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GEOLOGI FISIK

oleh:

Rininta Fatmarani, ST.

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Batuan Sedimen

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Batuan Sedimen

Perbandingan volume batuan penyusun litosfer:

Batuan sedimen 5 %

Batuan beku dan metamorf 95 %Batuan sedimen tsb terdiri dari:

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Perbandingan luas permukaan singkapanbatuan penyusun permukaan bumi:

Batuan sedimen 75 %

Batuan beku dan metamorf 25 %

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Litifikasi

Sediment

Rock

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Sandstones Conglomerates

Breccia

Shale/mudstones

TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKSClastic rocks Chemical & Organic rocks

Evaporitic rocks

These rocks are formed

due to evaporation of saline

water (sea water)

eg. Gypsum, Halit

(rock salt)

Carbonate rocks

Form basically from

CaCO3 both bychemical leaching and

by organic source

(biochemical) eg.

Limestone; dolomite

Organic rocks

Form due to

decomposition of

organic remains

under temperature

and pressure eg.

Coal/Lignite etc.

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Ukuran Butir

Gravel

>256-2 mm

Sand

2- 0.062 mm

Clay

256mm

Cobble: 64-256 mm

Pebble: 4-64 mm

Granule: 2-4mm

Fine gravel

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Batuan sedimen klastik diklasifikasikanberdasarkan:

1. Ukuran butir

2. Komposisi

3. Tekstur

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Rock Type Sediment Grain SizeShale Clay less than 0.004 mm

Siltstone Silt .062-0.004 mm

Sandstone Sand .062-2 mm

Conglomerate Gravel 2mm +

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Sorting of the sediments also suggest the mode of deposition and transportation.

Long distance transport= well-rounded and well-sorted sediments,

Short distance transport = poorly sorted angular grains.

Also helps in knowing the energy conditions of the river.

Sortasi

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Angularity or roundness

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Struktur Sedimen

1. Struktur berlapis

2. Struktur berfosil

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1. Struktur Berlapis Paling umum pada batuan sedimen

Perlapisan 1 !m

"aminasi # 1 !m

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Silang siur $ Cross bed %

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Graded bedding & bersusun

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2. Struktur berfosil

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Klasifikasi Batuan Sedimen

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Klasifikasi Batuan Sedimen

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Clastic (Detrital) Sedimentary Rocks

Grain Size Roundness Sorting Composition Name

RoundedModerate to

poor

Fragments of any rock type CONGLOMERATE

Gravel-sized(> 2 mm)

AngularModerate to

poorFragments of any rock type BRECCIA

Rounded Well All Quartz - usually white to tanQUARTZ

SANDSTONE

Sub-

rounded toAngular

Moderate to

poor (fewgrains

>2mm)

Feldspar (usually orthoclase), micas,quartz, and other minerals ARKOSE (ArkosicSandstone)

Sub-

rounded

Moderate to

well

Quartz, lithic fragments, and other

minerals

LITHIC

SANDSTONE

Sand-sized

(visible grains

up to 2 mm)

Rounded to

angularModerate

Quartz and rock fragments mixed

with >15% clay; often gray colored

GRAYWACKE

SANDSTONE

Silt-sized

(feels gritty)

(to small to

see)Well

Clay and quartz (but usually too

small to see)SILTSTONE

Clay (but usually too small to see);

MassiveMUDSTONE

Clay-sized

(feels smooth)

(to small to

see)Well

Clay (but usually too small to see);

Breaks into semi-flat layersSHALE

Detrital Sedimentary Rock ID

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'(emi!al Sedimentary )o!ks$*ames based primarily on !omposition%

Basic Rock Name

+ "imestone

+ '(ert

+ )o!k Salt

+ )o!k ,ypsum

+ Peat or 'oal

Composition

+ 'al!ite

+ -uart $sili!a%

+ /alite

+ ,ypsum

+ 0'arbon & Plant)emains

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Limestones'rystalline

"imestone

'(alk

ossiliferous "imestone

'(emi!al )o!ks

( i l k

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Evaporites

)o!k,ypsum

)o!k Salt

'oal

'(ert

'(emi!al )o!ks

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Chemical, Biochemical & Organic Sedimentary Rocks

Composition Texture Name

Crystalline - medium to coarse (visible) grainsCRYSTALLINE

LIMESTONE

Crystalline - grains too small to see MICRITE

Abundant fossils in a fine- to coarse-grained crystalline matrixFOSSILIFEROUS

LIMESTONE

Calcite (acid

reaction)

Fine-grained powder, earthy smell (often black, gray, or white) CHALK

Dolomite

(acid reaction)Crystalline - fine to coarse grained DOLOSTONE

Crystalline - grains too small to see; conchoidal fracture CHERTQuartz

(scratches

glass) Fine-grained powder, earthy smell (no acid reaction) (often white) DIATOMITE

Gypsum Crystalline - fine to coarse grained ROCK GYPSUM

Halite

(tastes salty)Crystalline - fine to coarse grained ROCK SALT

Fibrous, brownish plant material; soft PEATPlant Remains

(Carbon) Dense, black masses; depending on grade may be dull to vitreous;

lower grades may contain minor fossils

COAL

Chemical Sedimentary Rock ID

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Shale

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Breksi

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Importance ofSedimentary Rocks

Bauxite: ore of aluminum

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Diagenesis

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Diagenesis

Lithification

Recrystallization

Cementation

by silica or calcite

Compaction

Deposition

(Sediment is laid don!

"ransportation

by

#ater$ice$ or ind

#eatherin% and &rosion of pre'existin% rocks and minerals

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Sedimentary environments :

Continental

Near shore / shallow water / transitional

Deep marine water

Controls on sedimentary environments : Body fossils

Trace fossils

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Continental sedimentary environments :1 Glacial

! "l#vial

$ %ac#strine

& 'eolian

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Transitional sedimentary environments :1 Delta

! Beaches

$ Shelf

& (eefs

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Deep marine sedimentary environments :

1 Shelf

! Slope and rise$ Deep marine

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Sedimentary environments

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%andforms 'ssociated with

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f

Sedimentary (oc)s

* ,t h

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*esa+ ,tah

G df th Bl ff -i i

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Grandfather Bl#ff+ -isconsin

C#esta -yoming

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C#esta+ -yoming

.ogbac) -yoming

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.ogbac)+ -yoming

"lat rons Bo#lder Colorado

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"lat rons+ Bo#lder+ Colorado

Garden of The Gods Colorado

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Garden of The Gods+ Colorado

What Rocks Tell Us

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What Rocks Tell UsRock Type How Classified What it Tells Us

IgneousComposition Tectonic Setting

Texture Cooling History

Sedimentary

Chemical

Composition

Surface

Environment

Grain Size Energy ofEnvironment

Metamorphic

Composition Original Rock Type

Mineral MakeupTemperature,

Pressure

Texture Degree of Change