years.

Birds in the cage would long for wooded hills�

Fish in the pond would yearn for flowing rills.

So I reclaim the land in southern fields

To suit my bent for reaping farmland yields.

My farm contains a dozen mu of ground�

My cottage has eight or nine rooms around.

The elm and willow cover backside eaves

While peach and plum trees shade my yard with leaves.

The distant village dimly looms somewhere，

With smoke from chimneys drifting in the air.

In silent country lanes a stray dog barks�

Amid the mulberry trees cocks crow with larks.

My house is free from worldly moil or gloom

While ease and quiet permeate my private room.

When I escape from bitter strife with men，

I live a free and easy life again.

归园田居（其一）

少无适俗韵，

性本爱丘山。

误落尘网中，

一去三十年。

羁鸟恋旧林，

池鱼思故渊。

84

开荒南野际，

守拙归园田。

方宅十余亩，

草屋八九间。

榆柳荫后檐，

桃李罗堂前。

暧暧远人村，

依依墟里烟。

狗吠深巷中，

鸡鸣桑树巅。

户庭无尘杂，

虚室有余闲。

久在樊笼里，

复得返自然。

下面是这首诗的 16 种不同的译文，译文的风格各

异，却各有妙处（比读见本书的《各领风骚译陶诗》），

俨然是陶诗英译现状的一个缩影。一位中国古典诗人

的作品能够引起那么多人的重视本身就足以说明问

题，在这里对各种译文加以评论纯属画蛇添足。

（1）Returning to My Home in the Countryside，No. 1

（Burton Watson）

In youth I couldn�t sing to the common tune�

it was my nature to love the mountains and hills.

By mistake I got caught in that dusty snare，

94

went away once and stayed thirteen years.

The winging bird longs for its old woods，

the fish in the pond thinks of the deeps it once knew.

I�ve opened up some waste land by the southern fields�

stupid as ever，I�ve come home to the country.

My house plot measures ten mou or more，

a grass roof covering eight or nine spans.

Elm and willow shade the back eaves，

peach and damson range in front of the hall.

Dim dim，a village of distant neighbours�

drifting drifting，the smoke from settlements.

A dog barks in the deep lanes，

chickens call from the tops of mulberry trees.

Around my door and courtyard，no dust or clutter�

in my empty rooms，leisure enough to spare.

After so long in that cage of mine，

I�ve come back to things as they are.

（2）Returning to live in the country （1）

（R. H. Kotewall et al）

In my youth I was out of tune with the common folk�

My nature is to love hills and mountains.

In my folly I fell into the net of the world�s dust，

And so went on for thirty years.

The caged bird longs for its old woodland�

The pond_reared fish yearns for its native stream.

05

I have opened up a waste plot of the south moor，

And keeping my simplicity returned to garden and field.

A homestead of some ten acres，

A thatched cottage with eight or nine rooms�

Elms and willows shading the hinder eaves�

Peach and plum trees ranking before the hall.

Dim，dim is the distant hamlet�

Lagging，lagging hangs the smoke of the market_town�

A dog barks in the deep lane�

A cock crows on the top of the mulberry tree.

My door and courtyard have no dust and turmoil�

In the bare room there is leisure to spare.

Too long a captive in a cage，

I have now come back to Nature.

（3）Poems on Returning to Dwell in the Country，1

（Cyril Birch）

In youth I had nothing

that matched the vulgar tone，

For my nature always

loved the hills and mountains.

Inadvertently I fell

into the Dusty Net，

Once having gone

it was more than thirteen years.

The tame bird

15

longs for his old forest—

The fish in the house_pond

thinks of his ancient pool.

I too will break the soil

at the edge of the southern moor，

I will guard simplicity

and return to my fields and garden.

My land and house—

a little more than ten acres，

In the thatched cottage—

only eight or nine rooms.

Elms and willows

shade the back veranda，

Peach and plum trees

in rows before the hall.

Hazy and dimly seen

a village in the distance，

Close in the foreground

the smoke of neighbour�s houses.

A dog barks

amidst the deep lanes，

A cock is crowing

atop a mulberry tree.

No dust and confusion

within my doors and courtyard�

In the empty rooms，

more than sufficient leisure.

25

Too long I was held

within the barred cage.

Now I am able

to turn again to Nature.

（4）When I Was Young，I Was out of Tune with the Herd

（Arthur Waley）

When I was young，I was out of tune with the herd�

My only love was for the hills and mountains.

Unwitting I fell into the Web of the World�s dust

And was not free until my thirtieth year.

The migrant bird longs for the old wood�

The fish in the tank thinks of its native pool.

I had rescued from wildness a patch of the Southern Moor

And，still rustic，I returned to field and garden.

My ground covers no more than ten acres�

My thatched cottage has eight or nine rooms.

Elms and willows cluster by the eaves�

Peach trees and plum trees grow before the Hall.

Hazy，hazy the distant hamlets of men�

Steady the smoke that hangs over cottage roofs.

A dog barks somewhere in the deep lanes，

A cock crows at the top of the mulberry tree.

At gate and courtyard—no murmur of the world�s dust�

In the empty rooms—leisure and deep stillness.

Long I lived checked by the bars of a cage�

35

Now I have turned again to Nature and Freedom.

（5）Once More Fields and Gardens

（Amy Lowell）

Even as a young man

I was out of tune with ordinary pleasures.

It was my nature to love the rooted hills，

The high hills which look upon the four edges of Heaven.

What folly to spend one�s life like a dropped leaf

Snared under the dust of streets，

But for thirteen years it was so I lived.

The caged bird longs for the fluttering of high leaves.

The fish in the garden pool languished for

the whirled water of meeting streams.

So I desired to clear and seed a patch of

the wild Southern moor.

And always a countryman at heart，

I have come back to the square enclosures of my fields

And to my walled garden with its quiet paths.

Mine is a little property of ten mou or so，

A thatched house of eight or nine rooms.

On the North side，the eaves are overhung

With the thick leaves of elm_trees，

And willow_trees break the strong force of the wind.

45

On the South，in front of the great hall，

Peach_trees and plum_trees spread a net of branches

Before the distant view.

The village is hazy，hazy，

And mist sucks over the open moor.

A dog barks in the sunken lane which runs through the

village，

A cock crows，perched on a clipped mulberry.

There is no dust or clatter

In the courtyard before my house.

My private rooms are quiet，

And calm with the leisure of moon light through an open

door.

For a long time I lived in a cage�

Now I have returned.

For one must return

To fulfil one�s nature.

（6）On Returning to a Country Life （I）

（Char les Budd）

My youth was spent amidst the simple charms

Of country scenes—secure from worldly din，

And then，alas！I fell into the net

55

Of public life，and struggled long therein.

The captive bird laments its forest home�

The fish in tanks think of the sea�s broad strands�

And I oft longed，amidst official cares，

To till a settler�s plot in sunny lands.

And now I have my plot of fifteen mou，

With house thereon of rustic build and thatch�

The elm and willow cast a grateful shade，

While plum and peach trees fill the entrance patch.

Away from busy towns and dusty marts，

The dog barks in the silent country lane�

While chickens cluck among the mulberry_trees，

And life is healthy and the mind is sane.

Here in my house—with room for friend or two，

On my own farm—won from the barren plain，

Escaped from cares of office and routine，

I live a free and natural life again.

（7）Back to Gardens and Fields

（Patr icia Pin_ching Hu）

Unfit for worldly things ever since my youthful days，

I love by nature mountains and hills.

65

Fallen by error into earthly net，

There I remained for a score of years and ten.

A bird in the cage pines for its old forest，

A fish in the pond longs for its original source.

Now I grub up the weeds in the southern countryside，

Living humbly among gardens and rice fields.

On an area of over ten mou，

I built a house with a thatched roof.

Elms and willows spread their shade over the back eaves，

Peach and plum trees grow in front of my house.

Dimly loom the distant villages，

Gracefully curls the chimney smoke.

Dogs bark in the deep lane，

Cocks crow on the top of mulberry trees.

No noise in my house or in the courtyard

But plenty of leisure in my spacious chambers.

Having long lived in a cage，

Finally I returned to nature.

（8）Returning to My Farm

（Andrew Boyd）

Young I was witless in the world�s affairs，

My nature wilderness and hills prefers�

By mishap fallen into mundane snares，

Once I had left I wasted thirty years.

Birds in the cage long for their wonted woods，

75

Fish in the pool for former rivers yearn.

I clear the wilderness that stretches south，

Hiding my defects homeward I return.

Ten acres built with scattered houses square，

Beside the thatched huts eight or nine in all�

The elms and willows shade the hindmost eaves，

With peach and pear_trees spread before the hall.

While smoke from nearby huts hangs in the breeze�

A dog is barking in the alley deep�

A cock crows from the chump of mulberry trees.

Within my courtyard all is clear of dust，

Where tranquil in my leisure I remain.

Long have I been imprisoned in the cage�

Now back to Nature I return again.

（9）Return to the Countryside （I）

（Ding Zuxing）

The world�s way was not mine，

Even as a small boy.

I was happier

With fields and hills.

Seduced into an official existence

I wasted thirty summers.

Like a caged bird

Still thinking of trees and woods，

Like a fish in a pond

85

Never forgetting its river，

I return to the countryside，

And open the southern fields

Rather than pay court to Dignity.

I have a farm，

Only a few acres，

And a humble cottage

Of eight or nine rooms.

There are elms and willows

Out back，for shade，

And in the front court

Peaches and plums，

In the dim dusk you can see far_off villages.

Smoke from cooking fires curl high in the air.

Dogs bark，down the deep lanes，

And cocks crow in the mulberry trees.

Nothing worldly crosses my threshold�

It is a house of sweet leisure，

After a life of long servitude

How I relish my return to nature！

（10）Back to the Garden and Fields （I）

（Roland C. Fang）

From my youth I have loved the hills and mountains，

Never was my nature suited for the world of men，

95

By mistake have I been entangled in the dusty web，

Lost in its snare for thirteen long years.

The fettered bird longs for its old wood，

The fish in the pond craves for its early pool.

Back to my land I cling to solitude，

To till the soil in the open south country.

My plot of ground is only a few acres square，

The thatched roof covers eight or nine rooms，

The back eaves are shaded by elms and willows，

Rows of peach_and plum_trees stand in my front court.

The hamlets spread out in the hazy distance，

Where chimney smokes seem to waft in mid_air�

And the dog barks in the deep lane，

And the cock crows on the mulberry top.

In the vacant rooms there is ease and quiet.

Long have I lain within the prison of men，

Now I am to return to nature and its ways.

（11）Back to Country_life （1）

（Tan Shilin）

Unfit for worldly ways from the youth，

In nature�s beauties I rejoice.

Enmeshed in public life，

From home I�d strayed for thirteen years.

The cage_bird languishes for its woody shelter，

06

The pond_fish pines for its native pool.

Down south I plough up the wastes，

Happy to be my humble self.

My house_stead boasts some ten mu of land

With eight or nine rooms all told.

Elms and willows shade the back eaves，

Plum_and peach_trees line the front hall.

Hamlets lie scattered in the hazy distance，

Light smoke curls up over them.

Dogs are heard in the deep lane，

Atop the mulberry crows the cock.

Clean and tidy is my home，

Restful are the empty rooms.

A captive in the cage for years，

Back to nature I�ve found my way.

（12）Return to Nature （1）

（Xu Yuan Zhong）

While young，I was not used to worldly cares，

And hills became my natural compeers，

But by mistake I fell in mundane snares

And thus entangled was for thirteen years.

A caged bird would long for wonted wood，

And fish in tanks for native pools would yearn.

Go back to till my southern fields I would.

16

To live a rustic life why not return？

My plot of ground is but ten acres square�

My thatched cottage has eight or nine rooms.

In front I have peach trees and plums there�

O�er back eaves willow trees and elms cast glooms.

A village can be seen in distant dark，

Where plumes of smoke rise and waft in the breeze.

In alley deep a dog is heard to bark，

And cock crows as if o�er mulberry trees.

Into my courtyard no one should intrude，

Nor rob my private rooms of peace and leisure.

After long years of abject servitude，

Again in nature I find homely pleasure.

（13）I Return to the Place I Was Born

（Kenneth Rexroth）

From my youth up I never liked the city.

I never forget the mountains where I was born.

The world caught me and harnessed me

And drove me through the dust，thirty years away from

home.

Migratory birds return to the same tree.

Fish find their way back to the pools where they were

26

hatched.

I have been over the whole country，

And have come back at last to the garden of my child-

hood.

My farm is only ten acres.

The farm house has eight or nine rooms.

Elms and willows shade the back garden.

Peach trees stand by the front door.

The village is out of sight.

You can hear dogs bark in the alleys，

And cocks crow in the mulberry trees.

When you come through the gate into the court

You will find no dust or mess.

Peace and quiet live in every room.

I am content to stay here the rest of my life.

At last I have found myself.

（14）Returning to Dwell in Gardens and Fields （I）

（Stephen Owen）

My youth felt no comfort in common things，

by my nature I clung to the mountains and hills.

I erred and fell in the snares of dust

and was away thirteen years in all.

The caged bird yearns for its former woods，

36

fish in a pool yearns for long_ago deeps.

Clearing scrub at the edge of the southern moors，

I stay plain by returning to gardens and fields.

My holdings are just more than ten acres，

a thatched cottage of eight or nine rooms.

Elms and willows shade eaves at the back，

peach and plum spread in front of the hall.

The far towns of men are hidden from sight，

a faint blur of smoke comes from village hearths.

A dog is barking deep in the lanes，

a rooster cries out atop a mulberry.

No dust pollutes my doors or yard，

empty space offering ample peace.

For long time I was kept inside a coop，

now again I return to the natural way.

（15）Returning to Live in the Country （No. 1）

（J . D. Frodsham）

When I was young，I could not get on with the world，

46

I was so framed I loved the hills and mountains.

But by mistake I fell into the Dusty Net，

And I was tangled there for more than thirteen years.

The bird in its cage longs for its old forest，

The fish in the pool thinks of its native deeps.

I have cleared a patch on the edge of the southern wilds，

Rustic as ever，I�ve come home to my fields and garden.

Around my house，ten acres of ground or more，

My thatched cottage has eight or nine rooms.

Elms and willows shade the eaves at the back，

Peach and plum are set out in front of the hall.

In the hazy distance lie the villages，

Lightly the smoke floats over the country hamlets.

A dog is barking somewhere in the deep lanes，

A cock is crowing on top of a mulberry tree.

My gates and courtyard are free from the dust of the

world，

In my empty rooms I have all the leisure I please.

Too long I lived within the bars of a cage，

Now I am able to come back to nature once more.

（16）Returning to Live on the Farm

（Pauline Yu）

From youth not fitting with the common tune，

My nature has always loved the hills and mountains.

By mistake I fell into the dusty net—

56

Gone at once for thirteen years.

The fettered bird cherishes its old forest�

Fish in a pond longs for deeps of old.

Clearing wastes at the edge of southern wilds，

I hold to the simple，returning to the farm.

My plot is one_odd acre square，

A thatched hut eight or nine measures large.

Elms and plum trees spread before the hall.

Wreathed on clouds lies a distant town，

Lingering thickly，the village�s smoke.

A dog barks deep within the lane�

Cocks crow atop mulberry trees.

My door and courtyard lack dust and confusion�

In empty rooms there is peace to spare.

So long confined within a cage，

I�ve come back again to what is natural.

一位中国诗人的作品能有那么多的中外译者热衷

于把它译成英语，这种情况是极为罕见的。外国著名

诗人的作品在中国有若干复译本，可是没有一个诗人

能有如此之多的复译本。可见陶渊明的诗歌已经蜚声

海内外，陶渊明也成为了一名具有国际声望的诗人。

他的作品不仅属于中国人民，而且属于全世界。

我在翻译陶诗的过程中，收集了陶诗英译的多种

译本，在熟读原文、博采众长的基础上，力图创作出一

个较好的译文。在翻译工作结束以后，我倍感比读给

我带来的巨大收获。所以，我突然萌发一个念头，把比

66

读时得到的部分感想和若干陶诗的多种译本汇集成册

以飨读者，希望这本小书能够给读者带来同样的收益。

76

两种文化，两种田园诗

———《读山海经》（其一）比读

“田园诗”是中国和西方共有的一种诗歌类型，指

的是以田园生活为题材的诗歌。“田园诗”译成英语

的时候用的是 pastoral（或 pastoral poem），而 pastoral

译成汉语的时候既可以译成“田园诗”，又可以译成

“牧歌”，可见“田园诗”和 pastoral 在定义上事实上是

有差别的，不是完全的对应词。中西文学体裁的差异

归根到底来源于中西文化的差异，只有从文化差异出

发，才能理解文学体裁差异的真正实质。本文在分析

英国作家马洛和中国作家陶渊明田园诗的基础上，通

过中西文化差异在翻译中的体现来探讨中西田园诗的

若干异同点。

一、马洛的田园诗

田园诗（pastoral）是欧洲文学中一种历史悠久的

诗歌体裁，早在公元前三世纪就已形成，文艺复兴时期

的文人用这种体裁描写牧人的理想化的田园生活，展

示了对过去、对假定原来存在过而现在已经失落的和

平与爱情的怀旧。英国文艺复兴时期的著名剧作家、

诗人马洛（Christopher Marlowe，1564 _1593）写的《热

情的牧羊人致情人诗》（The Passionate Shepherd to His

Love）就是一首典型的田园诗�

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Come，live with me，and be my love，

And we will all the pleasure prove

That valleys，groves，or hills，or field，

Or woods and steep mountains yield�

Where we will sit upon the rocks，

And see the shepherds feed our flocks

By shallow rivers，to whose falls

Melodious birds sing madrigals.

And I will make thee beds of roses，

And then a thousand fragrant posies.

A cap of flowers，and a kirtle

Embroidered all with leaves of myrtle�

A gown made of the finest wool

Which from our pretty lambs we pull�

Slippers lined choicely for the cold，

With buckles of the purest gold.

A belt of straw and ivy_buds，

With coral clasps and amber studs�

And if these pleasures may thee move，

Come，live with me，and be my love.

Thy silver dishes for thy meat，

As precious as the gods do eat，

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Shall on an ivory table be

Prepared each day for thee and me.

The shepherd swains shall dance and sing，

For thy delight，each May morning.

If these delights thy mind may move，

Then live with me，and be my love.

卿来作我妻，

定将心欢喜。

共赏山与川，

丛林和小溪。

山上相偎依，

遥看羊满地�

河边瀑布旁，

聆听百鸟啼。

玫瑰铺满地，

与卿度佳期。

红花头上戴，

绿叶作绣衣。

羊毛纤又细，

为你做嫁衣�

送你金扣鞋，

温暖又稀奇。

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腰带当彩礼，

珠宝色彩异�

若是春心动，

卿来作我妻。

金盏和银器，

餐饮赛上帝�

摆上象牙桌，

心旷又神怡。

牧童表心意，

五月歌舞起。

若是芳心动，

卿来作我妻。

马洛于 1564 年生于坎特伯雷一个鞋匠家庭，靠奖

学金念完大学。在伦敦期间，他和政治活动家罗利、剧

作家查普曼、数学家哈里奥特等宗教怀疑论者结成团

体，被称为“黑夜派”和无神论者。因被人告密，曾一

度入狱。1593 年在伦敦附近的一家酒馆和两个人发

生口角，被刺死� 有人推测那两个人可能是政府的特

务。他在短短的一生中写了七个剧本，也写了一些诗

歌，《热情的牧羊人致情人诗》是其中脍炙人口的一

首。

这首诗在艺术特色方面是突出的。诗的形式似乎

是 7 节四行诗 （quatrain），其实是 14 个双行押韵诗

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（couplets），节奏基本上是四音步抑扬格（iambic tet-

rameter）。诗的韵脚为 aa，bb，cc，. . . nn，并且大量

运用了头韵（alliteration），28 行诗中有 13 行使用了头

韵。在朗读这首诗的时候，它的音乐感是很强的，具有

相当强的艺术感染力。如果把这首诗改写成现代的自

由诗，仅读它的内容就会觉得滑稽可笑了。

马洛一直生活在伦敦，对农村的情况并不了解，他

在颂扬农村生活的时候，以城里人的笔触来勾画出一

幅脱离实际的农村风情画，未免有点不伦不类。在他

的笔下，小鸟唱的是伊莉莎白时代公子哥们哼哼的流

行情歌（madrigal），乡间的小鸟恐怕闻所未闻� 玫瑰花

床色彩鲜艳、芳香扑鼻，但是睡在带刺的玫瑰上可未必

舒服� 他要赠送的草编腰带上居然缀着珊瑚和琥珀，冬

天穿着的拖鞋上佩有黄金饰品� 牧羊女则可以整天无

所事事、终日谈情说爱� 如果真是干点活的话，不是用

剪子（shears）剪羊毛，而是一根一根地从羊羔身上拔

羊毛，小羊羔遇到这种牧羊人也够可怜的了！

标题里的“热情的”牧羊人其实并不热情，全诗没

有什么流露真实激情的地方，有的只是虚情假意，倒好

像是一个腰缠万贯的花花公子在夸耀豪富、勾引农家

女子，或者好像是一对城市小孩在玩“过家家”的游

戏。若是碰上《羽林郎》中的胡姬或者碰上《陌上桑》

中的罗敷就会毫不客气地反唇相讥，奚落一顿。说也

凑巧，英国果然出了几个诗人替牧羊女作了回答，例

如，与马洛同时代的作家罗利（Walter Raleigh，1552_

1618）就写了一首《答牧羊人》（The Nymph �s Reply to

the Shepherd）�

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If all the world and love were young，

And truth in every shepherd�s tongue，

These pretty pleasures might me move

To live with thee and be thy love.

But time drives the flocks from fields to fold，

When rivers rage，and rocks grow cold�

And Philomel becometh dumb�

The rest complains of cares to come.

The flowers do fade，and wanton fields

To wayward winter reckoning yields�

A honey tongues，a heart of gall，

Is fancy�s spring，but sorrow�s fall.

Thy gowns，thy shoes，thy beds of roses，

Thy cap，thy kirtle，and thy posies，

Soon break，soon wither，soon forgotten，

In folly ripe，in reason rotten.

Thy belt of straw and ivy buds，

Thy coral clasps and amber studs，

All these in me no means can move

To come to thee and be thy love.

But could youth last，and love still breed，

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Had joys no date，nor age no need，

Then these delights my mind might move

To live with thee and be thy love.

爱若无穷期，

你若有真意，

春心自然动，

我来作你妻。

朔风动地起，

羊群离草地。

夜莺寂无声，

悲鸟泣血啼。

花草难寻觅，

寒冬显威力。

春去秋又来，

虚情成假意。

金履和绣衣，

花冠和床第，

自古难长久，

早晚被抛弃。

腰带作彩礼，

珠宝色彩异，

岂能动我心，

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贸然作你妻。

爱情若不移，

欢乐若无期，

芳心自然动，

我来作你妻。

罗利的《答牧羊人》中的村姑在第一诗节和最后

一个诗节都使用了虚拟语气，表示牧羊人说的一切都

是无法实现的� “If all the world and love were young. . .

These pretty pleasures might me move. . . ”，“But could

youth last. . . Had joy no date. . . Then these delights my

mind might move. . . ”。随着季节的迁移，自然界不会

永远是春天，赠送的礼物也会失去魅力。她认为牧羊

人只不过是在花言巧语� “A honey tongue，a heart of

gall，/ Is fancy�s spring，but sorrow�s fall”，所以她斩钉截

铁地回答，决不会为此而堕入情网� “All these in me no

means can move /To come to thee and be thy love”。

多恩 （John Donne，1573 _1631 ）的 《诱 饵》（The

Bait）则把牧羊人变成了渔夫，诗歌的地点从牧场转移

到了海边。在金色的沙滩上，在水晶般清澈的溪流边，

渔夫用丝线做钓鱼线，用白银做鱼钩，同样是虚幻的境

界。玄学派诗人的玄妙之处在于，村姑坐到渔夫身边

的时候，她就像鱼饵一样，吸引了鱼儿，更吸引了渔夫�

Come live with me，and be my love，

And we will some new pleasures prove

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Of golden sands，and crystal brooks�

With silken lines，and silver hooks.

There will the river whispering run

Warm�d by thy eyes，more than the sun.

And there the enamoured fish will stay，

Begging themselves they may betray.

When thou wilt swim in that live bath，

Each fish，which every channel hath，

Will amorously to thee swim，

Gladder to catch thee，than thou him.

If thou，to be so seen，beest loath，

By sun，or moon，thou darknest both，

And if my self have leave to see，

I need not their light，having thee.

Let others freeze with angling reeds，

And cut their legs，which shells and weeds，

Or treacherously poor fish beset，

With strangling snare，or windowie net�

Let coarse bold hands，from slimy nest

The bedded fish in banks out_wrest，

Or curious traitors，sleavesilk flies

Bewitch poor fishes wandering eyes.

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For thee，thou needst no such deceit，

For thou thy self art thine own bait，

That fish，that is not catch�d thereby，

Alas，is wiser far than I.

卿来作我妻，

定将添新喜。

共坐金沙滩，

垂钓两相依。

卿卿望小溪，

流水情依依。

鱼儿入情网，

难舍又难离。

卿卿水中戏，

鱼儿情相系，

结伴同戏水，

一心抓到你。

日月见到你，

暗淡无踪迹。

卿卿在眼前，

光辉映大地。

渔夫站河堤，

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垂钓费心计，

张网设圈套，

待鱼来投器。

渔夫河边立，

伺机把网起�

钓鱼用鱼饵，

上钩起涟漪。

卿卿把我迷，

无需施巧计�

鱼儿不上钩，

比我更难欺。

诗人的奇妙构思令人赞叹，但是中国读者毕竟还

是认为这样的境界离开现实太远，可望而不可及。欧

洲的田园诗是在欧洲的文化背景下产生的，古希腊和

古罗马的尚古主义者认为，人类历史上最古老的时代

是最幸福的时代� 由于基督教文化的影响，中世纪和文

艺复兴时期的作家认为，人类在失去伊甸园以前的日

子是最幸福的日子。他们在田园诗中表达了对史前纯

朴世界的向往和追求。

二、陶渊明的田园诗

中国田园诗的传统可以追溯到公元前十一世纪到

公元前六世纪的《诗经》以及其它农事歌谣，《诗经》中

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的“七月”、“甫田”、“良耜”、“大田”等诗篇里都有农

事的内容。但是，中国田园诗真正的奠基人还是东晋

时期的诗人陶渊明。

陶渊明（Tao Yuanming，365-427）又名潜，字元亮，

谥号靖节先生，寻阳柴桑（今江西省九江市西南）人。

他出生在一个没落的官僚地主家庭，他的曾祖父陶侃

曾任东晋大司马，祖父做过太守，父亲在他八岁的时候

死去，家道衰落，陶渊明从小过着比较贫困的生活。他

的青少年时代是在寻阳柴桑的农村度过的，童年的农

村生活给他留下了深刻的印象。他早年抱负远大，但

是，当时正是一个内忧外患、祸乱不已的时代，理想与

现实发生了激烈的冲突。他曾几度出仕，担任过祭酒、

参军之类的小官，仕途的坎坷使他发现官宦生涯有违

自己的夙愿，于是在四十一岁的时候毅然走上了归园

田居的道路，回到了大自然的怀抱。他在躬耕田园的

岁月里，以田园生活为题材进行诗歌创作，用极大的热

情歌颂田园生活。他表面飘逸潇洒，内心却十分苦闷，

时常流露出愤慨与不平。

陶渊明的诗作大体可以分为咏怀、田园和哲理三

大类，属于田园诗的大约有三十余首。他的田园诗

（如《归园田居》五首、《饮酒》其五、《和郭主簿》二首、

《移居》二首、《读山海经》其一、《癸卯岁始春怀古田

舍》二首、《庚戌岁九月中于西田获早稻》等）虽然数量

不多，却真实地反映了他的农耕生活，因为他亲自参加

了农业生产劳动，平淡恬静的乡村田园在他的笔下充

满了生机，内心的无限喜悦在歌咏一草一木中得到了

充分的体现，情、景、理融为一体，成为中国田园诗的奠

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基石，开创了中国古典诗歌的一个重要流派。对于中

国读者来说，陶渊明的田园诗显得格外朴实和亲切。

宋代词人辛弃疾说他“千载后，百篇存，更无一字不清

真”，金人元好问赞美陶诗“一语天然万古新，豪华落

尽见真诚”，这种评论对于陶渊明来说是当之无愧的。

他的《饮酒》（Drinking Wine）诗二十首的第五首就是

一个典型的例子，这是陶诗中最有名、流传最广的一首

诗�

My house is built amid the world of men，

Yet little sound and fury do I ken.

To tell you how on earth I can keep blind，

Any place is calm for a peaceful mind.

I pluck hedge_side chrysanthemums with pleasure

And see the tranquil Southern Mount in leisure.

The evening haze enshrouds it in fine weather

While flocks of birds are flying home together.

The view provides some veritable truth，

But my defining words seem to me uncouth.

结庐在人境，

而无车马喧。

问君何能尔？

心远地自偏。

采菊东篱下，

悠然见南山。

山气日夕佳，

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飞鸟相与还。

此中有真意，

欲辨已忘言。

《饮酒》诗共二十首，是他在五十三岁、思想和艺

术都已成熟时的作品。第五首写的是他在和谐宁静的

环境中，过着悠然自得的隐居生活，体悟自然的乐趣和

人生的真谛。诗的开头四句就说，他的住所虽然建造

在人来人往的环境中，却听不到车马的喧闹，表示他不

像一般隐士那样隐居山林、完全超尘出世，他生活在村

夫野老之中，却又能不染世俗之事，不再与达官显贵来

往。他之所以能做到这一点是因为他“心远地自偏”，

从内心摆脱了对名利的竞逐，潜心追求人与自然的和

谐。诗人在接下来的四句中描写自己在庭院里悠闲自

得地采摘菊花，偶然间抬起头来，就可以看到对面的南

山，看到在夕阳西下之际若有若无的雾气和匆忙结伴

归巢的群群飞鸟。鸟倦飞而知还，芸芸众生如飞鸟般

莫名其妙地一生奔波，最终还是要寻求一个归宿，而自

己则来到了“东篱下”，在幽静的山林里找到了自己的

归宿。所以诗人最后说，他从大自然得到启示、领悟到

人生的真谛，这种真谛只可意会、不可言传。陶渊明达

到了这种境界，所以才会如此悠然自得、陶然自乐。

他的《归园田居》（Back to Country Life）五首中的

第一首也有异曲同工之妙。陶渊明在四十一岁（公元

405 年）时到江西彭泽任县令，不过八十余天就声称不

愿为五斗米而折腰，辞官归田，从此结束了时隐时仕的

生活。这首诗是他在归园田居后不久写的，写得清新、

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自然、纯朴，描写了田园风光的美好和田园生活的可

爱，抒发了他在重返田园时的新鲜感受和喜悦心情�

I�ve loathed the madding crowd since I was a boy

While hills and mountains have filled me with joy.

By mistake I sought mundane careers

And got entrapped in them for thirty years.

Birds in the cage would long for wooded hills�

Fish in the pond would yearn for flowing spills.

So I reclaim the land in southern fields

To suit my bent for reaping farmland yields.

My farm contains a dozen mu of ground�

My cottage has eight or nine rooms around.

The elm and willow cover backside eaves

While peach and plum trees shade my yard with leaves.

The distant village dimly looms somewhere，

With smoke from chimneys drifting in the air.

In silent country lanes a stray dog barks�

Amid the mulberry trees cocks crow with larks.

My house escapes from worldly moil or gloom

While ease and quiet permeate my private room.

When I escape from bitter strife with men，

I live a free and easy life again.

少无适俗韵，

性本爱丘山。

误落尘网中，

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一去三十年。

羁鸟恋旧林，

池鱼思故渊。

开荒南野际，

守拙归园田。

方宅十余亩，

草屋八九间。

榆柳阴后檐，

桃李罗堂前。

暧暧远人村，

依依墟里烟。

狗吠深巷中，

鸡鸣桑树巅。

户庭无尘杂，

虚室有余闲。

久在樊笼里，

复得返自然。

这首诗自述离开仕途、归居田园是符合本性的，因

为他自小就没有投合世俗的性情，生来本性热爱山丘

自然。谁知竟然误入仕途的罗网达十三年之久，像笼

中之鸟和池中之鱼一样受到约束。鱼鸟尚且眷恋旧林

和故渊，他怎么能够不怀念自己的家乡故土呢？于是

他回到自己的田园，开荒种地，始终保持着自己质朴的

本性。周围的景物是那样地平凡� 土地、草房、榆柳、

桃李、村庄、炊烟、犬吠、鸡鸣，这一切无不体现着天然

之美，散发着浓郁的乡土气息，跟诗人想象中的桃花源

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境界何其相似乃尔！跟老子所描述的“鸡犬之声相闻，

老死不相往来”的“小国寡民”的理想社会简直毫无区

别。他居于乡间，远离世俗的尘嚣，心情十分安闲，可

以按照自己的意愿生活了。诗人已经脱离了世俗的羁

绊，重新回到了渴望已久的大自然，过起了顺应天性的

生活。

又如《读山海经》（Reading The Book of Mountains

and Seas）第一首也是一首著名的田园诗。《山海经》

是一部记述古代神话传说和海内外名山大川、草木禽

兽的书籍，陶渊明读《山海经》后共吟诗 13 首，第一首

具有诗序的性质，写诗人在田园居舍的幽静以及在耕

作闲暇之际泛览图书的乐趣�

In early summer，grass and trees grow tall，

With profuse foliage sheltering the hall.

The flocks of birds have fondest place to rest

While I love my cozy house the best.

When I have ploughed the field and sown the seed，

I，now and then，find time to write and read.

There are no deep ruts in the humble lane，

Where carriages will turn away with disdain.

Alone I taste the new spring wine in leisure

And pluck my garden vegetables with pleasure.

When gentle showers from the east draw near，

Then now a pleasant breeze approaches here.

On such occasions，I leaf through King of Zhou，

And Maps of Hills and Seas of long ago.

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Since I can tour the whole world at a glance，

What can be better pastime than this chance？

孟夏草木长，

绕屋树扶疏。

众鸟欣有托，

吾亦爱吾庐。

既耕亦已种，

时还读我书。

穷巷隔深辙，

颇回故人车。

欢然酌春酒，

摘我园中蔬。

微雨从东来，

好风与之俱。

泛览周王传，

流观山海图。

俯仰终宇宙，

不乐复何如！

诗的前四句首先描写了四月夏初时节诗人田舍周

围的景象。草木竞相生长，枝叶繁茂，群鸟乐于来此筑

巢，诗人自然也喜欢他的田舍。第二个四句写诗人的

耕读之趣，在耕作之余偷闲读书，因为他居住在穷乡僻

壤，已经跟上层的达官贵人断绝了往来。第三个四句

写诗人在田舍独酌春酒，品尝菜园中的新鲜蔬菜，微风

细雨更增添了乐趣。最后四句写诗人在品酒之后浏览

58

《穆天子传》、欣赏《山海经》图，仿佛在顷刻之间遨游

天地，真是其乐无穷。陶渊明的田园诗体现出一种平

淡自然的美，在平和之中享受人生，忘却了世间的烦

恼。

三、两种文化，两种田园诗

同样是表现田园生活的田园诗，英国马洛和中国

陶渊明的诗篇情趣迥异，前者的理想主义色彩和后者

的现实主义色彩显然可见。

关于西方的田园诗，我们先来引证两部辞书给田

园诗（pastoral）下的定义。第一部是库登（J. A. Cud-

den）的 《文 学 术 语 词 典 》（A Dictionary of Literary

Terms）� “A minor but important mode which，by conven-

tion，is concerned with the lives of shepherds. It is of

great antiquity and interpenetrates many works in Classi-

cal and modern European literature. It is doubtful if pas-

toral ever had much to do with the daily working life of

shepherds，though it is not too difficult to find shepherds

（in Montenegro，Albania，Greece and Sardina，for in-

stance）who compose poetry，sing songs and while away

the hours playing the flute. For the most part pastoral

tends to be an idealization of shepherd life，and，by so

being，creates an image of a peaceful and uncorrupted

existence. ”（乐黛云等编的《世界诗学大词典》写道�

“牧歌是一种描写牧人生活的诗体，其起源久远而又

贯穿于欧洲众多古典和现代作品之中。它来自拉丁文

68

pastor 一词，意思是‘牧羊人’，但也被称为‘田园诗’。

公元前三世纪，西西里岛塞拉库萨诗人忒俄喀里图斯

创作了反映西西里牧民生活的诗歌，从而被誉为‘牧

歌之父’。然而，在诸如希腊、拉丁尼和阿尔巴尼亚等

欧洲地区，虽然不难见到牧人自编歌谣、吹奏笛子消磨

时光的现象，但是，牧歌究竟与牧人的劳作有多大关

系，却仍然值得商榷。因为大多数牧歌所表现出来的

倾向，多是对牧人生活的一种理想化，创造出一种宁静

恬适、纯朴自然的氛围。”后者的释义显然是脱胎于前

者，传达了类似的信息。）

第二部是《中国大百科全书》（外国文学卷）� “牧

歌（pastoral）是表现牧人田园生活情趣的文学体裁。

诗人往往借这种体裁将乡村生活的纯朴恬静与城市或

宫廷生活的腐化堕落相对照。这种体裁发源于古代希

腊，忒奥克里托斯（公元前三世纪）是最早的牧歌作

者。罗马诗人维吉尔在公元前 37 年发表他写的牧歌，

用纯朴的诗句描写理想化的田园阿卡迪亚的纯朴生

活，其中的风景、人物都远离现实生活，其实是借牧歌

的形式吟咏罗马帝国的光荣。维吉尔的牧歌不及希腊

的牧歌质朴，但对后代文人创作的牧歌却影响深远。

文艺复兴时代，牧歌成为受人喜爱的体裁，不仅有古典

式的牧歌，而且出现利用牧歌主题的田园小说和田园

戏剧。著名者如意大利作家桑纳扎罗的《阿卡尼亚》、

西班牙作家蒙特马约尼的《狄安娜》、莎士比亚喜剧

《皆大欢喜》等等。弥尔顿的《利西达斯》则是牧歌体

的悼亡诗，并在诗中讨论哲学和宗教问题。他的《科

马斯》则以牧歌的形式写出青年男女相互戏谑的闹

78

剧。浪漫主义时代中许多牧歌体的作品也往往借这种

形式表现人对自然与社会的态度，歌德的长诗《赫尔

曼与窦绿苔》便是著名的例子。田园诗情调在近代音

乐中也成了一种重要的主题。”

从上面的定义可以看出，欧洲文艺复兴继承了古

希腊和古罗马的传统，在人文主义的影响下，没有农村

生活经历的城市文人所创作的田园诗以牧羊人为描写

对象，试图通过田园诗来寄托自己对纯朴世界的追求

和渴望，其中包括对纯朴爱情的追求和渴望。但是，他

们对于田园生活的刻画充满了理想化的色彩，往往跟

现实大相径庭。从维吉尔开始，欧洲的田园诗人向往

和追求的是史前的“黄金时期”，在基督教的影响下，

这个“黄金时期”被等同于人类失去的天堂———伊甸

园，这一向往和追求本身就是虚无缥缈的，根本无法实

现，由此决定了田园诗的脱离现实、具有理想主义的色

彩。

中国以陶渊明为代表的田园诗却正好相反，田园

诗的产生是建立在现实的基础上的。中国是一个农业

国家，在《诗经》当中就已经出现若干反映农事的诗

篇，《豳风·七月》就是一首典型的农事诗�

In June we eat plums and wild grapes�

In July we cook mallows and beans.

In August we knock down the dates�

In October we take in the grains.

With the grains we make rice wine�

Drinking the wine grants us long life.

88

In July we eat the melons�

In August we cut the gourds�

In September we collect the hemp.

We pick wild herbs and cut firewood�

These things make our livelihood.

六月食郁南亩，

七月烹葵及菽。

八月剥枣，

十月获稻，

为此舂酒，

以介眉寿。

七月食瓜，

八月断壶，

九月叔苴。

采荼薪樗，

食我农夫。

《小雅·采薇》则是描写景物、情景交融的成功例

子�

When I set out so long ago，

Fresh and green was the willow.

When now homeward I go，

There is a heavy snow.

The homeward march is slow�

My hunger and thirst grow.

98

My heart is filled with sorrow�

Who on earth will ever know！

昔我往矣，

杨柳依依。

今我来思，

雨雪霏霏。

行道迟迟，

载饥载渴。

我心伤悲，

莫知我哀。

然而，在《诗经》成集之后的近千年期间，反映田

园生活的诗作极为少见。直到东晋末年，社会混乱、政

治动荡，不少文人崇尚老庄思想，转而纵情山水，寻求

隐居生活� 另一些文人不愿在官场混迹，在农本思想的

驱动下，到躬耕的实践中去探索人生的真谛，开始写出

了反映田园生活的诗篇。陶渊明的田园诗就是他经历

的现实生活的再现，具有孔孟思想和老庄思想的底蕴，

与欧洲的田园诗形成了鲜明的对照。陶渊明自小受到

儒家思想的熏陶，后来也受到老庄思想和玄学的一定

影响，儒道思想在他的诗篇中都有反映。他自幼热爱

农村的美丽风光，归园田居以后，直接参加农业劳动，

他的田园诗就是他农村生活的真实反映，文风朴实真

挚，具有强烈的现实主义色彩。

这里要特别说明一点� 在论述中西田园诗的差异

时，提到了“理想主义”和“现实主义”。当然，中西田

09

园诗的差异不是“此物”与“彼物”浮浅的相比，不是

“理想主义”和“现实主义”两个抽象的术语可以概括

得了的。英国热情奔放的理想主义和中国恬淡无为的

现实主义有其相通的地方� 陶渊明在安度田园生活的

同时，也在向往和追求他自己的乌托邦———桃花源。

西方的广义的田园诗中也不乏现实主义的作品，例如

格雷（Thomas Gray，1716—1771）的《荒村》（The De-

serted Village）就 是 一 例。华 滋 华 斯 （William Words-

worth）游历英国西北的湖区，他的田园诗塑造平民形

象、歌颂大自然，跟陶渊明的田园诗有类似的地方。中

西田园诗异质异源，其差异是多方位的，从内容、形式、

内涵到表现手法都有差异，但是，不同文化的作品通过

代码转换达到相互沟通是可能的。本文所引诗歌在中

英互译之后，完全可以为对方所接受。当然，诗歌翻译

中涉及许多跨文化视角问题，简单地按字面对译是不

会产生优秀的译文的。与此同时，田园诗跟其它文学

形式一样，通过比较可以使各自的民族特色更加明显，

使读者加深理解，甚至挖掘出许多以前受忽视的方面。

《山海经》（其一）英译比读

（1）Reading the Classic of Mountains and Seas （1）

（Stephen Owen）

Summer�s first month，all plants grow tall�

around my cottage，trees dense and full.

19

There flocks of birds rejoice to find lodging，

and I too cling with love to my cottage.

With the plowing done and the sowing，

now and then I can read my books.

These narrow lanes keep out deep ruts

and tend to turn away old friends� carts.

In pleasure I pour out the wine of spring

and pick from the garden�s vegetables.

A light rain is moving in from the east，

a nice breeze comes along with it.

I browse in the tales of the King of Zhou

look through the charts of the Mountain and Seas.

In an instant I have covered the universe—

if this is not joy，what is？

（2）On Reading the Seas and Mountains Classic （I）

（James Rober t Hightower ）

In early summer when the grasses grow

And trees surround my house with greenery，

The birds rejoice to have a refuge there

29

And I，too，love my home.

The fields are plowed and the new weed planted

And now is time again to read my books.

This out_of_the_way lane has no deep_worn ruts

And tends to turn my friends� carts away.

With happy face I pour the spring_brewed wine

And in the garden pick some greens to cook.

A gentle shower approaches from the east

Accompanied by a temperate breeze.

I skim through the Story of King Mu

And view the pictures in the Seas and Mountains Classic.

A glance encompasses the ends of the universe—

Where is there any joy，if not in these？

（3）Reading the Classic of the Hills and Seas （I）

（William Acker ）

By the early summer

grasses and trees have grown

And around my roof

the spaced trees join branches.

The flocks of birds

are glad to have their refuge，

I no less than they

love my little house.

Ploughing is done

and also I have sown—

39

The time has come

to return and read my books.

The narrow lane—

deep ruts on either side—

Rather deter

the carriages of friends！

Contentedly I sit

and pour the new spring wine，

Or go out to pluck

vegetables in my garden.

A gentle shower

approaches from the east

And a pleasant wind

comes along with it.

I read at length

the story of King Mu，

And let my gaze wander

over pictures of hills and seas.

Thus with a glance I reach

the ends of the Universe—

If this is not a pleasure

where could I ever find one？

（4）Reading The Classic of Hills and Seas （I）

（Burton Watson）

Start of summer，grass and trees grown tall�

49

their leafy branches wrap around my roof.

Flocks of birds delight to find a place to rest，

and I in like manner love my hut.

I�ve finished plowing，done the planting too�

time now to return to my books.

A cramped lane far from the deep wheel tracks，

but once in a while an old friend turns his carriage here�

We talk together happily，dipping spring wine，

while I pick some greens from my garden.

A fine rain comes from the east，

pleasant breezes along with it.

I browse through the tale of the Chou king，

let my eyes wander over pictures of hills and seas.

In the space of a nod I�ve toured the universe—

how could I be other than happy？

（5）It Is Ear ly Summer ，the Flowers and

Plants Are Growing

（Andrew Boyd）

It is early summer，the flowers and plants are growing，

Around my house are spreading wide the trees

In which a host of birds find happy refuge�

And I as well，I love my thatched cottage.

I have done my ploughing and I have done my planting.

Now I have leisure again to read my books.

Our rustic lane is small for a grand carriage，

59

But my old friend�s cart is always coming and going.

In a merry mood we pour out the spring wine，

And together we pick the vegetables in the garden.

A fine rain is coming in from the east，

And a sweet breeze is blowing along with it，

I glance at the Tales of the Immortal King of Zhou

And the illustration to the Classic of Seas and Mountains.

（6）Reading the Classic of Seas and Mountains

（Andrew Boyd）

It is early summer，the flowers and plants are growing，

Around my house are spreading wide the trees

In which a host of birds find happy refuge�

And I as well，I love my thatched cottage.

I have done my ploughing and I have done my planting，

Now I have leisure again to read my books.

Our rustic lane is small for a grand carriage，

But my old friend�s cart is always coming and going.

In a merry mood we pour out the spring wine，

And together we pick the vegetables in the garden.

And a sweet breeze is blowing along with it，

I glance at the Tales of the Immortal King of Zhou

And the illustrations to The Classic of Seas and

Mountains.

Looking up and down，I survey the universe�

How can I not，yet once again，be happy？

69

（7）Reading the Book of Mountains and Seas

（Tan Shilin）

Luxuriant vegetation in early summer�

Trees branch over my cottage.

The birds rejoice over their shady shelter，

I delight in my bucolic home.

With my friends now ploughed and sowed，

My leisure to reading I devote.

My narrow lane turns off the gilded coach，

Kept back it has the carriage of many a former friend.

I revel in sipping at the spring brew

And pluck the vegetables I grow.

A light rain has set in from the east，

Accompanied by a genial breeze.

Browsing in the King Mu Adventures

And the illustrated Mountains and Seas，

Space and time I traverse in a wink�

Difficult it is to conceive of greater joy than this.

（8）Reading the Book of Mountains and Seas

（Ronald Fang）

Tis summer，now the plants grow tall，

Round my cottage the leafy trees sway.

Here the birds are glad to take shelter，

79

So do I love my country retreat.

After plowing the land and sowing the seeds，

I often sit down to read my books.

This deserted lane，too rutty for high carriages，

None the less I rejoice in the spring wine，

And from my garden I pluck the herbage green.

When the light shower visits me from the east，

A warm soft wind bears it company.

Now I turn the pages of the Book of King Chou，

And glance over the Maps of Mountains and Seas，

Up and down the whole creation I am scanning—

O，greater joy than this there is none！

89

各领风骚译陶诗

———《归园田居》（其一）比读

陶渊明（365—427）是深受我国读者喜爱的一位

古代诗人，历代评论家的赞誉之词不胜枚举。我所见

到的最为中肯的评语是朱光潜先生的评论� “渊明在

中国诗人中的地位是很崇高的。可以和他比拟的，前

只有屈原，后只有杜甫。屈原比他更沉郁，杜甫比他更

阔大多变化，但是都没有他那么醇，那么炼。屈原低徊

往复，想安顿而终没有得到安顿，他的情绪、想像与风

格都带有浪漫艺术的崎岖突兀的气象� 渊明则如秋潭

月影，彻底澄莹，具有古典艺术的和谐静穆。杜甫还不

免有意雕绘声色，锻炼字句，时有斧凿痕迹，甚至有笨

拙到不很妥贴的句子� 渊明则全是自然本色，天衣无

缝，到艺术极境而使人忘其为艺术。后来诗人苏东坡

最爱陶，在性情与风趣上两人确有许多类似，但是苏爱

逞巧智，缺乏洗炼，在陶公面前终是小巫见大巫。”（朱

光潜� 《诗论》，248 页）这番评论精辟至致，高度评价了

陶渊明在中国历代诗人中的地位，我完全赞同朱光潜

先生的结论。

陶渊明的诗歌不仅受到国人的重视，而且受到国

外读者的青睐。陶渊明诗歌在国内外已有多种英译本

问世，例如，William Acker 的译本 T�ao the Hermit� Sixty

Poems by Tao Ch�ien （1952），Lily Pao_hu Chang 的译

本 The Poems of T�ao Ch�ien （1953），James Robert High-

99

tower 的译本 The Poetry of T�ao Ch�ien （1970），方重的

译本《陶渊明诗文选译》（1984），谭时霖的译本《陶渊

明诗文英译》（1993）等。至于少量散译的英语译文，

更是无法统计，据笔者所见就有 10 余家之多。

我本人对陶诗也有特殊的爱好，有志把他的全部

诗歌译成英语，介绍给国外的读者。在进行陶诗英译

的时候，我设法收集国内外已有的译本，以《归园田

居》（其一）一诗为例，手边已经有了 16 种不同的译文

（译文见《一语天然万古新》的第三节）。一位中国古

代诗人的作品竟然会引起那么多译者的兴趣，这个事

实本身就足以说明问题的了。

陶渊明的诗歌“千载后，百篇存，更无一字不清

真”（辛弃疾� 《鹧鸪天》），纯正和真切的语言为译者发

挥译诗的才能提供了广阔天地。但是，质朴无华的语

言表现了高雅淡远的情趣，是否传达这种情趣又是对

译者水平的严峻考验。《归园田居》（其一）是一个现

成的例子，16 种译文各领风骚，是鉴赏汉诗英译的绝

妙材料。本文在解析原诗意境的基础上，对若干译文

予以评说。

一、告别仕途，回归田园

晋安帝义熙元年（公元 405 年）11 月，陶渊明在做

了 80 多天的彭泽县令之后，由于不堪忍受官场小人的

欺辱，声称“不愿为五斗米向乡里小儿折腰”，愤然辞

官归隐，从此不再出仕。《归园田居》五首大约就是在

第二年所作，第一首描写他的归耕之乐，第二首写他的

001

纯朴交往，第三首写耕种的实感，第四首写探访遗迹，

第五首写耕余之欢。各种译文对标题的译法大同小

异� Returning to My Home in the Countryside，Returning

to Live in the Country，Returning to Dwell in the Coun-

try，On Returning to a Country Life，Returning to My

Farm，Return to the Countryside，Return to Nature，

Once More Gardens and Fields，Back to Fields and Gar-

dens，Back to the Garden and Fields，Back to Country_

life。这些译法都没有错，但标题以简约为好，Return to

Nature 是字数最少的一个，略有转义，返译成汉语是

“回归自然”（关于“自然”一词的讨论，见本文第三

节）� Back to Country_life 似乎简练又贴切。

《归园田居》（其一）全诗共 20 句，可以分为三个

层次，前八句陈述诗人因鄙夷仕途而归田，中八句描写

平和静穆的田园风光，后四句抒发诗人的恬淡心境和

愉悦心情。

前八句直陈诗人告别仕途而回归田园的坚决态

度� “少无适俗韵，性本爱丘山。误落尘网中，一去三

十年。羁鸟恋旧林，池鱼思故渊。开荒南野际，守拙归

园田。”其实，陶渊明一生的思想发展过程是复杂的，

“爱丘山”并不见得是他少年时的“本性”，至少不是他

的全部本性，他在自己的诗篇里也曾写过“少时壮且

厉，抚剑独行游”（《拟古》），“少年罕人事，游好在六

经”（《饮酒》）。他在少年时接受过儒家的教育，有过

出仕报国的志愿，后来也曾断断续续地五次出仕（十

三年），只不过黑暗的政治现实使他逐渐改变了看法，

由徘徊犹豫到最后坚决回归田园，彻底“守拙”（这里

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的“拙”字与世俗的机巧相对而言）而不再“适俗”了。

“少无适俗韵，性本爱丘山”两句看似简单，其实

并不好译。常说的“直译”和“意译”有没有可以接壤

的地方，“韵”字提供了一个有趣的实例。“韵”的原意

是“和谐的声音”，也可以泛指 “声响”和 “声音相应

和”，在特指的时候可以代表“气韵”或“神韵”，进而表

示“情趣”、“气质”、“性情”。“少无适俗韵”的“韵”就

是表示“情趣”、“气质”、“性情”的意思。“韵”作“声

响”解的时候在英语里的一个对应词是 tune，几位译者

巧妙地运用了 tune 一词� In youth I couldn�t sing to the

common tune� In my youth I was out of tune with the

common folk� When I was young，I was out of tune with

the herd� Even as a young man I was out of tune with or-

dinary pleasures。也有译成 In youth I had nothing that

matched the vulgar tone，或者 secure from worldly din。

从直译和意译相结合的角度来看，out of tune with 是非

常合适的� 至于用各种其他方式的意译，那更是可以各

显神通了。

同样是“直译”，“尘网”两字就不那么好办。“尘

网”是说尘世如同扑鸟的罗网，这里用来比喻仕途、官

场，一旦陷身于官场就不容易脱身。若把这两个字译

成 Dusty Net，dusty web 或 dusty snare，直则直矣，英语

读者毕竟会感到费解� 若再加点修饰语变成 the net of

world�s dust，the Web of the World�s dust 或 murmur of

world�s dust 似 乎 也 不 解 决 问 题，like a dropped leaf

snared under the dust of streets 则偏离原意更远，反正

有了 dust 或者 dusty 之类的词无论如何都显得别扭。

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不译 “尘”字，用 the net of public life，earthly net 或

mundane snares，读起来要顺口得多。把“网”字也去

掉，an official existence 或 public life 则成为完全的意译

了。当然，一个词是直译还是意译并不一定起决定的

作用，关键在于整句乃至整篇的意思和意境是否表达

得准确。

最有诗意的两句是“羁鸟恋旧林，池鱼思故渊”。

诗人用“羁鸟”和“池鱼”来比喻自己过去在仕途生活

中的不自由，用“旧林”和“故渊”来比喻田园，表达对

故乡田园的依恋之情。工整的对仗（parallelism）是对

译者文字水平的一个考验，下面列举 16 种译文，便于

鉴赏�

（1）The winging bird longs for its old woods，

the fish in the pond thinks of the deeps it once

knew.

（2）The caged bird longs for its woodland�

The pond_reared fish yearns for its native stream.

（3）The tame bird

longs for his old forest—

The fish in the house_pond

thinks of his ancient pool.

（4）The migrant bird longs for the old wood�

The fish in the tank thinks of its native pool.

（5）The caged bird longs for the fluttering of high leav-

es.

The fish in the garden pool languished for

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the whirled water of meeting streams.

（6）The captive bird laments its forest home�

The fish in tanks thinks of the sea�s broad strands.

（7）A bird in the cage pines for its old forest，

A fish in the pond longs for its original source.

（8）Birds in the cage long for their wonted woods，

Fish in the pool for the former rivers yearn.

（9）Like a caged bird

Still thinking of trees and woods，

Like a fish in a pond

Never forgetting its river.

（10）The fettered bird longs for its old wood，

The fish in the pond craves for its early pool.

（11）The cage_bird languishes for its woody shelter，

The pond_fish pines for its native pool.

（12）A caged bird would long for wonted wood，

And fish in tanks for native pools would yearn.

（13）Migratory birds return to the same tree.

Fish find their way back to the pools where they

were hatched.

（14）The caged bird yearns for its former woods，

fish in a pool yearns for long_ago deeps.

（15）The bird in its cage longs for its old forest，

The fish in the pool thinks of its native deeps.

（16）The fettered bird cherishes its old forest�

Fish in a pond long for deeps of old.

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仔细比较一下以上 16 种译文，字面意义大致都是

准确的。从形式来看，除了（5）以外，都是采用了比较

工整的译法。（1）、（6）、（8）、（12）运用抑扬格节奏最

为严格� （6）和（12）还隔行用韵，（6）为 xaya，（12）为

abab� （7）的字面形式最为对称。不同的译文确实各

具匠心、各领风骚，我不禁也想在前人翻译的基础上试

译一个文本�

Birds in the cage would long for wooded hills�

Fish in the pond would yearn for flowing rills.

二、田园生活，平和静穆

陶渊明在《归园田居》（其一）中间的八句里用白

描的手法描绘了田园的风光� “方宅十余亩，草屋八九

间。榆柳荫后檐，桃李罗前堂。暧暧远人村，依依墟里

烟。狗吠深巷中，鸡鸣桑树巅。”在诗人的笔下，平和

静穆的田园是与浊流纵横的官场相对立的一方净土，

寻常的农家景象无不呈现出沁人肺腑的诗情画意，简

直就是桃花源的雏形� 近处的方宅草屋亲切可即、绿

树掩映分外诱人，远处的村落炊烟依稀可辨、鸡鸣犬吠

不绝于耳。诗人见到的一草一木都给人以美感，前四

句的近景和后四句的远景有机地组成了一幅幽美的山

水画、一曲和谐的交响乐。

这八句诗在翻译的理解方面一般不会产生什么问

题，传达意义不会有多大的困难。其实，越是这样简明

易懂的诗句，对于译者的要求越是高，简单明了的诗句

正是用词的音律美和音韵美才能成为不朽的名句。

501

“暧暧远人村，依依墟里烟”从视觉着墨，若隐若现、若

有若无，在极素淡的景象中显现出山村的宁静。两句

诗用两对迭字带有浓厚的悠然自得的感情色彩，充满

了田园生活的意趣，使村里景色出神入化，饱含着诗人

对乡村的热爱和依恋之情，历来为人所称道� “狗吠深

巷中，鸡鸣桑树巅”（脱胎于汉乐府《古鸡鸣行》� “鸡鸣

高树巅，狗吠深宫中”）从听觉下笔，只闻狗吠鸡鸣，远

近高低寂无人声，进一步反衬出乡间的安谧，也是千古

传诵的佳句。“渊明‘狗吠深巷中，鸡鸣桑树巅’，本以

言郊居闲适之趣，非以咏田园，而后人咏田园之句，虽

极其工巧，终莫能及。”（张戒云� 《岁寒堂诗话》），把这

两句诗译成现代汉语，往往就失去了原诗的艺术魅力。

我没有任何意图想要对任何今译进行褒贬，但是我所

见到的几种现代汉语今译文确实没有原诗的风采�

“隐隐绰绰的邻村隔得很远，依稀可辨那升起的炊烟。

狗吠声从深巷里传出，鸡啼鸣在桑树之巅”，“远处村

落依稀可辨，飘荡升腾袅袅炊烟。深巷传来犬吠之声，

雄鸡啼鸣桑树之巅”，“远处的邻村舍依稀可见，村落

里飘荡着袅袅炊烟。深巷中传来了几声狗吠，桑树顶

有雄鸡不停啼唤”，⋯⋯。这些今译根本无法与原诗

相媲美。

依此类推，若用分行的英语散文来翻译“狗吠深

巷中，鸡鸣桑树巅”，“A dog barks in the deep lane� A

cock crows on the top of the mulberry tree”之类的句子

必然使英语读者感到味同嚼蜡，无法领略这位中国大

诗人的艺术成就。就“传神达意”的翻译标准而论，必

须“传神”才能完全“达意”，这一艺术标准是源远流长

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的。中文的“传神”二字，本来含义是指肖像画，“传”

是传移摹写的意思，“神”即容貌。“对艺术的要求，从

形似发展到神似，从刻板写实发展到气韵生动� 而理想

的境界是形神兼备，融主客观为一体，充分表现作家的

个性。这个审美标准一经确立，遂成为一千多年来中

国诗画艺术的金科玉律。”（《汉唐文学的嬗变》，262

页）这个创作标准同样适用于翻译标准。陶渊明的五

言古诗每行诗的字数固定，而且还押韵，在翻译的时候

固然无法译成五个音节的诗行，也不一定以同样的韵

式来押韵，但是，不押韵的自由诗实在是难以传达原诗

的神韵的。许渊冲先生的译文，就是以英语韵体（ver-

sified）形式来传达原诗神韵的一个比较成功的实践�

My plot of ground is but ten acres square�

My thatched cottage has eight or nine rooms.

In front I have peach trees and plums there�

O�er back eaves willow trees and elms cast glooms.

A village can be seen in distant dark，

Where plumes of smoke rise and waft in the breeze.

In alley deep a dog is heard to bark，

And cocks crow as if o�er mulberry trees.

由此可见，陶渊明的诗以天然胜，“此翁岂作诗，

直写胸中天。天然对雕琢，真赝殊相悬”（元好问� 《继

愚轩和党承旨雪诗》），但是他的天然是巧夺天工的

“天然”，诗歌的译者若没有诗人的气质，是很难译出

701

好诗来的。至于如何“以诗译诗”，那就要由不同的译

者根据不同的诗篇来决定了，韵律体不见得一定比自

由体更富有诗意，因为用了韵律也可能只不过是韵文

（verse）而已� 自由体也不见得一定比韵律体更能表达

思想，因为自由体也可能只不过是错解原意的大白话

而已。尺有所长、寸有所短，陶诗的 16 种译文为我们

提供了难得的比较机会。

三、置身田园，心旷神怡

《归园田居》（其一）的最后四句描写了诗人置身

田园、心旷神怡的愉悦心情� “户庭无尘杂，虚室有余

闲。久在樊笼里，复得返自然”。陶渊明通过 “无尘

杂”的“户庭”和“有余闲”的“虚室”来衬托自己恬淡

的心境，恰如庄子所说的“瞻彼阕者，虚室生白”（《庄

子·人世间》），心室虚静没有名利之念，所以在虚静

的居室里生活得很悠闲。诗人在官场的樊笼里，处处

感到不自由，在脱离官场、重新回到无拘无束、无忧无

虑的自然状态之后倍感欣喜，再也不用“一心处两端”

（《杂诗》其九）了，一种如释重负的心情不由自主地流

露出来。“久在樊笼里，复得返自然”，“久”字就紧扣

“三十年”（事实上他为官十三年，从“少年罕人事，游

好在六经”开始则可称三十年），“樊笼”紧扣“尘网”，

“复得”紧扣“误落”，“自然”紧扣“丘山”，首尾呼应，

点出全诗的主旨� “归园田居”，这是他对人世真谛的

感悟。

“久在樊笼里，复得返自然”集中地体现了陶渊明

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的人生哲学。在他看来世俗的名禄好像罗网和樊笼，

束缚人的天性� 只有回到自然而然的状态，才能得到自

由。这两句诗的译法多种多样（参见附录），较准确的

还是 Charles Budd 的译法�

Escaped from cares of office and routine，

I live a free and natural life again.

对田园生活的向往本来是世界各国诗人一个共同

的主题。英国女诗人凯萨琳·菲利普（Katherine Phil-

ip，1632—64）的《乡村生活》（A Country_life）就是一

个例子�

How Sacred and how Innocent

A Country_life appears，

How free from Tumult，Discontent，

From Flattery or Fears！

⋯⋯

In this retir�d and humble seat

Free from both War and Strife，

I am not forc�d to make retreat

But choose to spend my Life.

多么神圣，多么自然，

园田生活，充满情趣。

远离尘嚣，远离不满�

远离献媚，远离恐惧。

901

⋯⋯

深居简出，因陋就简，

没有战争，没有毁誉。

并非无奈，回到乡间�

自觉选择，归园田居。

她在另一首诗《相约下乡》（Invitation to the Coun-

try）中写道�

Thus all the glittering World is but a cheat，

Obtruding on our Sense things Gross for Great.

But he that can enquire and undisguise，

Will soon perceive the sting that hidden lies�

And find no Joys merit esteem but those

Whose Scene lies only at our own dispose.

Man unconcern�d without himself may be

His own both Prospect and Security.

Kings may be Slaves by their own Passions hurl�d，

But who commands himself commands the World.

A Country_life assists this study best，

Where no distractions do the Soul arrest�

There Heav�n and Earth lie open to our view，

There we search Nature and its Author too�

Possest with Freedom and a real State

Look down on Vice，and Vanity，and Fate.

尘世多欺诈，

011

平庸充伟大。

探寻去伪装，

立即见真相。

寻欢不足取，

但求合情趣。

事事遂心愿，

前程得安全。

帝王会失误，

律己不糊涂。

乡间生活好，

灵魂无干扰。

放眼望天地，

探索自然谜。

自由心地宽，

万物皆虚幻。

由此可见，英美的译者和读者对于陶渊明的思想

并没有什么难以理解的地方。凯萨琳的诗行就是一个

证明。容易造成误解的倒是“自然”二字。陶渊明所

谓“自然”不是近代所谓客观的物质性的“自然界”，而

是一个来自老庄、郭象的哲学范畴，指的是自在的状

态。袁行霈先生有一段论述� “陶渊明所谓‘自然’，含

有自由的意味。所谓‘久在樊笼里，复得返自然’，就

应该这样理解。在樊笼里不得自然也不得自由，归园

田居才复得自由。或注‘复得返自然’意谓返回大自

然（自然界），恐失原意。在陶渊明诗文中并没有近代

意义上的自然界，而只有具体的山水、飞鸟、树木、云

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雨。因此不能把‘返自然’直接理解为返回大自然，但

在陶渊明看来只有返回山林田园，躬耕以谋生，而无求

于世俗，才能真正得到‘自然’，从而也就得到了自由。

所以陶渊明所谓‘返自然’又是以返回山林田园为前

提的。”（《陶渊明研究》，第 6 页）所以，用 nature 来翻

译“复得返自然”中的“自然”是不够确切的（不论 na-

ture 表示“自然界”还是“天性”）。不过，用 Return to

Nature 来翻译标题《归园田居》还未离大格，因为它跟

Return to Live in the Countryside 或 Return to Country

Life 是大致同义的。

在译诗中，最容易犯的一个毛病是眼高手低。不

过我还是斗胆一试，把《归园田居》（其一）译成了英

语，欢迎同行们批评指正，特别希望听到改进的建议，

使其臻于完善。下面是我的译文�

Back to Country Life （I）

I�ve loathed the madding crowd since I was a boy

While hills and mountains have filled me with joy.

By mistake I sought mundane careers

And got entrapped in them for thirty years.

Birds in the cage would long for wooded hills�

Fish in the pond would yearn for flowing rills.

So I reclaim the land in southern fields

To suit my bent for reaping farmland yields.

My farm contains a dozen mu of ground�

My cottage has eight or nine rooms around.

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The elm and willow cover backside eaves

While peach and plum trees shade my yard with leaves.

The distant village dimly looms somewhere，

With smoke from chimneys drifting in the air.

In silent country lanes a stray dog barks�

Amid the mulberry trees cocks crow with larks.

My house is free from worldly moil or gloom

While ease and quiet permeate my private room.

When I escape from bitter strife with men，

I live a free and easy life again.

《归园田居》（其一）

少无适俗韵，

性本爱丘山。

误落尘网中，

一去三十年。

羁鸟恋旧林，

池鱼思故渊。

开荒南野际，

守拙归园田。

方宅十余亩，

草屋八九间。

榆柳荫后檐，

桃李罗堂前。

暧暧远人村，

依依墟里烟。

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狗吠深巷中，

鸡鸣桑树巅。

户庭无尘杂，

虚室有余闲。

久在樊笼里，

复得返自然。

411

诗中画，画中情，情中意

———《归园田居》（其三）比读

一

《归园田居》（五首）是陶渊明的重要诗篇，表现了

诗人归园田居的坚毅信念和田园生活给他带来的愉

悦。第三首以浅显的文字、平淡的语调，通过对一天躬

耕田园的具体描写，表现了诗人对田园生活的热爱，是

“豪华落尽见真淳”的优秀作品，被称为“五古中之精

金良玉”。这首诗可谓脍炙人口� “种豆南山下，草盛

豆苗稀。晨兴理荒秽，带月荷锄归。道狭草木长，夕露

沾我衣。衣沾不足惜，但使愿无违。”

“种豆南山下，草盛豆苗稀”。诗的开篇看似平

淡，仿佛仅仅是写实而已。诗人“开荒南野际”（《归园

田居》其一），由于新开垦的土地不适合种植其他的庄

稼，只能种上容易生长的豆类，结果还是杂草茂盛而豆

苗稀疏。其实，这两句诗既是写实、也是用典，另有深

沉的含义，隐用了汉代杨恽的击缶歌意� “田彼南山，

荒秽不治。种一顷豆，落而为豆箕。人生行乐耳，须富

贵何时”（《汉书·杨恽传》），表明在朝廷荒秽不治的

情况下，诗人唾弃富贵、洁身自好、归耕田园是惟一明

智的选择。

“晨兴理荒秽，带月荷锄归”。诗人清晨起床以后

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下地锄草，整整干了一天，直到明月东升，在一片宁静

的月光下，扛着锄头沿着田间小路往家走。若与头两

句的深层含义联系起来，诗人日出而耕，要是治理朝廷

的荒秽跟治理田野的荒秽一样容易，那该有多好呀。

经过一天“理荒秽”之后，在肩扛锄头、披星戴月往家

走的时候，心情是何等的舒畅。“真景真味真意，如化

工元气，自然悬象著明”（方东树� 《昭味詹言》），是诗

中有画、画中有情的佳句。

“道狭草木长，夕露沾我衣”。因为是新开垦的土

地，狭窄的荒径上草木丛生� 诗人往家走的时候，草叶

上的点点露珠沾湿了衣裳。写的是实景，也可以理解

诗人认为朝廷荒秽、世路艰虞，自己也难免要受到牵

连。诗句、画面、心情再一次达到了完美的结合。

“衣沾不足惜，但使愿无违”。诗人在此情此景

中，内心感到非常充实，最后在结句中直抒了自己的情

怀� 衣裳被露珠沾湿并不可惜，只愿庄稼获得好的收

成，更愿自己不违背归园田居的志向。诗中画、画中

情、情中意完美地结合在一起，正如袁行霈先生所说

的，“陶诗的语言达到了两个统一� 平淡与醇美的统

一� 情趣与理趣的统一。”（《陶渊明研究》，166 页）

这样一首好诗自然受到译者和读者的青睐，多种

英译本 各 有 千 秋。先 以 美 国 汉 学 家 伯 顿 · 华 兹 生

（Burton Watson）的译文为例，他的译文准确，富有现代

气息，符合现代英语的正常语流，尤其是最后两句可谓

别出心裁。

611

Returning to My Home

in the Country，No. 3

I planted beans at the foot of the southern mountain�

weeds flourished，but my bean shoots were few.

I get up at dawn，work to clear away the tangle�

wrapped in moonlight， I shoulder my hoe and come

home.

The path is narrow，grass and trees tall�

the evening dew wets my clothes.

Wet clothes—they�re worth a worry，

just so my hopes aren�t disappointed！

波依德（Andrew Boyd）这首诗译得十分老到�

On Returning to Live

in My Own Home in the Country �

I have planted beans below the southern hill�

The weeds abound—the young bean shoots are few.

Early I rise in the morning to tend my rows，

When I return with my hoe I am wearing the moonlight.

The path is narrow，the flowers and grass are tall，

And my clothes are all drenched in the dews of nightfall.

Wet clothes are little enough to bear，

But let not my purpose be abandoned ever！

711

再看弗洛德先（James David Frodsham）的译文，同

样是清新流畅的�

Returning to Live in the Country，No. 3

I have planted beans at the foot of the southern hill，

The weeds grow thick，but the bean shoots are still

sparse.

I rise at dawn to clear my land of weeds，

With the moon on my back I carry home my hoe.

Across the narrow path the grasses grow，

The evening dew has soaked my clothes right through.

I do not mind at all that my clothes are wet，

As long as I can do what I want to do.

下面所引的几种都是华人译者的译文，先以柳无

忌先生的译文为例，他长期生活在美国，汉语和英语功

力都很深厚，译诗很多，《归园田居》（其三）是译得成

功的一首，平白如话，却依然富有诗意�

I Plant Beans at the Foot of the Southern Hill

I plant beans at the foot of the southern hill�

The grass is thick and bean sprouts are sparse.

At dawn，I rise and go out to weed the field�

Shouldering the hoe，I walk home with the moon.

811

The path is narrow，grass and shrubs are tall，

And evening dew dampens my clothes.

Wet clothes are no cause for regret

So long as nothing goes contrary to my desire.

再看旅居台湾的胡品清女士在《漫谈中国古典诗

词》一书中的译文，仿佛是娓娓道来，清新流畅�

Back to Garden and Fields

At the foot of the south hill I planted beans.

Weeds are profuse，saplings rare.

In the morning I grub up the weeds，

Only in the moonlight I return，a hoe on my shoulder.

On the narrow path grass grows high，

Evening dew soaks my dress.

Soaked dress is nothing

If only my wishes could come true.

方重先生从初译陶诗到 20 世纪 80 年代结集出

版，前后近 40 年之久。他的译文屡经修改，可谓是数

十年心血的结晶。

Back to the Gardens and Fields （�）

Beneath the southern hills I sow my beans，

Their shoots are lost among the rank grass.

911

I rise early to clear away the weeds，

Till，hoe on shoulder，I plod home with the moon.

The paths are narrow，the green growths tall，

And the evening dews moisten my clothes.

What matters if I am wet with dew，

So long as I enjoy my heart�s content！

谭时霖先生的《陶渊明诗文英译》是国内译者独

立完成的惟一一部陶渊明全集译文，他的翻译在吸取

前人研究成果的基础上，在表达理解和遣词造句上颇

有独到之处。

Back to Countryside （5）

Down the South Range beans I raise，

Weeds run riot but the shoots are weakly few.

Weeding I start at sunrise，

Hoe across my shoulder，moonlight sees me home.

The trail is flanked with weeds and trees，

Wet are my clothes with evening dew.

Little does the cold dew bother me

As long as I have my will.

许渊冲先生是当代汉诗英译的大师，他年逾古稀

仍旧笔耕不已。这里是他的两个译文，第一个是 20 世

纪 80 年 代 的 译 文，用 的 是 英 雄 双 韵 体 （heroic cou-

plets）�

021

Return to Nature （�）

Beneath the southern hills I sow my bean�

Bean sprouts are lost among the rank grass green.

Early I rise to clear the weeds away�

I plod home，hoe on shoulder，with the moon ray.

The paths are narrow� tall are the growths new�

My garment is wet with the evening dew.

What does it matter even if I�m wet.

So long as my heart�s desire can be met！

许渊冲先生的第二个译文是 20 世纪 90 年代的最

新译文，又改用隔行押韵的四音步抑扬格。用韵体译

诗难度大，但是他的译文仍然颇得神韵，令人十分佩

服。

Return to Nature （�）

I sow my beans neath southern hill�

Bean shoots are lost where weeds o�ergrow.

I weed at dawn though early still�

I plod home with my moonlit hoe.

The path is narrow，grasses tall，

With evening dew my clothes wet，

To which I pay no heed at all，

If my desire can but be met.

121

陶渊明《归园田居》（其三）的译文据我所知还有

多种，今后我还想努力收集。诗中有画已属好诗，陶渊

明的诗歌诗中有画、画中有情，更是难得。比读这样一

首好诗的英译本是极好的学习机会，岂肯错过！

二

把陶渊明的诗歌跟英美诗人类似题材的诗歌相比

较，也会有意想不到的收获。

对田园生活的向往是世界各国诗人一个共同的主

题。我在《各领风骚译陶诗》一文中引用了英国女诗

人凯萨琳·菲利普斯（Katherine Philips，1631—64）的

《乡村生活》（A Country_life）作为英国诗人的一个例

子�

How Sacred and how Innocent

A Country_life appears，

How free from Tumult，Discontent，

From Flattery or Fears！

⋯⋯

In this retir�d and humble seat

Free from both War and Strife，

I am not forc�d to make retreat

But choose to spend my Life.

221

多么神圣，多么自然，

田园生活，充满情趣。

远离尘嚣，远离不满�

远离献媚，远离恐惧。

⋯⋯

深居简出，因陋就简，

没有战争，没有毁誉。

并非无奈，回到乡间�

自觉选择，归园田居。

我通过光盘检索 country_ life 一词，查到了凯萨

琳·菲利普斯的这首诗，原先只注意到她表达的思想

内容跟陶渊明有相似之处。细读之余，我注意到一个

词� appears（看来好像）。陶渊明的诗歌是诗中有画、

画中有情，诗人跟生活是融为一体的� 而凯萨琳·菲利

普斯是游离在外的。在人和自然的关系上，陶渊明是

大自然的一部分，“天地与我同生，万物与我同一”，

“自然生我，我自然生，古自然者即我之自然，岂远之

哉”� 而凯萨琳·菲利普斯是大自然的观察者，她在选

择、感受自然。

凯萨琳·菲利普斯在另一首诗《相约下乡》（Invi-

tation to the Country）中写道�

Thus all the glittering World is but a cheat，

Obtruding on our Sense things Gross for Great.

But he that can enquire and undisguise，

Will soon perceive the sting that hidden lies�

321

And find no Joys merit esteem but those

Whose Scene lies only at our own dispose.

Man unconcern�d without himself may be

His own both Prospect and Security.

Kings may be Slaves by their own Passions hurl�d，

But who commands himself commands the World.

A Country_life assists this study best，

Where no distractions do the Soul arrest�

There Heav�n and Earth lie open to our view，

There we search Nature and its Author too�

Possest with Freedom and a real State

Look down on Vice，and Vanity，and Fate.

尘世多欺诈，

平庸充伟大。

探寻去伪装，

立即见真相。

寻欢不足取，

但求合情趣。

事事遂心愿，

前程得安全。

帝王会失误，

律己不糊涂。

乡间生活好，

灵魂无干扰。

放眼望天地，

探索自然谜。

421

自由心地宽，

万物皆虚幻。

凯萨琳·菲利普斯说得明白� “A Country_life as-

sists this study best”。中国的“天人合一”与西方的“天

人对立”在这里又找到一个例证。凯萨琳·菲利普斯

第一首诗中的 appears（看来好像）和第二首诗中的 as-

sists（帮助）都表明乡村生活跟诗人并没有结为一体�

而陶渊明是把自己融入田园生活中去了，自然地流露

出真率淳朴的性情，“他把自己的胸襟气韵贯注于外

物，使外物的生命更活跃，情趣更丰富� 同时也吸收外

物的生命与情趣来扩大自己的胸襟气韵”（朱光潜�

《诗论》，241 页）。也就是说，陶渊明把平常的景物、淡

泊的生活，经过理想的洗涤，创造出一个独特的精神境

界。所以，读凯萨琳·菲利普斯的诗无法使读者感动，

而读陶渊明的诗会使读者感受到栩栩如生的陶渊明、

清新平和的景象、淡泊宁静的情感，从而产生心灵的振

荡。

凯萨琳·菲利普斯是生活在英国资产阶级革命和

王政复辟时期的一位女诗人。她才华横溢，尽管因为

患天花在 33 岁早逝，但她在生前就已享誉文坛。她在

政治观点上属于保皇派，在查理一世国王被处死以后，

她写过一首诗的标题是 The Dying Lion Kicked by Every

Ass，颇有点悲叹“虎落平阳被犬欺”的意思，为被处死

的国王鸣不平。她的立场在当时应该说是反动的，对

资产阶级革命的不满竟然也使她把乡村当作灵魂的归

宿，写出了前面所引的诗篇。与此相反，陶渊明在思想

521

上既受到儒家“修身、齐家、治国、平天下”思想的影

响，又受到老庄哲学隐逸理论和玄学提倡隐逸实践的

影响，数次出仕，徘徊官场，最后终因不满当时朝廷的

“荒秽”，不愿为五斗米向小人折腰，弃官归隐，表现出

凛然正气。

在创作方法上，凯萨琳·菲利普斯受当时玄学派

（metaphysical）诗人的影响颇深，诗篇中说理的成分较

多，有点像钅重嵘在评论魏晋时期玄言诗所说的“理过

其辞，淡乎寡味”（《诗品》）� 而陶渊明尽管生活在魏晋

玄谈盛行的时期，诗中也颇有理趣，却是“以诗寄其

意”，这种“意”乃是他所追求的理想生活境界，不是玄

虚空洞的说教。所以，不论在思想内容方面还是在艺

术成就方面，凯萨琳·菲利普斯的诗篇都是无法跟陶

渊明的诗篇相提并论的。如果说陶渊明是个“隐逸诗

人”的话，那么凯萨琳·菲利普斯只能算个“保皇诗

人”了。

在对《归园田居》（其三）英译比读以及与英诗对

比的基础上，我奉上下列译文，请方家不吝指教。陶诗

英译已经有了多种好的译本，我跃跃欲试，无非得益于

鲁迅先生的教导� “即使先出的白话译本已很可观，但

倘使后来的译者自己觉得可以译得更好，就不妨再来

译一遍，无须客气，更不必管那些无聊的唠叨。取旧译

的长处，再加上自己的新心得，这才会成功一种近于完

全的定本。”（《鲁迅全集·且介亭杂文二集》）

621

Back to Country Life （�）

When I plant beans at the foot of Southern Hill，

Bean shoots are few but rank grass grows at will.

I rise at early dawn to weed and prune

Till，hoe on shoulder，I return with the moon.

As the path is narrow，grass and bushes tall，

The evening dews will soak my dress and all.

It�s nothing if my dress is wet with dew

As long as my desires indeed come true.

归园田居（其三）

种豆南山下，

草盛豆苗稀。

晨兴理荒秽，

带月荷锄归。

道狭草木长，

夕露沾我衣。

衣沾不足惜，

但使愿无违。

721

陶诗英译百花开

———《饮酒》（其五）比读

在陶渊明现存的 120 多首诗中，涉及饮酒生活的

竟多达 44 首，约占陶诗总数的三分之一。《饮酒》二

十首是其中的代表作，尤以第五首（“结庐在人境”）最

为脍炙人口，国内出版的各种陶诗选本或选读几乎无

不收录这首诗，在我手边的这首诗的英译也有十余种

之多，为准确理解、鉴赏和翻译陶诗（乃至各类汉诗）

提供了极好的素材。

一

组诗《饮酒》二十首是陶渊明的重要代表作。关

于其写作年代，历来有几种说法，有的认为是归隐之前

的作品，有的认为是归隐之后的作品。不过，从这组诗

深沉的内容和成熟的艺术手法来看，当以公元 517 年

陶渊明 53 岁时的秋冬时节所作较为可信。根据陶渊

明的自序，“余闲居寡欢，兼比夜已长，偶有名酒，无夕

不饮。顾影独尽，忽焉复醉。既醉之后，辄题数句自

娱� 纸 墨 遂 多，辞 无 诠 次，聊 命 故 人 书 之，以 为 欢 笑

尔。”这组 诗 名 为 饮 酒 诗，实 为 咏 怀 诗 （或 称 “感 遇

诗”），多方面地反映了他的生活、思想、志趣和情操。

方东树在《昭味詹言》中评论道� “据序亦是杂诗，直书

胸臆，直书即事，借饮酒为题耳，非咏饮酒也。阮公

821

《咏怀》、杜公《秦川杂诗》、退之《秋怀》，皆同此例，即

所谓遣兴也。人有兴物生感，而言以遣之，是必有名理

名言，奇情奇怀奇句，而后同于著书。不拘一事，不拘

一物、一时、一地、一人，悲愉辛苦，杂然而陈，而各有性

情，各有本色，各有天怀学识才力，要必各自有其千古，

而后为至者也。”由此看来，组诗的标题《饮酒》直译为

Drinking Wine 虽然跟诗的内容没有多大关系，但原题

就是如 此 模 糊 的，恐 怕 要 比 Wine Poems 或 Written

While Drunk 好一些，因为前者是“饮酒歌”的意思，后

者是“醉中所作”的意思，而 Poems on Drinking Wine 则

反而表明诗的内容就是描写饮酒的情况了。

《饮酒》（其五）展示了诗人运用魏晋玄学“得意忘

象”之说领悟“真意”的思维过程，反映了诗人身在人

间而心远世俗的生活态度和复归自然的人生乐趣。对

诗旨的理解是翻译的基础，只有正确把握了诗旨，才能

准确地选择词语或表达方式。下面是笔者的一个译

文�

My house is built amid the world of men，

Yet little sound and fury do I ken.

To tell you how on earth I can keep blind，

Any place is calm for a peaceful mind.

I pluck hedge_side chrysanthemums with pleasure

And see the tranquil Southern Mount in leisure.

The evening haze enshrouds it in fine weather

While flocks of birds are flying home together.

The view provides some veritable truth，

921

But my defining words seem to me uncouth.

结庐在人境，

而无车马喧。

问君何能尔？

心远地自偏。

采菊东篱下，

悠然见南山。

山气日夕佳，

飞鸟相与还。

此中有真意，

欲辨已忘言。

诗的前两句“结庐在人境，而无车马喧”看似平

淡，仿佛是白描一般。诗人归园田居，并不是居住在深

山老林里当隐士，而是“结庐在人境”，生活在日出而

作、日落而归的父老乡亲中间。“而无车马喧”按表层

意义来看，指的是他的生活环境，他主要跟故乡的乡亲

们来往，很少跟上层人士来往，不像达官贵人那样门口

车水马龙、应接不暇，但是门厅冷落到“无”人来往毕

竟还不是事实。追究其深层意义，“车马喧”是“世俗

的喧嚣与烦恼”的借代，全句表明了诗人远离尘嚣（far

from the madding crowd）、洁身自好的人生哲学。第一

句写的是“形”，第二句写的是“神”。这种意思在第

三、第四两句“问君何能尔？心远地自偏”的自问自答

中清楚地体现出来。若有人问他如何能做到这一点

呢，“心远地自偏”跟“心静自然凉”有相通之处。诗人

031

明确地表示� 远离尘嚣的人生态度使他将世俗的羁绊

置之脑后，可以完全不为所动了。

根据上述理解，“结庐”是强调诗人的居住地，而

不是强调盖房子，所以，I built my house （hut，cottage）

不是最佳选择，尤其是英语中用过去时态来表示更是

在强调“盖房子”这一事实，用现在时态就要好得多，

但是用被动语态可以更加准确地表示“居住地”的意

思。

“车马喧”按照字面意义翻译还是按照深层意义

翻译也是个值得探讨的问题。多数的译本采用了按照

字面意义翻译的方式，把“车马喧”译成 clamour of car-

riages and horses，clatter of carriage or horse，din of car-

riages or horses，noise of horse or coach，sounds or hor-

ses or chariots，noise of horse and of carriage，noise of

wheels or trampling hoofs，noise of coach or horse，noise

of wheels and hoofs，再采用“there is no. . . ”的句型，完

全成了描述状态的陈述句，表示诗人的周围“无车马

喧”，而不是诗人心里“无车马喧”，所以没有能传达出

诗人远离尘嚣的人生态度。“There�s noise of wheels

and hoofs，but I hear not”补足了诗人主观的态度，是

高明 的 译 法，而 “Yet the sounds of horses or chariots

bother me not”更是回避了状态的描述，强调了诗人的

主观态度，也是一个别具匠心的译法，但是这个句子多

少令人感觉“车马喧”还是不少的，只是诗人不觉得烦

心而已。有的译本采用了意译的方式，把“而无车马

喧”译成“But do not hear the din of life”，虽然失去了原

诗的意象，却传达了原诗的基本意思。诗歌采用直译

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（按字面意义翻译）还是意译，在原有意象能为译入语

的读者所接受、并达到正确理解的情况下，自然还是以

保留原有意象为好� 在原有意象会使译入语的读者产

生误解的情况下，自然必须摒弃原有意象� 在原有意象

不会使译入语的读者产生误解、但也不能全部传达其

内涵的时候，译者就要努力寻求最佳的折中办法或解

决方案了。“车马喧”就属于后一种情况。

“心远地自偏”是前四句的核心，远离尘嚣、洁身

自好的人生哲学使他将世俗的羁绊置之脑后，可以完

全不为所动了。这是一个人生警句（maxim）或格言

（motto），各种译法都有特色�

When the heart is far the place itself is distant.

With a mind remote，the region too grows distant.

When the heart is remote，earth stands aloof.

A heart that is distant creates a wilderness round it.

To a distant heart，every place is a retreat.

When my heart is absent the place itself is absent.

The distant heart creates a distant retreat.

Serenity keeps my mind，my hut remote.

The mind�s remote，the earth�ll be bare.

Secluded heart creates secluded place.

Secluded heart makes secluded place.

With heart remote one�s home is hidden too.

翻译这个句子的关键在于如何处理“远”和“偏”

两个字。far、distant、remote 在一般的情况下都相当于

231

汉语的“远”，而这句诗的“远”是玄学中最常用的概

念，指超脱世俗利害的、淡然而全足的精神状态，这里

的“心远”指的是对那争名夺利的世界采取隔离与冷

漠的态度，也就是前面所说的远离尘嚣、洁身自好的人

生哲学。这是诗人自己处世经验的总结。他归园田居

之后，不受世俗羁绊、不必混迹官场、不为利禄驱使，将

世俗的烦恼置之度外，心情是淡泊宁静的。这种情况

下，用 far、distant 和 remote 来形容 mind 或 heart 便没

有传达出上述的意思，absent 则离诗的本意更“远”。

在上述译文中，离原意最贴近的词语是 secluded，而从

格律的角度来看，Secluded heart creates secluded place

似乎比 Secluded heart makes secluded place 好一些，使

全句都是规范的五音步抑扬格。至于当代诗人译诗是

否要考虑译入语的当代诗歌规范（norm）、20 世纪英语

诗歌从固定格律中“解放”出来是进步还是倒退，这是

仁者见仁、智者见智的问题了。我在《外国语》1997 年

第三期的一篇文章发表了自己的观点，不属于本文讨

论的范围。

《饮酒》（其五）“最有妙处”（苏东坡语）的两行诗

是“采菊东篱下，悠然见南山”。心情淡泊宁静的诗人

于微醺之际，在自己庭院的东篱之下采摘菊花，偶尔在

抬头之际在悠然之中见到悠然的南山，更何况这南山

不是一座普通的山，而是诗人所居之处南面的名山

———庐山。诗人悠闲自在，名山幽美淡远，很难判断是

以情入景还是以景入情，情景交融，如入无我之境。用

王国维在《人间词话》中的说法，“无我之境，以物观

物，故不知何者为我，何者为物，”浑然一幅浓妆淡抹

331

的山水画，或者是一曲安祥恬静的田园交响乐。这两

行诗中最见功夫的是“见”字，因为“见”是无意识的，

若换成有意识的“望”，“则此一篇神气都索然矣”。所

以，在英译文中使用 gaze 或 look up 之类的词语都不

如 see 恰当，Peaceful the South Hill appears to me 也是

符合原诗意境的。

诗人见到的南山“山气日夕佳，飞鸟相与还”，这

是描绘所见的实景。黄昏时分，山间的景色宜人，山恋

被薄雾缠绕，若隐若现，再加上诗人在微醺之际，心旷

神怡，眼前呈现的是一片朦胧之美。突然间，结伴归巢

的鸟儿飞入他的视野，“鸟倦飞而知还”，在茫茫的自

然界中，鸟和人竟是如此相似，都在寂静的自然界中寻

找自己的归宿。诗人通过活生生的感受领悟到人生的

真谛，这种人生的真谛不是用语言可以表达的。这种

思想在《庄子》中可以找渊源� “辨也者，有不辨也”，

“夫大道不称，大辩不言”，“荃者所以在鱼，得鱼而忘

荃� 蹄者所以在兔，得兔而忘蹄� 言者所以在意，得意而

忘言”。至此完成了诗人领悟“真意”的全过程，得出

了“此中有真意，欲辨已忘言”的结论。这两行诗句理

趣无穷，使英译者各显神通�

“Within these things there is a hint of Truth，

But when I start to tell it，I cannot find the words. ”

“In all this here�s some principle of truth，

but try to define it and you forget the words. ”

“In this is the real savour，

But probing，I can find no words. ”

431

“In these things there lies a deep meaning�

Yet when we would express it，words suddenly fail me. ”

“Therein lies the meaning of life，

Veritable but ineffable. ”

“The soul of Nature was here revealed，

Too subtle it was for words. ”

“What is the revelation at this view？

Words fail me e�en if I try to tell you. ”

⋯⋯

这些译文大致都能达意，却又各有特色，仅 “真

意”一词就有 a hint of Truth，some principle of truth，

the truth of life，true sense，a deep meaning，a profound

meaning，the meaning of life，the real savour，the soul of

Nature，the revelation 等不同的译法，简直使读者目不

暇接，真所谓“陶诗英译百花开”！陶公口虽说“千秋

万岁后，谁知荣与辱”，得知他的诗作蜚声海内外，想

必也会含笑九泉的。

二

陶渊明在《饮酒》（其五）中展示了领悟“真意”的

思维过程，英国诗人华滋华斯（William Wordsworth）的

《黄水仙》（The Daffodils）中也展示了他领悟“真意”的

思维过程，把中英两位田园诗人的思维过程作一对比

是饶有趣味的。

下面是华滋华斯《黄水仙》的全文�

531

I wandered lonely as a cloud

That floats on high o�er vales and hills.

When all at once I saw a crowd，

A host of golden daffodils，

Beside the lake，beneath the trees，

Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.

Continuous as the stars that shine，

And twinkle on the Milky Way，

They stretched in never_ending line

Along the margin of a bay�

Ten thousand saw I at a glance，

Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.

The waves beside them danced� but they

Outdid the sparkling waves in glee�

A poet could not but be gay，

In such a jocund company.

I gazed—and gazed but little thought

What wealth the show to me had brought.

For oft，when on my couch I lie

In vacant or in pensive mood，

They flash upon that inward eye

Which is the bliss of solitude�

And then my heart with pleasure fills，

And dances with the daffodils.

631

我似白云独自游，

飘越山冈与峡谷，

忽地美景眼底收，

金黄水仙簇连簇�

湖滨林荫水仙多，

微风吹拂舞婆娑。

恰似繁星连成片，

银河之中频闪烁，

连绵不断成一线，

蜿蜓岸边起花波�

万朵金花盛情开，

摇首起舞迎客来。

碧波荡漾同起舞，

难及水仙乐无穷！

骚客兴致分外殊，

得此良伴共苍穹�

千眼万眼望不够，

未得真昧入心头。

从此得暇庐中卧，

时而思索时恍惚，

常得水仙闪心窝，

孤寂之中成至福�

满心喜悦乐融融，

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随花共舞在胸中。

华滋华斯的《黄水仙》是他演示自己的创作思想

和创作过程的一个实例。这首诗创作于 1804 年，记述

的是他两年前跟妹妹多萝西一起观看黄水仙的一次经

历，诗人在两年中时常忆及这次经历，水仙美景经常在

脑海浮现，喜悦心情经常从心头涌起，最终促使诗人挥

笔成诗。《黄水仙》一诗共四节，前三节描述观看黄水

仙的经历，最后一节描述平静中回忆起来的情感。这

个领悟过程完全符合华滋华斯的创作思想� “诗是强

烈情感的自然流露。它起源于在平静中回忆起来的情

感。诗人沉思这种情感直到一种反应使平静逐渐消

逝，就有一种与诗人所沉思的情感相似的情感逐渐发

生，确实存在于诗人的心中。一篇成功的诗作一般都

从这种情形开始，而且在相似的情形下向前展开。”

（《抒情歌谣集》序言）

把陶渊明领悟真意的思维过程跟华滋华斯的思维

过程作一比较，我们一眼就可以看出这两位田园诗人

的思维过程是大相径庭的。陶渊明具有天人合一的思

想，认为人的生命原来是自然的一部分，是“大化”变

迁的表现。他是在与自然溶为一体的过程中无意识地

领悟真意的。华滋华斯则游离于自然之外，思索自然

赋予人类的意义，他是在思索的过程中有意识地领悟

真意的。所以，陶渊明是悠然“见”（see）南山，而华滋

华斯是千眼万眼“望”（gaze）不够� 陶渊明是立时顿

悟，“此 中 有 真 意，欲 辩 已 忘 言”（This view provides

some veritable truth，/But my defining words seem to me

uncouth. ）� 而华滋华斯在当时“未得真昧入心头”（lit-

831

tle thought what wealth the show to me had brought），只

是事后才“满心喜悦乐融融，随花共舞在胸中”（my

heart with pleasure fills，/And dances with the daffodils）。

综上所述，中西方文化的差异使陶渊明的田园诗

既不同于马洛（Christopher Marlowe）的田园诗（见《两

种文化，两种田园诗》一文），又不同于华滋华斯的田

园诗。所以，在将陶渊明的田园诗介绍给西方读者的

时候，文化内涵是不可忽视的一个方面。

《饮酒》（其五）英译比读

（1）Written While Drunk 5

I built my house near where others dwell，

And yet there is no clamour of carriages and horses.

You ask of me “How can this be so？”

“When the heart is far the place of itself is distant. ”

I pluck chrysanthemums under the eastern hedge，

And gaze afar towards the southern mountains.

The mountain air is fine at evening of the day

And flying birds return together homewards.

Within these things there is a hint of Truth，

But when I start to tell it，I cannot find the words.

（William Acker）

931

（2）Drinking Wine No 5

I built my hut in a place where people live，

and yet there�s no clatter of carriage or horse.

You ask me how that could be？

With a mind remote，the region too grows distant.

I pick chrysanthemums by the eastern hedge，

see the southern mountain，calm and still.

The mountain air is beautiful at close of day，

birds on the wing coming home together.

In all this here�s some principle of truth，

but try to define it and you forget the words.

（Burton Watson）

（3）Drinking Wine，V

I built my hut amid the throng of men，

But there is no din of carriages or horses.

You ask me how this can be.

When the heart is remote，earth stands aloof.

Culling chrysanthemums by the eastern hedge，

I see afar the southern hills�

The air of the hills at sunset is good�

The flying birds in company come back to their nests.

In this is the real savour，

But probing，I can find no words.

（R. H. Kotewall et al）

041

（4）I Built My Hut in a Zone of Human Habitation

I build my hut in a zone of human habitation，

Yet near me there sounds no noise of horse or coach.

Would you know how that is possible？

A heart that is distant creates a wildness round it.

I pluck chrysanthemums under the eastern hedge，

Then gaze long at the distant summer hills.

The mountain air is fresh at the dusk of day�

The flying birds two by two return.

In these things there lies a deep meaning�

Yet when we would express it，words suddenly fail us.

（Arthur Waley）

（5）Drinking Wine 5

I built my house in a world of men

Yet the sounds of horses or chariots bother me not.

“How is that possible？”I am asked.

To a distant heart，every place is a retreat.

I pluck chrysanthemums by the east hedge，

Peaceful the South Hill appears to me.

Good is the mountain air in the eve，

One by one the flying birds return.

Therein lies the meaning of life，

Veritable but ineffable.

141

（Patricia Pin_ching Hu）

（6）Poems on Drinking Wine 5

I have built my cottage amongst the throng of men，

And yet there is no noise of horse and of carriage.

You ask me，how can it be？And I reply�

When my heart is absent the place itself is absent�

For I pick chrysanthemums under the eastern hedge，

And far away to the south I see the mountains，

And the mountain mists are lovely at morning and eve-

ning，

While birds keep flying across and back again.

In all these things there lies a profound meaning，

I was going to explain. . . but now I forget what it was.

（Andrew Boyd）

（7）Drinking Wine （V）

Among the busy haunts of men I build my hut，

But near to no noise of wheels or trampling hoofs.

—You would stop to ask me how—

The distant heart creates a distant retreat.

Picking chrysanthemums under the eastern fence，

Leisurely I look up and see the Southern Mountains.

The mountain air is good both day and night，

And the birds are flying homewards together.

241

In such things I find the truth of life�

I would tell how，but have forgotten the words.

（Roland Fang）

（8）Twenty Wine Poems 5

My hut I built in the midst of men

But do not hear the din of life.

“And how could you manage，Sir？”

Serenity keeps my mind，my hut remote.

Chrysanthemums I was picking under the east hedge

When the South Range met my tranquil eyes.

At sunset the mountains are at their loveliest，

Sundown called in the weary birds.

The soul of Nature was here revealed，

Too subtle it was for words.

（Tan Shilin）

（9）Drinking Wine 5

I built my hut in peopled world，

No noise of coach or horse sounds here.

You ask me how could it be so？

The mind�s remote，the earth�ll be bare.

Chrysanthemums picked by east hedge，

I see at ease with the south hills there.

The mountain air�s fair day and night.

341

The flying birds come home in pair.

In all these things there is true sense，

I lose the words to make it clear.

（Shi Yinzhou）

（10）Drinking Wine 5

Among the haunts of men I build my cot，

There�s noise of wheels and hoofs，but I hear not.

How can it leave upon my mind no trace？

Secluded heart creates secluded place.

I pick fence_side chrysanthemums at will

And leisurely I see the southern hill，

Where mountain air is fresh both day and night，

And where I find home_going birds in flight.

What is the revelation at this view？

Words fail me e�en if I try to tell you.

（Xu Yuan Zhong）

（11）Drinking Wine 5

In people�s haunt I build my cot�

Of wheel�s and hoof�s noise I hear not.

How can it leave on me no trace？

Secluded heart makes secluded place.

I pick fenceside asters at will�

Carefree I see the southern hill.

441

The mountain air�s fresh day and night�

Together birds go home in flight.

What revelation at this view？

Words fail if I try to tell you.

（Xu Yuan Zhong）

（12）Drinking Wine （number 5）

I�ve built my shack near other people

Yet escape the clamour of horse and carriage

if you ask how this can be

with heart remote one�s home is hidden too

I pick chrysanthemums beneath the east hedge

and far away see the southern mountains

breath of the mountains at dusk is lovely

flying birds return together

in this is something right and true

hoping to tell it I lose the words

（David Lattimore）

（13）Poems After Dr inking Wine （No. 5）

I built my hut beside a travelled road

Yet hear no noise of passing carts and horses.

You would like to know how it is done？

With the mind detached，one�s place becomes remote.

Picking chrysanthemums by the eastern edge

541

I catch sight of the distant southern hills�

The mountain air is lovely as the sun sets.

（James Robert Hightower）

（14）Drinking Wine （V）

I built a cottage right in the realm of men，

yet there was no noise from wagon and horse.

I ask you，how can that be so？—

when mind is far，its place becomes remote.

I picked a chrysanthemum by the eastern hedge，

off in the distance gazed on south mountain.

Mountain vapours lovely in the twilight sun，

where birds in flight join in return.

There is some true significance here�

I want to expound it but have lost the words.

（Stephen Owen）

（15）Drinking Wine （5）

I built my hut in the world of men，

Yet there is no din of carriage and horse.

You ask me how this could be so�

641

With a distant heart one�s place becomes remote.

I pluck chrysanthemums beneath the eastern hedge

And glimpse faraway the southern mountain.

The mountain air at sunset is fine�

Flying birds return with one another.

Within this there is true meaning—

About to discuss it I�ve already forgotten words.

741

承前启后，推陈出新

———《停云》比读

陶渊明（365—427）的诗歌在中国文学史上占有

重要的位置，处于上承《诗经》、下启三唐的重要地位。

他的五言诗言约旨远、情趣高妙，其中《归园田居》、

《饮酒》等诗篇脍炙人口，深得历代读者的喜爱。但

是，陶渊明为了追求平和闲静、古朴淡远的情调，模仿

《诗经》的格式创作了若干首节奏平稳而简单的四言

诗，现存《停云》、《时运》、《荣木》、《赠长沙公》、《酬丁

柴桑》、《答庞参军》、《劝农》、《命子》和《归鸟》等九

首，继承了《诗经》的优良传统，其效果却比《诗经》更

为明显。刘克庄在《后村诗话》中写道� “四言自曹氏

父子、王仲宣、陆士衡后，惟陶公最高，《停云》、《荣木》

等篇，殆突过建安矣。”我们完全可以说，陶渊明的诗

歌确实起到了承前启后、推陈出新的作用。

陶渊明的《停云》诗载于《陶渊明集》卷之一的卷

首，它跟紧接在后面的《时运》和《荣木》一起，成为一

组具有说理意味的咏怀诗。下面先把原诗和英译抄录

如下�

The Pending Clouds

（With a Preface）

The Pending Clouds is written when I long to

841

see my bosom friends. When the newly_brewed wine has

been stored in the jar and the garden trees are starting to

bud，I heave deep sighs as I wait in vain.

停云

（并序）

“停云”，思亲友也。樽湛新醪，园列初荣，愿言不

从，叹惜弥襟。

The clouds are pending dense on high

While spring rain drizzles from the sky.

So dim and sombre is the day

That no one rides along the way.

Retiring to my eastern room，

Alone I sip the wine in gloom.

For good friends in the distant land，

I wait and wait and here I stand.

The clouds are pending dense on high

While spring rain drizzles from the sky.

So dim and sombre is the day

That floods are running on the way.

As wine may render me some pleasure，

By eastern windows I drink at leisure.

For all my thoughts of friends so dear，

941

No boat nor cart will bring him here.

In the eastern yard the trees

Begin to bud in gentle breeze.

The thought of dear old kith and kin

Oft goes with me through thick and thin.

As the ancient saying goes，

“Time and tide will ne�er repose. ”

Would that we sit here face to face

And talk about our time and space.

The birds that fly on wings at ease

Have come to rest on garden trees.

There they perch and sit abreast，

Singing lyrics at their best.

I do have other friends to boast，

But now I think of you the most.

However，you are far away

And I am filled with deep dismay.

蔼蔼停云，

蒙蒙时雨。

八表同昏，

平路伊阻。

静寄东轩，

春醪独抚。

良朋悠藐，

051

搔首延伫。

停云蔼蔼，

时雨蒙蒙。

八表同昏，

平陆成江。

有酒有酒，

闲饮东窗。

愿言怀人，

舟车靡从。

东园之树，

枝条载荣。

竞朋亲好，

以怡余情。

人亦有言，

日月于征。

安得促席，

说彼平生。

翩翩飞鸟，

息我庭柯。

敛翮闲止，

好声相和。

岂无他人，

念子实多。

愿言不获，

151

抱恨如何。

《停云》一诗共四章三十二句，约作于公元 408 年

（一说为公元 403 年），当时诗人在归隐之后闲居于家

乡寻阳柴桑。本诗模仿《诗经》的形式，摘取首句“蔼

蔼停云”中的两个字“停云”为题，“停云”的意思是凝

聚不散的云，题目跟诗的内容无关。

陶渊明在《停云》诗的前面有一短序，首先说明自

己写作的目的� 为思念亲友而作� 然后说明写作时的

环境� 酒樽里盛满了澄清的美酒，家园内排列着初绽

的鲜花� 最后说明写作时的心情� 思念亲友而不得相

会，叹息无奈，胸中充满了忧愁。

《停云》四章反复吟诵对亲友的思念� “阴云密密

布空中，春雨绵绵意迷蒙。举目四顾昏沉色，路途阻断

水纵横。东轩寂默独自坐，春酒一杯还自奉。良朋好

友在远方，翘首久候心落空。 h空中阴云聚不散，春雨

迷蒙似云烟。举目四顾昏沉色，水阻途断客不前。幸

赖家中有新酒，自饮东窗聊慰闲。思念好友在远方，舟

车不通难相见。 h东园之内树成行，枝繁叶茂花芬芳。

春树春花展新姿，使我神情顿清朗。平时常听人们言，

日月如梭走时光。安得好友促膝谈，共诉平生情意长。

h鸟儿轻轻展翅飞，落我庭前树梢头。收敛翅膀悠闲

态，鸣声婉转相唱酬。世上岂无他人伴，与君情意实难

丢。思念良朋不得见，无可奈何恨悠悠。”�

《停云》诗的开篇采用了《诗经》中常用的迭字句

251

� 孟二冬� 《陶渊明集译注》，第 3—5 页

式，《诗经》中的迭字有的出现在句首，如“��草虫，

=�=�阜螽”（《召南·草虫》）、“青青子衿，悠悠我心”

（《郑风·子衿》）� 有的出现在句末，如“鹑之奔奔，鹊

之瞗瞗”（《睟风·鹑之奔奔》）、“风雨凄凄，鸡鸣喈

喈”（《郑风·风雨》）、“南山崔崔，雄狐绥绥”（《齐风

·南山》）。陶渊明的《停云》诗，第一章的开头是“霭

霭停云，蒙蒙时雨”，第二章的开头是“停云霭霭，时雨

蒙蒙”，使句式有所变化，这是《诗经》中所未见的。

《停云》诗中使用了《诗经》中的现成句型和词语，

例如，“人亦有言”在《大雅》的《荡》、《抑》、《桑柔》、

《丞灬民》中多次出现。“愿言怀人”和“愿言不获”中的

“愿言”是仿《诗经》中常用的词语� “寤言不寐，愿言则

嚏”、“寤言不寐，愿言则怀”（《邶风·终风》），“愿言

思子，中心养养”、“愿言思子，不瑕有害”（《邶风·二

子乘舟》），“愿言思伯，甘心首疾”、“愿言思伯，使我心

=�”（《卫风·伯兮》）� 而“怀人”则可见于“嗟我怀人，

实彼周行”（《周南·卷耳》）、“明发不寐，有怀二人”

（《小雅·小宛》）。

《停云》诗的各章均采用了《诗经》中常用的“兴”

的手法，以写景的方式兴起。第一、二章先描写阴雨的

天气，烘托怀念亲友的心情� 第三章先描写园内花繁叶

茂的景象，这是跟亲友交谈的好时光� 第四章先描写鸟

声和鸣，转而抒发自身怀念亲友、不获晤谈而深为遗憾

的惆怅心情，与序中的“叹息弥襟”遥相呼应。

这首诗从谋篇布局到遣词造句，其温雅和平之处

可以看到《诗经》的影响，跟《诗经》中的《草虫》和《蒹

葭》有异曲同工之妙。与此同时，陶渊明的写景抒情

351

又具有他的五言诗的特色，对田园风光的描写又超过

了《诗经》，怀念之情的抒发又比 《诗经》更为形象。

《停云》诗写诗人因为“时雨蒙蒙”而无法跟亲友“说彼

平生”，只得“春醪独抚”、“闲饮东窗”，未免感到遗憾。

他的生活环境是那样安宁，“静寄东窗”，观看飞鸟来

到门前的枝头栖息、相互唱应，全诗体现出一种恬淡的

情感，这是陶渊明诗歌的主调。由此可以看出，陶渊明

的四言诗是承前启后、推陈出新的佳作。国外译者对

陶渊明四言诗的重视也是理所当然的，华兹生（Burton

Watson）在他的《哥伦比亚中国诗选》中就选译了《停

云》一诗��

Motionless Clouds

Heavy and dull，the motionless clouds，

the seasonal rains drenching down�

all eight directions a single darkness，

all the level roads cut off.

Quietly I settle by the eastern eaves，

alone，fondling the milky spring wine.

My good friend is so far far away—

I scratch my head and go on waiting.

451

� Burton Watson� Columbia Book of Chinese

Poetry，pp. 125_126

Motionless clouds dull and heavy，

these drenching seasonal rains�

all eight directions a single darkness，

all the flat land turned to rivers.

I have wine，I have wine，

idly drinking by the eastern window.

I think longingly of someone，

but no boat or carriage could get through.

Trees in the eastern garden，

branches beginning to flower，

outdoing each other in new beauty，

hoping to cheer my thoughts.

Just as people say，

the days and months hurry onward�

how can I seat you by my side

where we can talk of those times now past？

Flutter flutter，birds on the wing，

they light on the limbs in my garden，

fold their wings，rest peacefully，

blending their beautiful cries.

Not that there are no others，

but I think of you so very often.

With longings unfulfilled，

brooding on my sorrow，what shall I do？

551

在国内，方重先生的译文是颇受赞扬的��

The Linger ing Clouds

Thick and dusty，the lingering clouds，

Misty and drizzling，the season�s rain�

In all directions，the haze unbroken，

The level roads are blocked from access.

Quietly I retire to my eastern porch，

I drink the spring wine all alone.

My good friends are far，far away，

With anxiety I watch and wait.

The lingering clouds，thick and dusky，

The season�s rain，misty and drizzling�

In all directions，the haze unbroken，

The level roads，with waters swelling.

Wine，wine，here comes the wine，

I drink at leisure by my eastern window.

Fondly I think of my dear old friends，

But no wagon nor boat is within my call.

The trees in the eastern garden，

Break out in green leaves again.

Nature rushes forth to look its best，

651

� 方重� 《陶渊明诗文选择》，第 30—33 页

Stirring my blood to answer the summons.

But how true the common saying goes，

That the sun and the moon rise and wane，

Shouldn�t we rather sit close together，

To talk about life�s shifting scenes？

Fluttering，fluttering，the light birds

Come to rest on my garden branches，

Perching in quiet contentment�

Sweetly to one another they sing.

True it is I have other friends，

But now I think of you most，

What I wish I cannot get，

How vexed am I to think of this！

最近，我们又看到了谭时霖先生 20 世纪 90 年代

的译本��

Motionless Clouds

Drenched are the motionless clouds，

On and on drizzles the vernal rain.

On all sides，a sombre sky，

Impassable is the level road.

In the quiet east hall，

751

� 谭时霖� 《陶渊明诗文英译》，第 16—17 页

Alone I fondle the jug of spring brew.

Far away is my valued friend�

Here I stand waiting.

Drenched are the motionless clouds，

On and on drizzles the vernal rain.

On all sides，a sombre sky，

Under water lies the level land.

Wine there is in plenty，

By the east window I linger over it.

To him are turned my thoughts，

No boat nor carriage can bring him to me.

The trees in the east garden

Have begun to put forth their blossoms.

With awakened charms，twigs and branches vie

For my exclusive attention.

“Time pursues its journey，”

People are wont to say.

How could we come together

And ramble about our interests in life.

Gracefully soaring birds

Have alighted on the boughs.

With folded wings they perch，

Engaged in melodious interchange.

I lack not company，

851

You are my expectation thwarted，

What can I do but sigh！

把中华传统文化中的精髓介绍给世界，同样存在

一个承前启后、推陈出新的问题。关于诗歌的可译性

问题和翻译原则问题已经讨论了几个世纪，但依然是

仁者见仁、智者见智。陶渊明四言诗的实践，也为我们

如何应用英语诗歌传统形式来传神达意地翻译中国传

统诗歌提供了一些启示。

951

一首深刻的寓言诗

———《形影神》比读

陶渊明素以田园诗著称，然而，他的寓言诗（alle-

gorical poem）《形影神》（Flesh，Shadow and Spirit）作为

表现他的人生哲学的重要诗篇，是理解他一生的思想

不可不读的诗作。有人甚至说� “渊明一生之心寓于

《形影神》三诗之内，而迄莫有知之者，可叹也。”这首

诗通过形、影、神三个富有生活气息的艺术形象，集中

地反映了诗人对宇宙的看法。但是，后人在理解方面

分歧很大，有的认为这首诗主要强调当时的玄学思想，

有的认为主要强调儒家的名教思想，也有的认为主要

强调一种“新自然说”�。由此可见，即使要把这首诗

译成英语，也首先要解决理解问题。

陶渊明生活的东晋时期是危机四伏、战争不断的

动乱年代，佛、道、玄等宗教神学泛滥。佛教的净土宗

宣扬神不灭，信佛可以通过轮回获得来生的幸福� 道教

的五斗米道宣扬炼丹，以求得道成仙，达到永生� 玄学

无为自然发展到放荡不羁、追求奢侈享乐。陶渊明的

家乡庐山是当时南方传播佛教的中心，庐山东林寺名

僧慧远集僧俗 123 人结白莲社，宣扬净土宗教义，撰有

《沙门不敬王者论》，其第五篇是《形尽神不灭论》。慧

远又立佛影、作《万佛影铭》，刻之于石，写道“廊矣大

061

� 参见龚斌校笺的《陶渊明集校笺》。

象，理玄无名，体神入化，落影离形”，认为人死之后神

可以离开形、影而独立存在，然后通过轮回获得来生的

幸福，从而达到长生不死的目的。形神之间各自独立，

不存在孰优孰劣的问题，慧远的思想是符合印度哲学

基本观点的。

陶渊明与慧远素有往来，慧远曾劝陶渊明参加白

莲社，但陶渊明却“攒眉而去”，不肯参加白莲社。《形

影神》诗是陶渊明在东晋义熙九年（公元 413 年）所

作，针对慧远的“形尽神不灭”的哲学思想，通过形、

影、神三者的答辩，阐述了作者自己的哲学思想。在形

神关系方面，陶渊明认为它们“生而相依附”、“结托既

喜同”，是相互依赖和一致的关系，这也是符合中国哲

学基本观点的。

为了便于跟后面的英语诗相比较，现将《形影神》

诗试译成英语如下�

Flesh，Shadow and Spir it

（With a Preface）

Both the high and the low，the wise and the foolish，

all strive hard to preserve their existence，without reali-

zing how absurd they are. Therefore，I�d like to expound

the distress of Flesh and Shadow and let Spirit explain the

essence of Nature to relieve Flesh and Shadow. I hope

that those who are interested in this may understand these

poems.

161

形影神

（并序）

贵贱贤愚，莫不营营以惜生，斯甚惑焉，故极陈形

影之苦，言神辨自然以释之。好事君子，共取其心焉。

陶渊明在序言中解释了写这首诗的目的� 无论高

贵、低贱、贤智、愚鲁的人，没有不是为着爱惜自己的生

命而忙忙碌碌的。这其实十分糊涂。所以诗人极意陈

述“形”、“影”的苦恼，而由“神”辨析自然之理来加以

开释，希望喜欢探讨这类事情的君子都能了解其中听

任自然的道理。

Flesh to Shadow

The heaven lasts forever with the earth�

The hills and rivers never change their worth.

The plants have always followed Nature�s course，

With frost and dew as their empowering source.

Of all things，man is listed at the top，

But he cannot revive as the crop.

He may be seen alive a while ago，

And will be dead and gone before you know.

Who�ll miss the man he never comes across？

The kith and kin alone will feel the loss.

A mere look at the things he leaves behind

Brings tearful woe and sorrow to the mind.

261

As I cannot work wonders in my life，

I shall die after years of worldly strife.

I hope you accept what I have to say

And drink the wine they offer while you may.

形赠影

天地长不没，

山川无改时。

草木得常理，

霜露荣悴之。

谓人最灵智，

独复不如兹。

适见在世中，

奄去靡归期。

奚觉无一人，

亲识岂相思？

但余平生物，

举目情凄�。

我无腾化术，

必尔不复疑。

愿君取吾言，

得酒莫苟辞。

在《形赠影》中，“形”对“影”说道� 天地永恒地存

在，山川万古如斯，草木循着自然的规律，受到风霜的

侵袭而枯萎，得到雨露的滋润而复荣，然而身为万物之

361

灵的人类却不能如此。人活在世上，就像匆匆的过客，

刚才还在，倏忽已去，再也不能回来，而人们从此便忘

了他，似乎世上从未有过这样一个人。亲戚朋友也不

再思念他，只留下了些生前遗物，令人见了感伤不已。

“形”没有飞天成仙的本领，“影”也用不着怀疑这最终

的归宿，但愿听取“形”的劝告，开怀畅饮，不必推辞，

还是在醉乡去寻求暂时的欢乐吧。

“形”的说法实际上是东晋之际玄谈之士的观点。

魏晋期间玄谈盛行，玄谈是由魏正始年间王弼、何晏提

出玄学开始的。玄谈由正始经竹林、西晋到东晋，发展

到最盛。东晋建国江东，要保住江左偏安局面，则必须

消除士族内部各集团间的纷争，以求政治的安定，于是

朝廷上下无不崇尚清谈。东晋清流崇尚嘉遁和隐士生

活，并以此为最清高，加以标榜。东晋名士亦能饮酒，

以饮酒为旷达，借酒浇胸中垒块，以使精神进入玄远境

界。《形影神》一诗中“得酒莫苟辞”的说法就是模拟

这些东晋名士的言论。

Shadow�s Reply to Flesh

It�s no use talking about preserving life�

It�s no use thinking about prolonging life.

I�d like to travel in immortal_land，

But distant roads are out of my command.

Since we were attached long，long ago，

We�ve always shared the weal and woe.

Though parted in the shade we stay，

461

We never sever in the light of day.

As I cannot forever stay with you，

We�ll perish when our destined time is due.

When the body dies，so does the name�

With this belief，my feelings rise in flame.

As worthy actions leave your love behind，

Why don�t you strive to serve the whole mankind？

The wine is said to drown your worldly woe，

The worthy actions are much better，though.

影答形

存生不可言，

卫生每苦拙。

诚愿游昆华，

邈然兹道绝。

与子相遇来，

未尝异悲悦。

憩荫苦暂乖，

止日终不别。

此同既难常，

黯尔俱时灭。

身没名亦尽，

念之五情热。

立善有遗爱，

胡为不自竭。

酒云能消忧，

561

方此讵不劣。

在《影答形》中，“影”回答“形”� 想求长生不老来

维持生命是不可靠的，欲保养生命也往往落得苦恼又

拙劣的下场。一心一意要去昆仑山修仙学道，却会发

现此路渺茫不通。自从“影”与“形”相遇以来，一直同

甘共苦，忧喜合一。“形”若憩息在树荫下，形影就暂

时分手� “形”若停在阳光下，形影就不分离。这种形

影相随的状况也难以永久持续，“形”一旦离世，“影”

也不复存在。人死，名也随之而尽，想起此事令人心忧

如焚，五情俱热。因而影劝形道� 唯有立善可以立下

美名，为何不去努力留名后世呢？虽说酒能消忧，但同

立善相比较，岂不等而下之了！

“影”的说法其实是主张名教者的观点。既然长

生不可得，则唯有立名即立善可以不朽，希望通过精神

上的长生来达到永恒。这种主张来自儒家立德、立功、

立言三不朽的思想，提倡追求身后之名。

Spir it�s View

As Nature is forever just and fair，

Each species grows and takes its share.

Man lives between the heaven and the earth

Because I myself have my genuine worth.

Although I�m different from the two of you，

We�ve been attached in all the years we grew.

We share our love and hatred day by day�

661

How can I keep from having my own say？

The three great emperors are of great mind，

But have they left a single trace behind？

In endless pursuit for eternal life，

Peng Zu died and gave up worldly strife.

Old and young，no one escapes from death.

Wise and foolish，man must draw last breath.

When you get drunk，you may forget your woe，

However，fatal outcome is sure and slow.

By worthy actions you may earn your fame�

But after death，who will recall your name？

Cares and worries do harms to my days，

And it is best to follow destined ways.

Plunge yourself in Nature�s course with cheers

And then you won�t have any joys or fears.

When your life has reached its destined date，

It is no use complaining of your fate.

神释

大钧无私力，

万理自森著。

人为三才中，

岂不以我故。

与君虽异物，

生而相依附。

结托善恶同，

761

安得不相语。

三皇大圣人，

今复在何处？

彭祖爱永年，

欲留不得住。

老少同一死，

贤愚无复数。

日醉或能忘，

将非促龄具？

立善常所欣，

谁当为汝誉？

甚念伤吾生，

正宜委运去。

纵浪大化中，

不喜亦不惧，

应尽便须尽，

无复独多虑。

在《神释》中，“神”作了自己的阐释� 造化没有偏

爱，万物都按着自己的规律成长繁衍，人所以能跻身于

“三才”（天地人）之中，岂不就是因为有了“神”的缘

故。所以，“神”要坦诚地说说自己的看法。上古时的

三皇被称作大圣人，而今他们却在何处？活到了 800

多岁的彭祖虽力求长生，但也留不住他人间的生命。

老的、少的、聪明的、愚笨的都将同样走向坟茔，没有什

么回生的运数可以挽救他们。每日沉湎于酒中或能忘

忧，但如此岂不是反而促使生命尽快结束吗？立善常

861

常是人们喜欢做的事，可是当你故世以后，谁会加以称

赞呢？极力去思索这些事情难免伤害自身，还是听其

自然，随命运的安排去吧。在宇宙中纵情放浪，人生没

有什么可喜，也没有什么可怕，当生命的尽头来临，那

么就让生命之火熄灭吧，不必再有什么顾虑了。

“神”的说法实际上是陶渊明自己的观点。饮酒

取乐无益，立善求名无谓，因为万事万物都顺着自然造

化之力而运转不息，任何力量都不能阻挡它，人类也必

须顺应它，才能使个人成为自然的一部分，从而与天地

一样永存。陶渊明的思想受到老庄哲学的影响，对形

神问题的看法具有朴素唯物主义的因素，最终采取了

“纵情大化中，不喜亦不忧。应尽便须尽，无复独多

虑”的达观人生态度，具有中国古典哲学的鲜明特色。

世界哲学包括三大系统� 中国哲学、西方哲学、印

度哲学。简而言之，中国哲学强调两端互补、相辅相

成� 西方哲学强调是此非彼、是彼非此� 印度哲学强调

是此非此都不能说。形神问题是三大哲学系统共同关

心的一个重要命题，三大哲学对这个重要命题给予了

不同的解释。

英国 17 世纪著名女诗人安 · 布拉德斯特里特

（Anne Bradstreet，1612—1672）从西方哲学的观点出

发，认为肉体和灵魂是对立的。她的形神观在下面的

《形与神》诗中表达得很清楚（汉语的“形”在英语中可

以译为 body 或 flesh，汉语中的“神”在英语中可以译

为 soul 或 spirit，这些英语词也可以译为汉语的“肉体”

和“灵魂”。）�

961

The Flesh and the Spir it

In secret place where once I stood

Close by the banks of Lacrim flood

I heard two sisters reason on

Things that are past，and things to come�

One flesh was called，who had her eye

On worldly wealth and vanity�

The other Spirit，who did rear

Her thoughts unto a higher sphere�

Sister，quoth Flesh，what liv�st thou on

Nothing but meditation？

Doth contemplation feed thee so

Regardlessly to let earth go？

Can speculation satisfy

Notion without reality？

Dost dream of things beyond the moon

And dost thou hope to dwell there soon？

Hast treasures there laid up in store

That all in th� world thou count�st but poor？

Art fancy sick，or turned a Sot

To catch at shadows which are not？

Come，come，I�ll show unto thy sense，

Industry hath its recompense.

What canst desire，but thou maist see

True substance in variety？

Dost honour like？acquire the same，

071

As some to their immortal fame�

And trophies to thy name erect

Which wearing time shall ne�re deject.

For riches dost thou long full sore？

Behold enough of precious store.

Earth hath more silver，pearls and gold，

Then eyes can see，or hands can hold.

Affect�s thou pleasure？take thy fill，

Earth hath enough of what you will.

Then let not go，what thou maist find，

For things unknown，only in mind.

形与神

隐身独自站，

近在拉河畔。

倾听两姐妹，

侃侃古今谈。

一位自称“形”，

专向名利看。

一位自称“神”，

远瞩又高瞻。

忽闻形问神�

“沉思能解馋？

终日勤思考，

岂能当餐饭？

左思加右想，

171

岂能识人间？

常想月边事，

岂能上月端？

莫非有财富，

胜似人世间？

莫非遐思远，

凭空起贪婪？

听我讲情理，

勤劳能积攒。

何事多虚幻，

日日空期盼？

声誉诚可贵，

万世可流传。

赫赫有名望，

岁月难摇撼。

不求富与贵？

财富堆如山。

世间有金银，

到处光灿灿。

不求欢与乐？

到处可游玩。

切莫思神游，

迷途须知返。

271

Spir it

Be still thou unregenerate part，

Disturb no more my settled heart，

For I have vowed，（and so will do）

Thee as a foe，still to pursue.

And combat with thee will and must，

Until I see thee laid in th�dust.

Sisters we are，ye twins we be，

Yet deadly feud �twixt thee and me�

For from one father are we not，

Thou by old Adam wast begot，

But my arise is from above，

Whence my dear father I do love.

Thou speakst me fair，but hatst me sore，

Thy flatt�ring shows I�ll trust no more.

How oft thy slave，hast thou me made，

When I believed，what thou hast said，

And never had more cause of woe

Then when I did what thou bad�st do.

I�ll stop mine ears at these thy charms，

And count them for my deadly harms.

Thy sinful pleasures I do hate，

Thy riches are to me no bait，

Thine honours do，nor will I love�

For my ambition lies above.

My greatest honour it shall be

371

When I am victor over thee，

And triumph shall，with laurel head，

When thou my captive shalt be led，

How I do live，thou need�st not scoff，

For I have meat thou know�st not of�

The hidden manna I do eat，

The word of life it is my meat.

My thoughts do yield me more content

Than can thy hours in pleasure spent.

Nor are thy shadows which I catch，

Nor fancies vain at which I snatch，

But reach at things that are so high，

Beyond thy dull capacity�

Eternal substance I do see，

With which enriched I would be�

Mine eye doth pierce the heavens，and see

What is invisible to thee.

My garments are not silk nor gold，

Nor such like trash which earth doth hold，

But royal robes I shall have on，

More glorious than the glistering sun�

My crown not diamonds，pearls，and gold，

But such as angels heads enfold.

The city where I hope to dwell，

There�s none on earth can parallel�

The stately walls both high and strong，

Are made of precious jasper stone�

471

The gates of pearl，both rich and clear，

And angels are for porters there�

The streets thereof transparent gold，

Such as no eye did e�re behold，

A crystal river there doth run，

Which doth proceed from the Lambs Throne�

Of life，there are the waters sure，

Which shall remain for ever pure，

Nor sun，nor moon，they have no need，

For glory doth from God proceed�

No candle there，nor yet Torch light，

For there shall be no darksome night.

From sickness and infirmity，

For evermore they shall be free，

Nor withering age shall e�re come there，

But beauty shall be bright and clear�

This city pure is not for thee，

For things unclean there shall not be�

If I of heaven may have my fill，

Take thou the world，and all that will.

神答形

孤形莫多口，

扰乱我心意。

我已立誓愿，

与你永为敌。

571

不胜不罢休，

跟你斗到底。

虽是亲姊妹，

生死不两立。

亚当非我父，

你是他后裔。

我本天上来，

父亲是上帝。

口蜜与腹剑，

休想把我欺。

我曾信你言，

成为你奴隶。

我曾受你骗，

结果悲戚戚。

我不听谗言，

时刻要警惕。

欢乐非我愿，

富贵非我意。

我不爱声誉，

雄心高无比。

最高的声誉，

是我战胜你。

无上的荣光，

是我抓住你。

不必藐视我，

美食真稀奇。

天赐好食品，

671

生活是筵席。

我思使我乐，

欢乐岂能比。

我不求虚幻，

我不思怪异。

我不空追求，

能力不能及。

我能见永恒，

自然添勇气。

我能察秋毫，

你不见踪迹。

我不穿锦缎，

也不穿破衣。

黄袍着我身，

光彩更绚丽。

所戴非珠翠，

天使正相宜。

我的归宿处，

人间无比拟。

城墙多雄伟，

宝石作墙基。

珍珠作城门，

天使门边立。

黄金铺街道，

人间难寻觅。

绵绵水晶河，

出自王宫里。

771

潺潺生命水，

奔流无穷期。

不需日和月，

上帝光绚丽。

不需灯和烛，

夜晚光不息。

疾病与伤残，

在此无踪迹。

人生不会老，

人人都美丽。

你难入此境，

卑鄙难藏匿。

我自爱天堂，

人间留给你。

我们从布拉德斯特里特的《形与神》诗中可以看

出� 她笔下的“形”看重富贵和享乐，跟陶渊明笔下的

“形”和“影”有相似之处� 她笔下的“神”也跟“形”势

不两立，但“神”向往的不是陶渊明的“自然”，而是基

督教的“天堂”。从思想深度和艺术的完美程度来看是

无法跟陶渊明的诗作相比拟的，但是，这首诗毕竟为从

跨文化的角度阅读陶渊明的《形影神》提供了一个参

照，有利于加深对陶渊明诗作的理解，同时把陶诗以适

合西方读者的方式译成英语，把中国文化精品传神达

意地介绍给世界。

871

《形影神》英译比读

（1）Substance，Shadow，and Spir it

（Burton Watson）

Exalted or lowly，wise or stupid，there is no one

who does not worry and fret in his anxiety to go on living.

This seems to me a grave error. Therefore I have allowed

substance and shadow to describe at length their hard-

ships，and then have enlisted spirit to discourse on the

natural way in order to resolve the problem. I trust those

gentlemen who have a taste for such matters will perceive

my meaning.

Substance Addresses Shadow�

Heaven and earth go on forever，never ceasing，

mountains and rivers know no season of change.

Grass and trees hold to their constant rule，

dew and frost flowering and withering them.

Only man，called wisest，most divine，

alone is not like these.

By chance we see him here in this world，

then abruptly he departs，no hope of return.

And who will notice there�s one man less？

Friends and kin，will they remember？

971

All that remains are the things he used in his life，

things that，when we gaze at them，bring heartache and

tears.

I�ve no arts to change myself，make myself immortal�

I must go like the rest—have no doubt. So I ask you to

heed my words—

faced with wine，never say no！

Shadow Replies to Substance�

Life eternal—useless to talk of that�

for one so clumsy，I�ve trial enough just living day to

day.

Though we long to journey to Mount K�un_lun or Hua，

they�re too distant，and the way�s cut off.

Since I first encountered you，

I�ve known no pains or joys but yours.

When you rest in the shade，I seem to leave you for a

time，

but when you�re in the sun，I never depart.

Yet such companionship can scarcely go on forever�

the two of us in time must vanish into the dark.

When the body perishes the name fades too—

thinking of it，my heart�s on fire！

Let us do good and win the love of ages after�

why not bend all efforts toward that？

081

Wine they say can wash away care，

but surely it cannot compare to such a goal！

Spirit Expounds�

The Great Potter works no private favours，

the ten thousand principles are manifest in their variety.

Man can form a triad with Heaven and earth

solely because I am present in him.

But though I differ from you other two，

from birth we�re bound together.

And since we must share the same good and ill，

should we not talk together？

The Three Sovereigns，the great sages of old，

where are they today？

P�eng Tsu loved longevity，

wanted to stay longer but it couldn�t be.

Old and young alike die a single death，

wise and foolish are not allotted different fates.

Your daily wine may help you to forget，

but I fear it�s a pastime that shortens your years.

Doing good，you say，will be all your joy？

And who do you think will praise you？

Too much pondering may injure one�s life�

better leave everything to fate.

Go along with the waves in the great process of change，

take no delight in it，have no fear.

181

When it�s time to fade away，then fade away—

why should you alone be so full of care？

（2）Body，Shadow and Soul

（Ronald C. Fang）

High and low，wise and foolish，there is none but

strives to eke out an existence on earth. Such is the hu-

man delusion. Here I shall try to present the agonies of

Body and Shadow，and let Soul speak out for a life to be

pursued in harmony with nature. May those who value

true living accept these words from my heart！

Body to Shadow�

Heaven and Earth go on forever�

Mountains and rivers remain unchanged.

The plants follow nature�s own course，

Being withered by frost and revived by dew.

Man is said to be the wisest of all，

Yet he knows not such simple laws.

For a passing moment he is seen here，

Once he is gone he is seen no more.

He seems to have cleared the world of one too many，

Of whom his friends will have a clouded memory.

The things he once handled still stand，

Thus causing sad，warm tears to flow.

281

This substance of mine commands no magic�

Things are what they are� so question not.

I wish you would take my words to heart，

And drink，while offered，and say not “nay”.

Shadow Answers Body�

Believe not in life�s preservation�

It�s labour lost to guard it from decay.

I would visit the mountains of the blessed，

But remote is the way and out of my reach.

Since the day when you and I first met，

We have not parted in joy or in pain.

Under the shade you may miss me for the while，

Never are we severed under the light of day.

But this comradeship will not surely last�

Time goes，and we both vanish into the dark.

When life is gone，lost also is the name�

Such like thoughts made my bowels burn.

If good works will sow the seeds of love，

Shouldn�t we rather strive towards that end？

Though drink is said to dispel sorrow，

Yet isn�t it better to be beneficent？

Soul Speaks�

The All_Powerful is never partial，

381

Things flourish of their own accord.

That Man is to rank with Heaven and Earth，

Is it not due to the very nature in Me？

Though you and I are different in substance，

We have been born to live together.

Through thick and thin we go hand in hand，

How could we be ever set asunder？

Three august Emperors were great sages，

But where are they to be found today？

Old Man Peng loved eternal life，

Neither could he stay as he would.

Old and young，all must die，

Wise and foolish cannot alter their lot.

To get drunk，mayhap，helps you to forget，

But will it not hasten your days？

In doing good you may find happiness，

Yet who cares to honour your name？

Such frettings would hurt me to the quick，

Tis best to resign to nature�s ways�

To ride on the billows of Cosmic Flux，

Without joy，without dread�

When it must end，let it end，

There is no need to worry or grieve.

481

（3）The Body，the Shadow，and the Soul

（Tan Shilin）

The illustrious and wise，as much as the low and

thick_headed，all treasure their lives with fastidious care，

without realizing how profoundly they err. It�s for this rea-

son that I�ve attempted to demonstrate the plight of both

the body and its shadow，and show how the soul，conver-

sant with Nature�s ways，goes about enlightening the one

and the other. I leave the interested reader to draw his

own conclusion.

The Body to Its Shadow�

Heaven and Earth abide，

River and mountains alter neither course nor shape.

Plants have the secret of survival，

Cut down by frost，revived they are at the touch of dew.

Man alone，—styled lord of creation—

When dead，cannot be raised to life.

Alive a while ago，

Gone he is beyond recall.

Unnoticed will be his absence，

Of his nearest who would miss him for long？

The things he leaves behind

Bring up a tear of sorrow.

581

Unable to outwit Nature，

Of immortality I cherish no hope.

Take this as my advice�

Think twice before you say NO to wine.

The Shadow to the Body�

It�s pointless to dwell on perpetuating life，

Wanting to keep your vital powers is going beyond your

depth.

Even though you roamed the Land of Immortals，

Not by a single day could your life be lengthened.

Since I became bound to you，

Your joys and sorrows I�ve shared.

In shade we separate，

In light，never do I leave your side.

If separable in life，

Dissolve we must when the hour strikes.

That fame should not outlive the body

Leaves me afflicted with anxiety.

Worthy pursuits serve posterity，

Why not devote yourself to noble deeds？

Wine may drown your worries，

To virtuous practice it�s a poor alternative.

The Soul Edifies�

681

Nature is free from partiality，

Each kind pursues its own course.

That man is placed between Earth and Heaven，

Is it not solely owing to me？

Though wrought of different stuff，

From birth to each other we�ve been attached.

Glad to share your destiny，

Ought I not to have a say in this？

Great sages were the Three Kings indeed，

But have they left a trace behind？

Peng，the patriarch，sought longevity，

For all his efforts he had to leave.

Old and young die alike，

Neither the sage nor the dim_witted overstay their term.

Wine may induce oblivion alright，

But does not drinking hasten your end？

Worthy deeds are worth doing，

But will credit be given where credit is due？

Brooding impairs your health，

Resignation is the proper course to take.

Resigned to the forces of Change，

Delivered you will be both from joy and fear.

When your term is out you cease to be，

What is the use of fretting？

781

（4）Substance，Shadow，and Spir it

（James Rober t Hightower ）

� Substance to Shadow

Earth and heaven endure forever，

Streams and mountains never change.

Plants observe a constant rhythm，

Withered by frost，by dew restored.

But man，most sentient being of all，

In this is not their equal.

He is present here in the world today，

Then leaves abruptly，to return no more.

No one marks there�s one man less—

Not even friends and family think of him�

The things that he once used are all that�s left

To catch their eye and move them to grief.

I have no way to transcend change，

That it must be，I no longer doubt.

I hope you will take my advice�

When wine is offered，don�t refuse.

� Shadow to Substance

No use discussing immortality

881

When just to keep alive is hard enough.

Of course I want to roam in paradise，

But it�s a long way there and the road is lost.

In all the time since I met up with you

We never differed in our grief and joy.

In shade we may have parted for a time，

But sunshine always brings us close again.

Still this union cannot last forever—

Together we will vanish into darkness.

The body goes� that fame should also end

Is a thought that makes me burn inside.

Do good，and your love will outlive you�

While it is true，wine may dissolve care

That is not so good a way as this.

� Spir it�s Solution

The Great Potter cannot intervene—

All creation thrives of itself.

That Man ranks with Earth and Heaven

Is it not because of me？

Though we belong to different orders，

Being alive，I am joined to you.

Bound together for good or ill

I cannot refuse to tell you what I know�

The Three August Ones were great saints

But where are they living today？

981

Though P�eng_tsu lasted a long time

He still had to go before he was ready.

Die old or die young，the death is the same�

Wise or stupid，there is no difference.

Drunk every day you may forget，

But won�t it shorten your life span？

Doing good is always a joyous thing

But no one has to praise you for it.

Too much thinking harms my life�

Just surrender to the cycle of things，

Give yourself to the waves of the Great Change，

Neither happy nor yet afraid.

And when it is time to go，then simply go

Without any unnecessary fuss.

091

第二部分

陶诗英译比读

291

The Course of Nature

（With a Preface）

The Course of Nature is written when I am on an

outing in late spring. In my newly_made spring clothes，I

wander lonely across the thriving fields，with a mixed

feeling of weal and woe.

Along with nature�s changing course，

A fair spring day displays its force.

In spring attire I leave my home

And to the eastern fields I roam.

When clouds o�er hilltops disappear，

The dim horizon soon turns clear.

From the south mild breezes blow

And toss the seedlings to and fro.

Beside the lake as flat as sheet，

I rinse my mouth and wash my feet.

In face of such a stretch of green，

I�m overjoyed at what I�ve seen.

As the ancient saying goes，

“A true contentment brings repose. ”

At this，I drink a cup of wine，

With mind at ease and eyes ashine.

391

With running stream in front of me，

I think of lucid River Yi.

The boys and girls on their school day

Would sing aloud on homeward way.

I love the quiet and peaceful sight，

Which stirs my mind through day and night.

The pity is that good old days

Are fading with receding rays.

A simple life from day to day，

Inside this but I gladly stay.

I watch long rows of bloom and herb，

Amid bamboo and trees superb.

I play the zither on my knee，

With unstrained wine in front of me.

Gone forever are the days of old�

I�m left alone with woes untold.

491

时运

（并序）

“时运”，游暮春也。春服既成，景物斯和，偶景独

游，欣慨交心。

迈迈时运，

穆穆良朝。

袭我春服，

薄言东郊。

山涤余霭，

宇暧微霄。

有风自南，

翼彼新苗。

洋洋平津，

乃漱乃濯。

邈邈遐景，

载欣载瞩。

人亦有言，

称心易足。

挥兹一觞，

陶然自乐。

591

延目中流，

悠想清沂。

童冠齐业，

闲咏以归。

我爱其静，

寤寐交挥。

但恨殊世，

邈不可追。

斯晨斯夕，

言息其庐。

花药分列，

林竹翳如。

清琴横床，

浊酒半壶。

黄唐莫逮，

慨独在余。

这首诗模仿《诗经》的格式，用的是四言体，诗题

取首句中的前两个字，诗前有小序，点明全篇的宗旨。

全诗共四章，前两章说在暮春独自出游时在自然中得

到的欣喜，后两章表现了伤今怀古的情绪。

（1）Season�s Shift

（Stephen Owen）

“Season�s Shift”is about roaming at the end of spring.

691

When my spring clothes had been readied and there was a

gentle look to the scenery，I roamed alone，joined only

by my shadow. Distress and delight met in my heart.

�Ever onward season�s shift，

now gentle grace of this fine dawn.

Attired in my springtime clothes，

I come to the eastern meadows.

From hills is washed a lingering haze，

and Sky�s vault veiled by faint wisps.

A breeze is here from the south

and sits brooding over new shoots.

�Broad waters of the level marsh，

there I rinse，there I bathe.

A scene remote，muted and faint，

I feel delight and peer about.

There�s something people often say�

to content the heart is enough.

I toss the dregs from my cup

and cheerfully tipsy，find joy.

�My eyes run out to midstream，

I remotely fancy the clear river Yi.

791

Young men and boys，alike in study，

calmly chanting along the way home.

I wish such serenity as my own，

Waking and sleeping I beckon to them.

Yet troubled that ours are different times，

so remote I cannot reach them.

�On this morning and this eve，

I rest here in my cottage.

Flowers and herbs divided by rows，

trees and bamboo giving shade.

The clear_toned harp across my couch，

a half_full jug of thick wine.

No reaching Yao or Yellow Emperor，

distressing solitude lies in me.

（2）Spr ing Excursion

（Xu Yuanzhong）

�Seasons pass by�

Smiles this fine day.

In spring dress，

Go eastward way.

Peaks steeped in cloud，

In mist veiled spring.

891

South wind flaps loud

O�er sprouts like wing.

�In wide lake green

I steep my knee.

On happy scene

I gaze with glee.

As people say，

Content brings ease.

With wine I stay，

Drunk as I please.

（3）The Rolling Seasons

（Roland C. Fang）

In late spring I go out for a stroll. My spring garment is

newly made. The landscape looks mild. Like a lonely

shadow I wander about to find both joy and regret woven

together in my breast.

Rolling，rolling，nature moves in its course�

Mildly，mildly smiles this fair day.

I put on my garment of the season.

And go eastwards to greet the spring.

The hills emerge from the dispersing clouds，

While a thin mist hangs over the horizon.

991

Up from the south a wind is risen

To skim over the fresh fields of green.

Wide and deep the levelling fords�

I rinse my mouth，I wash my feet.

Lovely in the haze the distant scene.

With glee I smile，with joy I gaze.

As the common saying runs�

Self_content brings us peace of mind.

Thus I quaff off my cup of wine，

To find myself drunk with delight.

I direct my eye to the mid_stream，

And think of the waters of the limpid Yi，

Where once gathered many a goodly youth，

Singing freely on their homeward way.

I love their easy tenor of life�

Waking or asleep the scene comes to me.

O how I regret to be born much belated，

And the light of other days ever receding！

This morn，and also this night，

A quiet heart within a quiet cot.

I see the flowers and herbs，row by row，

And the trees and bamboos，thick and shady.

The pure_toned zither before my knee，

And half a pot of unstrained wine.

002

Then my fancy roves to the age of gold，

But O，why am I left here all alone！

（4）The Flow of Time

（Tan Shilin）

As the season wore on，I went for a leisurely ramble on a

late_spring day. I was in spring attire� gently relaxed was

the world of nature. Alone I sauntered over the country�

mingled was my joy with deep regret.

Time flowed on，

Balmy was the morning.

Dressed in spring clothes，

Eastward I strolled to the countryside.

The hills were purged of the remaining mist，

The sky was barely veiled.

A light breeze wafted from the south，

The young seedlings quivered their nimble wings.

The lake was a vast expanse of glassy water，

At its shore I gurgled and washed my feet.

The landscape rolled into the distance，

With relish I drank in its beauty.

He who has his own way

Is likely to be content，they say.

I tossed off a cup of wine，

102

Carefree，happy and elated.

My gaze shifted to the river�s heart，

Through the haze of time I saw the limpid Yi，

With boys and young men after school，

Singing as homeward they wended their way.

Thrilled by its serenity，

Over the vision day and night I mused.

Times are no longer what they were，

An age so remote cannot be revived.

Day in，day out，

In the seclusion of my home I stay.

Herbs and flowers are kept apart，

Shady are the woods and bamboo groves.

My unstrung zither lies across the bed，

Half full is the wine jug.

Gone are the piping times of peace，

Alone I am left in nostalgic grief！

202

A Leisured Life on the

Double Ninth

（With a Preface）

Now that I live a leisured life，I love the name of the

Double Ninth. When autumn chrysanthemums flourish in

my garden，I have no wine to drink. In face of the flow-

ers，I write this verse to bare my thoughts.

Man�s life is short and full of cares and strife，

Yet man still longs to live a long，long life.

The Double Ninth arrives in its due time，

A festive name that is praised as sublime.

Amid the heavy dews the days are clean，

The air is fresh，the sky remains serene.

The south_bound swallows have already gone by

While songs of wild geese echo in the sky.

The wine relieves me of many a care�

Chrysanthemums give me years to spare.

How can I，a wretched scholar，stand alone

And let the time flow forward by on its own！

When dusty goblets lie before an empty jars，

Chrysanthemums bloom in vain as they are.

As I calm down and sing an idle song

302

My feelings are indeed profound and strong.

Such mighty joy the leisured days provide

That I�ve achieved a lot where I reside.

402

九日闲居

（并序）

余闲居，爱重九之名。秋菊盈园，而持醪靡由。空

服九华，寄怀於言。

世短意常多，

斯人乐久生。

日月依辰至，

举俗爱其名。

露凄喧风息，

气激天象明。

往燕无遗影，

来雁有余声。

酒能祛百虑，

菊解制颓龄。

如何蓬庐士，

空视时运倾！

尘爵耻虚飠，

寒华徒自荣。

敛襟独闲谣，

缅焉起深情。

栖迟固多娱，

淹留岂无成？

502

陶渊明归隐后闲居家中，某年九月九日重阳节，宅

边的菊花正开。诗的前四句解释了重阳之名，并提出

感叹人生的主题。中间十句写景抒情，感叹自己有菊

无酒，空负了良辰美景。最后四句隐隐约约地点出了

他还抱有施展宏图的心愿。

（1）Dwelling Peace on the Double Ninth

（Stephen Owen）

I was dwelling in peace and loved the name “double

ninth”. Fall�s chrysanthemums filled the garden，yet I

had no means to take strong brew in hand. So I swallowed

the flowers of the ninth by themselves，and expressed

what I felt in words.

Our span is short，desires are many，

so mankind delights in living long.

With star signs the day and month arrive，

and all，by custom，love today�s name.

The dews are cool，sultry winds cease，

the air is crisp，the heavens� bodies bright.

No shadows remain from departed swallows，

but sounds aplenty from wild geese coming.

602

Wine has the power to drive off cares，

chrysanthemums curb declining years.

How can a man in a cottage of thatch

do nothing but watch seasons sink toward an end？

My dusty cup shames the empty jar，

these cold weather flowers blossom in vain.

I pull my gown close，sing calmly alone，

then，lost in my musing，deep feelings rise.

The quiet life has indeed many joys，

there is something achieved in just lingering on.

（2）On the Double_Ninth

（Roland C. Fang）

I live secluded and quiet. I love the festive name of the

Double_Ninth. When the season comes round，the chrys-

anthemums fill my garden. But as there is nowhere to

procure a cup of wine these autumnal blossoms seem to

have blown in vain，and I cannot but clothe my thoughts

in the form of verse.

O，this brief span，all too short for contemplation�

What man would not cherish a longer delay！

702

As the day and month meet in due season，

The populace join in praise of the festive name.

Then the dews are cold，

Summer winds cease to blow�

And the air turns thin，

The clear sky，open and bright�

Yesterday�s swallows

Leave no shadows behind，

While the wild geese

Return with echoing cries.

If the cup will drive away a hundred sorrows，

And the chrysanthemums restore youth to the aged，

How can I，a poor scholar under the thatched roof，

Stand and stare，and let the golden moments slip by？

When my dusty jug cowers before the empty jar，

To me the frosty petals will only glow in vain.

Wrapped up in my robe I chant an idle lay，

Touched is the heart where deep feelings grow.

As I reap abundant joy from my solitude，

Might I yet fulfil my lot，thus loitering？

802

（3）On the Ninth Day of the Ninth Lunar Month�

A Life of Leisure

（Tan Shilin）

In my leisured life，a fancy I�ve taken to the Double

Ninth. The garden was brimming with chrysanthemums�

as wine was unavailable，I was reduced to chewing their

bare blossoms. My feelings I confide in these lines.

Man�s life is short but many are his cares，

Wherefore he aspires to longevity.

The season brings in this day of month�

Its name is relished far and near.

The dew has thickened since the summer breeze took off，

Clear is the air，the sky，serene.

Gone are the swallows without a trace，

The honk of incoming wild geese still rends the air.

Wine dispels worries，

The chrysanthemums arrest ageing.

Why should the needy scholar

Let slip this propitious day unlived？

My dusty cup shows up the empty jar，

Without wine，the chrysanthemums will have bloomed in

vain.

Straightening，I hummed a tune，

Deep feelings welled up as I mused.

902

Much joy there is in a leisured life，

Why shouldn�t my reclusion be fruitful？

012

Back to Country Life

�In my poor lane men seldom walk to and fro

While carts and horses rarely come and go.

I shut my wattled gate in broad daylight

And stay home without mundane chores in sight.

At times I walk along the path by day

And meet the farmers on the bushy way.

When we meet，a few remarks will go�

How fast the hemp and mulberry leaves grow！

The hemp and mulberry are growing fast�

My ground，my garden plot is growing vast.

I�m oft afraid that there�ll be hail and frost

When my crops get damaged and are lost.

112

归园田居

其二

野外罕人事，

穷巷寡轮鞅。

白日掩荆扉，

虚室绝尘想。

时复墟曲中，

披草共来往。

相见无杂言，

但道桑麻长。

桑麻日已长，

我土日已广。

常恐霜霰至，

零落同草莽。

《归园田居》五首是陶渊明归隐初期的作品。第

一首着重写他“久在樊笼里，复得返自然”的欣喜心

情，第二首则着意写乡居生活的宁静。

（1）Returning to My Home in the Country，No. 2

（Burton Watson）

Out here in the fields，few social affairs，

on backwoods lanes，rarely a horse or carriage�

212

bright daylight，but I shut my bramblewood door，

in empty rooms rid myself of dusty thoughts.

And then at times in the little village，

pushing through the grass，I come and go with the others，

but when we meet，no idle chatter，

only talk of how mulberry and hemp are growing.

My mulberry and hemp have daily grown taller，

my lands grown broader day by day，

but always I fear that frost or hail may come

and knock them all down like so many weeds.

（2）Returning to Live in the Country，No. 2

（James David Frodsham）

Living in the wilds，I have little to do with people，

To my poor lane few horses and carriages come.

All through the day my brushwood door is closed，

In my empty room I am free from thoughts of the world.

At times my friends from other villages

Push through the grass and come to visit me.

Yet when we meet we do not gossip idly，

But talk of how our hemp and mulberry grow.

My hemp and mulberry day by day keep growing，

And every day I clear a bit more land.

But I live in dread that bitter frost or sleet

Will blight my crops till they look like the wild grass.

312

（3）On Returning to Live in My Own

Home in the Country，No. 2

（Andrew Boyd）

Nothing much happens out here in the wild，

Our lonely lane has scarcely seen a carriage.

All the day，our rustic doors are closed，

Quiet rooms keep us from thoughts of the world.

But time and again in the lane that leads to the village，

Parting the grass on our way，we meet with each other�

And when we meet，there�s no talk of frivolous matters，

We discuss the progress of our hemp and mulberry.

Every day our seedlings are growing taller，

And every day our lands seem ever broader.

We are often afraid that if frost and sleet should fall

All will be withered away like weeds and grass.

（4）Back to the Gardens and Fields （�）

（Roland C. Fang）

Out in the country I have little to do with men，

Down the deep lanes the wheels and hooves are few.

Closed is the wattled gate under the broad daylight，

Dusty thoughts of the world enter not my vacant rooms.

At times the villagers go their rustic rounds，

Picking their way through bushy fields.

412

No untoward words are uttered when we meet，

We talk only of the growth of mulberry and jute.

The mulberry and jute become taller day by day，

And day by day widens the outlook of my happy lot.

Often I am afraid of the onset of frost and sleet，

What if my cherished hopes be scattered like weeds.

（5）Back to Countrylife （2）

（Tan Shilin）

Few are social contacts and far between，

Coaches keep off the narrow lane.

Closed all day is my wicker_gate，

Worldly thoughts the bare room discourage.

With the farmers I exchange calls，

Wading through the weeds.

We meet not for gossip or idle talk，

On the growth of mulberry and hemp we dwell.

As hemp and mulberry grow，

My fields increase in size.

I dread the visit of sleet and frost

That reduce my fields to waste.

�For many years away from hills and streams，

Now I enjoy the wilds as if in dreams.

I take my sons and nephews for a stroll

512

Amid the shrubs and ruins without a goal.

When I walk among the graves and tombs，

I see the debris of the former rooms�

The scattered traces of wells and stoves，

Decayed bamboo and mulberry groves.

I ask the woodsman over there，

“Where are the dwellers，can you tell me where？”

The woodsman murmurs in utter despair，

“They�re dead and gone，with not a single heir. ”

“The world has changed within these thirty years，”

True are the words indeed，it appears.

The human life is like a fading show�

To nothingness it will eventually go.

其四

久去山泽游，

浪莽林野娱。

试携子侄辈，

披榛步荒墟。

徘徊丘陇间，

依依昔人居。

井灶有遗处，

桑竹残朽株。

借问采薪者�

此人皆焉如？

薪者向我言�

死没无复余。

612

一世异朝市，

此语真不虚。

人生似幻化，

终当归空无。

这首诗写的是在乡间探访遗迹的经历，面对荒芜

之景，通过与伐木人的对话，道出了盛则有衰、生则有

死的自然法则。

（1）Returning to Dwell in the Country （No. 4）

（William Acker ）

Long I have loved to stroll among the hills and marshes，

And take my pleasure roaming the woods and fields.

Now I hold hands with a train of nieces and nephews，

Parting the hazel growth we tread the untilled wastes—

Wandering to and fro amidst the hills and mounds

Everywhere around us we see dwellings of ancient men.

Here are vestiges of their wells and hearthstones，

There the rotted stumps of bamboo and mulberry groves.

I stop and ask a faggot_gatherer�

“These men—what has become of them？”

The faggot_gatherer turns to me and says�

“Once they were dead that was the end of them. ”

In the same world men lead different lives�

Some at the court，some in the marketplace.

Indeed I know these are no empty words�

712

The life of man is like a shadow_play

Which must in the end return to nothingness.

（2）Returning to My Home in the Country，No. 4

（Burton Watson）

So long since I�ve enjoyed the hills and ponds，

the boundless pleasures of woods and fields—

I take my sons and nephews in hand�

parting bushwood，we walk through the tangled site of a

village，

strolling among the knolls and grave mounds，

lingering lingering where people lived long ago.

Here and there are traces of their wells and cooking ran-

ges，

rotting stumps of mulberry and bamboo still remaining.

We asked someone gathering firewood，

“Where are all these people now？”

The wood gatherer turned to us and said，

“They�re dead and gone，none of them left！”

In one generation both court and city change—

be assured，that�s no idle saying.

Man�s life is a phantom affair，

and he returns to the empty void.

812

（3）Returning to Live in the Country，No. 4

（James David Frodsham）

It is long since I wandered among hills and marshes，

Delighting to roam among the forest wilds.

But now I take my nephews by the hand，

Push through the bushes and find a ruined town.

We wander up and down among the grave_mounds，

And think of the men who dwelt here long ago.

Traces if wells and hearth_stones still remain，

And rotting stumps of mulberry and bamboo.

I ask a man who�s gathering firewood there

What happened to the people of this place.

The firewood_gatherer turns to me and says�

“They�re dead and gone，and that�s the end of them. ”

“Market and court change in a generation，”

This saying�s more than just an empty phrase.

The life of man is a deluding dream，

Which in the end returns to nothingness.

（4）Back to the Gardens and Fields （�）

（Roland C. Fang）

Often have I wandered among hills and streams，

And heedlessly traversed woods and plains.

Once I took with me my sons and nephews

912

To pick our way through the wild hazels.

From mounds to fields as we tarried，

We came upon traces of desolate homesteads.

Marks were seen of old wells and kitchens，

And the mulberry and bamboo，cut and torn.

“Woodsman there，let me ask you，

What has happened to these dwellers of old？”

“They are dead and gone，”said he�

“And once dead，they leave no record behind. ”

Generations change in court and town�

So goes the saying，striking and true.

Life fades like a passing show，

It all ends but in nothingness.

（5）Back to Countrylife （4）

（Tan Shilin）

After a prolonged absence，

For the wilds my passion I indulge.

Sons and nephews tagged along，

Through thickets we reach a ruined spot.

Over grave_mounds we loitered and sites，

Bearing signs of former life�

Scattered traces of hearths and wells，

Decayed bamboo and mulberry stems.

022

“Where have the people gone？”

I asked a nearby woodsman.

“All dead and done. ”

He replied.

“Within a generation change court and town”

Is an old saw all too true.

Life is like a melting dream，

To naught the living will fall back.

�Alone I walk home with a staff in hand，

Along the twisty paths on bushy land.

The mountain stream is clean and neat，

Where I stop awhile and bathe my feet.

I strain my newly brewed wine

And cook a chicken for my friends to dine.

After sunset when it�s dark at night，

I burn the shrubs to serve as candlelight.

As night is too short for the happy feast，

The sun has risen once more in the east.

其五

怅恨独策还，

崎岖历榛曲。

山涧清且浅，

可以濯我足。

漉我新熟酒，

122

只鸡招近局。

日入室中暗，

荆薪代明烛。

欢来苦夕短，

已复至天旭。

这首诗写的是耕作之余的乐趣。前四句写诗人独

自策杖还家途中的情景，后六句写回家后邀请邻居欢

饮达旦的田园乐趣。

（1）Returning to Live in the Country，No. 5

（James David Frodsham）

Downcast and dejected I go home with my staff alone，

On the hazelled path that winds through the mountain

coigns.

The torrents of these hills are pure and shallow，

An din their water I may wash my feet.

I filter the wine that I�ve just heated up，

Then cook a chicken and invite my neighbours in.

As the sun goes down the room is filled with shadows，

So thornwood torches take the place of candles.

Amid such joys I regret the night�s so short，

And once again another day is dawning.

222

（2）Back to the Gardens and Fields （�）

（Roland C. Fang）

Alone，on a staff，I came in vacant mood，

Up and down through bushes and briers.

Clear and shallow，the mountain streams，

Where I�ve stopped to wash my feet.

Now I strain my newly ripened wine，

And cook a chicken to share with my neighbours.

The sun goes down，my room turns dark，

I burn wild brambles in place of the candle.

Happy am I，but now brief the night�

Another day is dawning in the east.

（3）Back to Countrylife （5）

（Tan Shilin）

Staff in hand，alone I returned with a heavy heart，

Over briery，hilly paths.

In limpid，shallow streamlets

My weary feet I bathed.

The new brew strained and the chicken cooked，

To the table I asked my next_door neighbour.

When the sun had sunk and the hall turned dark，

Brambles I kindled to serve as candlelight.

The merrier we became，the sooner waned the night，

Unnoticed，night had melted into day.

322

Begging

Hunger drives me seeking food and drink，

Not knowing where to go however hard I think.

I walk and walk till I come to a door�

I tap the door but stammer，plead，implore.

The master is aware of what I need

And gives me lots of solid food indeed.

Until sunset I chatter with the host

And quaff the cup with him in cheers and toast.

I�m overjoyed to meet this gentle friend

And write some verses for the time we spend.

You are kind as the dame who fed Han Xin，

Whose fame I am afraid I will not win.

If I fail to give him thanks in deed and word，

I will repay him in the netherworld.

422

乞食

饥来驱我去，

不知竟何之。

行行至斯里，

叩门拙言辞。

主人解余意，

遗赠副虚期。

谈谐终日夕，

觞至辄倾杯。

情欣新知欢，

言咏遂赋诗。

感子漂母惠，

愧我非韩才。

衔戢知何谢，

冥报以相贻。

诗人在生活遇到困境的时候，离家叩门乞食，显露

出羞愧踌躇的样子。主人有所馈赠的时候，便欣然忘

怀地饮酒，然而在感情上自然会感到不安。

（1）Begging

（Stephen Owen）

Famine came，it drove me off，

I did not know where to go.

522

I finally came to this village，

knocked at a gate，fumbled with words.

The owner guessed what I had in mind�

he gave—I had not come for nothing.

We joked and chatted through evening�

when a titcher came，we emptied our cups.

Heart�s ease in joys of newfound friends，

as we sang and recited poems.

I was touched by such kindness the washerwoman

showed，

and am shamed that I lack the gifts of Han Xin.

So much within me，I know not how to thank you，

I must pay you back from the world beyond.

（2）Begging for Food

（Andrew Boyd）

Famine came and drove me to leave home，

But after all，where was there to go？

On and on，till I came to this street.

I knocked on a door but was too ashamed to speak.

The owner of the house understood it all.

622

He called me in，and I had not come in vain！

All the day and all that night we talked

And dined and drained our cups time after time.

We talked，we sang，we fell to exchanging poems，

Happy in celebrating our new friendship.

I feel you are kind as the washerwoman of old，

Though I，alas，am no hero General Han.

Deeply touched，I can only give you thanks�

Repayment must be made elsewhere by Heaven.

（3）Begging for Food

（Xu Yuanzhong）

Driven by hunger，I go out

But I do not know whereabout.

I plod on and on till this land�

I knock and speechless there I stand.

The host，seeing my hidden pain，

Gives me food lest I�d come in vain.

We talk until the sun�s decline�

We empty cup on cup of wine.

I�m glad to make acquaintance new�

I write this verse as it is due.

I can�t repay like Han Xin fed

By a washerwoman her bread.

How to express my hearty thanks？

In underworld on griefless banks.

722

（4）Begging

（Roland C. Fang）

Hunger drove me out wandering�

Alas，which way should I turn？

Plodding，I came before a door�

I knocked，but stood there speechless.

My host saw my hidden wants，

And would not let me go disappointed.

We fell to chatting until sundown，

And together quaffed many a cup.

Happy in our friendship newly made，

We began to compose poems and sing.

You are as kind as the washerwoman

Who once fed Han Hsin�

But poor me！I am tongue_tied�

Only my heart knows，

The unknown powers shall reward you.

（5）Begging

（Tan Shilin）

Hunger drove me out of home，

I knew not where to go.

Halting at length before a village house，

I knocked，then faltered out some lame excuse.

822

My host perceived the motive of my call

And made my visit worth the while.

Like_minded，into the night we talked，

No sooner were the cups refilled than drained.

Delighted at the budding friendship，

Verses we intoned，poems we improvised.

Heartful thanks for your fair kindness，

Which，to my shame，I cannot requite.

To pay the full debt of my gratitude，

Wait I must till the afterlife.

922

A Poem of Sor row Dedicated

to Secretar ies Pang and Deng

Remote and obscure is the Heaven�s way

While ghosts and gods oft lead the men astray.

At fifteen I began to do good deeds�

At fifty_four I still stick to my creeds.

At twenty in hard times I lived my life�

At thirty years of age I lost my wife.

The scorching sun destroys the yearly yields

While locusts run rampant in the fields.

When wind and storm destroy the rice and wheat，

Then I can hardly keep their both ends meet.

Starved in summer I am in a plight

And I have no quilts for the winter night.

At dusk I idly wait for cocks to crow�

At dawn I hope that darkness will soon grow.

I myself，not the heaven，am to blame，

But live through care and sorrow all the same.

Vain is posthumous name that rings aloud，

Which I regard as merely floating cloud.

Alone I sing a song of woe that never ends，

For Pang and Deng，indeed my bosom friends.

032

怨诗楚调示

庞主簿邓治中

天道幽且远，

鬼神茫昧然。

结发念善事，

黾勉六九年。

弱冠逢世阻，

始室丧其偏。

炎火屡焚如，

螟蜮恣中田。

风雨纵横至，

收敛不盈廛。

夏日长抱饥，

寒夜无被眠。

造夕思鸡鸣，

及晨愿鸟迁。

在己何怨天，

离忧凄目前。

吁嗟身后名，

于我若浮烟。

慷慨独悲歌，

钟期信为贤。

本诗是诗人写贫穷的代表作，描写了诗人晚年悲

132

惨的生活情景，是他有感于现实对他的刺激而发出的

慷慨悲歌。

（1）A Resentful Poem in the Ch�u Mode，to be

Shown to Registrar P�ang and Central Officer Teng

（James David Frodsham）

The way of Heaven is mysterious and remote，

While ghosts and spirits are quite unknowable.

Since my hair was bound up，I�ve laboured to do good，

For four and fifty years I�ve done my best.

As a young man，I came up against the world，

When I set up house，I was left a widower，

Blazing fire often seared my crops，

While grubs and mites ran riot in my fields.

Wind and rain stormed in from every quarter，

My harvests could not feed a single household.

Through the long summer days I nursed my hunger，

On bitter nights，I had no quilt to cover me.

At nightfall，how I longed for the crow to roost.

This was my fault，so how could I blame Heaven？

But the sorrows I met brought a life of suffering.

Heaving a sigh，I realize fame after death

Can mean no more to me than floating mist.

So，deeply stirred，I sadly sing alone.

Chung Ch�i was certainly a clever man.

232

（2）Plaint，to the Melody of Chu�

Written for Mr Pang and Mr Deng

（Andrew Boyd）

Heaven is unfathomable，Heaven is distant.

Mysterious are the ways of gods and demons！

When I was young I dreamed of noble deeds，

But for fifty years all I have done is to labour.

I met with troubles since first I grew up.

So soon after I wed her I lost my beloved！

Fire has more than once burnt down my cottage，

Pests have ravaged through my fields at their pleasure，

Wind and rain have struck them from all directions.

My harvest is too little for one man，

Often I go hungry on summer days，

And on winter nights sleep without blankets�

In the early evening I think of cockcrow，

When morning comes I long for sundown.

It is my own fate—why blame Heaven？

Parting，hardship and sorrow confront me always.

And as for glory after I am gone，

Why，it is no more to me than drifting smoke！

To you，my friends，I am singing my sad song

To you who alone understand，like the sage Zhong Ziqi.

332

（3）A Complaint

（Roland C. Fang）

How obscure the boundless ways of Heaven，

And the Spirits so unfathomably dark！

Since first I set my youthful heart on doing good�

For fifty odd years have been up and down the world.

But evil days broke upon me in my early manhood，

When my first wife died soon after our union.

Then the raging fire often burned down my house，

And mercilessly the insects infested my field.

Wind and rain came rushing from all directions，

My harvest could not fill up one square foot.

On long summer days I used to suffer hunger，

And uncovered，I slept through winter nights.

I would the cock start to crow at dusk，

And the dawning sun soon to sink into the west.

For all these，curse not Heaven，

I have but myself to blame.

And parting sorrows stand out in relief，

Bringing tears into the saddened eye.

Vanished are worldly names after death，

Like clouds of smoke floating on high！

Heaving a deep tune all，all alone，

432

How I wish to re_echo the forgotten strains！

（4）A Plaintive Song for the Secretar ies Pang and Deng

（Tan Shilin）

Remote are the ways of Providence，

Baffling，the designs of gods and demons.

Devoted to good at fifteen，

I�ve preserved up to my present age of fifty_four.

At twenty I met with adversities，

My wife I lost at thirty.

Burning droughts scorched my fields，

Clouds of locusts ravaged the crop.

What remained was at the mercy if storms and floods�

The harvest failed，famine stared me in the face.

The long days of summer worsened the stabs of hunger，

Without a quilt，I shivered through the winter nights.

At nightfall，for the cockcrow I strained my ears

And ached to see the sun set，the moment it began to

rise.

I blamed myself，not Heaven，

For all the misfortunes crowding at my door.

Posthumous fame！

For me it is a drifting cloud.

To the noble Zhong，

I sing my song of woe.

532

Moving Houses

I

South village is the place I liked the best，

Not because it augured better than the rest.

I�ve heard there�re hermits dwelling there，

With whom I�d like to have some time to spare.

I�ve cherished this idea for many years，

And now I�ve got my fondest wish with cheers.

There�s no need for a spacious hut instead

If it can keep rain off my mat and bed.

My neighbours come to my hut now and then，

To talk about the ancient things and men.

We enjoy amazing essays and read aloud�

From puzzling sections we remove the cloud.

632

移居二首

其一

昔欲居南村，

非为卜其宅。

闻多素心人，

乐与数晨夕。

怀此颇有年，

今日从兹役。

弊庐何必广，

取足蔽床席。

邻曲时时来，

抗言谈在昔。

奇文共欣赏，

疑义相与析。

本诗借描写移居之乐来表达他的人生理想。诗的

前半部分叙述移居的动机，后半部分写他对移居后生

活的设想。

（1）Moving My Dwelling （I）

（Stephen Owen）

Long I�ve wanted to dwell in south village，

and not just because it�s a lucky site.

732

I heard there were many simple_hearted men，

and would enjoy passing mornings and evenings with

them.

I had this in mind for many a year，

and this is the task I follow today.

No need that my ramshackle cottage be grand，

I find it enough that it cover my bed.

Neighbours will come from time to time，

we�ll have spirited talks of days gone by.

In rare writings we�ll find a shared delight，

between us we�ll work out problems of meaning.

（2）Moving House，No. 1

（Burton Watson）

A long time I�ve wanted to live in the southern village，

not because the houses seemed so right，

but I�d heard there were many simple _ hearted people

there

whose company I could enjoy of a morning or evening.

I�ve thought of this for quite some years�

today I put my plan into action.

Who would demand that a crude hut be spacious？

832

Enough if it keeps the rain off my bed and mat.

Neighbours now and then come around�

we exchange remarks，talking of times past.

Unusual writing we appreciate with one another，

working out the difficult passages together.

（3）My Old Desire to Live in the Southern Village

（Arthur Waley）

My old desire to live in the Southern Village

Was not because I had taken a fancy to the house.

But I heard it was a place of simple_minded men

With whom it were a joy to spend the mornings and eve-

nings.

Many years I had longed to settle here�

Now at last I have managed to move house.

I do not mind if my cottage is rather small

So long as there�s room enough for bed and mat.

Often and often the neighbours come to see me

And with brave words discuss the things of old.

Rare writings we read together and praise�

Doubtful meanings we examine together and settle.

（4）Moving House，No. 1

（Xu Yuanzhong）

In Southern Village I would dwell，

932

Not that the house there augurs well，

But people live in simple ways，

With whom I�m glad to pass my days.

For years I�ve cherished this ideal�

Today it becomes true and real�

Why should I need a spacious flat

But room enough for bed and mat？

My neighbours may call now or then，

And talk of olden days and men.

We�ll read good writings we enjoy

And solve the questions which annoy.

（5）A House in the South Village

（Roland C. Fang）

Once I thought of living in the South Village，

Not to take a house that should augur well，

But to meet there many a simple_hearted man，

With whom I�d gladly count my days.

This fond wish has dwelt in me for years，

Now I am going where I�ve longed to be.

What matters if my cottage be not wide，

So long as there is room for a narrow bed？

My neighbours come any hour of the day，

Then we talk freely of the things of old.

Writings of rare beauty we read and enjoy，

Laying our hearts together to resolve a doubt.

042

（6）Removal （1）

（Tan Shilin）

Keen I was to settle in the South Village，

Not that the house there promised fair.

I heard of the many true_hearted people，

In whose circle I wished to pass my days.

Cherished for years，

At length the dream took shape.

A weathered house need not be spacious

As long as it houses a bed.

Neighbours stop in at will

And speak out their minds on past events.

We relish unusual writings

And pool our brains to clear up a point.

�In spring and autumn there are sunny days，

When we climb the hills and sing new lays.

If neighbours pass my door，I�ll call aloud

For them to have a sip if wine�s allowed.

In busy seasons，we go to fields again�

At leisure time，we think of other men.

On that occasion，we put on coats and go，

Talk and laugh while time goes in a flow.

There�s nothing better than this pleasant year�

142

By no means shall I leave my fellows here.

As food and clothing all come from the land，

I�ll work hard to earn a living by my hand.

其二

春秋多佳日，

登高赋新诗。

过门更相呼，

有酒斟酌之。

农务各自归，

闲暇辄相思。

相思则披衣，

言笑无厌时。

此理将不胜，

无为忽去兹。

衣食当须纪，

力耕不吾欺。

本诗描写诗人移居后在农务闲暇时与邻里融洽相

处的乐趣，表达了对这种淳朴生活的赞美。

（1）Moving House，No. 2

（Burton watson）

In spring and fall there are many fine days�

we climb the heights and compose new poems.

Passing a gate，we call to one another，

242

and if there�s wine，we ladle it out.

Busy with farm work，each goes to his own home，

but when times are slack we think of each other，

and thinking of each other，we put on our good clothes

and talk and laugh and never get tired.

This kind of pattern is best，is it not？

You won�t find me leaving here in a hurry.

A man should provide his own food and clothing�

while I work the fields I am not false to myself.

（2）Moving House，No. 2

（Yang Xianyi）

There�s many a fine day here in spring and in autumn

When I love to climb the hill and compose new verses.

I never pass a gate but somebody greets me�

If a man has wine he shares it with all around.

When work in the fields is done，each one goes home�

And then at leisure I think again of friends.

I think of friends—and fling my cloak on my shoulder

For never we tire if talk and laughter together.

So are not all these things good reasons enough

Why I should not depart from this place？

But food and clothes must needs be won for a living�

My strong hand on the plough will never fail me.

342

（3）There�s Many a Fine Day Here in Spr ing

and in Autumn

（Andrew Boyd）

There�s many a fine day here in spring and in autumn

When I love to climb the hill and compose new verses.

I never pass a gate but somebody greets me�

If a man has wine he shares it with all around.

When work in the fields is done，each one goes home�

And then at leisure I think again of friends.

I think of friends—and fling my cloak on my shoulder

For never we tire of talk and laughter together.

So are not all these things good reasons enough

Why I shoud not depart from this place？

But food and clothes must needs be won for a living�

My strong hand on the plough will never fail me.

（4）A House in the South Village，（�）

（Roland C. Fang）

Many are the fair days in spring and autumn，

I would ascend the heights，making poems new.

Before my neighbour�s door I stop the while

To call out loud for a cup of wine.

Work in the fields may set us apart，

But at leisure we think of each other again.

442

Upon this we throw on the robe and go，

And talk and laugh，and laugh and talk.

Such is happiness unsurpassed，

Why lightly turn aside—oh why？

Since food and clothing will keep us alive，

Let�s till the land with honest pride.

（5）Removal （2）

（Tan Shilin）

Many are the fair days in spring and in autumn，

On the hills，poems we improvise.

None passes another�s door without a word of greeting，

Welcome is the caller to his neighbour�s wine.

He leaves at the summons of duty，

At leisure，he turns his thoughts to his friends.

Throwing on a jacket，their society he seeks

And never tries of mirth and talk.

Matchless is a life like this，

Beware of losing it.

Attend to your daily needs，

It pays to work your fields.

542

Matching a Poem by Secretary Guo

I

In the yard before my house，the trees

Provide midsummer with some coolish breeze.

When in due time the south wind comes apace，

A gust of swirling wind blows loose my lace.

I keep alone and idle time away

By reading books and playing lutes all day.

My kitchen garden yields sufficient stuff�

My barn is storing more grain than enough.

There�s no trouble to meet my daily need�

It is against my hope to be obsessed by greed.

I pound the glutinous rice to brew sweet wine

And drink by myself when the wine is fine.

Meanwhile，my kid is playing by my side，

Making indistinct utterances with pride.

Full of such joy is my paternal life

That I nearly forget the worldly strife.

When I see the white clouds float away，

I yearn sincerely for a bygone day.

642

和郭主簿

其一

蔼蔼堂前林，

中夏贮清阴。

凯风因时来，

回飙开我襟。

息交游闲业，

卧起弄书琴。

园蔬有余滋，

旧谷犹储今。

营己良有极，

过足非所钦。

舂秫作美酒，

酒熟吾自斟。

弱子戏我侧，

学语未成音。

此事真复乐，

聊用忘华簪。

遥遥望白云，

怀古一何深。

这首诗抒写了田园生活的趣味，诗中每一个生活

细节都点染着诗人陶然自乐的心理。

742

（1）Matching a Poem by Secretary Kuo，No. 1

（Burton Watson）

Thick thick the woods in front of my house，

in midsummer storing up clear shade�

south winds come in season，

gusts flapping open the breast of my robe.

Done with friends，I pass the time in the studies，

out of bed，fondling books and lute�

garden vegetables with flavour to spare，

last year�s grain that goes a little farther—

there�s a limit to what you need�

more than enough would be no cause for joy.

I pound grain to make good wine，

ferment and ladle it myself.

The little boys play by my side，

learning words they can�t pronounce—

true happiness lies in these things，

official hatpins all but forgotten.

Far far off I watch the white clouds，

my longing for the past deeper than words.

842

（2）Harmonizing with a Poem by

Registrar Kuo，No. 1

（James David Frodsham）

Thick grows the woodland in front of my hall，

A storehouse of cool shadows in the summer.

The south wind comes，following the season�s train�

Its eddying gusts blow open my lapels.

I am left in peace with my heritage of leisure，

Rising or resting，I enjoy my books and my lute.

My garden greens are enough to keep me fed，

While last year�s grain is far from running out.

I have managed things by setting myself a limit，

And never wanted more than just enough.

Pounding my sticky rice，I make good wine，

When the wine is hot，I pour it out myself.

My little son who�s playing by my side，

Keeps trying to talk，but cannot form words.

All these things have made me happy again，

Helped me forget my ornate pins of office.

Into the distance I gaze at the white clouds，

And with what yearning think of the days of old.

942

（3）Life�s Simple Diet （I）

（Roland C. Fang）

Shady with leaves the trees before my house，

In midsummer they make me a shelter of coolness.

The season brings with it a wind from the south，

Its gusty swirls opening the lapel of my garment.

Thus away from men I loiter in idle lore，

Rising from bed to fondle my books and zither.

Rich in taste are the garden greens，

And my last year�s grain still unconsumed.

O，how could one satisfy all one�s wants？

As for me I wish not to make sweet wine�

When it�s done，I pour it out to drink.

Now my toddling child plays by my side，

Imitating speech in accents indistinct.

Such is the true happiness of life，

Well may I forget the vanities of the world.

Far overhead I see the white clouds sailing.

With which my heart deeply yearns

For the days of the ancients！

（4）Two Poems Matching Those by Secretary Guo （1）

（Tan Shilin）

In front of the hall a luxuriant wood，

052

Cool shade in summer it provides.

The season has brought in the South Wind，

Veering round，open it has tugged my jacket.

Withdrawn from society，in pastimes I revel，

Calligraphy and the zither keep me busy day after day.

Vegetables grow in profusion，

Stocked is the barn with last year�s grain.

The needs of life are few，

I care for nothing beyond the essentials.

The millet I husk and brew exquisite wine，

Though unworthy of the worldly_wise，

My course is none the worse for it.

�The months of spring abound in timely rain�

Now chilly autumn breeze sweeps o�er the plain.

The frost has fallen under skies serene，

Clear and deep，a pretty autumn scene.

The mounds，the hills，the peaks of piercing size—

Fantastic landscapes stretch before my eyes.

In verdant woods，chrysanthemum now grows�

On rocky slopes，green pine_trees line in rows.

Lofty are Chrysanthemums and pines，

Which in the frosty weather show best signs.

I hold my cup，with hermits in my mind，

Who never leave their grand ideals behind.

As I have not achieved my lifelong ways，

152

I�m in a gloomy mood in autumn days.

其二

和泽周三春，

清凉素秋节。

露凝无游氛，

天高肃景彻。

陵岑耸逸峰，

遥瞻皆奇绝。

芳菊开林耀，

青松冠岩列。

怀此贞秀姿，

卓为霜下杰。

衔觞念幽人，

千载抚尔诀。

检素不获展，

厌厌竟良月。

这首诗通过对秋景的描绘和对古人的仰慕，表现

了诗人对山林隐逸生活的热爱，同时衬托出诗人的高

尚品格。

（1）Harmonizing with a Poem by Registrar Kuo，No. 2

（James Davis Frodsham）

There was seasonable rain in the three months of spring，

So the white autumn now is clear and cool.

252

The frozen dew gives off no floating mists，

The heavens are high，the scene austere and pure.

Lofty peaks soar up from mountain ranges，

Away in the distance，strange and not of this world.

Fragrant chrysanthemums brightly unfold in the forest，

Green pine_trees cap the serried mountain crags.

What constancy and beauty they possess，

Proud and undaunted amid winter frosts！

As I raise my goblet，I think of those hermits of old，

A thousand years later，their principles still endure.

I examine my own ideals，all unfulfilled，

Then sit here quietly till this brilliant moon has set.

（2）Life�s Simple Diet （�）

（Roland C. Fang）

Mild and moist have been the spring months�

But now comes autumn，so cool，so chaste�

Then the freezing dews purge the air

Of every wandering mist，leaving soberness to reign

Under an open—a scene of fresh limpidity.

Now，the hillock，the mound，the towering peak，

Seen from afar，are all objects of delight.

Sweet chrysanthemums light up the shaded glades，

And the green pine crowns the rocky height.

As I meditate on these pure，noble forms，

I admire them for their strength，unbroken by the frost.

352

Thus，cup in hand，I recall the quiet souls who，

Like them，have nourished me across the dusty ages.

Searching after life�s simple diet，

My talent unused，I travel like the moon，

Silently spanning the nightly sky.

（3）Two Poems Matching Those by Secretary Guo （2）

（Tan Shilin）

Spring was bountiful of rain and dew，

Crisp have turned the autumn days.

The frost has cleared the air of mist，

Deep is the sky，vivid，the landscape.

The hills now rise to fantastic heights，

A beautiful view spreads out before my eyes.

Blooming chrysanthemums light up the woods，

Rows of lush pines crown the towering cliffs.

Chaste and graceful，

They calmly defy the hoarfrost.

Sipping at my wine，in them I see the recluse

Whom they�ve inspired for a thousand years.

With my purpose unattained，

Low in spirits，I watch this lovely month drift by.

452

Composed on My Way to Assume

the Office of Military Counsellor

From early childhood free from worldly care，

I�m bent on songs and books in times to spare.

In coarse clothes，I am content indeed

With what I have although I am in need.

When I am needed for a post by chance，

Though disinclined，I try to make advance.

At dawn I gather my things and mount my horse，

To leave my fields and take the worldly course.

The farther from home in my boat I go，

The stronger my thoughts for the country grow.

Isn�t the journey long enough for me？

Up hill，down dale，I�ll go a thousand li.

Tired of shifting sights along the way，

I miss my country cottage by the bay.

How I admire the birds that soar and fly！

How I esteem the fish that swim nearby！

Of natural transformation I�m aware�

Who says that I�m entrapped in worldly care？

For some time I�ll drift with the natural trend，

But turn back to my cottage in the end.

552

始作镇军参军经曲阿作

弱龄寄事外，

委怀在琴书。

被褐欣自得，

屡空常晏如。

时来苟冥会，

宛辔憩通衢。

投策命晨装，

暂与园田疏。

眇眇孤舟逝，

绵绵归思纡。

我行岂不遥，

登降千里余。

目倦川涂异，

心念山泽居。

望云惭高鸟，

临水愧游鱼。

真想初在襟，

谁谓形迹拘。

聊且凭化迁，

终返班生庐。

本诗写于诗人赴任镇军将军刘裕的参军途中，通

过叙述平生志趣和描写途中景物，抒发了他对田园生

活的怀念之情。

652

（1）On Being Assigned as Military Adviser to the

Garr ison Army，Written When Passing Ch�u_a

（Burton Watson）

In younger years I stayed away from the world，

gave my whole heart to my lute and books.

Wearing coarse cloth，I was happy and at ease�

though often in want，I always took things calmly.

But a time came when I had to bend to circumstance，

to alter my course，go idling in streets and thoroughfares.

I put aside my staff，ordered my baggage ready at dawn，

took leave for a time from my gardens and fields.

Farther，farther the lone boat moved�

threads，threads entangling me—my dreams of return.

The journey I made—how long it was，

climbing up and down a thousand li or more！

My eyes grew weary of the shifting rivers and roadways�

my mind thought always of my old hills and ponds.

Observing clouds，I envied the birds high up�

at water�s edge I felt ashamed beside the carefree fish.

But with this longing for the true life that I treasure still，

who can say I�m bound by outward forms？

For the moment I�ll let things shift as they may，

and in the end go back to Master Pan�s hut.

752

（2）Stopping at Qu E on the Way to

My Appointment as Secretary to the General

（Andrew Boyd）

In my youth I remained aloof from the world of affairs�

Music and books pervaded all my heart.

My clothes were rough，but I was content with myself.

Often my purse was empty，but yet was I happy.

Then came the day when carriages stopped in the lane—

They brought the appointment，the order to dress up and

go.

For a time I am forced to part from my fields and garden.

My lonely boat sails farther and farther away，

My returning thoughts go winding and winding home-

wards.

Long，endlessly long，my journey seems，

Uphill and down，three hundred miles and more.

My eyes are tired with unknown roads and rivers，

My mind still full of thoughts of my mountain dwelling.

I look up at the clouds and the birds high_soaring there，

And down at the swimming fish in the water�s depth.

Ashamed！For Nature once held sway in my heart.

But who shall say that I shall be bound by my body？

Though now I am forced to do what Fate has destined，

In the end，like the scholar Ban Gu，I too shall return.

852

（3）Thoughts on the Way

（Roland C. Fang）

In my youth I look beyond the affairs of men，

And found peace in the zither and books.

Though in rags and often unfed，

I rejoice in my soul�s contentment.

Then as fortune would have it，I drove up

The official road，much disinclined.

Putting away the staff I made an early start�

In the meanwhile I had to leave my gardens and groves.

The lonely barge adrift，

While thoughts of home entwine my heart.

Is it not far enough for me to have trudged

Up and down for more than a thousand li？

What though the shifting scenes tire my eye，

This heart is yearning still for the mountains.

O，the birds are soaring into the clouds，

And the fish swimming freely in the stream，

—To look at them

Is to find myself disconcerted！

True to nature I have always been，

How could I believe in my matter_bound spirit？

On time�s currents let me lie afloat for the while�

952

In the end I�ll reclaim my quiet retreat.

（4）On My Way to Assuming the Office of Adviser

to the Defence Commissioner

（Tan Shilin）

My youth was free from worldly cares，

On music and my studies my heart was bent.

Sparkling with cheer in coarse clothes，

Content I was though in need.

When opportunity came my way，

Half_heartedly I accepted office.

My horse I harnessed one morning

And absented myself from the fields.

The farther I drifted in my boat，

The stronger grew the homeward pull.

The distance I covered was not at all mean�

Up hill and down dale，a thousand li and more.

My eyes tired of the changing scenes，

My heart slipped back to my reclusive home.

Looking up，how I admired the soaring birds！

At the water�s edge，how I envied the swimming fish！

With my pure perception of life，

Could I to my shackled body be a slave！

062

Meanwhile let things take their course，

To my rustic cottage I will turn back.

162

Thoughts on the Ancients

Written in My Cottage

�The Confucian teaching rings without doubt�

It�s Tao，not poverty，that man should care about.

As this teaching is not worth my toil，

I change my mind and start to turn to the soil.

I am busy working with the plough，

And give advice to farmers here and now.

Winds from afar blow o�er the stretching field�

The thriving shoots foretell abundant yield.

Although I don�t know how much I�ll reap yet

I�m sure of bumper harvests I shall get.

When I feel tired at times and take a rest，

No passer_by will come to make request.

When I go home with farmers hand in hand，

I take some wine to neighbours near my land.

I close my wattled gate and sing aloud，

Content to be away from the madding crowd.

262

癸卯岁始春怀古

田舍二首

其二

先师有遗训，

忧道不忧贫。

瞻望邈难逮，

转欲志长勤。

秉耒欢时务，

解颜劝农人。

平畴交远风，

良苗亦怀新。

虽未量岁功，

即事多所欣。

耕种有时息，

行者无问津。

日入相与归，

壶浆劳近邻。

长吟掩柴门，

聊为陇亩民。

这是一首怀古言志的诗。先师的遗训“忧道不忧

贫”在当今的世界上是很难找到了，而乡村生活是如

此地充满了乐趣，由此得出本诗的主旨� “聊为陇亩

民”。

362

（1）In the Year Kuei_mao at the Beginning of Spr ing I

Think about the Ancients While Down on My Farm

（James David Frodsham）

The Teacher of old left behind this doctrine�

“Worry about the Way，not about poverty. ”

I found the Way too high and hard to reach，

So made up my mind to find it through hard work.

Grasping the plough，I enjoy the season�s labours，

With smiling face I encourage the peasants to work.

In the level fields I enjoy the wind from afar，

Where sturdy shoots are sprouting forth new leaves.

Though I have not measured this year�s harvest yet，

Its present state shows many signs of hope.

At times I take a rest from ploughing and sowing，

No passers_by have asked about the ford.

When the sun is setting we all go home together，

My neighbours recompensed with jugs of wine.

Chanting a poem，I close my brushwood gate，

For the time being I�m one of the farming folk.

462

（2）Thinking of the Past in My Cottage at the

Beginning of Spr ing in the Year Gui Mao （AD 403）

（Andrew Boyd）

The Teacher of old had a lesson to give to the world�

He cared for his work and not for his poverty.

As I now gaze afar to the endless distance，

I will and resolve ever to work my hardest，

To cleave to my hoe and be content with my calling，

To smile and keep up the hearts of my fellow farmers.

The wind skims far across the level fields，

Where sturdy shoots are sprouting new leaves.

Although I cannot measure my year�s produce，

Its present state shows many signs of hope.

There comes a time when I rest from ploughing and plant-

ing，

But still no traveller comes to ask me questions！

When the sun goes down we all go home together�

With soup and with wine I treat my nearest neighbours.

Loudly I sing as I shut my gate of brushwood，

I will remain a man of the fields and furrows！

562

（3）Farming in the Spr ing of the Year Gui_Mao

with the Ancients in My Thoughts （2）

（Tan Shilin）

Thus directed the master�

Let moral issues engage your mind.

A demand more than I could meet，

My days I devote to tillage.

With glee I perform the season�s labours

And cheer the farmers to fruitful toil.

Winds from afar favour the level fields，

The vigorous seedlings now burst with life.

Too soon to forecast my labour�s yield，

Each fleeting moment I relish.

Tillage is relieved by calm repose，

No traveller ever pauses to ask his way.

With the farmers I return at dusk，

And treat my neighbours to a jug of wine.

Singing，I latch the wicker_gate，

Happy，meanwhile，to be a farmer.

662

Caught in Fire in Mid_June

My thatched cottage near a wretched lane

Fits me the better for life free and plain.

When stormy winds arose one summer day，

My woods and house were burnt down to clay.

As I could live at my dear home no more，

I had to dwell in my boat near the door.

At dusk in early autumn，on vast skies

Appears the tender moon，nearly full size.

Already fruits and plants begin to grow，

And frightened birds toward their nests will go.

When I stand musing in the dead of night，

I gaze at skies with rambling thoughts in flight.

Upright and just e�er since I was a boy，

For forty years I�ve stuck to it with joy.

My flesh transforms with nature�s powerful force，

My spirit is at ease in rich resource.

My steadfast qualities will never fade，

Which is more firm than precious stone and jade.

I gaze up high with thoughts of good old days

When in the fields were piled the wheat and maize.

The people at that time had been well fed�

At dawn they rose，at dusk they went to bed.

Gone are the golden days and I�m born late�

I�d better water my plots on my estate.

762

戊申岁六月中遇火

草庐寄穷巷，

甘以辞华轩。

正夏长风急，

林室顿烧燔。

一宅无遗宇，

舫舟荫门前。

迢迢新秋夕，

亭亭月将圆。

果菜始复生，

惊鸟尚未还。

中宵伫遥念，

一盼周九天。

总发抱孤介，

奄出四十年。

形迹凭化往，

灵府长独闲。

贞刚自有质，

玉石乃非坚。

仰想东户时，

余粮宿中田。

鼓腹无所思，

朝起暮归眠。

既已不遇兹，

且遂灌我园。

862

戊申年（公元 408 年）的一场大火烧毁了诗人的

房舍，使他陷入了困境。本诗就是描写遇火前后的情

景和心情，感叹自己生不逢时，只能隐居躬耕了。

（1）The Sixth Month of 408� We Had a Fire

（Stephen Owen）

My thatch cottage was set in a narrow lane，

that willingly kept splendid coaches away.

It was high summer，steady winds blew hard，

in a moment my grove and house burned down.

Not a building was left on my property，

so we sheltered in a boat before the gate.

Far and wide，this eve of new autumn，

spreading high above，the moon almost full.

Vegetables and melons again begin to grow，

the birds，frightened off，have not yet returned.

In night�s midst I stand，I brood on far things，

one glance covers the nine_tiered skies.

Since youth I have clung to lone steadfastness，

all at once it has been more than forty years.

962

My body and deeds pass on with Change，

yet the seat of my spirit is ever at peace.

In its own right my being is pure and firm—

indeed there is no jade so hard.

（2）In the Year with the Cyclical Sign Mou_shen（408），

In the Sixth Month We Had a Fire

（Burton Watson）

In a grass hut lodged at the end of the narrow lane，

I�m content to see no more of costly_decked carriages.

But in midsummer the steady winds blew so fiercely

my home in the woods suddenly burned down.

A whole house and not an eave left standing�

now we shelter in a two_hulled boat by the gate.

The endless expanse of an early fall evening，

high high up，the moon growing rounder�

fruit trees and plants are starting to come alive again，

I stand here in the night，my thoughts far away，

in one glance sweeping all the nine_tiered sky.

As a boy in braids，I held to my own odd ways�

then before I knew it I was over forty.

My body must go where the course of change takes it，

but the spirit within me will always be at peace.

Firm，unbending—such is my nature�

no stone or gem could be harder.

072

In imagining I turn back to the age of Tung_hu，

when spare stores of food were left in the fields.

People drummed on their bellies，had no cares，

rose up in the morning，came home at sundown to sleep.

But I haven�t chanced on times like those，

so meanwhile let me water my garden.

（3）The Fire That I Suffered in the Sixth Month of the

Year Wu Shen （AD 408）

（Andrew Boyd）

For my cottage of reeds and thatch in this poor lane

I was glad to say goodbye to my splendid carriage.

But this mid_summer a high wind blew without ceasing，

My humble dwelling burst into sudden flame.

In all the house not a rafter was left in the roof.

And now I live in a boat in front of the door.

Long，long is this early autumn evening，

High，so high is the moon，and almost full.

The fruits and plants of my garden are growing again，

But the frightened crows have not come back to their

nests.

It is midnight，and here I stand，with my thoughts ran-

ging，

And gaze all round and above at the depths of the sky.

Even in childhood I held my thoughts aloof，

And thus have I been for more than forty years.

172

My body follows the simple pattern of Nature，

My spirit ever remains alone and idle.

I have become so self_reliant and strong

That jade and stone are not so hard as I am.

I look up and think of Dong Hu�s times of old，

When the people threw the surplus grain in the fields.

And，eating their fill，they had no more cares in the

world

Than to rise in the morning and in the evening sleep.

But now since the times are not in the least like those，

I had better begin to water my western garden！

（4）Fire in Midsummer

（Roland C. Fang）

For a thatched cottage in a sunken lane

I would abandon all the worldly splendours.

But one midsummer the long blast blowing hard，

On a sudden my dwelling and the trees caught fire，

Then all was ablaze，leaving not a rafter.

I took shelter in a boat under the shaded gate.

Now autumn is here� the evening sky calm and distant�

High up shines the moon，almost full.

Fruits and vegetables are springing up again，

Only the frightened rooks have not returned.

Wistfully I stand in the silent night，

272

My eyes sweeping over the nine heavens.

Even in my boyhood I learned to hold my own，

For forty years I have not yielded my ground.

Though my body went tossing on the currents of life，

My soul�s lonely chamber has remained serene.

The sterling quality of will，pure and solid，

Should hold water better than stone or jade.

With an upturned face I think

Of the days of yore，

When plentiful crops were left

Unguarded in the fields，

When Round_bellied people，

Care_free，sauntered about，

Rising at dawn and going home

By night for a rest.

Since I was not born there and then，

Should I not rather water my garden！

372

（5）Fire in the Sixth Lunar Month of the Year Wu_Shen

（Tan Shilin）

My straw_hut was nestled in a narrow lane，

I lived in its sweet seclusion.

The wind blew strong at midsummer，

House and garden disappeared in flames.

Not a single room was spared�

The boat lay moored by the shady gate.

The early autumn night dragged on，

A waxing moon hung high.

Fruit and vegetables had come back to life，

The startled birds had not yet returned.

As I stood musing late at night，far rambled my thoughts，

My eyes embraced the universe.

Aloof and unpliant I was as child�

Past forty I�ve become in a flash！

My strength may waste away with time，

Undisturbed is my peace of mind.

Firm integrity is a quality

harder than uncut jade.

I often fancy the golden age

When grain was left in the fields unwatched，

When people with bulging bellies lived carefree，

472

Rising and retiring with the sun.

Born too late，

Let me water my vegetable plot and be content！

572

The Double_Ninth Festival

Late autumn now provides a dreary view，

Amid the chilly wind and heavy dew.

The withered crawling vines have ceased to grow

And garden trees present a barren show.

When the air is clear and day is bright，

The sky has risen to a distant height.

The chirp of cicadas no longer rings aloud

While wild geese utter shrieks above the cloud.

Since the course of nature runs its round，

By hardships are the human beings bound.

Death has threatened man since life began�

I am distressed for time has too short a span.

What is there to soothe my burdened mind，

In wine alone can I contentment find.

Forget the future life come what it may�

Dash down the cup and sing praise of today！

672

己酉岁九月九日

靡靡秋已夕，

凄凄风露交。

蔓草不复荣，

园木空自凋。

清气澄余滓，

杳然天界高。

哀蝉无留响，

丛雁鸣云宵。

万化相寻绎，

人生岂不劳。

从古皆有没，

念之中心焦。

何以称我情，

浊酒且自陶。

千载非所知，

聊以永今朝。

在九月九日重阳节的时候，诗人看到万物凋零，不

禁感叹人生短促，难免要借酒浇愁。诗的前八句写景，

后八句写感想。

772

（1）Written on the Ninth Day of the

Ninth Month of the Year yi_yu（A. D. 409）

（William Acker ）

Slowly，slowly，

the autumn draws to its close.

Cruelly cold

the wind congeals the dew.

Vines and grasses

will not be green again—

The trees in my garden

are withering forlorn.

The pure air

is cleansed of lingering lees

And mysteriously，

Heaven�s realms are high.

Nothing is left

of the spent cicada�s song，

A flock of geese

goes crying down the sky.

The myriad transformations

unravel one another

And human life

how should it not be hard？

From ancient times

there was none but had to die，

872

Remembering this

scorches my very heart.

What is there I can do

to assuage this mood？

Only enjoy myself

drinking my unstrained wine.

I do not know

about a thousand years，

Rather let me make

this morning last forever.

（2）Late Autumn

（Roland C. Fang）

Slowly the autumn days are passing out，

The wind sighing over the dewy ground.

The sprawling grass will not thrive again，

And the garden_trees are withering away.

The clear atmosphere，free from dust�

And the vast expanse of sky，so remote and high.

Silent，silent now，the wailing cicadas，

But choruses of wild geese pierce the clouds.

Changing and intricate are the ways of nature，

Soon to wear out man�s limited powers.

Death has been present since time began，

To think of it is to singe the human heart.

How could I ease my unquiet brains？

972

May the unstrained wine drench me in bliss！

I know not what will come

A thousand years hence�

So let me quaff away

This livelong day！

（3）On the Ninth of the Ninth Lunar Month

（Tan Shilin）

Autumn is well_advanced，

Chilly winds and dew.

The vines have ceased to bloom，

The garden trees now shed their leaves.

Cleared of dust and mist，

The sky has risen to a serene height.

The cicada has left no sound behind，

Wild geese，in formation，honk across the blue.

All creation is involved in change，

Man goes through no end of hardship.

Life falls back to dust，

The thought distresses me.

Cheerless I should be

But for my home_made brew.

Life a thousand years hence lies beyond my ken，

On my cup I rely to perpetuate this day.

082

Ear ly Crops in the West Fields

in Mid_September

Of all the concerns in the human race，

Food and clothing take the foremost place.

If I am not engaged in tasks like these，

How am I to rest in peace and ease？

When spring began，I worked hard in the fields，

I could expect abundant yearly yields.

At sunrise，I began to plough and sow�

At sunset，I came home，with shouldered hoe.

Deep in the hills lurks the frost and dew，

In autumn now，the cold wind blows anew.

Although the farmer�s life is hard indeed，

This hardship will not make me change my creed.

My body suffers from severe fatigue，

But my mind will be free from intrigue.

After I have washed my hands and feet，

I�ll have a sip to give myself a treat.

The ancient hermits who were free from fears

Were models in my life through all the years.

Oh that my life goes on fore�er like this

Because I take my farmer�s life as bliss！

182

庚戌岁九月中于西田获早稻

人生归有道，

衣食固其端。

孰是都不营，

而以求自安。

开春理常业，

岁功聊可观。

晨出肆微勤，

日入负耒还，

山中饶霜露，

风气亦先寒。

田家岂不苦，

弗获辞此难。

四体诚乃疲，

庶无异患干。

盥濯息檐下，

斗酒散襟颜。

遥遥沮溺心，

千载乃相关。

但愿长如此，

躬耕非所叹。

本诗是体现陶渊明躬耕思想的重要作品。诗人但

愿长久地过躬耕生活，自食其力的生活虽然辛苦，但是

他无所怨尤。

282

（1）On Harvesting Dry Paddy in the Western Field

in the Ninth Month of the Year Keng_hsu

（James David Frodsham）

Man�s life is based on constant principles，

Foremost of which is the need for clothes and food.

How can we pay no heed to things like these，

And still hope to attain to happiness？

When spring began，I did my usual tasks，

This year�s achievement can be seen at last.

I�d leave at dawn to do a little work，

Bring my plough back home as the sun was going down.

Among the hills the frozen dew lay thick，

The wind was blowing chill before its time，

How can a farmer�s life be an easy one？

He cannot get away from suffering.

My four limbs may be weary as you like，

As long as no disasters blight my crops.

I wash myself，then rest beneath the eaves，

To cheer myself with a gallon or so of wine.

From a long way off，over a thousand years，

My heart goes out to the hermits Chu and Ni.

All I desire is just to go on like this，

I don�t complain at dragging my own plough.

382

（2）Harvesting Ear ly Rice in the West Field

in the Ninth Month of the Year Geng Xu （AD 410）

（Andrew Boyd）

There are many sides indeed human life，

Food and clothing are necessaries.

It is not so easy to toil to obtain these

And yet to seek for peace within oneself.

With the spring my round of labour begins anew

And I can look ahead to my yearly harvest.

Out with the dawn，exerting all my strength，

Home at sundown bearing my plough on my shoulder.

In the hills there is either frost or there is dew，

The very air and the wind are colder here.

How can it not be hard，this farmer�s life？

And the hardship is such that no one can avoid.

So tired is my whole body when I come home，

That I cannot even think of other troubles.

I bath，and then I rest beneath my eaves，

And a jar of wine scatters my cares away.

It is long，so long，since the time of Ju and Ni，

A thousand years part us，and yet we are one.

If only my life could always be like this！

I don�t complain of dragging my own plough.

482

（3）Ear ly Crop

（Roland C. Fang）

Of all the interests in our earthly life，

Food and clothing should come foremost�

If one toils not for such simple needs，

However could he live in content or peace？

When spring calls，I start work on my farm，

So I should expect my year�s yield.

At sunrise I go to try my muscles，

And return by sunset，shouldering the plough.

The mountain valley，thick with frosty dew，

Here the cold air makes its earliest visit.

See how the farmers toil！

Hardship their lot，to which they needs must resign�

All their limbs worn out�

But what if safe from unknown cares？

Thus under the shed let me wash myself

Before I take my night�s repose�

And with a flask of wine

I shall refresh my heart and mien.

582

（4）Ear ly Harevest in the West Fields，in the Middle

of the Ninth Lunar Month of the Year Gen_Xu

（Tan Shilin）

Man is subject to fundamental laws，

First and foremost come food and clothes.

None could expect to be at ease

Without attending to such needs.

In spring I perform the season�s duties，

Toiling with a foretaste of my labour�s fruit.

I set off to do my bit at dawn

And return at dusk，plough across the shoulder.

The hills get the larger share of dew and frost.

And bear the brunt of cold.

Bitter is the farmer�s lot，

From which there is no escape.

Weary and exhausted he is indeed

In providing against the untoward.

Washed up，he sits back under the eaves，

To his heart a cup of wine brings cheer.

Faded us the memory of Ju and Ni，

For all the centuries，in spirit we are linked.

If only I could go on like this，

Tillage should not dishearten me.

682

Drinking Wine

I

The things may live and die，rise and fall�

This everlasting law applies to all.

To see Shao Ping grow melons in spring time，

Who�d think he was a marquis in his prime？

As cold and heat rotate in a train，

So human fortunes often wax and wane.

Sagacious men who understands this truth

Lead a hermit�s life from early youth.

Be quick and hand a cup of wine to me

So that I spend the night_time in high glee.

782

饮酒

其一

衰荣无定在，

彼此更共之。

邵生瓜田中，

宁似东陵时。

寒暑有代谢，

人道每如兹。

达人解其会，

逝将不复疑。

忽与一觞酒，

日夕欢相持。

陶渊明共有《饮酒》诗二十首，是他在归隐之后某

年秋夜陆续写成的，抒发了酒醉后的感想。第一首是

二十首诗的总纲� 衰荣无定，世事不常，应当达观处之，

饮酒自乐。

（1）Wine_Drinking （No. 1）

（David Lattimore）

Glory decay no fixed abiding

one and the other shared by turns

Master Shao in the melon patch

how can one compare you to the old days in Tung

882

hot and cold displace each other

man�s way for each is so

perceptive people once they discover

this truth will never return to illusion

but if they get a cup of wine

as the day darkens they seize it gladly

（2）Drinking Wine，No. 1

（Burton Watson）

Prosperity and decline have no fixed dwelling�

this man，that man confronts them in turn.

Master Shao in his melon patch—

hardly the same as when he was called Tung_ling.

Cold weather and hot have their arriving and departing—

man�s lot is ever the same sort of thing.

Enlightened people understand this point

and go on their way without further doubt.

Suddenly I find have a cask of wine�

each day at evening I sip it with joy.

（3）Wine Poems （1）

（Tan Shilin）

What blooms is bound to wither，

Decline follows growth.

To see Shao Sheng in the melon fields

982

Who could have recognised the marquis he used to be？

Summer and winter alternate，

So do one�s fortune�s wax and wane.

Awake to the ways of Change，

The wise accept the past as past recall.

Hand me quick the brimming cup，

Let me drink away my nights and days！

�As man has fallen for a thousand years，

Everybody tries to hide his ideas.

To keep away from wine for fear of blame，

The man pursues in vain the worldly fame.

He values his existence as sublime，

But death is doomed to grasp him in due time.

No matter how long human life will last，

As swift as lightening it will soon be passed.

On the go for years and years in life，

What can he hope to gain in worldly strife？

其三

道丧向千载，

人人惜其情。

有酒不肯饮，

但顾世间名。

所以贵我身，

岂不在一生。

092

一生复能几，

倏如流电惊。

鼎鼎百年内，

持此欲何成。

本诗通过对名利之徒的否定，表达了诗人达观而

逍遥自任的人生态度。

（1）Drinking Wine，No. 3

（Burton Watson）

The Way�s been lost for a thousand years�

people are all too stingy with their feelings.

They have wine，but can�t bring themselves to

drink it—

all they think about is worldly fame.

Why do we value this body of ours？

Isn�t it because we have just one life？

And this one lifetime—how long will it last？

It shoots by like a bolt of lightening！

With you hundred years slipping away，

what do you hope to do with a thing like that？

（2）Wine Poems （3）

（Tan Shilin）

Man has forsaken the Way for close on a thousand years�

192

All out for distinction，

Dry he goes though his jars are full，

In hot pursuit of worldly fame.

The name he makes

Could it outlive on earth his stay？

What is left to him

Of an existence as brief as lightning？

Bustling in and out of life，

What can he count on achieving？

�With fair chrysanthemums in view，

I pluck their petals glistening with wet dew.

The more I drink the wine with flowers，

The farther away I�m from the worldly powers.

Although alone I empty cups of mine，

At home I gulp down jugs of tasteful wine.

When sunset calms down everything at ease，

The melodies of birds are heard in trees.

By windows on the eastern side I sing

For what my rural life here has to bring.

其七

秋菊有佳色，

=�露掇其英。

泛此忘忧物，

远我遗世情。

292

一觞虽独进，

杯尽壶自倾。

日入群动息，

归鸟趋林鸣。

啸傲东轩下，

聊复得此生。

本诗写诗人沉醉在赏菊和饮酒之中，忘却了尘世，

摆脱了忧愁。

（1）Drinking Wine，No. 7

（Burton Watson）

Fall chrysanthemums have beautiful colours�

dew still on them，I pick the blossoms，

float them on this drowner of care—

it makes me feel farther than ever from the world.

Though I�m alone as I pour my wine，

when the cup�s empty，somehow the jar tips itself.

The sun has set，all moving things stilled�

homing birds hurry to the woods，singing，

and I whistle jauntily by the eastern eaves—

another day I get to live this life.

392

（2）Drinking Wine，No. 7

（Patr icia Pin_ching Hu）

Beautiful is the autumn chrysanthemum，

I pluck one heavy with dew.

And wine which makes one care_free

Keeps me far from the worries of the world.

Though drinking alone，

I keep on emptying my cup and pouring more wine from

the jar.

At nightfall，all creatures are calmed，

Only homeward _ bound birds twitter while flying to the

forest.

Proudly I sing under the eastern casement，

Content with my existence.

（3）Poems on Drinking Wine，No. 7

（Andrew Boyd）

Lovely is the colour of the autumn chrysanthemum，

When you gather its flowers that are all wet with dew！

Let the Reliever of Sorrows overflow，

And carry my feelings far away from the world.

Though I am alone and broach but a single jar，

When my cup is empty the wine_pot pours itself.

It is evening and all activity is ceasing，

The calling birds are returning home to the woods，

492

And I am at ease at a window facing the west.

Once more I attain to the full enjoyment of life.

（4）Wine Poems （7）

（Tan Shilin）

Fair are the autumn chrysanthemums�

I pluck them glistening with dew.

The deeper I drank of the luscious wine

The farther I drifted from the world.

Though none was there to share my cup，

Away it drained as did the tilting jug.

Sunset lulled the world to rest，

birds flocked in atwittering.

By the east side window a jubilant shout I gave，

happy to have obtained this new lease of life.

（5）Drinking Wine （�）

（Roland C. Fang）

Autumn chrysanthemums have a lovely tint，

I pluck their fresh petals so full of dew.

Drowned in this sorrow_banishing liquor

I leave behind a world_laden heart.

Though I enjoy the goblet all alone，

Cup after cup the wine comes to an end.

Now the sun goes down，all the bustle ceases，

592

Save the birds，chattering home to their trees.

By the eastern porch I proudly sing，

Glad to have rescued this day from ruin.

�At dawn I was wakened by the knock of a guest�

I got up and opened the door，half_dressed.

I asked him who he was and why he came�

The farmer came because he knew my name.

He brought wine from afar and voiced the word

That he had thought I was a bit absurd.

“To live in rags in a hut is of no use�

It�s not the right way of a true recluse.

Since all the world is drifting with the tide，

I hope you will at last stand on their side. ”

“Thank you very much for what you say，

But it�s against my will to go their way.

Although I could reform my life by force，

I might thus go astray in my life course.

Let�s forget about it and have a drink，

But I will never change my mind，I think. ”

其九

清晨闻叩门，

倒裳往自开。

问子为谁欤？

田父有好怀。

692

壶浆远见候，

疑我与时乖。

褴褛茅檐下，

未足为高栖。

一世皆尚同，

愿君汨其泥。

深感父老言，

禀气寡所谐。

纡辔诚可学，

违己讵非迷。

且共欢此饮，

吾驾不可回。

这首诗写田父清晨造访，以对话的方式表现了诗

人不愿违背自己的初衷而随世浮沉，再一次表明了不

与世人同流合污的决心。

（1）Drinking Wine，No. 9

（Arthur Waley）

In the quiet of the morning I heard a knock at my door�

I threw on my clothes and opened it myself.

I asked who it was who had come so early to see me�

He said he was a peasant，coming with good intent.

He brought with him a full flagon of wine，

Believing my household had fallen on evil days.

“You live in rags under a thatched roof

792

And seem to have no desire for a better lot.

The rest of mankind have all the same ambitions�

You，too，must learn to wallow in their mire. ”

“Old man，I am impressed by what you say，

But my soul is not fashioned like other men�s.

To drive in their rut I might perhaps learn�

To be untrue to myself could only lead to meddle.

Let us drink and enjoy together the wine you have

brought�

For my course is set and cannot now be altered. ”

（2）Wine Poems （9）

（Tan Shilin）

At the sound of an early knock

To the door I rushed—my clothes were wrong side out.

I asked who the caller was�

An old farmer he was with a heart of gold.

He came from afar with a jar of wine，

Believing I was at odds with the world.

“To dwell in a straw hut and go in rags

Is quite beneath your dignity，”he said.

“The world thinks highly of conformity，

Why not wallow in the muddy stream and be happy！”

“Grateful thanks for the counsel！

Little in this world agrees with me.

I don�t object to softening，

892

A fool I should be to turn against myself.

Let�s enjoy the wine and make merry，

My course cannot be reversed. ”

（3）Drinking Wine （�）

（Roland C. Fang）

Early in the morning I heard a knock at the door，

Half_dressed I got up to open it myself.

I asked who was it that called at this hour�

Just an old farmer coming with good intent.

He greeted me with wine from abroad，fearing

I had been out of sorts with the world.

“You live in rags，”he said，“under a thatched roof，

Tis hardly fitting for a high_thinking recluse.

Since the world is driving along the same ruts，

Had you rather join the ranks and conform？”

“Your words，old friend，do touch my heart，

But my lonely soul is fashioned otherwise.

Though I might easily rein up and turn aside，

Against my nature I cannot see my way clear.

Let us now raise our cups and rejoice�

Never shall my life�s course be altered. ”

��992

My friends who share my hobby drinking wine

Come to me with liquor sweet and fine.

We sit below the pines upon the grounds

And get a bit drunk after several rounds.

We drink and talk and then come slips of the tongue，

Forgetting manners for the old and young.

When such awareness as of myself is lost，

How can I know this thing or that will cost？

While profit_seekers follow their design，

I alone enjoy the magic taste of wine！

其十四

故人赏我趣，

挈壶相与至。

班荆坐松下，

数斟已复醉。

父老杂乱言，

觞酌失行次。

不觉知有我，

安知物为贵。

悠悠迷所留，

酒中有深味。

这首诗的前六句描述松下饮酒的无尚乐趣，后四

句将他的感受进一步哲理化。诗人进入了物我两忘、

神游象外的境界。

003

（1）Poems on Drinking Wine，No. 14

（Andrew Boyd）

My old friends come to see me to give me pleasure，

So，lifting the wine_jar，we set forth together.

We clear the brambles，sit beneath a pine，

Pour a few cupfuls—then we are drunk again，

The elders now are off in endless chatter，

And we have lost count of how many cups we have filled.

I cannot even be sure if this is myself.

How can I tell any more the important issues？

Far，far have I left the world behind.

Surely in wine there lies a joy profound！

（2）Wine Poems （14）

（Tan Shilin）

Well_disposed to my way of life，

Friends had come with wine.

Under the pine，on brush we sat，

Soon we had a drop too much.

The elders engaged in discursive talk，

In the tipple melted disparity of age.

Oblivious of myself，

Could I know the price of wine？

I lingered over it，

103

Savouring the deep pleasures of the cup.

（3）Drinking Wine （��）

（Roland C. Fang）

Old friends who have an inkling of my heart

Come to me with bottles in their hands.

Under the pine_tree we sit among the bushes，

After a few rounds we are all intoxicated.

Chattering confusedly away，village elders and all�

Cup after cup，we forget the sequence，high or low.

Being unaware of this existence of myself，

How could I attach any value to the things around？

Slowly，slowly nature sweeps us all aside，

Save in the cup a rich flavour lies.

��As I remained aloof e�en in my youth，

In ancient classics I did find the truth.

When I was forty years of age or less，

I had in no way yet achieved success.

I�ve stuck to honest poverty sublime

But suffered cold and hunger all the time.

Into my shoddy house the wind blows hard

While wild weeds overgrow my wretched yard.

In ragged coats I sit awake all night

And wait for cocks to crow till day is bright.

203

Without a bosom friend here by my side，

There is no one in whom I can confide.

其十六

少年罕人事，

游好在六经。

行行向不惑，

淹留遂无成。

竟抱固穷节，

饥寒饱所更。

弊庐交悲风，

荒草没前庭。

被褐守长夜，

晨鸡不肯鸣。

孟公不在兹，

终以翳吾情。

这首诗展现了诗人从年轻时“游好在六经”到归

隐后“竟抱固穷节”的人生历程，他感到悲哀的是竟无

知音。

（1）Poems on Drinking Wine，No. 16

（James David Frodsham）

When I was young I had little to do with people，

But liked to spend my time with the Six Classics.

So on I went，till the age of certainty，

303

Since then I�ve loitered，failing to advance.

At last I stood quite firm in poverty，

I�ve had my fill of hunger and of cold.

Within my wretched hut the sad winds meet，

Wild grasses cover up the court in front.

In my coarse clothes，I�ve watched out the long nights，

Till it seemed the morning cock would never crow.

No Meng_kung�s living now to know my heart，

So I shall hide my feelings to the end.

（2）Wine Poems （16）

（Tan Shilin）

In youth I kept way from society，

The Six Classics gave me all my pleasures.

In time I went on forty

Without achieving anything.

Honest poverty I then embraced，

Of cold and hunger I�ve had my fill.

Wailing winds batter my crumbling walls，

Rank weeds choke my front yard.

Jacket over the shoulders，many a long night I sat up，

Waiting in vain for the cock to crow.

Now that Meng Gong has departed，

Languish I shall in obscurity.

XX

403

As ancient kings governed in the past，

Their simple ways of life no longer last.

Confucius，shuttling from state to state，

Hoped to bring traditions up to date.

Although he failed to save the world from strife，

He gave rites and music a new lease on life.

Confucian learning was not widely spread�

The tyrannous king of Qin made people dread.

For what were poems and classic books to blame

That one day they were committed to the flame？

When Qin was overthrown，some old learned men

Worked hard to teach Confucian ways again.

Because of dynastic failures，chaos and war，

Confucian classic books were read no more.

Of all the profit_seekers on the way，

No one cares about the order of the day.

If I do not drink to my heart�s content，

I，a scholar of no worth，shall lament.

I�m sorry for the rubbish I have said�

Please pardon me，as I have lost my head.

其二十

羲农去我久，

举世少复真。

汲汲鲁中叟，

弥缝使其淳。

凤鸟虽不至，

503

礼乐暂得新。

诛泗辍微响，

漂流逮狂秦。

诗书复何罪，

一朝成灰尘。

区区诸老翁，

为事诚殷勤。

如何绝世下，

六籍无一亲。

终日驰车走，

不见所问津。

若复不快饮，

空负头上巾。

但恨多谬误，

君当恕醉人。

陶渊明在这首诗中回顾了儒家文化的发展过程，

感慨世风日下，表现了对现实的强烈不满。

（1）Poems on Drinking Wine，No. 20

（James David Frodsham）

Now Hsi and Nung have long been gone from us，

Rarely today do we find truth like theirs.

That tireless worker，the old man of Lu，

Patched up the world and made it sound once more.

Although the phoenix never came again，

603

Music and rites were for a time revived.

The Shu and Ssu then ceased their murmuring

And flowed on till they came to cruel Ch�in.

What guilt had the Poems and Documents incurred

That in one morning they should turn to ash？

Then a devoted handful of old scholars

Could act with diligence and sincerity.

Why is it now that since the fall of Han

The Six Confucian Classics have lacked friends？

Carriages dash past me the livelong day，

Yet I never meet a man who seeks the ford？

If I do not quickly drink deep of my wine，

I shan�t deserve to wear my scholar�s cap.

I much regret these uncouth words of mine，

And beg you to excuse a drunken man.

（2）Poems on Drinking Wine，No. 20

（Andrew Boyd）

Xi and Nong are far away in time�

Rare indeed today is truth like theirs.

The Old Man of Lu，persistent，tireless，

Patched up the world and made it whole again，

And though the phoenix would not return to the land

Music and virtue were，for a time，renewed—

The rivers of Shu and Si their whisper ceased，

Yet they flowed and floated on to the cruel Qin.

703

What crime had ever been done by the Classical Books

That they should be turned in a day to dust and ashes？

Those few old men，that tiny band of scholars，

Their action then was truly devoted and great—

Why has this greatness so died out in the world

That nobody cares any more for the Six Classics？

I could travel as far as a whole day�s journey by coach

And not see a man who would ask me so much as a ques-

tion.

Quick！Let me drink again，for if I don�t

I shall feel I do not deserve my scholar�s hat.

If my uncouth expressions cause you offence，

I beg that you will forgive a drunken man.

（3）Wine Poems （20）

（Tan Shilin）

Faded are the times of Xi and Nong，

Little has remained of man�s purity.

The greybeard of Lu ground away

At patching up time_honoured customs.

Though the phoenix withdrew from sight，

Revived for a time were ancient rites and music.

On the Zhu and Si banks，his subtle lectures trailed a-

way�

In time the ferocious Qin lorded it over the country.

Finding fault with the Classics，

803

These he reduced to ashes.

The hoary sages spared no pains，

With zeal they passed down the Master�s teachings.

Since the end of the defunct age，

People have kept away from the Six Classics.

On the run from dawn till dusk，

None so much as paused to ask his way.

Should I be slow in drinking up my wine，

Could justice be done to my headband？

For all this nonsensical chatter

Forgive me as you would a drunk.

903

Abstaining from Wine

With my humble cottage near the town，

I live at leisure and without a frown.

I take a seat below the mighty trees

Or take a walk within the gate at ease.

The best cuisine comes from the garden greens�

My kids provide the most amusing scenes.

All my life I never give up wine

Because no drinking is a dismal sign.

I�ll hate to go to bed when it is night

And hate to rise from bed when day is bright.

Day by day I try to give up wine，

But I�m afraid my health will thus decline.

I only think that wine makes me feel good，

But never think that wine does me no good.

Now that I know what is the correct way，

I�ll give up wine indeed right from today.

I shall abstain from wine as my demand

Until I reach the real immortal land.

If I look younger than it now appears，

I�ll keep from drinking for a thousand years.

013

止酒

居止次城邑，

逍遥自闲止。

坐止高荫下，

步止荜门里。

好味止园葵，

大欢止稚子。

平生不止酒，

止酒情无喜。

暮止不安寝，

晨止不能起。

日日欲止之，

营卫止不理。

徒知止不乐，

未知止利己。

始觉止为善，

今朝真止矣。

从此一止去，

将止扶桑縵。

清颜止宿容，

奚止千万祀。

这首诗充满了生活情趣，诗中每句都有一个“止”

字，以幽默的口吻描写家人劝他止酒，而酒不可止的矛

盾心理。

113

（1）Stopping Wine

（Burton Watson）

My home？I�m stopping near the town，

stopping in a peaceful way，free and easy.

My sitting stops with the shade of tall trees，

my strolling stops inside the brushwood gate.

Fine flavours？They stop with the mallows in my garden.

And my greatest joys stop with these boys of mine.

All my life I�ve never stopped wine�

stop wine and my heart would be robbed of delight.

Stop it at night and I couldn�t sleep soundly，

stop it in the morning and I�d never get up.

Day after day I wanted to stop it，

but if I stopped my system wouldn�t function right.

I only knew that stopping meant no more pleasure，

couldn�t see how stopping would benefit me.

But now at last I realise that stopping is best.

This morning—mark me！—I�ve stopped for good！

From now on，I�m going to stay stopped，

and soon I�ll be stopping by Fu_sang shore，

a bright and sober face stopping with me forever—

how could it stop in a thousand years？

213

（2）Drink No More

（Roland C. Fang）

A house outside the walled town，

Leisure and quiet and idle ways.

Rest beneath a tall tree�s shade，

And strolls within the wicker_gate.

The garden sunflowers yielding tasty seeds�

And the genial laughter that my child incites.

Never in my life have I abstained�

Once I abstain，I could find no joy.

After each sober evening comes a wakeful night�

Tis the cup that summons me from my morning bed.

Yet every day I vow to abstain�

For my health pays，thus dissipating.

I used to think that abstinence would give me misery，

Without believing it could do me any good.

Now I come to pursue the wholesome course�

Drink no more，wine shall no longer please.

Henceforth let abstinence carry me on，

On to the Isles of the Blessed�

The freshness of youth shall brighten my cheeks，

Not for thousands of years shall it ever fade.

313

（3）Staying off the Cup

（Tan Shilin）

A stay_at_home out of town，

Leisurely I stay and carefree.

Seated，I stay in the huge tree�s shade，

Afoot，I stay within the wicker gate.

The garden green stay my palate，

What joy to stay amid my children！

Never did I stay off drink—

The mainstay of all my pleasures.

Staying dry would wreck my sleep，

All morning I would stay put in bed.

Daily I contemplate staying off the cup，

But stay！Would this not stay my circulation？

To stay from wine would turn me dull，

I should，in return，stay in health.

Now that I stay my trust on sobriety，

I shall indeed stay clear of wine.

Having stayed my reluctance，

What could stay me from joining the gods？

Staying with them should rejuvenate my countenance，

Young I should stay for many a thousand years to come.

413

Admonishing My Sons

My hair at both my temples have turned grey�

My skin and muscles weaken day by day.

Although I have five sons in my own right，

None of them would like to read or write.

Although A_shu is sixteen years of age，

He is more lazy than the average.

Although A_xuan will soon come to fifteen，

Fond of books and sums he�s never been.

Yong and Rui，thirteen years old by now，

Cannot tell six from seven anyhow.

What my nine_year_old A_tong now cares

Is no more than to pick the nuts and pears.

As this has been the destined fate of mine，

I�d better sit and drain the cup of wine.

513

责子

白发被两鬓，

肌肤不复实。

虽有五男儿，

总不好纸笔。

阿舒已二八，

懒惰故无匹。

阿宣行志学，

而不爱文术。

雍端年十三，

不识六与七。

通子垂九龄，

但觅梨与栗。

天运苟如此，

且进杯中物。

诗人以风趣幽默的口吻责备自己的五个孩子懒惰

贪玩、不求上进，跟自己的期望相差太大。

（1）Blaming Sons

（Burton Watson）

White hair shrouds both my temples，

my skin and flesh have lost their fullness.

Though I have five male children，

613

not a one of them loves brush and paper.

A_shu�s already twice times eight—

in laziness he�s never been rivalled.

A_hsuan�s going fifteen

but cares nothing for letters or learing.

Yung and Tuan are thirteen

and can�t tell a 6 from a 7！

T�ng_tzu�s approaching age nine—

all he does is hunt for chestnuts and pears.

If this is the luck Heaven sends me，

then pour me the “thing in the cup”！

（2）Putting the Blame on His Sons

（William Acker ）

White hair covers my temples—

My flesh is no longer firm，

And though I have five sons

Not one cares for brush and paper.

Ah_hsu is sixteen years of age�

For laziness he surely has no equal.

Ah_hsuan tries his best to learn

But does not really love the arts.

Yuan and Tuan at thirteen years

Can hardly distinguish six from seven�

T�ung_tzu with nine years behind him

713

Does nothing but hunt for pears and chestnuts.

If such was Heaven�s decree

In spite of all that I could do，

Bring on，bring on

“the thing within the cup”.

（3）Blaming Sons

（Arthur Waley）

White hair covers my temples，

I am wrinkled and gnarled beyond repair，

And though I have got five sons，

They all hate paper and brush.

A_shu is eighteen�

For laziness there is none like him.

A_hsuan does his best，

He really loathes the Fine Arts.

Yung and Tuan are thirteen，

But do not know “six”from “seven”.

T�ung_tzu in his ninth year

Is only concerned with things to eat.

If heaven treats me like this，

What can I do but fill my cup？

813

（4）The Five Sons

（Char les Budd）

I am wrinkled and grey，

And old before my day�

For on five sons I look，

And not one loves a book.

Ah_shu is sixteen years，

The sight of work he fears�

He is the laziest lout

You�d find the world throughout.

Ah_suen has tried in vain

A little wit to gain�

He shirks the student�s stool，

At grammar he�s a fool！

Yong_twan is thirteen now，

And yet I do avow

He can�t discriminate

The figures six and eight！

Ton_tze is only nine，

But clearly does opine

That life，with all its cares

913

Consists of nuts and pears.

Alas，that Fate so dour

On me her vials should pour！

What can I do but dine，

And drown my woes in wine！

（5）My Sons

（Andrew Boyd）

My temples now are covered with white hair，

My flesh and muscles firm and taut no more�

Although among my children are five sons，

Paper and pen they every one abhor.

The eldest son，Ah Su，is now sixteen，

Whose laziness without a rival rests�

The second son，Ah Hsuan，almost fifteen，

Still books and learning heartily detests�

Both Yung and Tuan，although just turned thirteen，

To count to six or seven do not know�

Tung Tzu，my youngest son，now nearly nine，

Only look for nuts and pears will go.

If such a destiny indeed be mine

Had I not better fill my cup with wine？

023

（6）My Five Sons

（Roland C. Fang）

White hair hangs down my temples，

My muscles are slack，

And my skin wrinkled.

Though I have five sons，

They all dislike the paper and brush.

A_Shuan is approaching fifteen，

Yet he loves not the arts.

Yung and Tuan don�t even know six from seven.

Little Tung is almost nine，

He always looks for pears and nuts.

If Heaven denies me my fondest hopes，

Come，let me drain the wine from the cup.

（7）A Father �s Reproof

（Tan Shilin）

My hair at the temples is grey with age，

Flaccid are my skin and muscles.

Blessed I am with five sons

But none goes in for the writing brush.

A_Shu has turned sixteen—

123

Second to none in indolence.

A_Xuan goes on for fifteen

But finds no relish in the arts.

Yong and Duan are both thirteen，

Unable to add up seven and six.

Tongzi will soon be nine，

But hunts for pears and chestnuts all the time.

If Heaven thus decrees，

Let me enjoy my wine and be content！

（8）Blaming Sons

（Xu Yuanzhong）

My temples now are covered with white hairs，

My skin is wrinkled，my muscles are slack.

Although I have five sons，none of them cares

To learn to read or write in white or black

My eldest son already is twice eight，

For laziness none can be his compeers.

My second son will never dedicate

Himself to fine arts，though at fifteen years.

My third son is thirteen，so is my fourth one，

But they don�t know how much makes six plus sev-

en.

Nearly nine years old is my youngest son，

223

Amid the pears and nuts he is in heaven.

Alas！If such be the decree divine，

What can I do but drain my cup of wine！

（9）Blaming Sons

（Xu Yuanzhong）

My temples covered with white hair，

My skin wrinkled，my muscles slack.

Though I have five sons，none would care

To read or write in white or black.

My eldest son is now twice eight，

But lazy as him none appears.

My second son won�t dedicate

Himself to arts at fifteen years.

My third and fourth sons at thirteen

Know not how much makes six plus seven.

My youngest son has nine years green�

Mid pears and nuts he is in heaven.

If such be the decree divine，

What can I do but drink my wine？

323

In Imitation of Old Poems

�The building rises high up like a spear，

Commanding views of wild fields far and near.

At dusk the clouds encircles it abreast�

At dawn the birds have found it as a nest.

At a glance the hills and rills are seen

While stretching plains provide a splendid scene.

The fortune_seekers in the ancient days

Here battle after battle fought their ways.

As soon as dead and gone were those renowned，

One by one was piled the tomb and mound.

Felled are the graveyard pine and cypress trees，

With rolling bare mounds lying in the breeze.

Now that the tombs are left without repair，

Where are the roaming ghosts？Where？Where？

Although they cherished from worldly strife，

They suffer so much plight in afterlife.

423

拟古

其四

迢迢百尺楼，

分明望四荒。

暮作归云宅，

朝为飞鸟堂。

山河满目中，

平原独茫茫。

古时功名士，

慷慨争此场。

一旦百岁后，

相与还北邙。

松柏为人伐，

高坟互低昂。

颓基无遗主，

游魂在何方？

荣华诚足贵，

亦复可怜伤。

这首诗写诗人登楼远眺而引起的感慨沉思。过去

追逐名利的古人，随着时光的流逝早已身死名灭，留下

一片坟茔，实在可怜可伤。

523

（1）Imitating the Old Poems，No. 4

（Burton Watson）

Tall tall，the hundred foot tower，

a clear view out over the land in four directions�

at twilight it serves as a haven for homing clouds，

mornings become a hall for birds on the wing.

Mountains and rivers fill the eye，

broad plains everywhere stretching on and on.

Long ago，men in search of fame and honour

fought valiantly with each other over this ground，

but then their hundred years one morning ended

and together they went home to the northern hills.

Now people have cut the pine and cypress on their

graves�

only the tall mounds remain，dipping and rising side by

side.

The graves wash away，no heirs to tend them�

and their wandering ghosts—where have they gone？

Wealth and glory—no doubt，worth prizing�

at the same time，a cause for sorrow and pain.

（2）Poem in Ancient Style，No. 4

（Patr icia Pin_ching Hu）

Afar is a pavilion one hundred feet high

623

Looking on the wilderness from all sides.

A lodging for the returning clouds in the eve

And a hall for the flying birds in the morn.

Therefrom can one behold mountains and hills

While plains appear far and wide.

The edifice was coveted by the ambitious of yore.

Yet once dead，

They all returned to the north hills.

The pines are chopped down by men，

Tombs stand low and high.

The ruined house is without an owner，

Where are the wandering souls？

Glory is enviable indeed，

Yet worthy of our pity.

（3）Verses in the Old Style （�）

（Roland C. Fang）

How nobly stands the tower，a hundred feet high，

Commanding an open view in all directions！

Here the evening clouds sail home to rest，

And in the morning the birds fly in and out.

At a glance you see the mountains and rivers，

With the out_stretched plains so boundless and drear！

For ages past the hunters for worldly honours

Have staged here a bustling scene of scramblers，

Then after a hundred years，death descending，

723

One by one they file up the northern hillside，

Where the cypress and pine will be felled to the ground，

And the bare mounds be gaping up and down！

Their foundations up_torn，

Their tenants dispossessed�

Where again to track these wandering ghosts？

Even if place and riches

Be worth a man�s strife，

What a plight now as life�s candle is out！

（4）Poems in the Old Style （4）

（Tan Shilin）

The tower rises to a hundred feet，

Commanding a view of the surrounding wilds.

At dusk a home to returning clouds，

By day a sanctuary for birds.

Over mountains and rivers it looks，

And over the plains that stretch away.

Those who craved for rank and fame

Hotly contested this stretch of land.

But when their hour struck，

To the North Hill they all repaired.

Felled are the pines and cypresses around their graves，

Many of which have sunk.

Where are the scions of those beneath？

Where roam the ghosts of the dead？

823

Enviable while alive

How much of all the glory has remained？

�Not a cloud floats in the evening skies�

Gently blows the spring breeze from sunrise.

Throughout the night so silent and forlorn，

A lovely maid drinks and sings till dawn.

Meanwhile，she sighs and sighs when her song ends，

At the thought of pretty night she spends.

Through the flimsy clouds the moon shines bright�

Amid the leaves the blooms provide a sight.

Although each of them may have their time，

What will happen once they lose their prime？

其七

日暮天无云，

春风扇微和。

佳人美清夜，

达曙酣且歌。

歌竟长太息，

持此感人多。

皎皎云间月，

灼灼叶中华。

岂无一时好，

不久当如何。

923

这首诗继承《古诗十九首》的传统，采用比兴的手

法，感叹好景不长、青春易逝。

（1）In the Style of an Old Poem

（Anne Bir rell）

Sunset，cloudless skies，

Spring breezes fan faint warmth.

A beauty，lovely in clear night，

Till dawn she drinks deep and sighs，

For these disturb her more.

Bright，bright moon between cloud，

Sparkling，sparkling flowers among leaves.

Why not be fair for this hour？

In a while how then will they be？

（2）Verses in the Old Style （�）

（Roland C. Fang）

Under a cloudless evening sky，

The spring breeze playing on the cheeks.

Of maidens，so lovely in the cooling night�

Ever drinking，ever singing till day break.

But songs will pass into long drawn_out sighs，

For presently the hearts with sorrow are laden.

Like the virgin moon peeping behind the clouds，

Or the fresh_hued petals embedded in green，

Though for a moment their beauty may shine，

033

All too soon they�re to be overshadowed again.

（3）Poems in the Old Style （7）

（Tan Shilin）

Not a cloud in the evening sky，

Gently blew the spring breeze.

Enchanted with the serene night，

A beauty drank and sang till dawn.

Her song trailed off to a deep_drawn sigh，

Full of pathos were the words she sang�

Bright is the moon，set in fleecy clouds，

Gorgeous are the flowers glowing among the leaves.

A lovely night indeed，

But what remains when day sets in？

133

Miscellaneous Poems

�Human life is rootless like a gale，

Floating like the dust along a trail.

It drifts and sails across the span of time，

Having long ago consumed its prime.

From birth we are made of the selfsame mud，

No matter whether we are of the selfsame blood.

We should enjoy the pleasures while we may�

Whenever there is wine，we drink and play.

Our youth，once gone，will not come back again�

For the selfsame dawn we wait in vain.

Grasp the time and work hard as you can

Because the time and tide await no man.

233

杂诗

其一

人生无根蒂，

飘如陌上尘。

分散逐风转，

此已非常身。

落地为兄弟，

何必骨肉亲。

得欢当作乐，

斗酒聚比邻。

盛年不重来，

一日难再晨。

及时当勉励，

岁月不待人。

这首诗写的是对人生的看法。人的生命有限，人

在四海之内都应成为骨肉兄弟，在盛年的时候作一番

努力。

（1）Miscellaneous Poems，No. 1

（Patr icia Pin-ching Hu）

Human being is a rootless thing，

Like a grain of dust on the road.

Blown by the wind，

333

He is himself no more.

Born in this world，brethren are we all，

No blood relationship is necessary.

So let�s rejoice while we can

And assemble all the neighbours with a picul of wine.

Youth does not repeat itself，

A day dawns not twice.

So let�s lose no time，

For years and months wait for none.

（2）A Miscellany （1）

（Roland C. Fang）

This life of ours is but a rootless thing，

Swirling like dust above the roadways.

The winds drive us out in all directions�

Footing gone，we lose our bearings.

Since men drop out of the womb they become brethren�

Why bother if we are not of the same kin？

When our hearts are merry，let�s all be gay，

And gather our neighbours to share a drink.

For youth，once gone，will no longer return，

Nor this same morn as the day closes.

Treasure every moment，then，before it slips by�

Mark，the passing years will wait for no man.

433

（3）Miscellaneous Poems （1）

（Tan Shilin）

Man is without root and stem，

Adrift he is like road dust�

Battered and shattered by the gale，

Soon he ceases to be himself.

Born we are all brothers，

Need we be related by blood？

Make merry when there�s occasion for joy，

Call in your neighbours when there is wine.

Youth comes once in lifetime，

Never did a day dawn twice.

Make hay before the weather breaks，

Time waits for no one.

�Behind the west hill sinks the broad daylight�

Above the eastern peak the moon shines bright.

The moon sheds light o�er ten thousand li，

Visible its glow o�er land and sea.

When midnight wind blows into the room，

The pillow-mat becomes cold in the gloom.

When winds turn cold，I know that seasons flow�

On sleepless nights I feel that time goes slow.

I�d like to talk，but with no one at my side，

533

I drink alone with my own shadow，tongue-tied.

While time flies fast and leaves me here behind，

I can�t succecd though I�ve a lofty mind.

At the thought of this，I�m filled with sorrow.

Sad and ill at ease until tomorrow.

其二

白日沦西阿，

素月出东岭。

遥遥万里晖，

荡荡空中景。

风来入房户，

夜中枕席冷。

气变悟时易，

不眠知夕永。

欲言无予和，

挥杯劝孤影。

日月掷人去，

有志不获骋。

念此怀悲凄，

终晓不能静。

这首诗写的是秋夜的景色，望着皓皓的秋月，不免

产生出凄凉的感觉，只能对影独酌，聊以自慰。

633

（1）Miscellaneous Poems，No. 2

（Andrew Boyd）

The sun has sunk in the depths of the western river，

The pure moon rises over the eastern hills.

In its thousand-league beams the vast scene

Far，far around me shimmers on the air.

A wind is rising and blows in at my windows，

And now at night the pillows and sheets are cold.

The change in the air tells me what season it is，

Sleepless，I know too well that the nights are long.

I want to talk，but there�s no one for me to talk to，

I raise my cup and drink to my lonely shadow.

Oh，days and months—how they waste us all away！

I had ideals，and I have not fulfilled them！

This is the thought that obsesses me with its sadness

And all night long will rob me of my calm.

（2）A Miscellany （2）

（Roland C. Fang）

When the broad daylight has sunken into the west，

The chaste moon peeps out behind the eastern peaks.

Suddenly it glows across ten thousand miles，

Hanging in mid-space enlivening the scene.

Gusts of wind rush into my nightly chamber，

733

The pillows turn cold，colder the straw-mat.

The changing air tells me of the altered season�

Sleepless，I feel the slow hours creeping.

I want to speak，but no one would listen to me.

I raise the cup to my lonely shadow close by.

How the days and months drop me behind，

—And my aspirations remain unfulfilled！

To think of these is to be laden with sorrow�

All through the night I can find no repose.

（3）Miscellaneous Poems （2）

（Tan Shilin）

The sun dipped behind the west hill，

A silvery moon rose above the east ridge.

Lit up was the celestial space，

The sky was one vast glistening void.

The wind entered by the doorway，

Chilling mat and pillow.

I felt the season�s alternate，

Endless is a sleepless night.

With none to share my thoughts，

To my shadow my cup I raised.

The years slipped by，

My life�s purpose had come to grief.

It broke my heart to think of it.

Restless，I stayed up through the night.

833

�A worthy man aims high with lofty zeal，

But I regard long life as my ideal.

The relatives here gather in the hall�

The children live in peace within the wall.

I take a pleasure in the wine and song，

With goblets always flowing all day long.

While I enjoy my life without constraint，

I early sleep and rise without complaint.

From my heart I scorn the worldly wise，

Who are torn by lusts like fire and ice.

As all the people end up in the grave，

For worthless fame there is no use to crave.

其四

丈夫志四海，

我愿不知老。

亲戚共一处，

子孙还相保。

觞弦肆朝日，

樽中酒不燥。

缓带尽欢娱，

起晚眠常早。

孰若当世士，

冰炭满怀抱。

百年归丘垄，

933

用此空名道。

诗人也有报国的情怀，但是在官场的角逐中，正直

的人往往遭殃，所以诗人毅然退隐归田。

（1）Poem Without a Category，No. 4

（Burton Watson）

The brave man has ambitions wide as the four sea，

my desire is not to grow old，

to have parents and kin living all in one place，

children and grandchildren always healthy，

the cup and lute from sunup if I want them，

enough wine in the cask so it never runs dry，

to loosen my sash，try every kind of pleasure，

sleeping late mornings，early to bed each night.

Or should I be like the gentlemen of our time，

hearts filled with hopes that clash like ice and fire，

who，their hundred years ended，gone to tall graves，

find they�ve won themselves only empty names？

（2）Miscellaneous Poems （4）

（Tan Shilin）

The worthy are fired with great ambition，

I am intent on forgetting my age，

On staying with my folk at home，

043

On seeing my children and theirs in affection bound，

On revelling in drink and the sound of strings，

On knowing that my wine cup never drains，

On enjoying myself without constraint，

On retiring early and rising late，

On being unlike the worldly wise，

By warring passions torn.

Since all will end up in the grave one day，

Why take the bait of undying fame！

�I�ve always kept my youthful days in mind，

Overwhelmed with joys of every kind.

With aims to ride the seas and seize the star，

I wished to take on wings and fly afar.

As time and tide flow by and years roll on，

Ambitions in my youthful days are gone.

I show no joy in jubilant affairs

Because I�m overwhelmed with woe and cares.

As my potent strength falls into decay，

My solid vigour fails me day by day.

Time presses onward like a sailing ship

And drives me forward in my lifelong trip.

I do not know how far I shall be pressed，

Nor do I know where I shall come to rest.

The ancients knew that time was sparse and dear�

This dreary thought oft gives me nameless fear.

143

其五

忆我少壮时，

无乐自欣豫。

猛志逸四海，

骞翮思远翥。

荏苒岁月颓，

此心稍已去。

值欢无复娱，

每每多忧虑。

气力渐衰损，

转觉日不如。

壑舟无须臾，

引我不得住。

前途当几许，

未知止泊处。

古人惜寸阴，

念此使人惧。

这首诗归纳了诗人的一生经历，少年时的壮志早

已消失，而老之将至，不免产生了忧虑和担心。

（1）Miscellaneous Poems，No. 5

（Andrew Boyd）

I remember that in my young days，

If I had no reason for joy，yet still was I happy.

243

My brave ambitions embraced the whole world，

My winged imagination soared far.

But suddenly the months and years have gone by，

And this heart of mine is partly spent already.

Though joy is within my grasp，yet it gives me no pleas-

ure，

Anxiety and sadness are ever my mood.

Little by little my physical strength declines，

I begin to feel the times are not what they were.

My “boat in the cave”may soon be “stolen away”.

I am carried along on a stream，and I cannot stop.

How much more of my journey is left to go？

Where shall I anchor at last？I cannot tell.

The men of old treasured each moment of time，

But I，when I think on these things，I am afraid！

（2）A Miscellany （5）

（Roland C. Fang）

I remember when I was hale and hearty，

I used to get merry without any cause.

I resolve to reach the far ends of the earth，

Like a bird would I flap my wings and fly.

Then，my heart turned cold，my blood ran low，

Festivity returned but returned not gaiety�

Oftentimes was I burdened with heavy thoughts.

My strength failing，my health going to decline，

343

Day by day I feel I am no longer the same.

The Time�s barge rushes down the stream of life，

Carrying me on unchecked in her course.

I know not how far the distance ahead，

Nor where the palace for my anchorage.

The ancients were sparing of every minute�

To think of such is to be filled with fear！

（3）Miscellaneous Poems （5）

（Tan Shilin）

In my younger days，

Pleasure I found where there was none.

Beyond the Four Seas my ambitions soared，

To far lands I wanted to wing my way.

As the years wore on，

My youthful ardour waned，

Dead I became to joy，

Weighed down by anxiety and care.

My vigour spent itself，

My health gave way by the day.

The boat goes dashing down the gorge，

Nothing there is to break my fall.

I know not how far I still have to plod，

Nor where I shall come to rest.

The ancients treasured every inch of time，

I shiver at the thought of time that flies.

443

�From day to day the sun succeeds the moon�

The course of seasons alters very soon.

When chilly winds sweep through bare twigs by day，

The fallen leaves are scattered on the way.

As I grow older with declining health，

My raven hair has long turned grey by stealth.

With whitish signs of age upon my head，

I know that dimming future lies ahead.

My home is but a house to host the guest，

I shall set out toward my final rest.

Where am I to go？Where am I to go？

In Southern Hill I�m doomed to lie below.

其七

日月不肯迟，

四时相催迫。

寒风拂枯条，

落叶掩长陌。

弱质与运颓，

玄鬓早已白。

素标插人头，

前途渐就窄。

家为逆旅舍，

我如当去客。

去去欲何之，

543

南山有旧宅。

诗人在年终的时候想到自己的生命也到了暮年，

但是他并不畏惧死亡，胸怀是坦然的。

（1）Poem Without a Category，No. 7

（Burton Watson）

Sun and moon refuse to slow their pace�

the four seasons press and hurry each other onward.

Cold wind shakes the bare branches，

fallen leaves blanket the long lane.

Weak by nature，I feel myself decay with time�s passing，

the black hair at my temples already turned white.

Flecks if grey find their way into my head，

signs that the road ahead will grow more and more nar-

row.

What is a house but an inn on a journey，

and I a traveller who must keep moving on？

Move on，move on—and where will I go？

My old home is there on the southern mountain.

（2）Miscellaneous Poems （7）

（Tan Shilin）

Neither the sun nor moon will tarry，

One season urges on another.

643

Sharp winds sweep through withered branches，

The path lies under fallen leaves.

Frail from birth，my health is dwindling day by day，

My hair is greying at the temples.

My head hair is marked with white，

Slender lies my way ahead.

My home is but a wayside inn，

I am the parting guest.

Where am I bound in such haste？

For the South Hill，for the family graves.

�While official posts are not my need，

To live by doing farm_work is my creed.

Farm_work，however，is of doubtful good�

Husks and chaffs provide my staple food.

I�ve never hoped for more than may suffice�

I only want to fill my stomach with rice.

In winter，homespun cloth will be enough�

In summer，gunny cloth is ample stuff.

Now I cannot have that which I need，

How sad and sorrow_filled it is indeed！

Everyone has got what he should get，

But my simple needs have not been met.

Maybe it�s the way of life，I think�

I�d best forget about it and have a drink！

743

其八

代耕本非望，

所业在田桑。

躬亲未曾替，

寒馁常糟糠。

岂期过满腹，

但愿饱粳粮。

御冬足大布，

粗纟希以应阳。

正尔不能得，

哀哉亦可伤。

人皆尽获宜，

拙生失其方。

理也可奈何，

且为陶一觞。

这首诗写诗人在归隐之后，耕作得来的收获却往

往不足以糊口，由此而产生愤愤不平的感情。

（1）Miscellaneous Poems，No. 8

（Andrew Boyd）

I never wished to receive an official�s pay，

The fields and the mulberry trees are my profession.

I work myself，there�s no one to take my place，

Sometimes in hunger and cold I have eaten chaff.

I do not hope to eat my bellyful，

843

All I desire is enough to assuage hunger.

In the winter I manage with rough cloth of cotton.

The coarsest hemp must do for the summer sun�

And even these I often cannot obtain.

Alas！What pain it is that of all mankind，

Who constantly strive to gain their heart�s desire，

This foolish scholar should so fail in his！

But what�s to be done？That is the way things are，

So let me drink a single cup and be happy.

（2）A Miscellany （8）

（Roland C. Fang）

I care not for emoluments unmerited，

My task is in the fields and groves.

Toiling hard and long，in hunger and cold，

I have often got chaff for my daily food.

Why ask for more than what I can take？

Well satisfied I am with plain fare.

The rough cloth is good enough for winter wear，

And a coarse garment to screen off the summer heat.

Should such simple needs be denied me，

There would be nothing for it but to cry woe！

The rest of the world seems

To be thriving well，

But poor me，I flounder

On the foggy sea.

943

Why is it so？

One never can tell�

Only I know—

The cup pleases me.

（3）Miscellaneous Poems （8）

（Tan Shilin）

Civil service went against my grain，

On farming my heart was set.

Crops I raise with great pains，

But have to survive on chaff and dregs.

I wish for nothing beyond my needs，

Content with my bowl of rice.

Home_spun cloth sees me through the winter，

Coarse linen covers my body in summer.

Yet often have I failed to meet my needs，

It chills my heart to think of it.

All receives a fair share of Nature�s bounty，

I alone am too clumsy to eke out a living—

A condition I cannot but accept—

Meanwhile let me enjoy my drink.

053

On Poor Scholars

�All things grow up from roots on which to lie，

Except the lonely cloud high in the sky.

It vanishes as winds begin to blow，

Leaving not a trace of faintest glow.

When mist has been dispersed by rosy dawn，

The birds in flocks are flying in the morn.

The solitary bird would leave the forest last

And come back home before the day is passed.

It knows itself and keeps its route controlled，

And so，it starves and suffers from the cold.

Since I can find no one to share my thought，

Why should I feel the woe and grief for naught！

153

咏贫士

其一

万族各有托，

孤云独无依。

暧暧空中灭，

何时见余晖。

朝霞开宿雾，

众鸟相与飞。

迟迟出林翮，

未夕复来归。

量力守故辙，

岂不寒与饥。

知音苟不存，

已矣何所悲。

这首诗写的是诗人归隐的因由，以孤云和独鸟自

喻，象征着诗人孤独无依、没有知音的处境，但是他会

永远保持自己的高洁和自由。

（1）A Poor Scholar ，No. 1

（Xu Yuanzhong）

Every thing has its resting place�

Alone the cloud�s drifting in vain.

253

Melting in air，it leaves no trace.

When can we see its glow again？

Morning clouds rise from mist of night�

All birds fly to welcome the day.

One in the woods is late in flight，

But early on its homeward way.

I�ll keep to beaten track of yore，

Though from hunger and thirst not free.

There�re no connoisseurs any more.

Why should poverty sadden me？

（2）On the Poor Scholars （I）

（Roland C. Fang）

There�s nothing on earth but finds a place for rest，

Save the solitary cloud drifting on high�

When obscurely it vanishes in mid_air，

Where then，to re_capture its passing glow？

Now as a ray of morning sun gleams through the fog，

All the feathery kind are hustling toward the woods.

One is，however，hindmost，reluctant to join，

And soon return，lest the day grow dark.

Knowing my limits let me keep to the old ruts，

What though hunger and cold beset me hard？

Since nowhere for me an understanding heart，

353

Why should I，therefore，grieve for naught？

（3）On Destitute Scholars （1）

（Tan Shilin）

All things are given a place to rest，

Not so the lonely drifting cloud.

It fades and dissolves in mid_sky

Without leaving the faintest glow behind.

A rosy dawn broke through the mist，

Skyward soared the birds.

The one last to leave the woods

Was back long before dark.

To hold my course against wind and tide，

Isn�t it a sure way to freeze and starve？

Though I may not find a like_minded soul，

Let this be no cause for sorrow.

�At year�s end when the chilly wind blows hard，

I sit in coarse dress in the sun_lit yard.

My southern garden has no patch of green�

My northern orchard is a littered scene.

In the jugs there�s not a drop of wine�

On the stove there�s not a dish to dine.

As the classics are now not what I need，

I sit all day without the time to read.

453

“To live but not to starve”，as I can judge，

That is why I cannot help but grudge.

How can I console myself at length？

Poor scholars in the old days give me strength.

其二

凄厉岁云暮，

拥褐曝前轩。

南圃无遗秀，

枯条盈北园。

倾壶绝余沥，

窥灶不见烟。

诗书塞座外，

日昃不遑研。

闲居非陈厄，

窃有愠见言。

何以慰吾怀，

赖古多此贤。

这首诗写诗人从古代的贤士中寻找精神伴侣，故

而能够固贫守节。

（1）Songs of a Poor Scholar ，No. 2

（Andrew Boyd）

Cold and harsh comes in the evening of the year.

Wrapped in the rough hemp I sun myself in the porch.

553

Nothing is growing now in the southern orchard，

In the northern garden the branches all are bare.

The last drop has been poured out from the wine_pot，

I look at my kitchen hearth and see no smoke.

The books are pushed away in the side of the chair�

Midday is past，and I�ve still no heart to read them.

I have no work，unlike the Master at Chen，

Privately，anxiously questioned in his distress.

What comfort can I find to strengthen my heart？

The fact that of old there was many a sage like this.

（2）On the Poor Scholars （�）

（Roland C. Fang）

Bleak and harsh the old year is passing out�

Wrapped to the neck I sit on my sunny porch.

Gone from the south garden the season�s last pride，

And withered branches litter my northern orchard.

Turning over my wine_pot I find not a drop left�

I peep into the kitchen and see not a streak of smoke.

Books of poetry are piled up beside my seat�

As daylight fails I shall find no time to read.

Idly to live is not to welcome starvation，

My humble soul would take in the vexed comment.

How should I console myself if not for such

As have lived their days in serenity？

653

（3）On Destitute Scholars （2）

（Tan Shilin）

Freezing temperatures as the year goes out，

Wrapped in coarse clothes，I sit at the sunlit window.

On the south plot，not a patch of green，

The orchard north is a waste of dead branches.

Drained to the dregs stands the wine jug，

Over the kitchen range—not a plume of smoke.

The Classics are piled up all around，

The fading sun leaves me no time for reading.

Though a far cry from his plight in Chen，

I can�t help letting out a groan.

To whom can I turn for comfort，

If not to the sages of former times！

�Cold and starved in days of heavy snow，

Yuan An would by no means go begging，though.

As soon as he received his monthly pay，

Ruan Gong resigned from office on that day.

The dried hay might provide warmth and heat

While taros might be served as food to eat.

Although their life was tough and rough indeed，

Of cold and hunger they did not take heed.

Afflicted by the thought of rich and poor，

753

They found ideals the most effective cure.

They topped above their countrymen in worth，

And spread their virtue in their place of birth.

其五

袁安困积雪，

邈然不可干。

阮公见钱入，

即日弃其官。

刍藁有常温，

采莒足朝餐。

岂不实辛苦，

所惧非饥寒。

贫富常交战，

道胜无戚颜。

至德冠邦闾，

清节映西关。

本诗通过赞赏袁安和阮公的高尚品格抒发自己的

胸怀� 不为贫穷所困扰，坚持高尚的情操。

（1）A Song of Poor Scholars，No. 5

（William Acker ）

The snow lay deep

before Ruan An�s door，

But he was “far away”

853

and it did not concern him�

And when Duke Ruan

saw the contributions

On that very day

he resigned from office.

A bed of straw

was always warm enough，

And fresh_gathered yams

were good enough for breakfast.

What they suffered

was the real pain，

Hunger and cold

they did not feel at all.

Poverty and wealth

will always war within us，

But when the Tao prevails

there are no anxious faces.

Utmost moral power

will crown the village entrance

And purest chastity

shine in the western gateway.

（2）On Destitute Scholars （5）

（Tan Shilin）

Shut in by deep snow and starving，

Yuan An was too considerate to appeal for help.

953

When an attempt at bribing him was made，

Ruan Gong resigned the very day.

Dry grass keeps the body warm，

Wild leaves make for an adequate breakfast.

Hard and bitter though it be，

Neither cold nor hunger bothered them.

When affluence is sacrificed for high ideals，

Serenity rewards the destitute.

The one�s nobility raised him above his countrymen，

Over his birthplace shone the other�s pure integrity.

063

On Jing Ke

Prince Dan of Yan had heroes in his court

And sought revenge on Qin with their support.

Among the hundred warriors free from fear，

Jing Ke was chosen at the end of the year.

Prepared to help his friend，an honest man，

Jing took his sword and left the state of Yan.

White horses neighed upon the open fields�

Men wished him good luck with their swords and shields.

His hat appeared to rise with indignation�

His tassels seemed to quiver with vexation.

In the farewell banquet by the Yishui Stream，

Sat at table heroes of esteem.

Gao Jianli struck up a poignant note�

Song Yi sang songs at the top of his throat.

High and low，the wind whined sad and bold�

Up and down，the waves sobbed mad and cold.

The low_pitch notes moved heroes into tears�

The high_pitch notes freed warriors out of fears.

Jing was aware that he could not return

But his fame as a hero he would earn.

He ne�er looked back when he stepped on his cart，

Riding to the Qin court with a valiant heart.

Ten thousand miles were passed without delay�

A thousand towns were travelled on the way.

163

When the map was unrolled，he thrust his sword

At the king of Qin，a tyrannous lord.

Pity that his thrust had missed the king，

A spoiled exploit of which the bards would sing.

Although the noble_minded Jing is dead，

For a thousand years or more his name will spread.

263

咏荆轲

燕丹善养士，

志在报强嬴。

招集百夫良，

岁暮得荆卿。

君子死知己，

提剑出燕京。

素骥鸣广陌，

慷慨送我行。

雄发指危冠，

猛气冲长缨。

饮饯易水上，

四座列群英。

渐离击悲筑，

宋意唱高声。

萧萧哀风逝，

淡淡寒波生。

商音更流涕，

羽奏壮士惊。

公知去不归，

且有后世名。

登车何时顾，

飞盖入秦庭。

凌厉越万里，

逶迤过千城。

363

图穷事自至，

豪主正怔营。

惜哉剑术疏，

奇功遂不成。

其人虽已没，

千载有余情。

本诗以极大的热情歌颂荆轲刺秦王的壮举，以悲

壮的笔调写出诗人对失败的英雄的痛惜之情。

（1）In Praise of Ching K�o

（James David Hightower ）

Prince Tan of Yen knew how to treat a man—

His aim was vengeance on mighty Ying.

He long had looked for the man worth a hundred

And then as the years ran out he got Ching K�o.

“A gentleman will die for one who knows his worth�

With sword in hand I will leave Yen�s capital，

My pallid charger whinnying through the streets

As they escort me，filled with high resolve. ”

The hero�s hair thrusts through his high hat，

His valour saturates the long capstring.

A farewell cup beside the River Yi，

Around him sit the heroes of the realm.

Kao Chien_li strikes the sad guitar，

Sung Yi sings the high_pitched mournful song.

463

A plaintive wind begins its lonely wail，

The cold waves surge in the swelling flood.

With the Shang mode tune the tears flow fast

When the note yu is struck the hero is startled�

He knows he will leave and never return

But after him his name will live forever.

He mounted his carriage and never once looked back.

Canopy flying，he headed for the court of Ch�in.

Straight for his goal he dashed，ten thousand miles

Around and through a thousand towns he drove.

When the chart unrolled，the thing was there—

Even the intrepid ruler drew back in fear.

Alas，that his swordsmanship was faulty

And left the unimaginable deed undone！

Although the man is long since dead and gone，

After a thousand years he inspires us still.

（2）Song to J ing Ke

（Andrew Boyd）

The Prince of Yan，generous patron of talent，

Burnt for revenge against the tyrant of Qin.

He gathered round him a hundred good men�

At the close of the year he enlisted noble Jing.

A man of honour is willing to die for his friend，

So，raising his sword，he left the Yan city，

And his white charger neighed on the broad road.

563

Chivalrously he bade them all farewell�

His tall hat bristled from his hero�s hair，

And its tassel was streaming up in his fierce breath.

They drank farewell on the banks of the waters of Yi.

At a feast where heroes crowded round every table，

Jian Li mournfully struck the lute，

While Song Yi sang with ringing tones.

The sad wind�s sighing died down，

The cold waves whispered，quietly breaking.

A solemn note altered the strong men.

They knew in their hearts that he would never return，

But only his fame pass on to future ages.

He mounted his carriage and never turned his head�

Flying it vanished towards the palace of Qin.

Furiously he journeyed a myriad miles，

Winding his way he passed a thousand cities.

The thing should have happened when the map was un-

rolled to its end，

But the cruel lord was nervous and on his guard.

Oh！Pity it was that his skill should be just too little，

And therefore the great deed failed its fulfilment！

Although this man is already so long dead，

For a thousand years our love for him will endure.

663

（3）The Song of J ingko

（Roland C. Fang）

Prince Tan rallied to his court

the pride of the Kingdom.

All for wreaking vengeance

on the ruler of Chin.

Amongst a hundred spirit bold

the Prince looked for the best.

Not until the end of the year

was Jingko chosen from the rest.

To die for a golden friendship，

there�s a good man�s job—

Jingko left the Court of Yen，

his bright sword in hand.

Far out on the road the white horse neighed，

All his friends came to bid him goodbye.

The tall hat perched on his ruffled head，

And angry tassels flapped as he breathed.

By the River Yi they drank their farewell cup，

Hero facing hero，and not a word they spoke.

Sadly Kao struck up the five_stringed lute，

And Song in high_pitched voice began to sing.

Sobbing，sobbing，the wind blew past，

Hushing，hushing，the leaping waves cold.

The tenor strains brought forth tear after tear，

763

But the final notes stirred up hearts so bold.

For Jingko there was no more thought of return，

He only knew that his name will be remembered.

Once upon the carriage he never looked back.

Swiftly dashed he to the high court of Chin.

Myriads of miles were nothing to the brave�

Through a thousand cities his way winded.

Before the regal throne the bright sword flashed，

Aware the tyrant and for the moment was daunted.

But，a pity it was，the thrust missed，

And the exploit fell short of its mark.

What though our hero met his death，

For thousands of years his renown will stand！

（4）To the Memory of J ingke

（Tan Shilin）

Prince Dan was good at winning the hearts of his men，

Bent on avenging himself on the powerful Ying.

Those rallied around him were of society the cream，

By the year�s end Jingke joined their ranks.

As it befits a man to die for a friend，

He set out from the Yan capital sword in hand.

White steeds neighed，thundering down the high way

With horsemen rushing to see him off.

Tall caps lifted on bristling hair，

Manly vigour sent the tassels flying.

863

By the Yi River was held the farewell ceremony，

An occasion graced by the flower of the nation.

Whimpering notes streamed forth from Jianli�s lute，

Song Yi broke out into a sonorous tenor.

The wind broke out into a moaning wail，

Lashing the limpid river into chilly ripples.

Doleful tunes drew tears from the dauntless warriors，

High_keyed strains braced up their darksome spirits.

Well he knew it was a one_way trip，

Well he knew to posterity will go down his name.

His chariot he mounted without looking back，

As swift as wind he reached the Qin court.

Boldly he advanced ten thousand li，

Spinning his way through a thousand cities.

The moment came when the map rolled out，

Stunned was the tyrant，then panicked.

Alas，the swordsman�s art was flawed，

In failure ended his heroic attempt.

Dead he is，but

Cherished will be his memory.

963

Reading The Book of

Mountains and Seas

�Jingwei，who was drowned in the violent sea，

Carries twigs to fill it by degree.

Xingtian，who was beheaded by the god，

Protests by waving his huge shield and rod.

When they were alive，they were free from care�

Now that they are dead，they never show despair.

Although their firm resolve has never pined，

Where and when will be the chance they find？

073

读《山海经》

其十

精卫衔微木，

将以填沧海。

刑天舞干戚，

猛志固常在。

同物既无虑，

化去不复悔。

徒设在昔心，

良晨讵可待？

这首诗歌颂精卫和刑天的抗争精神，寄托了诗人

慷慨昂然的心情。

（1）Reading The Classic of Seas

and Mountains，No. 10

（A. R. Davis）

Jingwei carried small twigs in her mouth，

Trying to fill up the vast sea with them.

Xiangtian danced with shield and battleaxe，

His fierce spirit truly endured.

Being one with others，one has no anxieties�

Transformed，one should have no more regret.

It is vain to assert former feelings�

173

How can the fortunate day be waited for？

（2）Reading the Book of Mountains and Seas （10）

（Tan Shilin）

Jingwei carried twigs with her beak，

Intent on reclaiming the sea.

Xingtian wielded axe and shield，

Hacking away with undaunted zeal.

Fearless they were as woman and beast，

Unrueful they remained though transshaped.

Their labours came to naught，

Neither lived to see his dream come true.

273

Requiems

�As death displaces every life for sure，

An early death can�t be called premature.

Yesterday I was alive like other souls�

Today my name is listed on death rolls.

My spirit is dissolved into thin air，

With my frame in the coffin lying there.

My tender children cry for me in vain

While my friends are shedding tears like rain.

I�m unaware of any loss and gain lifelong，

Nor do I care about the right and wrong.

Ten millennium after I am gone，

My fame or shame will cease to linger on.

Howe�er，my sole regret will still survive

That I didn�t drink enough wine when alive.

373

挽歌诗三首

其一

有生必有死，

早终非命促。

昨暮同为人，

今旦在鬼录。

魂气散何之，

枯形寄空木。

娇儿索父啼，

良友抚我哭。

得失不复知，

是非安能觉。

千秋万岁后，

谁知荣与辱。

但恨在世时，

饮酒不得足。

《挽歌诗》三首是诗人生前最后的作品，是一组自

挽诗。第一首诗写刚死入殓时的情景，表现出旷达的

人生态度。

（1）Poem in the Form of a Coffin_Puller �s Song，No. 1

（Burton Watson）

What has life must have a death�

473

an early end doesn�t mean the lifespan�s been shortened.

Last evening I was the same as other people�

this morning I�m listed in the roster of the dead.

When soul and breath scatter，where do they go，

when the wasted form�s consigned to hollow wood？

My little boy，wailing，searched for his father�

my close friends caress me and mourn.

I know nothing now of gain or loss�

how could I distinguish right from wrong？

A thousand autumns，ten thousand years after，

who�ll know if I lived in glory or disgrace？

I only regret that while I was in the world

I never go to drink enough wine！

（2）Funeral Songs Written for Myself（1）

（Patr icia Pin_ching Hu）

Life goes necessarily in pair with death，

Even a precocious end means no doom.

A living man yester eve，

Today I am on the register of the ghosts.

Where is my soul scattered？

My withered body in a wooden box is confined.

In tears my beloved sons seek their father，

My endeared friends sob while caressing me.

No longer do I know loss or gain，

Nor distinguish the right from the wrong.

573

After a thousand autumns and ten thousand years，

Who can tell glory from shame？

The only thing I do regret

Is not having drunk enough while living.

（3）An Elegy for Myself （1）

（Xu Yuanzhong）

Where there is life，there must be death�

In due time we�ll breathe our last breath.

Last night we lived and filled our posts�

Today my name�s among the ghosts.

Where is my soul fled far away？

But shrivelled forms in coffin stay.

My children miss their father，crying�

My friends caress my body，sighing.

For gain or loss I no more care�

Right or wrong is not my affair.

Thousands of years will pass away，

And shame and glory of today.

But I regret，while living still，

I have not drunk wine to my fill.

（4）An Elegy for Myself （1）

（Xu Yuanzhong）

Wherever there is life，there must be death�

673

Sooner or later we�ll breathe our breath.

Last night we lived as men who fill their posts�

Today my name�s enlisted among the ghosts.

Where is my soul that�s fled far，far away？

A shrivelled form in wooden box would stay.

My children seek after their father，crying�

My friends caress my dead body，sighing.

For gain or loss I no longer care，

And right or wrong is no more my affair.

Thousands of springs and autumns pass away，

So will disgrace and glory of today.

Perchance I may regret，while living still，

I have not drunken good wine to my fill.

（5）A Dirge on Myself （1）

（Roland C. Fang）

A man is born and perforce shall he die�

An early death is hardly the tightening of fate.

Last night I was a living man like you，

But this morning my name is enlisted among the dead.

My withered form now in the cold box of wood，

Wherever is my spirit fled？

My tearful children are seeking after their father，

And good friends weeping over their friend�s bed.

Gain or loss is no longer my concern，

How can I tell the right from the wrong？

773

After a thousand autumns and ten thousand years，

Who will recall this world�s renown or disgrace？

Perchance I may still regret that in my life

I have not drunk the wine to my fill！

（6）Three Dirges （1）

（Tan Shilin）

All that lives must die，

An early death need not be a premature demise.

Like you alive last night，

Today on the death roll I appeared.

My soul has drifted I know not where，

To the coffin is entrusted my withered frame.

The children cry for their father，

Friends weep over my body.

Dead to loss and gain，

No longer can I distinguish wrong from right.

Now that I�ve ceased to live，

One are fame and shame to me.

My sole regret is that while alive

I didn�t have my fill of wine.

�I never had my fill of tasteful wine，

But now the wine stays idle on the shrine.

With beads of spring wine bubbling now and then，

873

Oh that I have another sip again！

On my altar piles the sacrificial food，

The kith and kin weep in a mournful mood.

I wish to say but cannot speak a sound.

I wish to see but cannot look around.

In the past I sleep in spacious halls，

But now I lie in fields where wild grass sprawls.

As no one sleeps with me on this wild site，

A vast expanse is what comes into sight.

Once I leave my home in dreamless sleep，

My spirit will return when night is deep.

其二

在昔无酒饮，

今但湛空觞。

春醪生浮蚁，

何时更能尝。

肴案盈我前，

亲旧哭我傍。

欲语口无音，

欲视眼无光。

昔在高堂寝，

今宿荒草乡。

荒草无人眠，

极视正茫茫。

一朝出门去，

归来夜未央。

973

这首诗写的是亲友凭吊和出殡的情景。生前无酒

可饮，死后有酒不能饮。在旷达的幽默之中，不免表现

出酸楚的心情。

（1）Poem in the Form of a Coffin_Puller �s Song No. 2

（Burton Watson）

In the old days I had no drink�

this morning，when it�s useless，the cup overflows，

spring brew making bubbles like floating ants，

but when can I ever taste it？

Trays with delicacies are heaped in front of me，

relatives and friends weep by my side.

I want to speak but my mouth won�t make a sound，

I want to look but my pupils have lost their light.

Times past，I slept in a high hall�

now I lodge in a place of wild grasses.

One morning I went out the gate

and there�s no date set for my return.

（2）Written in Imitation of an Ancient Bearer �s Song

（William Acker ）

There were often times

when we had no wine to drink，

However，this morning

083

we fill the empty beakers.

Over the new spring wine

midges hover—

When will we ever

taste its like again？

Tables with funeral meats

stand piled high before us，

Old friends and relatives

come and weep beside us.

We try to speak

but cannot utter words，

We try to see

but our eyes are dim.

Once he used to sleep

within the lofty hall，

Now he will spend the night

out on the lonely moor.

Leaving the city gate

we accompanied him hither.

But we were back again

before midnight had come.

（3）A Dirge on Myself （2）

（Roland C. Fang）

Before my death I had little wine to drink�

Now the empty cup is standing there idle.

183

The wine of spring goes froth_covered，

When shall I taste of it again？

The dishes for sacrifice are crowded on my altar，

While relatives and friends cry by my side.

I wish to speak but there comes no voice�

I wish to see but there is no sight.

I used to sleep in my high chamber，

Tonight I have to lie in the grassy wild.

Now I am turned out of the house，

But before the night is spent，

My spirit will yet wander home.

（4）Three Dirges （2）

（Tan Shilin）

My cup，forever dry，

Now brims with sparkling wine.

The spring_brew foams and bubbles，

If only I could take a mouthful！

Food offerings are richly displayed in front of me，

By my side，friends and kinsmen weep.

Voiceless is my mouth，though aching to speak，

Dimmed are my eyes，though burning to see.

The hall has so far provided calm repose，

In the wilds I shall have to pass this night.

Once turned from home，

To return will take an eternity for me.

283

�The wild grass stretches far and wide

While poplars whisper in the countryside.

When frost is heavy in an autumn date，

My hearse is carried outside city gate.

A profound silence reigns o�er the no_man�s land�

In the graveyard，lofty tombstones stand.

The horse neighs，raising its head to the skies�

The wind is wailing and heaving woeful sighs.

Once the sepulchre is closed and sealed，

I�ll lie fore�er in darkness in the field.

To lie fore�er in darkness in the field，

Even saints and sages have to yield.

Those who come in mourning all the way

Soon leave for home to spend the rest of day.

My relatives may have some lingering grief

While others cheer up for their woe is brief.

What else is there for the dead man to say？

Underneath the hill his body turns to clay.

其三

荒草何茫茫，

白杨亦萧萧。

严霜九月中，

送我出远郊。

四面无人居，

383

高坟正=��。

马为仰天鸣，

风为自萧条。

幽室一已闭，

千年不复朝。

千年不复朝，

贤达无奈何。

向来相送人，

各自还其家。

亲戚或余悲，

他人亦已歌。

死去何所道，

托体同山阿。

本诗描写送葬时的悲哀之情和萧条之景，十分感

人。最后一句“托体同山阿”体现了诗人一贯持有的

委运任化的人生观。

（1）Poem in the Form of a Coffin-Puller �s Song，No. 3

（Burton Watson）

A plain of wild grasses，broad and tangled，

white poplars that whisper and sigh�

biting frost of the mid_ninth month�

they are taking me far away from the city.

On four sides no human habitation，

only the ridge and rise of tall grave mounds.

483

For me the horses look skyward and neigh，

for me the wind takes on a mournful tone.

The dark chamber，once sealed，

for a thousand years it will not see the dawn�

neither worthy nor wise man can force its doors.

Those who just now saw me off

have all gone back，each to his home，

my kin perhaps with a lingering grief，

but the others have finished with their funeral songs.

And what of the one who has departed in death，

body left to merge with the round of the hill？

（2）Funeral Songs Written for Myself （3）

（Patr icia Pin_ching Hu）

How abundantly grow the wild weeds！

How mournfully rustle the poplars！

In September in the frost，

I am carried to the distant countryside.

Not a single soul in the neighbourhood

But a myriad of elevated tombs.

Turning their heads toward the sky，the horses neigh，

Sadly howls the wind.

The dark dwelling is closed.

For a thousand years the day will not dawn.

For a thousnad years the day will not dawn，

Those who accompanied me

583

Returned each to his home，

Some relatives are still lamenting，

Others began to chant.

What else to be done with a dead man

But consign his corpse to the hill？

（3）My Funeral Song （3）

（Andrew Boyd）

Lonely the vast expanse of withered grass，

Whispering，sighing，the white poplar leaves！

There�s bitter frost now in this autumn month，

When they�ve brought me here out of the town so far.

No one lives near this place，

Only the tall mounds stand up around—

A horse looks up at the sky and neighs，

The wind itself blows desolately.

When that dark room is once closed，

In a thousand years I�ll never see out again，

In a thousand years，never see out again！

Virtue and wisdom are no avail whatever.

Those who have come here to see me off

Will soon return，each to his own home�

Relations perhaps will be sorry a little longer，

The others will merely finish the chant and go.

Dead and gone—there�s nothing more to be said—

My body I now entrust to be mingled with the hills.

683

（4）A Dirge on Myself （3）

（Roland C. Fang）

Wildly the grass grows over the bleak country，

And the sighing poplars stand white and dreary.

Tis late autumn，all frosty and austere，

As I am taken out far beyond the city_gate.

All around you see no human dwellings，

Save the piled_up graves rising above the ground.

How the horse neighs，stretching its neck skywards，

And the autumn wind，how it whispers and howls！

Once the vault for the dead is closed，

For a thousand years it will not see the light�

For a thousand years it will not see the light.

What though you have been virtuous and wise！

Oh，you mourners，break away from the procession，

And turn home，each of you，to your fireside.

Haply relatives may yet grieve for a while，

But the rest of you，be done with your mourning，

What is more to be said about the dead？

Let this body be consigned to the hillside.

（5）Three Dirges （3）

（Tan Shilin）

Away rolls the prairie，

783

Through the poplars soughs the wind.

Over heavy late_autumn frost

To the wilds is borne my body.

Not a mortal lives around，

Grave_mounds loom large above me.

Looking up，my horse raises a distressing neigh�

The wind wails forth a dirge.

Once the vault of gloom is sealed，

Day will cease to dawn，

Day will cease to dawn，

Nor sage nor pundit could help himself.

Those who had come to see me go

Must have returned by now.

My nearest could still be mourning，

All others would have regained their cheer.

What else can be said of death？

To the Hills the body is consigned.

883

Peach_Blossom Spr ings

When the King of Qin transgressed the heavenly law，

The sages left their homes and went ashore.

When hermits Huang and Qi went to Mount Shang，

First settlers in the Springs came in a gang.

The early footprints are covered now with weeds�

The trodden bypaths are buried now by reeds.

In the fields，each person does his very best�

At sunset they go home and take a rest.

Bamboos and mulberries grow in such mild clime

While beans and crops are planted in their time.

They raise silkworms and plough the fields in spring�

When they reap crops，they need not pay the king.

On bushy roads，no men are seen to go，

But dogs are heard to bark and cocks to crow.

They make sacrifices in ancient ways

And wear the clothes they did in ancient days.

The children sing their songs with ringing voice�

The grey_hair have pastime of their own choice.

When grass grows lush，they know that spring�s alive�

When trees wither，they see autumn arrive.

Although they do not have an almanac，

The change of seasons helps them mark the track.

Their lives so full of joy and bodies fit，

They have no need to live by their wit.

983

This wonder，hidden for five hundred years，

Is opened to the world as unspoiled spheres.

Their simple way of life is worlds apart，

And shuts its door to the world from the start.

How can a person from the madding crowd

Expect to know Utopia neath a shroud！

Oh that I soar to the sky on gentle breeze

And find the men of my ideal like these！

093

桃花源诗

嬴氏乱天纪，

贤者避其世。

黄绮之商山，

伊人亦云逝。

往迹浸复湮，

来径遂芜废。

相命肆农耕，

日入从所憩。

桑竹垂余荫，

菽稷随时艺。

春蚕收长丝，

秋熟靡王税。

荒路暧交通，

鸡犬互鸣吠。

俎豆犹古法，

衣裳无新制。

童孺纵行歌，

斑白欢游诣。

草荣识节和，

木衰知风厉。

虽无纪历志，

四时自成岁。

怡然有余乐，

于何劳智慧。

193

奇踪隐五百，

一朝敞神界。

淳薄既异源，

旋复还幽蔽。

借问游方士，

焉测尘嚣外。

愿言蹑轻风，

高举寻吾契。

本诗通过对桃源世界的描写，表现了诗人苦心追

求的人类社会理想。陶渊明的“桃花源”和英国莫尔

的“乌托邦”是东西方思想殊途同归的一个体现。

（1）Peach_blossom Fount

（John A. Turner ）

When the First Emperor foiled Heaven�s decree，

All honest men escaped his tyranny.

A knot of nobles to the lone hills fled�

In time twas given out that they were dead.

Their former track with mists was shrouded deep�

The path they traversed overgrown and steep.

Shoulder by shoulder did they plant and till，

And as the sun went down might rest their fill

Neath verdurous shade if drooping mulberry_trees. ，

Thus as they willed they sowed their corn and peas�

In spring they wound long threads their silk_worms spun�

293

At harvest Royal taxes paid they none.

By lonely ways from traffic far retired

Only the noise of dogs and fowl was heard.

In ritual they kept the ancient way，

Nor changed their dress�s mode from day to day.

There did small children frolic make and song，

And old men merrily saunter all day long.

By grasses lush they knew the season mild�

And weary trees presaged when winds blew wild.

What though they kept no count of months or days，

Still the four seasons made one year always.

In blissful state of seeming_endless joy，

What need their brains with knowledge to annoy？

Five hundred years uncouth they dimly stayed

Till did a wight their fairy land invade�

But，such the vagueness of the hidden spring，

Thenceforth were spared from curious visiting.

How should the journeyman with wares for sale

Fathom the secret of this sylvan vale？

O would that I，snatching some gentle wind，

Might hoist my sail and there true kinship find！

（2）Peach_Blossom Spr ings

（Andrew Boyd）

The Qin Emperor threw the world in confusion，

Good men fled from his times and his dominion.

393

Huang and his friends reached the Shang Mountain，

And these others fled away too and escaped�

All trace of their journey vanished for ever，

And the path they trod was covered with grass and desert-

ed.

Their living they gain by tilling the soil and reaping�

When the sun goes down they go to rest together.

Bamboo and mulberry bend to give them shade，

Beans and rice follow at season�s due.

From the spring silkworm they gather long thread，

At the autumn harvest there is no imperial tax.

The only lanes are made by their coming and going，

Cocks are crowing and dogs are barking together.

The rites are all performed in the ancient manner，

And in their clothes there are no new fashions.

Children run and sing to their hearts� content，

The grey_haired happily go round visiting friends.

The flowering grass tells them what month it is.

They know the autumn wind by the bare branches�

For even without a calendar to show you，

The four seasons still add up to a year.

At peace together，they live in abounding joy�

What need have they to cudgel their brains and scheme？

Five hundred years they had lain thus strangely hidden，

When there came a man to disclose this magic world�

But since good and evil spring from different sources，

When he had gone it returned to its mystery.

493

You men of the world，what can you know，may I ask，

Of things so far beyond your noise and your dust？

But for me，I long to rise on the gentle wind，

To be soaring high and searching for my friends.

（3）Peach_Blossom Spr ings

（Tan Shilin）

The Ying House upset heavenly order，

The good and wise all fled its reign.

To Shangshan withdrew Huang and Qi，

Gone were the settlers of this land.

Time has erased their footprints，

The scrub has choked their trail.

By day they cheer each other to fruitful labour，

At dusk they retire to peaceful rest.

Bamboo and mulberry give deep，cool shade，

Crops vary in kind with the changing seasons.

Long silk the silkworms spin in spring，

No kings there are to tax the autumn harvest.

Wild paths cause rough passage，

In near neighbourhood lives the community.

Ancient rituals have survived，

The fashion in clothes is that of old.

The young carol away，

The old loiter about or look in on friends.

Lush grass betokens a benign spell，

593

Drifting leaves point to cutting winds.

The settlers have no use for calendar，

Nature is their almanac.

Filled with innocent joys，

They needn�t try to be wise.

Hidden for five centuries，

Their godlike existence was unveiled.

As artful and guileless ways disagree，

Darkness once more closed over them.

A folly to ask the worldly_wise

Of things outside their noisy world.

Let me be wafted on some light_footed breeze

And join those kindred spirits.

693

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