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A. F. L. REV Air Force Law Review

AM. J. INT’L (AJIL) American Journal ofInternational Law

AP I First Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions

AP II Second Additional Protocol to the Geneva

Conventions

BRIT. Y. B. INT’L British Year Book ofInternational Law

CG I-II-III-IV Geneva Conventions I-II-III-IV

EJIL European Journal of International Law

ICC International Criminal Court

ICJ International Court of Justice

ICTR International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda

ICTYInternational Criminal Tribunal for the Former

Yugoslavia

IHL International humanitarian law

IHRL International Human Rights Law

RICR International Review of the Red Cross

Yale J. Int. Law Yale Journal ofInternational Law

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III ................................................................................................ 142

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B .................................................................................................................... 147

IV ................................................................ 148

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3 . ..................................................................................................................................... 151

V .................................................................................... 151

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2 . .................................................................................................................. 156

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DOCUMENTS ................................................................................................................................................................ 269

A. The Lieber Code ....................................................................................................................................... 269

Article 15. ...................................................................................................................................................... 269

Article 20. ...................................................................................................................................................... 269

Article 21. ...................................................................................................................................................... 270

Article 22. ...................................................................................................................................................... 270

B. Brussels Declaration .............................................................................................................................. 270

a. Art. 9. .......................................................................................................................................................... 270

b. Art. 10. ....................................................................................................................................................... 270

c. Art 11. ......................................................................................................................................................... 270

C. Common Article 2 to GC I IV ........................................................................................................... 271

D. Common Article 3 to GC I IV .......................................................................................................... 271

E. Geneva Convention III: Article 4 .................................................................................................. 271

F. Additional Protocol I: ............................................................................................................................ 273

a. Art 43. Armed forces ........................................................................................................................... 273

b. Art 50. ........................................................................................................................................................ 273

c. Art 51. ......................................................................................................................................................... 273

d. Art 75. ........................................................................................................................................................ 274

G. Additional Protocol II ........................................................................................................................... 276

Art 13. Protection of the civilian population ................................................................................. 276

JURISPRUDENCE .......................................................................................................................................................... 276

A. ICTY, The Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic ........................................................................................ 276

B. ICTY, Prosecutor v. Haradinaj ........................................................................................................ 278

C. ICTR The Prosecutor v. Jean Paul Akayesu .......................................................................... 279

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A. Books.......................................................................................................................................................... 283

B. Articles ....................................................................................................................................................... 285

C. Documents .............................................................................................................................................. 290

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14General Treaty for the Renunciation of War(Kellogg-Briand Pact)Signed at Paris on August 27,

1928. At: http://www.cosmopolitikos.com/Documents/Kellogg-Briand%20Pact%20(1928).pdf 15David p. Barash, Approaches to Peace . 2nd edition. Oxford. New York. 2010. P 63 16The Global Burden of Armed Violence, Geneva Declaration Secretariat,Geneva, 2008, available at: http://www.genevadeclaration.org/pdfs/Global-Burden-of-Armed-Violence.pdf 17The Laws of War on Land, Oxford, 9 September 1880,preamble, available at:http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/140?OpenDocument 18 Brian Steed, Piercing the Fog of War: Recognizing Change on the Battlefield, Zenith Press, Minneapolis,2009, ch. 2. 19 Declaration Renouncing the Use, in Time of War, of Explosive Projectiles Under 400 Grammes Weight,St Petersburg, 29 November/11 December 1868, paras. 2 and 3.

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2005.pp402-404 21 M. John-Hopkins – “Regulating the conduct of urban warfare: lessons from contemporary

asymmetricarmed conflicts.” International Review of the Red Cross. Volume, 92. Number, 878.

June 2010. 22 A. Paulus and M. Vashakmadze – “Asymmetrical war and the notion of armed conflict:

atentativeconceptualization”.International Review of the Red Cross. Volume, 91. Number, 873.

March 2009. 23A. Wenger and S. J. A. Mason – “The civilianization of armed conflict: trends and

implications”.International Review of the Red Cross. Volume, 90. Number, 872. December 2008,

p. 836 24Mary B. Anderson, Do No Harm: How Aid Can Support Peace or War, Lynne Rienner Publishers,Boulder/London, 1999, p. 25. 25 A. Paulus and M. Vashakmadze. op cit.26Distinction

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31See, e.g., Geneva Conventions, Common Article 3; Additional Protocol I, Article 51(3) (adopted by 77 votes in favour, one against and 16 abstentions); AdditionalProtocol II, Article 13(3) (adopted by consensus); Memorandum of Understandingon the Application of IHL between Croatia and the SFRY, para. 6 (in Henckaerts Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck Louise. Customary

International Humanitarian Law.International Committee of the Red Cross. Cambridge university press. 2009, vol. 2 § 759); Agreement on the Application of IHL between the Parties to the Conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina, para. 2.5 (ibid., § 760); UN Secretary-General’s Bulletin, Section 5.2 (ibid., § 761); the practice of Australia (ibid., § 762), Belgium (ibid., § 792), Benin (ibid., § 763), Canada (ibid., § 764), Colombia (ibid., § 765), Croatia (ibid., § 766), Dominican Republic (ibid., § 767), Ecuador (ibid., § 768), France (ibid., § 769), Germany (ibid., § 770), India (ibid., § 771), Indonesia (ibid., § 772), Italy (ibid., § 773), Jordan (ibid., § 796), Kenya (ibid., § 774), Madagascar (ibid., § 775), Malaysia (ibid., § 799), Netherlands (ibid., § 776), New Zealand (ibid., § 778), Spain (ibid., § 782), Sweden (ibid., § 783), Togo (ibid., § 784), United Kingdom (ibid., §§ 757 and 786), United States (ibid., §§ 787–788 and 804–806), Yugoslavia (ibid., § 789); Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Case 11.137 (Argentina) (ibid., § 810).

32

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ICRCSecond Expert Meeting on the Notion ofDirect Participation in Hostilities. The Hague, 25 /

26 October 2004.Direct Participation in Hostilities in Non-International Armed Conflict .Expert

Paper submitted by Michael Bothe.

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33Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Third Report on Human Rights in Colombia, Doc.OEA/Ser.L/V/II.102 Doc. 9 rev. 1, 26 February 1999, Chapter IV,para. 54-55, at: http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/colombia/oas99_colombia.pdf.

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34Roger A.P.V. Law on Better Fields. Manchester University Press. Melland Skilled Studies. 2004. P.7 35Peter Rowe. The Impact of Human Rights Law on Armed Conflict. Cambridge University Press. New York. 2006.p.95 36Nuremberg Military Tribunals, Hostage Case (USA v. List et al.), 11 NMT (1948).p. 1253

37 1899 1907

. 38John Shuckburgh Risley, The Law of War, A. D. Innes and Co., London, 1897, pp.107-8 39E. Camins. The past as prologue: the development of the ‘direct participation’ exception to

civilian immunity. International Review of the Red Cross. Volume, 90. Number, 872. December

2008, p. 880 40Geoffrey Best, War and Law Since 1945, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1994, p. 260

mn

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41Michael N. Schmitt, ‘War, technology and international humanitarian law’, Program onHumanitarian Policy and Conflict Research at Harvard University, No. 4, 2005, p.5; at: http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/EC0C8F22EA63F429C125715A00517F8B-har-gen-aug05.pdf; see also: L. Reydams “A la guerre comme a` la guerre: patterns of armed conflict, humanitarian law responses and new challenges”.International Review of the Red Cross.Volume 88 Number 864 December 2006 42L. Reydams. “A la guerre comme a` la guerre: patterns of armed conflict, humanitarian law responses and new challenges”.International Review of the Red Cross. Volume 88 Number 864 December 2006, pp.750-2 43Michael N. Schmitt, ‘War, technology and international humanitarian law’, Program onHumanitarian Policy and Conflict Research at Harvard University, No. 4, 2005, p.5, at: http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/EC0C8F22EA63F429C125715A00517F8B-har-gen-aug05.pdf;see also: Jean-Francois Queguiner, ‘Direct participation in hostilities under

international humanitarian law’, Program onHumanitarian Policy and Conflict Research at

Harvard University, 2003 .p.1 At:

http://ihl.ihlresearch.org/_data/n_0002/resources/live/briefing3297.pdf44Michael N. Schmitt. “Humanitarian Law and Direct Participation in Hostilities by Private Contractors or Civilian Employees”. Chicago Journal of International Law; Winter 2005; 5, 2. 45 R. Geiss, “Asymmetric conflict structures.” International Review of the Red Cross. Volume 88 Number 864 December 2006. pp.757-777 46Roger Trinquier, La Guerre Moderne: Une vision franc¸aise de la contre-insurrection, 1961, in Reydams, op cit, p. 742. 47R. Geiss. op cit. p. 758

opqrp 41

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48E. Camins. op cit. p.880 49 Carlos Ortiz, Private Armed Forces Global Security, A Guide to The Issue. Preager. California. 2010. pp. 52-54. See also: United States Department of Defense, Fiscal Year 2012, Budget Request. Generated on 2011,Feb.04; 1153.Ref.ID: B-0071CC7. At: http://comptroller.defense.gov/defbudget/fy2012/FY2012_Budget_Request_Overview_Book.pdf;also: Anup Shah. World Military Spending. At: http://www.globalissues.org/article/75/world-military-spending. 50Peter Donaldson .“The Revolution of Performance-Based Logistics.” Military Technology.

MILTECH • 9/2010. pp. 62-7. At: http://www.monch.com/C12577AC003B092D/vwContentByKey/W28C3QZB678MOEHEN/$File/mt910_web2.pdf; see also: Russell E. Bryant. The Challenge of Moving from Performance Based Logistics to an Operational Logistics Framework. 2005 10th International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium ‘The Future of Power C2’ ASD(NII)/CCRP. McLean, VA, June 13–16, 2005. At: http://www.dodccrp.org/events/10th_ICCRTS/CD/papers/011.pdf.51 See: Oliver o’donovan. The Just War Revisited. Cambridge University Press. New York. 2003.

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52A. Alexander, ‘The Genesis of the Civilian’, 20, Leiden Journal of International Law (2007) p. 360.

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55Michael N. Schmitt. “Humanitarian Law and Direct Participation in Hostilities...”. op cit. p. 537 56AP I. Art. 50(1)

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