3D Mineral Map of Australia

3D Mineral Map of Australia

Tom Cudahy, Mike Caccetta, Joanne Chia, Ryan Fraser, Klaus Gessner, Maarten Haest, Ian Lau, Carsten Laukamp, Cindy Ong, and Andrew Rodger

WA Centre of Excellence for 3D Mineral MappingCSIRO, Australian Resources Research CentreKensington, WA, Australia

7ISDE, Perth August 2011

….are fundamental to all rocks and soils and is a key parameter to managing a sustainable Earth

minerals

Image source: www.mrfs.net


Mineralogy valuable for?

• Soil characterisation• Productive vertosols (related to smectite clays)• Acid and saline conditions

• Ground cover • Mobile <2 micron fraction (mainly clays) – dust and soil loss

management• Water catchment modelling

• Surface permeability (clay mineralogy)• Mineral and energy exploration

• Mineral/chemical vectors• Resource environmental management

• Baseline mapping, monitoring and closure criteria

But mineralogy is not listed in any current GEO task


Hematite : OMEGA

Anhydrous nanophase iron oxide

Ca-pyroxene : TESCa-pyroxene : OMEGA

Mars mineralogy

Polar orbiting hyperspectral sensors• OMEGA (ESA) • TES (USA)• CRISM (USA)

Hydrous clay minerals

OMEGA

There are complete mineral maps of Mars


Earth’s mineralogy?

Investment to date on sensor’s like:• Landsat MSS/TM• SPOT• MODIS• High spatial VNIR

There is no mineral map of the Earth

Designed to map green vegetation, not dry vegetation or minerals

The only “geoscience-tuned” satellite that provides global coverage is ASTER


• 2020 vision: a public, web-accessible, measured, traceable, 3D mineral map of Australia

• based on drill core logging, airborne and satellite “geoscience-tuned” data.

• CSIRO, government geosurveys, AuScope, iVEC, industry, overseas space agencies, partners, WA Dept Commerce, CSIRO, Centre for Exploration Targeting

• part of NPIEhttp://c3dmm.csiro.au


The challenges

• coordination of geoscience EO community • data access (national/international partnerships)

• global science-coordinated hyperspectral satellite systems

• data volumes (Terabytes+)• instrument/data calibration (wavelength, detector

linearity, radiometric, geometric)• removal of obscuring “background” effects:

• atmosphere, vegetation, BRDF, moisture• not-dependent on scene statistics

• geoscience products that are validated, traceable (including error analysis)

• geoscience product sharing standards (interoperability)

• metadata• efficient information access (web) system for users of

the data

Melbourne


Composition, wavelength and spectral resolution

-12

13.5

39

64.5

90

115.5

0.35 0.85 1.35 1.85 2.35-12

13.5

39

64.5

90

115.5

7.35 8.35 9.35 10.35 11.35 12.35

Electro-Magnetic Spectrum - Wavelength in Micrometer

Gro

und

Ref

lect

ance

(of

fset

for c

larit

y)

Gro

und

Emis

sivi

ty (

offs

et fo

r cla

rity)

dark soil

green vegetation

green vegetation

dark soil

limestone

limestone

sandstone

sandstone

dry vegetationdry vegetation

ARGUSHymapAsterLandsat TM

From Peter Hausknecht

VNIR

iron oxidesREEs

vegetationSWIR

OH-bearing hydroxyls(kaolin, chlorite, mica, amphibole)

sulphatescarbonates

TIR

Non-OH-bearing silicates(quartz, feldspars, pyroxene, garnet)

sulphatescarbonates

-12

13.5

39

64.5

90

115.5

0.35 0.85 1.35 1.85 2.35-12

13.5

39

64.5

90

115.5

7.35 8.35 9.35 10.35 11.35 12.35

Electro-Magnetic Spectrum - Wavelength in Micrometer

Gro

und

Ref

lect

ance

(of

fset

for c

larit

y)

Gro

und

Emis

sivi

ty (

offs

et fo

r cla

rity)

dark soil

green vegetation

green vegetation

dark soil

limestone

limestone

sandstone

sandstone

dry vegetationdry vegetation

ARGUSHymapAsterLandsat TM

Sensors

0.45

0.65

0.85

1.05

1.25

1.45

1.65

1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5

Wavelength (micrometer) =>

Laboratory

ARGUS / AVIRIS

HYMAP

ASTER

Landsat TM

Spectral Resolution

“multispectral”1-10 bands

“hyperspectral”~100 bands


Broken Hill

Redan

Byjerkerno2002

Broken HillBlock

HyMapsurvey

40 flight lines at 3.5 m pixels

http://img135.imageshack.us/i/rfdsduststormri2.jpg/ Dust source

MODIS (simulated) vs HyMap land surface composition mapping, Broken Hill

• 150 Gigabytes of airborne HS data collected in 2002 for GSNSW• L1b and L2 products made publicly available but only 1-2 copies downloaded• C3DMM processed to L3 mineral maps in 2009• together with other C3DMM data, over 60,000 products downloaded


Green vegetation content – leaf water @ 940 nm

GIS airborne mineral maps from http://c3dmm.csiro.au

Albedo @ 1650 nm

40 flight-lines

HyMap land surface composition mapping, Broken Hill


cellulose absorption depth @ 2080 nm


Albedo @ 1650 nm



Water vapour @930 nm


Surface water absorption depth @ 1900 nm

dry

wet


Precipitable water


MODIS simulation –dry vegetation (NPV) versus “DRY” bare soils

Canonical correlation analysis

Ban

d N

o.

Results show that these “extreme” surface types (pure dry vegetation and bare soil) show weak inverse correlation VNIR wavelengths and weak positive correlation at SWIR wavelength at MODIS spectral resolution

30 airborne hyperspectral pixel spectra collected from cellulose rich and cellulose-poor “dry, bare soil” pixels

Sample - pixel

positive correlationinverse correlation no correlation

Ban

d N

o.


MODIS simulation –dry vegetation (NPV) versus “WET” bare soils

Canonical correlation analysis

Ban

d N

o.

Sample - pixel

Results show that the relatively “wet, bare soil” pixels show positive correlation at all VNIR-SWIR wavelengths at MODIS spectral resolution.

30 airborne hyperspectral pixel spectra collected from cellulose rich and cellulose-poor “wet, bare soil” pixels

positive correlationinverse correlation no correlation


False colourDry vegetation (cellulose) content

Rodger and Cudahy (2009). Remote Sensing of Environment 113, 2243-2257

Paddock boundary

HyMap clay mapping, Broken Hill

cellulose map


False colourApparent kaolin content (exposed soil)



cellulose map


False colourKaolin content vegetation unmixed (as if there was zero groundcover)


~40%content

~10%


cellulose map


Cloud shadow effect

DEM

Tenosols“weakly developed soils”

Sodosols“Na-rich”

Chromosols“Hard clay-rich”

ASRIS Soil Map Level 3

Published soils and DEM, Broken Hill


Kaolin content Montmorillonite content

~40%content

~10%

Potential Vertosols?

40 flight-lines

~40%content

~10%



ASTER Geoscience map of Australia

ASTER scene centreHyperion sceneHyMap surveys (WA)base-map - DEM (GADDS)

y = 0.679x + 966.45R2 = 0.8768

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

Hyperion ASTER-convolved band 4

AST

ER b

and

4


ASTER Geoscience products

• False colour• Green vegetation content• CSIRO “regolith” ratios• Ferric oxide content• Ferrous iron content• Opaques• AlOH group (clay) content

• AlOH group composition • Kaolin and “Advanced argillic”• Fe-OH group content• MgOH/carbonate group• MgOH group composition• Ferrous iron content in MgOH• Ferric iron content in MgOH• “Water content” (new)

• A set of ~15 GIS compatible geoscience maps derived from available ASTER *VNIR-SWIR* data over WA. Products include:

TIR products (no current independent calibration data):• carbonate content• SiO2 content• quartz index• mafic mineral index (incl. pyroxene, garnet)


http://c3dmm2.ivec.org/gmap.html


WA ASTER Geoscience map – iron oxide content


WA ASTER Geoscience map

• Collaborative project with the Geological Survey of Western Australia and supported by the Exploration Incentive Scheme and MDU• Complete 10 year archive over Australia of over 30,000 scenes provided by NASA-JPL, ERDAC (Japan) and the USGS• WA ASTER map comprises ~1500 scenes • ~15 products (Version 1) released in the next couple of weeks • Basis for C3DMM’s “Google-zoom” demonstration

iron oxide5 40


WA ASTER Geoscience map

iron oxide5 40

Channel iron ore


Airborne hyperspectral mineral maps

airborne HS iron oxide content

iron oxide5 40

airborne HS kaolin disorder

crysallinitylow high

Channel iron ore


: RC cores with XRF: RC cores with XRF + HyLogging

Published geology, drilling and the 3rd dimension

In collaboration with Murchison Metals


Iron oxide content – spectra & XRF



Clay composition – spectra & XRD


Oblique view SW

Poorly-ordered kaolinite (transported)

Well-ordered kaolinite (in-situ or below water table)

Clay composition characterisation

Poorly-ordered kaolinite (transported)

Well-ordered kaolinite (in-situ or below water table)


Auscope- Grid Discovery Portalhttp://portal.auscope.org/gmap.html

C3DMM


Conclusions

• New generation of geoscience-tuned systems can provide currently missing information on land surface composition (including mineralogy, dry vegetation and surface soil moisture)

• Methods for generating the ASTER geoscience map of Australia can be extended globally

• A suite of hyperspectral imaging satellites come on-stream from ~2015 and provide opportunity for accurate mapping and monitoring of the Earth’s land surface composition

• C3DMM is building capabilities to delver a 3D mineral map of Australia by 2020


Acknowledgments

• CSIRO Minerals Down Under• Geoscience Australia• Geological Survey of Western Australia• WA Exploration Incentive Scheme• WA Department of Commerce• Geological Survey of Queensland• Geological Survey of Western Australia• Murchison Metals• Auscope• iVEC• ERSDAC• NASA JPL• USGS

Thank you

Contact UsPhone: 1300 363 400 or +61 3 9545 2176Email: [email protected] Web: www.csiro.au

Dr Tom CudahyCSIRO Earth Science and Resource EngineeringDirector Western Australian CoE for 3D Mineral MappingChair International Society for Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing

Work Group VIII/5, Energy and Solid EarthTheme Leader 34IGC, Geoscience information from Proximal

and Remote Sensing Data

Phone: +61 8 6436 8630Email: [email protected]: http://c3dmm.csiro.au, http://nvcl.csiro.au, www.34igc.org, www.isprs2012.org,

http://c3dmm2.ivec.org/gmap.html, http://portal.auscope.org/gmap.html

3D Mineral Map of Australia

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