Post on 03-May-2023
Flow and pollution load of Halda River:
implication in integrated river management
Shyamal Karmakara, Md. Enamul Hoqueb, M M Abdullah Al Mamuna, Mohammad Ayub Parveza, Srijon Dattaa,
Md. Nazrul Islama, Mir Enamul Karima, and Mohammad Shafiul Alama
aInstitute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Chittagong, 4331, Chattogram, Bangladesh
bDepartment of Oceanography, University of Chittagong, 4331, Chattogram, Bangladesh
shyamal.karmakar@cu.ac.bd
Services
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Navigation, drinking water supply, sand quarrying, irrigation
Unique natural breeding habitat for Carp spawning in Southeast Asia. -83 finfish species under 13 orders and 35 families and 10 shellfish (9 prawns and one crab) under 1 order and 3
families (Azadi and Arshad-Ul-Alam, 2013)
Water uses and Rubber Dam Project
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Rubber Dam:
The cross-rubber dam built at Bhujpur in Chittagong 2012 to facilitate irrigation . The Local Government and
Engineering Department (LGED) constructed the 4.5meter high dam in 2012
With the dam retaining water up to 4.5m deep in the reservoir,
Cost-$1.25 million, EIA –None,.
Irrigation for Boro and IRRI cultivation on 10,000 acres of land at upstream area, three tea estates –
Four Tea Estate-Achhiya, Halda valley, and Khoiyachhari -- draw water.
Water Supply issue for 20MLD+90MLD station:
Has caused seawater to get into the river, sharply
increasing salinity at downstream location
The increase of salinity in the river now threatens the
livelihood of several thousand fishermen and egg
collectors. Moreover, around a five-kilometer stretch of
the river next to the dam remains dry for around three
months from January.
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Sand quarry and navigation
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This Study
Evaluation of water level and
discharge characteristics,
rainfall-runoff process,
Assessment of siltation and
erosion of the river at different
cross-sections and
Water quality of this river
considering whole catchment
of river.
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Sediment load estimation at 4 sections
WASA at Mohara Water Treatment Plant, and DOE at Kalurghat
Monitoring stations: Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB).
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Spatial data
Data sources
Primary Data
• Cross sectional area and water flow measurement
• Water sampling
Secondary Data
• Cross sectional data (11 cross sections of year 2006, 2009 and 2014)
• Water level data (4 stations of year 1967 to 2017)
• Discharge data (1 station of year 1983 to 2017)
• Rainfall data (4-gauge stations of year 1967 to 2017)
• SRTM 30m Digital Elevation Model (DEM) from USGS.
• Land use & soil map
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Details of watershed
Characteristics
SRTM
Numbers of sub-basin and
actual HRUs (nos.)
128.00
Sub-basin Area (km2) 1726.9
5
Mean Elevation (m) 35.37
Mean Maximum Elevation
(m)
90.29
Mean Minimum Elevation
(m)
17.48
Mean slope (%) 3.05
Cumulative sub-basin
stream length (km)
1100.6
5
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forest and cultivable land
cover ~93.76% of the total
areas excluding water
body.
~ 42.51% of the area is
agricultural land and
51.27% of the area is
forest.
The total cultivable land in
the area is 167661m2.
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The overall length of the river is
approximately 107 km (Siddique,
2018) and the total catchment area is
about 645 square miles (Badiuzzaman,
1978). The average depth of the Halda River
is 21 feet (6.4 meters) and the utmost
depth is 30 feet (9.1 meters). The discharge of water during 1983-
2012 varies from 0.06–548.67 m3s-1
at Panchpukuria station (Akter et al.,
2012; BWDB, 2017)
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30 places, From Upstream,
Semutang gas field,
Narayanhat,
Halda Khal,
Habiburghata,
Karmashi stream,
Rubber dam,
South Paindong,
Dhurung Khal,
Panchpukuria
Nazirhat,
Boalia Canal,
Sattarghat,
Gorduara,
Kagotia,
Azmir ghat,
Ramdashhat,
Krisno canal and
Enayat station
The sample are collected in two
times one is low tide time and
another is high tide time
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0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
700.00
800.00
900.00
Rai
nfa
ll (m
m)
Date
0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
700.00
800.00
900.00
Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09 Jan-10 Jan-11 Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14 Jan-15 Jan-16 Jan-17
Rai
nfa
ll (m
m)
Date
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
19
85
_1
19
85
_1
1
19
86
_9
19
87
_7
19
88
_5
19
89
_3
19
90
_1
19
90
_1
1
19
91
_9
19
92
_7
19
93
_5
19
94
_3
19
95
_1
19
95
_1
1
19
96
_9
19
97
_7
19
98
_5
19
99
_3
20
00
_1
20
00
_1
1
20
01
_9
20
02
_7
20
03
_5
20
04
_3
20
05
_1
20
05
_1
1
20
06
_9
20
07
_7
20
08
_5
20
09
_3
20
10
_1
20
10
_1
1
20
11
_9
20
12
_7
20
13
_5
20
14
_3
20
15
_1
20
15
_1
1
20
16
_9
20
17
_7
Dis
cha
rge
(m3
/s)
Year_Month
Observed
SRTM
Parameter SRTM
Before After
Precipitation 2972.70 2972.70
Evapotranspiration 868.10 948.90
Surface Runoff 1454.36 984.54
Lateral Flow to stream 5.73 11.47
Return Flow to stream 568.25 761.53
Percolation to shallow aquifer 642.63 1027.06
Groundwater recharge 32.13 108.87
Re-evaporation from shallow
aquifer
41.40 156.90
Potential Evapotranspiration 2070.00 2070.00
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0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
700.00
800.00
900.00
Rai
nfa
ll (m
m)
Date
Water level at Panchpukuria station and this section indicates a rapid recession of water level and flow after 2006
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Sand Quarrying caused frequent change in river bank
River cross-section estimated at downstream & middle-stream locations
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0
100
200
300
400
500 High tide
Low tide
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
Jan-6
7
Jul-
68
Feb
-70
Sep
-71
Ap
r-7
3
Dec
-74
Jun-7
6
Jan-7
8
Aug-7
9
Mar
-81
Oct
-82
Ap
r-8
4
No
v-8
5
Jun-8
7
Jan-8
9
Aug-9
0
Mar
-92
Oct
-93
Ap
r-9
5
No
v-9
6
Jun-9
8
Feb
-00
Oct
-01
Jun-0
3
Jan-0
5
Sep
-06
Ap
r-0
8
No
v-0
9
Jun-1
1
Jan-1
3
Aug-1
4
Feb
-16
Wa
ter L
evel
(m
)
Max_WL(m) Min_WL(m)
Danger_WL (m)
Water Level at Upstream location, Narayanhat
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
Jan-6
7
Jun-6
8
No
v-6
9
Ap
r-7
1
Sep
-72
F
eb-7
4
Jul-
75
D
ec-7
6
May
-78
O
ct-7
9
Mar
-81
A
ug-8
2
Jan-8
4
Jun-8
5
No
v-8
6
Ap
r-8
8
Sep
-89
F
eb-9
1
Jul-
92
D
ec-9
3
May
-95
O
ct-9
6
Mar
-98
S
ep-9
9
Feb
-01
Ju
l-0
2
Jun-0
4
Dec
-05
Ju
n-0
7
Feb
-09
Ju
l-1
0
Dec
-11
M
ay-1
3
Oct
-14
A
pr-
16
Wa
ter L
evel
(m
)
Date
Max_WL(m) Min_WL(m) Danger_WL(m)
Cross-sections Amount of siltation/erosion in respective years (m2)
2006-2009 2006-2014 2009-2014
Enayethat -115.22 +159.31 +274.53
Ramdash Hat +663.55 +706.63 +43.08
Gorduara -133.77 +298.94 +432.71
Sattarghat -60.87 +40.49 +101.36
Telpari -103.38 -104.76 -1.38
Dhalai -8.56 -8.88 -0.32
Nazirhat +21.98 +45 +23.02
Panchpukuria -86.36 +24.41 +110.77
Dhurung +25.48 +34 +8.52
Bhujpur +7.45 +13.75 +6.30
Narayanhat +31.91 +46.28 +14.37
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Ruber Dam Impact: Flow of water from upstream of Halda decreased, allowing seawater to enter the river.
Water Level 5 km downstream location, Panchpukuria
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Turbulent water was found in summer and monsoon months due to the high current velocity, turbidity and water temperature in the river.
Chemical measurements of the water were high in winter months (Patra et al., 1985).
Some strong positive linear relation had found between the water quality parameters indicating common origin entirely from industrial effluents, municipal wastes, and agricultural activities (Bhuyan et al., 2017).
Halda River pollution caused by industrial waste (53%), sewage contamination (20%), tobacco farming (13%), the rubber dam (8%) and sand extraction (6%) (M. Islam et al., 2017).
Regular alkalinity with 5.9-8.4 mgL-1 DO, 0.3-2.8 mgL-1 BOD and 24-96 mgL-1 COD were found in river water. (Karim et al., 2019)
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5.8
6
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Val
ue
of
pH
mg/
L
TDS mg/L HCO3 mg/L
Water TDS 34.0 to 91.33 mg/L, Electric Conductivity 158.20 to 182.22 µS/cm, pH 6.5 to 7.25, Alkalinity 24.4 to 97.6 mg/L, Sulphate 0.0649 to 0.0651 mg/L , Nitrate0.0649-0.0651 and Phosphate 0.414 to 0.426mg/l
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IWR
M
Integrated Management Who will take the lead? Or
Water Manager or Local Government?
River as spatial scale Watershed approach need
to be promoted
Water Governance /Policy
15 policy instruments available range from water
supply, irrigation, navigation etc.
Multi-stakeholder approach Direct and Indirect User
group, Dependent group,
Economic Good Local peoples dependence
Gender Equity and Social Good
Good social harmony
Ecology and environment
Water quality and Salinity
Egg production
Instream water
• Water Quality is under a satisfactory level since peoples intervention on it. Soil conservation measure to implement
• The upstream-downstream linkage is heavily regulated by irrigation dam and rubber barrage on it major tributaries at upstream.
• The higher sediment load and siltation in its downstream and at different hydraulic structure points would be attribute to land use change and flow regulation.
• The mean flow in the river decreases during pre-monsoon season in last 6-10 years.
• Floods are more likely to occur in downstream region compared to upstream region in same hydro-meteorological regime.
• Akter and Ali (2012) the minimum water level as 1.5 m to ensure fish spawning
• Alternative income generation activity to reduce direct dependence
• Urban Waste and wastewater treatment and management.
Around 8 Institutions and including 5 Ministries, 1 City Corporation, 5 Poroshavas dependent for water supply for more than 5 million SS
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Final Remarks • There were four parameters considered for water quality monitoring where all the parameters
showed within the standard level.
• The upstream-downstream linkage is heavily regulated followed by construction of irrigation
dam and rubber barrage on it major tributaries at upstream which had great influence on the
ecology of the river.
• The higher sediment load and siltation in its downstream and at different hydraulic structure
points would be attribute to land use change and flow regulation.
• The average flow in the river decreases during pre-monsoon season in last 6-10 years.
• Floods are more likely to occur in downstream region compared to upstream region in same
hydro-meteorological regime in this basin.
• QSWAT was applied in the study area for the first time, that is significant improvement in
SWAT catchment modelling effort.
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Acknowledgement: The authors are thankful to the Research and Publication Cell, University of Chittagong for funding of this study. Thanks to the students, who took part in several field campaign.
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