cardiovascular sys
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Transcript of cardiovascular sys
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Lymphatic Systemby:
Mohamad Taufik Hidayat b. BaharuldinUnit of Physiology, Department of Human Anatomy,
FPSK, UPM
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- Sistem limfatik mewakili satu jalan tambahan ; melaluinya cecair berlebihan
dlm ruang interstitial (ruang antara sel) dikembalikan ke edaran sistemik
- Juga ia mengangkut protein & molekul besar yang tidak dapat diserapsecara langsung ke dalam kapilari
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- Sistem limfatik bukan satu sistem/
litar tertutup; wujud dead end
- Tiada pam pusat
Dead end capillary
Highly permeable
- Ia dibina oleh rangkaian salur
bdinding nipis yang membawa cecair
jernih cecair limfa
but each segment of the
lymphatic vessels function as a
separate automatic pump
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Secara umum sistem limfa mempunyai 4 fungsi utama :
(1) Mengumpul cecair & protein berlebihan dalam cecair interstitial masuk
ke aliran darah
(2) Mengangkut lemak di usus kecil (Sistem Percernaan)
(3) Musnahkan mikro-organisma dan bahan asing
(4) Menyediakan perlindungan jangka masa panjang dari mikro-organisma
dan bahan asing
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Struktur Fungsi
Kapilari limfatik mengumpul cecair berlebihan dari tisu
Salur limfatik
(collecting vessels)
mbawa cecair limfa dari kapilari limfatik ke salur vena
di leher
Nodus limfa situated along collecting lymphatic vessels; filter
foreign material from lymph ***
Tonsils musnahkan agen asing di bhgn atas salur respiratori &
sistem pencernaan
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Struktur Fungsi
Kelenjar timus membentuk antibodi pada bayi; berperanan dalamperkembangan sistem imun
Nodul limfa
terkumpul
Respons terhadap antigen yg hadir dalam usus -
hasilkan antibodi
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The Immune
System
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The Immune System
Non-specific defenses Specific defenses
1st line
2nd
line
Immune response @ immunity
Cell-mediated
immune
response
(CMIR)
Antibody-
mediated
immune
response
(AMIR)
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Non-specific defenses
1st line defense - Skin & Mucous membranes
- Outer layer of the skin-epidermis
- Physical barrier from entering body
- Shedding epidermis surface- remove microbiology
Skin
- Normal flora will restrict growth of bad/dangerous microorganisms
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- Lacrimal apparatus : manufacture tears to drain away irritants
- Saliva : washes microbes from the surface of the teeth
- Defecation & vomiting expel microbes : diarrhea rapidly expels many
microbes
- Gastric juice: produced by the glands of the stomach is a mixture of
hydrochloric acid, enzymes and mucus. The strong acidity destroy many
bacterial & most bacterial toxin
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2nd line defense - Internal defenses
- When pathogens penetrate the physical & chemical barrier, they
encounter a second line of defense: (1)antimicrobial proteins,
(2)phagocytes, natural killer cells, (3)inflammation & (4)fever
(1) Antimicrobial proteins
Non-specific defenses
- Interferons: released from virus-infected cell. Bind to receptor of adjacent
cell to produce antiviral proteins.
- Complement: plasma proteins that have the ability to enhance both the
nonspecific and specific defense systems of the body
- Transferrins: inhibit growth of bacteria
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(2) Natural Killer Cells & Phagocytes
Natural Killer Cells lymphocytes that have the ability to induce cytolysis,
kill a wide variety of infectious microbes & certain tumor cells.
- When microbes penetrate skin & mucous membranes or bypass the
antimicrobial proteins in blood, the next nonspecific line of defense are
Phagocytes performphagocytosis, ingestion of microbes or other particles
e.g. cellular debris.
- Two types; neutrophils & monocytes
- Phagocytosis occurs in 6 stages
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(3) Inflammation
Tissue damage by punctures, abrasions, burns,
foreign objects, infections or toxin
Inflammation of the tissue;Characterized by
rednessheat swellingpain
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(4) Fever
-Abnormally high body temperature bcoz the hypothalamic thermostatis reset
- Bacterial toxins elevate body temperature
- Elevated body temperature inhibits the growth of some microbes thruintensifying the effect of interferons