Post on 05-Feb-2023
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jzefYcsda&;
a'gif;pmay
113? 33 vrf;(tv,fvrf;)? &efukefNrdKU/
zkef;-273210
E-b
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a'gufwmvSab
tNidrf;pm; jrefrmpmygarmu©? vef'efwuúokdvf
0D&d,ukdxl ÓPfESifhcsL
uHu az;rol
E-b
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is c
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g
a'gufwmvSab
0D&d,ukdxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol
ykHESdyfrSwfwrf;
xkwfa0ol-OD;ausmf[if;? ,kHMunfcsufpmay? 113? 33 vrf;? ausmufwHwm;NrdKUe,f?
&efukefNrdKU/ rsufESmzkH;ESifhtwGif;pmom;ykHESdyfol-a':wif&D(02839) eef;oZifykHESdyf
wkduf? trSwf-196(ajrnDxyf)? 39 vrf;? &efukefNrdKU/ pmtkyfpmwrf;ykHESdyfxkwfa0cGifh
jyKtrSwf 649^2001^(6)/ rsufESmzkH; ykHESdyfxkwfa0cGifhjyKtrSwf 675^2001(8)/
yxrtBudrf? 2001 ckESpf? atmufwkdbmv
apmifa& 500 wefzkd; 400 usyf
E-b
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is c
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rmwdum
trSmpm 1
1/ c&J&Gmjrefrmpmoifausmif;? 1918-22 2
2/ armfvNrdKiftpkd;&txufwef;ausmif;? 1928-31 2
3/ &efukefwuúokdvf? 1931-38 3
4/ vef'efwuúokdvf ynma&;aumvdyfausmif;? 1938-39 4
5/ ta&SUwkdif;(ESifhtmz&du)ynm&yfrsm;ausmif;? 1944-80 4
uHESifhuRefawmf
ed'gef; 7
1/ c&J&Gm 7
2/ &Gmausmif;? 1918-23 8
3/ armfvNrdKiftpkd;&txufwef;ausmif;? 1923-31 9
4/ &efukef,leDAmpDwDaumvdyfausmif;? 1931-38 19
4-1/ yxrESifh'kwd,ESpfOypm0dZÆmwef;? 1931-33 22
4-2/ yxrESpf0dZÆm? 'kwd,ESpfESifhwwd,ESpf*kPfxl;wef;? 1933-36 23
4-3/ r[m0dZÆmwef;om; enf;jyq&m 1936-38 29
5/ ynmawmfoif 34
6/ vef'efwuúokdvfynma&;aumvdyfausmif;? 1938-39 43
7/ ta&SUwkdif;ESifhtmz&duwkdufynm&yfrsm; aumvdyfausmif;
1939-44 50
8/ tbd"mefjyKpkol? 1946-48 53
9/ uxdu? 1948-54 55
10/ 'kygarmu©? 1955-65 56
11/ ygarmu©? 1966-80 61
12/ jrefrmjynf 63
13/ uHESifhuRefawmf ed*kH; 64
14/ ypöKyÜefuH 67
15/ uHtusKd; 72
16/ t"d|mef 72
E-b
ook
is c
reat
ed b
y w
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.sha
nyom
a.or
g
wpfoufvsm oifcef;pmrsm;
pum;csD; 75
1/ c&J&Gmom;ESifhADZ 75
2/ &Gmausmif;om;(1918-21) 78
3/ armfvNrdKifNrdKUtpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;? 1923-31 82
4/ &efukefwuúokdvfaumvdyfausmif;om;? 1931-38 90
5/ vef'efwuúokdvfynma&;aumvdyfausmif;om;? 1938-39 97
6/ vef'efwuúokdvfta&SUwkdif;ynm&yfaumvdyfausmif;om;?
1939-44 105
7/ udef;b&pfNrdKU? 1944-54 111
8/ 0Jvif;yef;jcHNrdKU 116
8-1/ 'kygarmu©? 1955-65 117
8-2/ ygarmu©? 1966-80 125
9/ jynfawmfjyef? 1988-81 131
9-1/ bkHbkdif? Ekd0ifbmv 13-15 &uf 132
9-2/ a'vDNrdKUopf? Ekd0ifbmv 16 &uf? t&uf 20 133
9-3/ umvuwåm;NrdKU? Ekd0ifbmv 21-23 &uf 136
9-4/ ywfwem;(ygwvdykwf)NrdKU? Ekd0ifbmv 24-26 &uf 139
9-5/ Am&mPoDNrdKU? Ekd0ifbm 27-t&uf 30 140
9-6/ umvuwåm;NrdKU? 'DZifbm 1 &uf 2 &uf 143
9-7/ r'&wfNrdKU? 'DZifbm 2 &uf 3 &uf 143
9-8/ udkvHbkdNrdKU? 'DZifbm 4 &uf 13 &uf 145
9-9/ puFmyl? 'DZifbm 13-21 &uf 146
10/ jynfawmfjyef? 'DZifbmv 21 &uf we*FaEGaeY 149
E-b
ook
is c
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ed b
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nyom
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(1)
0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
trSmpm
]uHESifhuRefawmf}&,f? ]wpfoufwmrS oifcef;pmrsm;}&,fqkdaom uRefawmf\
aqmif;yg;&SnfBuD; ESpfapmifwkdYudk a'gif;pmayu vkH;csif;pmtkyf ykHESdyfxkwfa0vkdí pmtkyf
trnfESifh]trSmpm}udk rpyg&ef arwåm&yfcHpm &&SdcJhonfrSm Mumanmif;oGm;ygNyD/ cJwH
aumufukdif\/ pdwfnpfp&m tjzmjzmay:vmojzifh ra&;jzpf/ ,ckrS tjrifÓPfay:vm
NyD; pmtkyfudk ]]0D&d,udk xl? ÓPfESifhcsL? uHu az;rol}}[lonfhtrnfonm uifyGef;wyf
um þ]trSmpm}udk csD;jr§ifhvkdufyg\/
þtrSmpmonf pmtkyf\ed'gef;(Preface)jzpfyg\/ pmtkyfxJyg t"dutcsuf
y"metuGufrsm;udk pmzwfy&dowfwkdYtusKd;iSm a&SUawmfajy;tjzpf tusOf;csKyf wifjy
xm;ygonf/ vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufonf uHÓPf0D&d,okH;yg;&Sdonfteuf ÓPfb,favmuf
xkwfxkwf? 0D&d,b,favmufpkdufpkduf? ykaAÁpuwESifhypöKyÜefuHESpfyg;? rvkdufygu vkd&m
qE´jynfhpkHcJ\/ jynfhpkHOD;awmh wif;jynfhusyfjynfh rjzpfEkdifyg/ yxr þpum;rSefaMumif;
udk MuKHawGYcJhorQxJrS jzpf&yfokH;&yfwkdYudk yGJOD;xkwfjyygrnf/ NyD;aemuf uHu uRefawmfwkd;
wufBuD;yGm;ap&ef rprnfhyk*¾KdvfawG odkYr[kwf tajctaeawG zefwD;ay;ojzifh rarQmf
vifh0Hhaom atmifjrifa&;? rvSrf;&Jaom &mxl;rsKd;? rxkdufwef[k oabm&aom ausmf
aZmrItpkpkwkdYudk &&SdykHwkdYudk vdyfjymrvkHYwvkHESifho&kyfazmfjyygrnf/
tqkdyg yk*¾KdvfokH;OD;teuf ESpfOD;rSm jrefrmjynfu usefwpfOD;rSm t*FvefrSt
oD;oD;jzpfMuygonf/ yxrtrsKd;om;rSm ÓPfaumif;? 0D&d,&Sd vlvwfykdif;xd ra&&mt
jzpftysufrsm;ESifhMuKHawGYcJh&onf/ BuD;rS uHulojzifh vlwpfvkH; olwpfvkH;taeESifhxif
ay:ausmfMum;Opömaygrsm;aeol jzpfonf/ 'kwd,yk*¾KdvfrSm wuúodkvfynm&SifBuD;/ 0D&d,
pkdufygaomfvnf; uHrvkdufí &oifh&xkdufonfh&mxl;XmeEÅ&? ypönf;Opöm"e r&&SmbJ t
Nidrf;pm;,loGm;&&Smyg\/ *kPfowif;um; vif;yg\/ wwd,NAdwdoQtrsKd;om;rSm udef;
b&pfwuúokdvfrS t*Fvdyfynm&Sif/ t*Fvdyfbmompmaybufü xl;cRefajymifajrmuf\/
E-b
ook
is c
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ww
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(2)
0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
tydkYtcs awmf\/ *E¦0ifajrmuf pmtkyfpmwrf;awG jyKpk\/ xifay:ausmfapm\/ odkY
aomf ygarmu©&mxl;tem;ruyfEkdifbJ uxdutjzpfjzihfom tNidrf;pm;,loGm;&ef uHu
pDrHoGm;yg\/
ukd,fhudk,fudkazmf rolawmfckepfyg;[k qkd&kd;pum; &Sdyg\/ c&J&Gmuav;wGif arG;
zGm;? rkdif 8000? 9000 avmufa0;onfhNAdwdefjynfü BuD;yGm;? EkdifiHjcm;rSm ausmfMum;wef
orQ ausmfMum;cJhol uRefawmfhtaMumif; uRefawmfazmf&onfrSm xlonfh0D&d,? csLonfh
ÓPfu &oifhonfhtusKd;aus;Zl;xuf tqrwef BuD;rm;aom qkvmbf&cJhonfrSm uHu
taz;rçBuD;az;rí jzpfaMumif;udk rD;armif;xkd;jyvkdí azmfweforQazmfjy&ygawmhrnf/
uRefawmfhtaMumif; pOf;pm;rdwkdif; rdw¬Dvmuefaygif&kd;rS a&T&kyfuav;orkdif;udk
ajymjyEkdifojzifh rif;&mZmbGJYESifhrif;BuD;pGmapmfuJ\olaumif;tjyKcH&NyD; tif;0aejynf
awmfwGif rif;okH;quf 0efBuD;tjzpf cpm;&onfh0efZif;&GmrS uHtusKd;ay;onfhtonf
om;uav;tjzpfudk owd&rdyg\/ uRefawmfhrSmvnf; awmom;uav; jzpfyg\/ uHrp
ojzifh aA'ifq&m? ausmif;q&m? wuúokdvfq&mawGESifhMuKHawGY&NyD; ulnDwGef;ydkYay;vkdY
t*Fvefa&muf? tBuD;tuJrsm;u todtrSwfjyKojzifh xkdjynfü tESpfokH;q,ftwGif;
tjrifhqkH;&mxl; &vmyg\/ azmfjyyg&ap/
1/ c&J&Gm jrefrmpmoifausmif; 1918-22
jrefrmjynfawm&Gmuav;rSm 1913 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;yg\/ uRefawmhfxufom;
a,musfm;uav; okH;vt&G,füqkH;yg;oGm;ygonf/ uRefawmf wpfESpfo; t&G,favmuf
wGif aA'ifq&mu t"dywdzGm;? rif;jzpfvQifjzpf? rjzpfvQif bkef;BuD;jzpfrnf[k a[m\/
pmoifausmif;q&mOD;zkd;cspfu pmawmfonf? t*Fvdyfausmif; ydkYyg[kajym\/ q&mOD;tkH;
jru t*Fvdyfpmoifay;ojzifh uRefawmfu t*Fvdyfpmqufoifcsif\/ þtaMumif;
aMumif;wkdYaMumifh BuD;yGm;&mBuD;yGm;aMumif; vrf;ay:pa&mufcJh&ygonf/ aemifaomt
cg uRefawmf jyefpOf;pm;Munfhonf/ ightpfudk tedpöa&mufoGm;vkdYom 'Db0 a&muf&wm
vm;[k awG;rdyg\/
2/ armfvNrdKiftpkd;& txufwef;ausmif; 1923-31
,cktcg trSwf(1) tajccHynmtxufwef;ausmif;[k wGifaeaomtpkd;&t
xufwef;ausmif;odkY wwd,wef;om;tjzpfESifh 1923 ckESpfü a&mufvm\/ arG;ouú&mZf
udk jrefrmvkday;onf/ q&mu t*Fvdyfvkd 1915 [krSwfykHwifcJh&m þouú&mZfjzifh 1980
jynfhESpfü vef'efwuúokdvfrS tNidrf;pm;,lcJh\/
E-b
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is c
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g
(3)
0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
uRefawmfhb0 xdyfwef; a&mufzkdY ykHoGif;ay;onfh aus;Zl;&Sif ausmif;BuD;yif/
8 wef;a&mufonfhtcg jrefrmpmESifhjrefrmorkdif;udk t*Fvdyfoifjyonfh q&mOD;pHxGef;
atmifESifhqkHpnf;&\/ q&mu bDatatmifwJhtcg EkdifiHjcm;oGm;&atmif BudK;pm;yg[k
tm;ay;pum; ajymMum;onf/ NydKifbufarmifarmifxGef;ESifhtuf(pf)au? 'wåm;wkdYay:
vm\/ 8 wef;? 9 wef;? 10 wef; pmar;yGJrsm;ü NydKifMuonf/ rdwfrysufyg/ wpfa,muf
wpfvSnfhpD yxrae&m&Muonf/ armifarmifxGef;u jrefrmwpfjynfvkH;wGif wwd,pGJ
onf/ uRefawmfESifh'wåm;wkdY 5 bmompD *kPfxl;ESifhatmifonf/ tm;vkH; paumvm;&Spf
25 usyfpD &\/
armifarmifxGef;crsm rdbrwwfEkdif&Smí wuúokdvfra&mufyg/ 'wåm;um;a&muf
\/ t*Fvdyfpm odkYr[kwf orkdif;*kPfxl;,lrnf[kajym\/ olYtazu q&m0efvkdif;vkduf&
rnf[k twif;t"r®oif,lapojzifh 0goemrygí 'kwd,ESpf Oypmwef; pmar;yGJüus\/
ausmif;xGufNyD; tazESifhopfukefonf vkyfonf/ uRefawmfwpfOD;wnf;ukdom uHu
acgif;acgufNyD; twef;qkH;onftxd oif,lapyg\/
3/ &efukefwuúokdvf? 1913-38
uRefawmfonf yk*Hausmif;aqmifü ae&m&onf/ 'ktaqmifrSL;um; OD;umjzpf
yg\/ uRefawmfhacgif;xJ rGefjrwfqkH; toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ESpfausmif;&Sdw,f/ q&m0ef
ESifhq&m/ ol&JabmaMumifonfhuRefawmfrSm aoG;xGufoH,kd zm;awG bmawGcGJonfudkjrif
&ojzifh q&mtjzpfESifhom t&kd;xkwfayawmhrnf[koEéd|mefcsvkdufonf/ a':a':wkdYu
rkd;usa&Tukd,f tkdifpDtuf? odkYr[kwf bDpDtuf wpfa,mufjzpf&ef wkdufwGef;onf/ aus;
Zl;&Sifrsm;tm; ysm;&nfjzihf 0rf;csxm;&yg\/
wwd,ESpfwGif *kPfxl;,lrS paumvm;&Spfqufay;rnf[laomay:vmonfht
a&;ü q&mOD;um az;rrIESifhygarmu©q&mBuD; vk(pf)aumif;rIaMumifh jrefrmpm*kPfxl;,l
jzpf? yxrwef;*kPfxl;jzifh bDat pmar;yGJatmif trfatbGJYqGwfcl;NyD; ynmawmfoif
paumvm;&Spf&? t*FvefoGm;&onf[kqkdvQif rSm;rnfrxif/ paumvm;&Spfay;onfqkd
aomowif;udk rdwfaqG wpfa,muf vmajymrS od&ojzifh rydwfrD aemufqkH;&ufwGif
avQmufvTmuref;uwef; wifvkduf&yg\/ paumvm;&Spf EIwfar;cGef;pmar;yGJü q&m
BuD;OD;azarmifwif vrf;aMumif;jyar;cGef;rsm;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? aumfrwDtzGJYtrsm;
pku oabmusívnf;aumif;wkdYaMumifh ta&G;cH&ygonf/ ÓPfESifh0D&d,u 30 &mckdif
EIef;pD? uHu 40 &mckdifEIef;[k ,lqrdyg\/
E-b
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is c
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nyom
a.or
g
(4)
0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
4/ vef'efwuúokdvf ynma&;aumvdyfausmif;? 1938-39
1938 ckESpf Mo*kwfvwGif &efukefrS tdE´d,? tdE´d,rS jyifopf? jyifopfrS t*Fvef
odkYoabFmwpfwef rD;&xm;wpfwefESifh rkdif 8000? 9000 c&D;udk wpfa,mufwnf;oGm;&
rnfudk wvefYvefYESifhjzpfaeonf/ odkYaomf tqifajycsifawmh &efukefrS rmaq;(vf)txd
*syfqifaumvdyfausmif;rS c&pf,mefbkef;awmfBuD;ESifhrmaq;(vf)rS vef'eftxd tdE´d,
ausmif;om;rsm;udk tazmfvkyfoGm;&yg\/ vef'efNrdKU jrefrmtoif;twGif;a&;rSL;OD;ukd
av;ESifhausmif;om;wpfOD;u qufoG,fay;\/ aemufudkvnf; t&m&m tqifajyajy
oGm;yg\/
aumvdyfausmif;ü ausmif;om;tjzpf rSwfykHwifonfhaeYrS pmar;yGJatmifoGm;
onftxd txpftaighr&Sd udpöt00 pif;vkH;acsm NyD;pD;cJhyg\/ Oyrm ausmif;om;tjzpf
rSwfykHwif&ef yxraeYoGm;onf/ ÓPfrxkwf 0D&d,rpkduf&bJ &efukefwuúokdvfpmMunfh
wkdufrSL; OD;cifaZmf\c,fr 'ktwGif;a&;rSL;ESifhawGY&\/ wpfxkdifwnf;ESifhNyD;oGm;onf/
uRefawmfhusLwm rpöwmtif? pD? paumh(zfS)ESifhawGYonf/ a&S;b0u aumif;rI
ukokdvftwljyKcJhzl;vkdYvm;rod/ ynma&; qufqHa&; ta&;a&;t&m&mwkdYü pdwfwkdif;us
jzpfjzpfoGm;&yg\/ pmar;yGJatmifoGm;onfhtcg olYxHrS rawmif;bJ tvkyfavQmufvQif
tokH;jyKzkdY axmufcHpm a&;ay;ygonf/ tdE´d,ausmif;om;ESpfOD;udk usLwmtaMumif;
ajymjy&m olwkdYu ]rpöwmab? cifAsm; tifrwef uHaumif;w,f/ uRefawmfwkdY usLwmu
awmh uRefawmfwkdY vlrsKd;jcm;jzpfvkdYvm;rod? qufqHa&; tifrwef nHhzsif;w,f/ uRef
awmfwkdYudk txifao;w,f}[k ajymygonf/
pmar;yGJatmifNyD; bDtD;'D(B.Ed.)? trf? tD;'D(M.Ed.)ponfhtqifhjrifhbGJYrsm;t
euf b,fbGJY,lvQif aumif;ygvdrfhvkdY rMumrMum acgif;ukwfpOf;pm;aewkef; OD;0ef(rif;ok
0Pf)a&mufvm\/ vef'efwuúokdvf ta&SUwkdif;ynm&yfrsm;ausmif;rS jrefrmpm'kygarm
u©? jrefrmt*Fvdyftbd"mef jyKpkaeol a'gufwmpwl;0wf awGYcsifonfqkdNyD; uRefawmfhudk
ac:oGm;yg\/ awGY\/ jrefrmbmompmay yg&*lpmwrf;a&;onf/ bGJY&onf/ aemufqkH;
vef'efwuúokdvfü ygarmu©jzpfvm\/ þtaMumif;udk pOf;pm;rdwkdif; r[mZeuZmwf
awmfBuD;xJ ckepf&ufvkH;vkH; ork'´&mxJ ul;cwfaeonfhZeurif;om;uav;[m rPdar
cvm u,fwifoGm;vkdY aemufqkH;rif;jzpfoGm;ykHudk ajy;owd&rdyg\/ ausmif;om;b0rS
ygarmu©jzpfvmonfh'@m&Dqefonhfoepfudk rusOf;csKyf wifjyygrnf/
5/ ta&SUwkdif;(ESifhtmz&du)ynm&yfrsm;ausmif;? 1944-80
1939 ckESpf pufwifbmv 3 &ufaeYwGif 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD; jzpfygonf/ uRef
E-b
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nyom
a.or
g
(5)
0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
awmf atmufwkdbmvü ausmif;om;jzpfvm\/ q&mBuD;u wpfNrdKUwnf;ae ausmif;
tkyfBuD; ygarmu©tm(&f)? wefemxH ac:oGm;NyD; rdwfqufay;\/
ppftwGif; yg&*lbGJYpmwrf; a&;&onfrSm vlyifyef; pdwfyifyef;jzpf&\/ vef'ef
pmMunfhwkdufawGwGif tcsuftvufrsm; &Smwkef; AkH;awGusvkdus? *smrefawG b,fawmh
t*Fvefudk vma&muf0ifpD;rvJudk pdwfwxifhxifhESifh ae&ESifh/ aemufqkH; 1944 ckESpfwGif
uRefawmf yg&*lbGJY&? q&mBuD;u ygarmu©bGJYESif;cH&? ppfBuD;vnf;NyD;? ausmif;BuD;vnf;
ta&SUawmiftm&SESifhtmz&duynm&yfrsm;ausmif;[lí jzpfvm&kHruao;? ausmif;tkyf
BuD;vnf; ]qm}bGJYESif;cH&ygonf/
1948 ckESpf arvwGif q&mBuD;ESvkH;a&m*gjzifhtedpöa&mufoGm;ygonf/ atmuf
wkdbmvü uRefawmfhtm; jrefrmpm uxdu&mxl;ay;tyfyg\/ q&mBuD; pma&;oGm;í
uRefawmfjzpfvm&onf[k aemufrSod&yg\/ 1949 ckESpf atmufwkdbmvwGif ausmif;
tmPmykdifwkdYu a'gufwm 'D? *sD? tD? a[m(vf)udk tm&Sta&SUawmif orkdif;ygarmu©&m
xl;ay;tyfNyD; wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif uRefawmfwkdY\ta&SUawmiftm&SESifhuRef;rsm;bmom
pmayXmerSL;tjzpf cefYtyfvkdufyg\/ XmerSL;rSm &efukefwuúokdvfü 1920 jynfhESpfrS
1934 ckESpftxd orkdif;ygarmu©tjzpf trIxrf;cJhojzifh uRefawmfESifhoduRrf;cJhyg\/
uRefawmfonf uxducefYpmxJ ygonfhtwkdif; pmayykdYcs? okawoevkyf? EkdifiH
jcm;pmMunfhwkdufwpfwkdufü jrefrmpmay wkd;yGm;&mwkd;yGm;aMumif; ulnDcJh\/ pmtkyfESifh
aqmif;yg;awG ykHESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf/ 1954 ckESpf 'DZifbmvü XmerSL;ygarmu©a[m(vf)
u ausmif;tkyfBuD; oabmwlnDcsuft& uRefawmfhudk 'kygarmu©cefYtyf&ef wuúokdvfodkY
pmwifvkdufygonf/ 1955 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif 'kygarmu©bGJYudk qD;edwfu uRefawmfhtm;
tyfESif;cJhyg\/
uRefawmf tm;&0rf;om jzpfoGm;yg\/ ukd,fhudk,fudk ukd,ftxifrBuD;rdyg/ quf
NyD;ygarmu©jzpfOD;rnf[k rarQmfrSef;rdyg/ atmufygtaMumif;aMumif;wkdYaMumifh jzpfyg\/
wuúodkvfwGif w&kwf? *syef? tm&AD? ooFou&kduf ponfhr[mbmom&yfBuD;rsm;ESifhjref
rm? rGef? ,kd;',m;? uarÁm'D;,m;? rav;&Sm;? AD,uferfpaom plVbmom&yfi,frsm; ESpf
rsKd;ESpfpm; &Sdonf/ bmom&yfBuD;rsm;rSmom ygarmu©cefYyg\/ aemufwpfcsufu 1958
ckESpfwGif ausmif;tkyfBuD;a[mif;ESifh1959 ckESpfwGif ygarmu©a[m(vf)wkdY toD;oD;t
Nidrf;pm; ,loGm;Muygonf/
uRefawmfwkdYXmerSL;tjzpf o'´aA'? bmomaA'XmerS 'kygarmu©tif? pD? p
aumhtm; cefYtyfvkdufyg\/ 1965 ckESpfwGif rpöwmpaumh ygarmu©jzpfoGm;ojzifh xkdXm
erS 'kygarmu©rpf(pf)tD? a*s? at? [if'gqiftm; XmerSL;ae&mudk ausmif;u tyfESif;
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
vkdufyg\/ uRefawmfhZmwmwufvmudef; MuKHvmygonf/ q&mrBuD;onf jrefrmjynfodkY
1954 ckESpfwGifoGm;NyD; csif;bmompum;taMumif; pepfwus avhvmonf/ 1965 ck
ESpfwGif Tidim Chin (wD'defcsif;)bmomqkdonfhpmtkyf xGufvmonf/ uRefawmfhudk vuf
aqmifay;onf/ 1965 ckESpf 'DZifbmvü ygarmu©jzpfvmaom q&mrBuD;u uRefawmfh
tm; jrefrmpmygarmu©&mxl; tyfESif;yg&ef xkdESpfrSmyif vef'efwuúokdvftmPmykdifwkdYxH
axmufcHpma&;vkduf\/ 1966 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGifjrefrmpmygarmu©bGJYay;tyfaMumif;
pm&yg\/ &cJvSaom 'kv’bwpfyg; &oGm;ygNyDwum;[k O'gef;usL;rdygonf/
uRefawmf ygarmu©jzpfvmNyD; onfaemufrS XmerS 'kygarmu©okH;OD;wkdY wpfOD;NyD;
wpfOD; ygarmu©&mxl; ay;tyfcHcJhMu&ygonf/ uRefawmfwkdYuJhodkY wpfbmomwnf;ESifhcsD;
jr§ifhcH&onfr[kwfyg/ rpöwmtdwf(csf)? t,f(vf)? a&Sm;wkd;u rGefcrmbmom&yfrsm;? rpö
wm *sD? bD? rD;(vf)em;u MopaMx;&Sif; bmom&yfrsm;? rpöwm tD? tdwf(csf)? tuf(pf)?
qif;rGef;u ta&SUawmiftm&S bmom&yfESifhpmaytoD;oD;rsm;jzifhom ygarmu©b0
a&mufcJhMu&ygonf/
uRefawmf tNidrf;pm;,lvmNyD;onfaemuf ynm&SiftcsKdUu q&mBuD; Chair (uk
vm;xkdif)udk b,fol&rvJ[k ar;jref;Muonf/ uRefawmfu ]uRefawmhfqDrSm ukvm;xkdif
rajymeJY Stool (xkdifckHuav;)awmif r&Sdbl;}[k ajymNyD; &Sif;jyrS r[mbmom&yfxJ ryg
aom jrefrmbmomtwGuf ygarmu©&mxl; rxm;aMumif;udk odMu&\/ xkdYaMumifhvnf;
ynm&SifwpfOD;u ]q&mBuD;[m yxrOD;qkH;eJYaemufqkH; jrefrmpmygarmu©yJaygh}[krSwf
csufcsvkdufyg\/ (Chair qkdonfht*Fvdyfpum;vkH;onf ygarmu©&mxl;txdrf;trSwf[k
qkd&ygrnf/)
1948 ckrS 1980 jynfhESpftwGif; uRefawmfhuHonf iSufcg;ysHouJhodkY edrfhvkdufjrifh
vkdufrjzpfbJ tjrifhbufodkYom OD;wnfNyD; tjrifhqkH;b0odkY aemufqkH;a&mufoGm;yg\/
tHhp&myif/ aemif b,fvkdzefwD;vmOD;rnfudk apmifhMunfhMupkdY&JU/ toufawmh 86 ESpfxJ
0ifvmygNyD/
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1998
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
uHESifhuRefawmf
ed'gef;
þaqmif;yg; y#doaE¨wnfcJhonfrSm 1981 ckESpftwGif;u jzpfygonf/ uRef
awmf t*FvefjynfrS 1980 jynfhESpf 'DZifbmvu jyefa&mufvmNyD; armfvNrdKifNrdKUü Zefe
0g&Dv 3 &ufaeYwGif tajcpkdufonfhtcg tNidrf;pm;jzpfvmonfrkdY tzwf ta&; tawG;
bufrSm tcsdef&vm\/ touft&G,f BuD;&ifhol trsm;pk"avhtwkdif; i,f&G,fpOfb0rS
onf ae&onfhtckduftwefYxd wpfpwpfp pm;jrKHUjyef&if; ay:vmaom jrifuGif;rsm;udk
rSwfpkrsm; a&;csxm;onf/
]ighZmwduawm&Gm? rdom;pkuukefonfv,form;rsKd;? b,fhES,frsm; &Gmausmif;
u armfvNrdKift*Fvdyfausmif;udk a&muf? wpfqifhwufNyD; &efukefwuúokdvfudk oGm;?
aemufqkH; t*FvefrSm ynmqufvufoifMum;? vef'efwuúokdvfrSm tvkyf&? ae&mwus
jzpf? ESpfaygif; 40 ausmfaexkdifcJh&w,f/ 'Dvkd rarQmfvifhcJhwJhc&D;pOfrsKd; avQmufvm&wm
bmaMumifhvJ/ uHaMumifhyJvkdY ,lqw,f/ tvkyf&,fvkdY t"dyÜg,f&wJhtwdwfuH&JUaumif;
usKd;pH qkd;usKd;cH&NyD; ypöKyÜefuHudk igjyKjyifEkdiforQ jyKjyifcJhvkdYvnf; tckb0rSm uHaumif;
vmwJhtcg wpfqifhwkd;? uHqkd;vm&if wefYem; oGm;&wm ighudk,fawGYyJvkdY}pOf;pm;rdykHudk
trSDjyKNyD; uRefawmfhtw¬KyÜwådtusOf;csKyfudk o&kyfazmfjyxm;ygonf/1
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uRefawmfhudk pufBuD;av;yg;xJygonfhywd&lya'o ryDo[k ynm&Sifrsm;uqkd&
rnfhc&J&Gmuav;wGif zGm;jrifonf/ armfvNrdKifNrdKUESifhrkdif 40? aumhu&dwfESifh 17 rkdif?
*sKdif;&GmrS 2 rkdifcefY toD;oD;a0;NyD; *sKdifjrpfxJ pD;qif;vmaom vIdif;bGJYjrpfvuf,murf;
ay:wGif wnf&Sdyg\/ taz\tar rkqdk;rtbGm;u rdom;pkudk OD;pD;onf/ 2 ESpfom;t
&G,fu uRefawmhfudk a':BuD;? a':vwf? a':av;? a':axG; tysKdBuD;av;OD;wkdYu tpfukd
jzpfol udkarmifaiGESifha,mufra':cifcifwkdYxHrS awmif;,lNyD; arG;pm;Muyg\/ oabm
aumif;vSaomararwGif xkdtcgu EkdYpkdYom;uav; &Sdonf/ azazararwkdYu aumhu
&dwfü aexkdif&ef pDpOfaecsdefjzpfyg\/
uHonf qef;Mu,fvSonf/ ararü om;OD;wpfa,muf arG;onf/ tzwfrwifcJh
yg/ tpfudkjzpfolom touf&Sifaeygu a':a':wkdYu olYtm; arG;pm;aumif;arG;pm;rnf
1/ yg&SdonfhtaMumif;t&mtawmfrsm;rsm;udk a'gufwmvSab ynmyg&rDpmtkyfxJ awGYjrifEkdifyg\/
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
[k awG;rdyg\/ odkYjzpfygu uRefawmfhb0orkdif; ajymif;vJoGm;p&m taMumif;&Sdygonf/
xdktcgu tbGm;ESifhtwl om; vlysKdBuD;ESpfa,muf? tqkdyg a':a':av;
a,muf? aqGrsKd;eD;pyftdrfazmfESpfa,muftjyif tvkyform;av;ig;a,muf&Sdyg\/ t
bGm;onf orD;rsm;tultnDjzifh ukefpkHqkdifuav;wnfxm;NyD; v,f 4-5-10 cif;wkdYt
euf tcsKdUudk ukd,fydkifvkyf? tcsKdUudk wpf&GmxJwGif woD;wjcm; tkd;tdrfcGJaeaom tdrf
axmifonforD;ESifhom;wkdYuvkyf? usefv,frsm;udk oD;pm;cs iSm;xm;onf/ aX;vnf; r
aX;? qif;&Jvnf; rqif;&Jonfh&GmrsufESmzkH; jzpfygonf/
uRefawmfhudk arG;pm;NyD; rMumrD aA'ifq&mwpfOD;udkac:í ZmwmzGJYaponf/
q&mu t"dywdzGm;jzpfol armifvSabonf rif;jzpfvQif jzpf? rjzpfvQif bkef;BuD;jzpfrnf
[k a[myg\/ od'¨w¬rif;om;uav;tm; ykPÖm; 8 a,mufwkdYu pMu0aw;rif;jzpf&if
jzpf rjzpf&if bk&m;jzpfr,fqkdwJha[mudef;udk oGm; owd&rdyg\/
uRefawmf\yifukd,fp&kduf i,f&G,fpOfuwnf;u jyonf[ka':a':wkdYu ajymyg
onf/ pmtkyfukd cspfvnf; cspf? &kdvnf; &kdaoonf[l\/ ikdonfhtcg pmtkyfay;vkdufvQif
wdwfoGm;onf/ [kdzwf'DzwfESifh pmtkyfzufNyD; tdyfaysmfoGm;onf/ rawmfwq pmtkyfukd
eif;rdvQif xkdif&Sdckd;onfudkawmh rSwfrdyg\/ usDpm;oefonfhwpf0rf;uGJtpfudktpfrrsm;u
uRefawmfhajcz0g;udk pmtkyfESifh0kdif;wkdYonfhtcg ywfywfvnf xkdifuefawmh&onfrSm o
em;p&maumif;í a':a':wkdYu atmfNyD; ESifxkwf&onf/
2/ &Gmausmif;? 1918-23
ig;ESpfom;t&G,fwGif &Gmausmif; q&mBuD;OD;zkd;cspfxH tyfESHonf/ pmawmfí
q&mBuD;cspfonf/ aeYv,fpm pm;csdef ausmif;vTwfonfhtcg uRef;qkdwm bmvJ? qef
wpfwif; wpfusyfcGJ? 12 wif; b,favmufvJponfhyx0DESifhpdwfwGufrsm;udk q&muar;
onf/ t&ifqkH;ajzEkdifol tapmqkH;vTwfvkduf\/ onftxJ uRefawmfygpNrJyif/ tjrifh
qkH;jzpfonfhpwkw¬wef; a&mufoGm;onf/ wpfaeYaomf av;twwf wpfzufurf;cwfonfh
bk&m;avmif;to'dorif;om;taMumif; zwf&onf/ pdwfxJ pGJaeonf/
q&mOD;zkd;cspfonf &GmBuD;wpf&GmodkY ausmif;q&mBuD;tjzpf ajymif;&rnfrkdY r
oGm;rD tbGm;tm; vmuefawmhEIwfquf\/ uRefawmfu reD;ra0; tdrfa&SUujyifwGif
xkdifae\/ armhMunfhvkduf&m edrfhedrfhuav; oD;aeaom o&ufoD;wpfwGJudk tn§mESifhwuG
jrifrdonf/ rjzpfEkdifbl;[k &kwfceJ ajymrdonf/ xkdtcg tem;&Sd wpf0rf;uGJtpfudk]bmr
jzpfEkdifbl;vJ}[kar;\/ uRefawmfu to'dorif;om; ypfvkdufwJhjrm;[m tn§mudkazmuf
NyD; tay:bufoGm;vsufueJY o&ufoD;wGJ rusvmbJ&Sdaew,f/ jyefusvmwJhjrm;ujzwf
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
ypfvkdufrS atmufusvmwmudk rjzpfEkdifbl;vkdY ajymwmyg[k ajzvkdufonf/ olu ]rif;
pm&l;yJ? bmawG avQmufajymaevJ}[kaigufvkdufonf/
tem;&Sd q&mOD;zkd;cspfu Mum;ojzifh xGufvmNyD; ]rif;om;[m bk&m;avmif;udk;
uG,fh? jzpfEkdifwmaygh}[k&Sif;jyonf/ tbGm;tm; ajr;uav;udk t*Fvdyfausmif;wGif
ynmqufvufoifMum;&ef wkdufwGef;oGm;ygonf/
q&mOD;zkd;cspfae&mudk q&mOD;tkef;jru qufcHonf/ t*Fvdyfpmwwfonf/ 4-
5-6 wef;atmifonf[k qkdygonf/ uRefawmf pmawmfw,f/ t*Fvdyfausmif;qufoGm;zkdY
ckuwnf;u jyifqifxm;&r,fqkdNyD; nae 4 em&D ausmif;vTwfcsdefwGif t*Fvdyfpm at bD
pD 'D poifay;yg\/ ]tkdif}wkdY? ],l}wkdY tqifha&mufaeNyD/ wpfnae tdrfjyefa&mufonfht
cg ]tkdifpmtkyf? tkdifcJwH? tkdifausmufoifykef;}[k wpfajymwnf; ajymae&m wpfaeYu
rif;pm&l;yJ[kajymaomtpfudkwpf0rf;uGJ a&mufvmí ]bmawG acG;vkd wpftkdifxJ tkdifae
&wmvJ}[k ar;\/ uRefawmfu ]uRefawmhfpmtkyf? uRefawmhfcJwH? uRefawmfhausmufoif
ykef;vkdYajymaewmyg}[kqkd&m olu t*Fvdyfausmif;wGif av;wef;a&mufNyDrkdY ]tkdif(I) r
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ygonf/
pwkw¬wef; atmifoGm;NyD/ uRefawmfhaemifa&;twGuf a':a':awG acgif;csif;
&dkufNyD; wkdifyifMuonf/ ]aA'ifq&mu rif;jzpf&ifjzpf? rjzpf&if bkef;BuD;jzpfr,f}vkdYa[m
xm;w,f/ q&mawGuvnf; t*Fvdyfpm qufoifay;ygvkdYajymw,f/ wkdYwluav; abmf
'gxm;zkdY wpfv usyfaiG 30 ydkYay;zkdY wwfEkdifovm;}vkdYaqG;aEG;MuNyD; tbGm;\tvkdqE´
udk ar;Muonf/ tbGm;u ]ykdYyg}[kqkdojzifh armfvNrdKiftpkd;&txufwef;ausmif;(,ck
txu-1)okdY 1923 ckESpfwGif xm;&ef qkH;jzwfvkdufMuonf/
3/ armfvNrdKif tpkd;&txufwef;ausmif; 1923-31
ausmif;rzGifhrD wpf&ufwGif tbGm;ESifha':a':wkdYudk uefawmhNyD; txufygtpf
udkwpf0rf;uGJ? ol\tpfudk 10 wef;orm;wkdYESifhtwl ZGefv wpfaeY eHeuf 8 em&DtcsdefwGif
*sKdif;&GmokdY orÁefjzifh oGm;Muonf/ wpftdrfom;vkH;vkdvkdESifhupm;azmf upm;zufrsm;u
qdyfurf;odkY qif;ydkYMuygonf/ *sKdif;&GmodkY 8 em&DcGJcefY a&mufoGm;onf/ usKH'kd;rS 9 em&D
xGufvmaom {&m0wDukrÜPDykdif ESpfxyfoabFmay:odkY orÁefjzifh oGm;NyD;wufMuonf/
tay:xyfü zsmwpfcsyf wpfrl;(wpfusyf\ 8 ykH 1 ykH ,ckEIef; 12 jym;cGJ)ESifh0,fNyD; xkdif
vkdufoGm;Muyg\/ ausmif;aevkdaomqE´u tdrfatmufarhaompdwfudk zkH;vTrf;oGm;yg
onf/
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
a&pkefrdojzifh armfvNrdKif ukvm;wef wHwm;odkY em&Djyef 2 csufavmufwGif qkduf
vm\/ tpfukdESpfa,mufESifhtwl ,cktcg jyifOD;vGifwGifom jrif&onfhjrif;&xm;vkH;
jzifh abmf'gaqmifodkYoGm;Muonf/ vrf;wGif jrif&aom&Icif;wkdYudk awmom;yDyD wtHhw
MoMunfhoGm;\/ 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;twGif; *syefAkH;xdí ysufpD;oGm;&aom 0dwkd&d,bk&if
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aMumufpdwfawG ay:vmNyD; tpfudkBuD;vufudk qGJxm;rd\/ olu 10 wef;ausmif;om;rkdY
ajrnDxyf&Sd ESpfa,muftdyfcef;wpfcef;ü rdwfaqGwpfOD;ESifhae&onf/ uRefawmfESifholYnD
wkdYudk yxrxyf&Sd (domitory)ac: bkHcef;BuD;wGif wjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;ESifhtwl ae&mcs
ay;onf/ py&ifukwifcsnf;yif/
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rdwfaqGESifhav;a,muftwl wpfpm;yGJwGif npmpm;\/ ZGef;cuf&if;ESifhpm;&onf/ rukdif
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cuf&if;"m;ESifhpm;&onfha&SUawmfajy;edrdwf[k qkd&ygrnf/ ntdyf&m0ifonhftcg tdrf
vnf; atmufarh aemufwpfaeYbmjzpfrnfudkvnf; awG;aMumufrd&if;tdyfaysmfoGm;\/
aemufwpfaeY eHeuf 6 em&DcefY xonf/ a&csKd;cef;odkYoGm;NyD; oGm;yGwfwHwGif
oGm;wkdufaq;wifí oGm;wkdufonf/ tqef;yif/ &GmrSm qm;jzihfom oGm;ukdyGwfonf/
eHeuf 8 em&Drxkd;rD pm;NyD; rkdif0ufcefYa0;aom opfom;jzifhNyD;onfhtpkd;&txufwef;
ausmif;odkYoGm;onf/ tpfudkBuD;u ausmif;tyfay;\/ 'kwd,ausmif;tkyfBuD;xHrS pm,l
NyD; wwd,wef;q&mOD;apmrlpDxH tpfudkBuD; ac:oGm;yg\/ q&monf u&iftrsKd;om;
touf 30 cefY&dSygrnf/ jyKH;jyKH; jyKH;jyKH;ESifh/ aMumufpdwfajyoGm;onf/ a&SUwef;ckH wpfckH
ü xkdifap\/ 9 em&D ausmif;wufcsdefü pmpoifonf/ twef;om; 28 a,muf 30 cefY
om &Sd\/ jrefrmausmif;rS 4 wef;atmifolwkdYtm; ausmif;wGif tedrfhqkH;jzpfaom3wef;
wGif 0ifcGifhjyKygonf/ tcsKdUausmif;om;awG touf 14 ESpf 15 ESpfcefY &SdMuonf/
rMumrD tom;usvm\/ aMumufpdwfaysmufNyD; jypm;csifpdwfay:vm\/ wpf
aeYaomf t*Fvdyfpmoifcsdefü The cat is on the mat (aMumif zsmay:rSm &Sdonf)0gusukd
b,folzwfjyEkdifovJ[k q&mu ar;onf/ uRefawmf vufnd§K;axmifonf/ zwfckdif;\/
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]atmef;o,f}[k ajymjy\/ xkdrSpí ]tkef;oD;}[k uRefawmfhudk twef;om;tcsKdUu bGJY
wyfay;vkdufyg\/
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
zwfonf/ wynfhwkdYu vkdufa&;onf/ NyD;onfhtcg wpfyk'fvkH; jyefzwfjy\/ uRefawmf
ESifhtwl ESpfa,muf okH;a,muf ZuGJ&onf/ tm;vkH;rSefonf[laom oauFwjzpfyg\/
t*Fvdyfvkd Right rSefonfqkdonfhyxrtu©&m R udkrsm; wka&;avovm;[k,lqrdonf/
ZuGJ&oltm;vkH; ig;rdepfcefY xkdifckHay: &yfjy&\/ rmefrme wuf<uvmjyefNyD/
twef;xJwGif ESpfywfwpfBudrf? okH;ywfwpfBudrf aomMumaeYwkdif;vkdvkd tprf;
pmar;yGJ vkyfonf/ wpfcgaomf *Pef;ocsFmjzpfyg\/ *Pef; 5 yk'fudk wGuf&ef 2 em&Dt
csdef&\/ 1 em&DcGJMumaomf ajzNyD;í acgif;armfum tcef;xJrS xGufvmonf/ wevFmaeY
ausmif;jyefzGifhaomf tcef;xJ EkdYwpfbkwfay: emrnfESifhwuG &onfhtrSwfrsm;wGJíuyf
xm;\/ uRefawmf trSwf 100 teuf okn &onf/ t&SufwuGJ tusKd;enf;&ygawmh
onf/ oifcef;pmwpfck &oGm;\/
4 wef;odkYa&mufNyD; 4 wef;ESifh 7 wef;rsm;ü xkdtcgu tpkd;&pmar;yGJ0if&onf/
ausmif;wGif xkdESpfwef;üom (at)ESifh(bD)cGJxm;onf/ uRefawmf(at)twef;ü ae&\/
twef;q&mum; rpöwmqwåm;(Sattar)jzpf\/ oabmaumif;ygonf/ bDtwef;rS q&m
um; OD;zkd;ausmf/ pdwfwkdonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk wpfcg wpfcg &kdufonf[k od&yg\/ 4
wef;rS 7 wef;txd uRefawmf\todynm? tusifhpm&dwåESifhnOfudk rodrom aumif;&m
qDokdY qG,foGm;onfhtawGYtMuKH? tjzpftysufwkdYudk tvsOf;oifhí azmfjyygrnf/
q&mqwåm;onf jrefrmrlqvifjzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm olYvlrsKd;t0wftpm;ESifh
ausmif;okdYvmonf/ twef;xJ at;at;aq;aq; oifjyonf/ vdrfvdrfrmrmaezkdY? pm
BudK;pm;zkdY qkH;ronf/ tpfaeYrsm;ü ausmif;om;wpfpkudk tdrfodkYac:NyD;auR;arG;\/
4 wef;rS 6 wef;txd abmf'gaqmifausmif;om;wkdYudk we*FaEGeHeufwkdif; t
Nidrf;pm; 6 wef;jyq&mOD;cspfarmifu qkH;rpum; vmajyma[monf/ tkwfaygif;wkdufykH
tusÐESifhcefYnm;yg\/ jiifjiifomomESifh ynmcRefol? tarrdb q&morm;wkdYudk odwwf
ol? pnf;urf;&Sdol ponfwkdY aumif;pm;ykHESifhjynfolYusifh0wftcsKdUwkdYudk ykHwkdywfprsm;jzifh
&Sif;jyonf/
xkdESpfrsm;twGif; yxrtpü 0HykavGuav;(Wolf cub)? xkdaemuf paumuf
(Scout)tjzpf cH,lMuonf/ 0HykavGuav;rsm;acgif;aqmifwkdYum; q&mOD;zkd;ausmfESifh
pwkw¬wef;t*Fvdyfpmq&mr rpf(pf)&rf;(Ram)? paumufvlBuD;u abmf'gaqmifrSL;ESifh
tm;upm;q&mu&iftrsKd;om;OD;pHEkwkdY jzpfygonf/ aqmifyk'faumif;awGcsnf;yif/ o
wd0D&d,tNrJ&Sdyg/ opömapmifhyg/ ukd,fhajcaxmufay: udk,f&yfwnfygponfwkdYjzpfyg\/
tusifhp&kduf ykHoGif;csdefumvtwGif; þaqmifyk'frsm;u tawmfhudk aus;Zl;jyKygonf/
'DZifbmvausmif;ESpfywf ydwfonfhtcg usKdu©rDodkYoGm;NyD; wpfywfaeMuonf/ BudK;csnf
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
ykHcsnfenf;? a&epfoludk u,fenf;? a&S;OD;olemjyKtwwf ponfwkdYudk oifjy? vkyfMunfh
Muonf/ aysmfonf/ ntdyf&m0ifonfhtcg tdrfudk vGrf;onf/ tbGm;a':a':wkdYESifhESpf
ywfae&rnfhtpm; wpfywfom ae&rnfhta&;udk awG;NyD; ESajrmrdyg\/
yOörwef;wGif q&mOD;bopfESifht*Fvdyf-tdE´d,ujym;q&mr rpöpfrleD(Mooney)
wkdYoifjyonf/ q&mronf rpf(pf)&rf;\tpfr jzpfygonf/
OD;bopfonf wkdufykHtusÐESifh&I;zdeyfESifhcHhonf/ bkdifpu,fjzifh ausmif;vmonf/
jyKH;jyKH;ESifhtoiftjy aumif;onf/ pmawmfolawGudk rsufESmomay;onf/ rawmfolawG
olYenf;olY[efESifh 'Pfcwfavh&Sdonf/ *Pef;wGufcsdef? tufaq;a&;csdefrsm;ü tcef;xJ&Sd
ESpfa,mufxkdifckHwef;Mum; acgufwkHYacgufjyef vrf;avQmufNyD; vkdufMunfhonf/ trSm;jrif
vQif ausmif;om;ajcaxmufudk &I;zdeyfjzifh rodrom eif;vkdeif;? Zufudk vuf0g;jzifh remh
wem &kdufvkd&kdufonf/ uRefawmf wpfcgrS 'Pfcwf rcH&yg/ rMumrMum ]rif;wkdY omoem
qkdwm bmvJvkdYod&JUvm;}[kar;onf/ ]rodyg}[kajz\/ ]ig aemufrS ajymr,f}[k qkdNyD; 5
wef;omatmifoGm;onf rod&yg/
wpfaeYaomf twdwfedrdwftaMumif; pmtkyfxJ ygvm\/ q&mu ig &Sif;jyr,f
qkdNyD; atmufygtwkdif; ajymjyonf/
wpfnae 4 em&D ausmif;rS tdrfudk bkdifpu,feJYjyefvmw,f/ vrf;ckvwfwpfae
&mrSm ajrmif;uav;xJ puúLxkyfwpfxkyf jrifrdvkdY qif;Munfhw,f/ txkyfxJ aiG 1000
avmufawGY&w,f/ bmvkyf&rSef; rodbl;/ q&m tkdif,mvefxD xkd;xm;w,f/ 'DaiGawG
ig,lxm;vkduf&if usdef;ausNyD; xDaygufawmhrSm r[kwfawmhbl;vkdY pOf;pm;rdwJhtwGuf
vmwJhvlwpfa,mufa,mufudk ay;vkdufr,fvkdY qkH;jzwfvkdufw,f/ wpfa,mufrSray:
vmbl;/ q&mvnf; ESajrmwmeJY tdrfjyef,loGm;wmyJ/ rMumcifyJ tkdif,mvefxD odef;xD
yxrqkrSm *Pef;wpfvkH;vGJoGm;aMumif; rdwfaqGxHrS aMu;eef;&w,fuG,fh[kqkdyg\/
NyD;aemuf twdfwfqdkwm aemifjzpfr,fhtjcif;t&m? edrdwfqkdwm jzpfvmr,fht
aumif;tqkd;awGudk BudKwifjyvmwm? usdef;ausw,fuawmh rsm;rsm;&r,fhtpm; enf;
enf;&NyD; ausoGm;wmayghuG,f[kajymonfudk rSwfrdygonf/
q|rwef;q&mum; w&kwftrsKd;om;OD;wefvIdif[kwfjzpfygonf/ ausmif;rSq
&mrwpfOD;jzpfol olYZeD;ESifhausmif;odkY eHeuf&xm;vkH;ESifhvm nae &xm;vkH;ESifhjyefonf/
toiftjyaumif;onf/ pdwfwkdonf/ xkdtcsdefu umvuwåm;wuúokdvfrS 0dZÆmbGJY,l&ef
pkdif;jyif;ae\/ uRefawmf t*FvefrSjyefa&mufvmaomtcg q&monf tpkd;&txuf
wef;ausmif;wGif ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;jzpfonfomru BuD;BuD;rmpwm&mxl;awG&NyD;
tNidrf;pm;,loGm;aMumif; Mum;od&í q&mBuD;udk *g&0jyKzkdYarmfvNrdKifNrdKU aetdrfodkYoGm;
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
onf/ &efukefajymif;oGm;NyD[k ajymyg\/ rMumrD tedpöa&mufaMumif; od&í rawGYjzpfcJh
&yg/
owårwef; a&mufvmaomtcg uRefawmhfudk ]tkdif[m uRefawmf? rkdif[m uRef
awmf\}[kjyifay;olvnf; jzpf? to'dorif;om;taMumif;ESifhywfoufí ]rif;pm&l;yJ}
[kajymolvnf;jzpfonfhtpfudkwpf0rf;uGJonf owårwef; ESpfcgusí uRefawmfrDvmo
jzifh ausmif;xGufoGm;onf/ uRefawmfhnD armifboGifqkdolvnf; pmawmfojzifh a':
a': wkdYu r&SdrJh&SdrJhESifh&kef;uefNyD; ausmif;xm;ay;onf/ xkdESpfrSmyif uRefawmfwkdYabmf'g
aqmifbkdukef;rS uefokH;uef&Sd taqmufttkHBuD;odkYajymif;vmonf/ r[mNrdKifbkef;awmf
BuD;ausmif;ESifh teD;uav;yif/
armifboGifuav;onf uHtusKd;ay; raumif;vSyg/ uRefawmfwkdY rdom;pkwGif
uRefawmf? armifboGif? r&IpdefESifharmifjrifhodef;wkdY &dSygonf/ uRefawmf 6 ESpfom;t&G,f
wGif nDrr&Ipdef &ifMuyfa&m*gjzifh qkH;ygonf/ 7 ESpfom;wGif arara':cifcif tedpö
a&mufonf/ tbGm;u tcgvnfom;uav; armifjrifhodef;udk aumhu&dwfrS c&J&GmokdY,l
vm\/ armifboGifukdawmh azazrkqkd;zkdOD;armifaiGESifhxm;&pfcJhygonf/ olt&G,fa&muf
onfhtcg t*Fvdyfausmif;odkYydkYay;\/
uRefawmf aemufqkH;ESpf *kPfxl;wef;a&mufonhftcg olonf 10 wef;atmif
aeygNyD/ wuúodkvfausmif;oGm;&ef tdrfu axmufyHhzkdY aiGaMu;tiftm; r&Sdyg/ olonf
tv,fwef;q&mjzpf oifwef;axmufyHhaMu;&ojzifh ynm qufvufoifMum;\/ NyD;qkH;
onfhtcg q&mjzpfvmonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;NyD;cgeD; *syefawG rajy;rD armfvNrdKif
axmifxJ olYudk oGif;xm;\/ axmifxJü oltoufaysmufoGm;&Smonf/ armifjrifhodef;udk
vnf; tpkd;&ausmif;wGif xm;onf/ 10 wef;pmar;yGJr0ifrD rdef;rckd;ajy;\/ ppfNyD;onfh
tcg SAMB wGif0ifa&mufvkyfudkifonf/ BudK;pm;rIaMumifh Bench Clerktjzpfjzifhaemuf
qkH;tNidrf;pm;,loGm;\/ ,cktcg &[ef;abmifwGif &Sdaeyg\/
wpftlxkHYqif; nD&if;tpfudk tusKd;ay;ykHcsif; uGmjcm;vSygacsuvm;/
owårwef;wGif ESpfwef;cGJjcm;xm;onf/ uRefawmf q&mqruf(Samad)\at
twef;wGif ae&onf/ xkdtcgu emrnfausmf Zmwfvkdufrif;om;armifbwifhESifhwlo
jzifh twef;om;tcsKdUu q&mbwifh[k olYudkac:onf/ tm;&yg;&pmoifay;onf/
ynma&;wGif ol\aus;Zl;BuD;rm;yg\/
t|rwef; a&mufonhftcg uRefawmf\b0atmifjrifrIajcvSrf; a&SUodkYt&Sdeft
[kefwkd;wufpjyKygNyD/ q&mtcsKdU\oifjyaumif;rI? tm;ay;rIESifhuHZmwm wuf<urIwkdY
aMumifh qkd&ygrnf/ 1876 ckESpfavmufu aqmufcJhaom opfom;ausmif;aqmifBuD;rS 8
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
wef;a&mufonhf 1928 ckESpfwGif tkwfausmif;aqmifBuD;odkY ajymif;a&TU&onf/
uRefawmfhudk ajrawmifajr§mufay;aom aus;Zl;&Sifrsm;um; ausmif;tkyfq&m
BuD; rpöwm'AÁvsLtdwf(csf)tD;Am;(W.H.Eva)? q&mOD;pHxGef;atmif? rpöwmc&def;(Crane)?
rpöwm'wf(Dutt)? rpöwma&mif;(Rao)ESihfrpf(pf)trf? abm'D;um;(M.Bodeker)wkdYyif/
oif,l&aombmomrsm;onf jrefrmpmrSvGJí tm;vkH;t*Fvdyfvdkcsnf; jzpfyg\/
xdktcsdefu &efukefarmfvNrdKiftpkd;&txufwef;ausmif;ESifhawmifBuD;&Srf;apmf
bGm;ausmif;rsm;ü ausmif;tkyfBuD;wkdYonf NAdwdoQvlrsKd;wkdYom jzpfonf[kod&yg\/ rpö
wmtD;Am;onf a0v(Wales)e,fom;? 8 wef;? 9 wef;? 10 wef;rsm;ü NAdwdoQ&mZ0if
oifjyonf/ tvGefpepfusyg\/ taMumif;t&mwpfck roifjyrD &mZ0ifpmtkyfxJ xkdt
aMumif;udk BudKwiftzwfckdif;xm;ygonf/
oifjyrnfhaeYü yxrwnfaqmufrnfhukd,fxnf\y"metpdwftydkif;rsm;udk
acgif;pOftjzpf oifykef;BuD;ay: a&;csonf/ xkdYaemuf acgif;pOfrsm;udk wpfckNyD;wpfck
jznf;jznf;&Sif;jyoGm;&if; aemufqkH; taqmufttkHay:vmatmif wnfaqmufjyonf/
NyD;aemuf twef;xJ jyefa&;ckdif;onf/ NyD;vQif pmtkyfawG jyef,loGm;\/
aemufwpfBudrf &mZ0ifoifcsdefü jyefay;onf/ pmtkyfawGtxJ 10 rSwfteuf
oknrS 8 rSwftxd&aMumif; awGY&onf/ 2 rSwfom&aom ausmif;om;onf zsif;ír[kwf
yg/ rifjzifh a&;xm;aom pmvkH;wpfvkH;jcpfNyD; jyifa&;vQif wpfrSwfavQmhcHxdojzifh 8 vkH;
jyifa&;rdaomaMumifhjzpfygonf/ ra&;rD pOf;pm;? &onfhpmvkH; aocsmrSa&;apvkdaom
pnf;urf;&kdufoGif;ay;rIaMumifh[k q&mBuD;u ajymyg\/
aemuf pnf;urf;abmifwpfckukdvnf; q&mBuD;xHrS &cJhygao;onf/ ausmif;
aygif;pkHabmvkH;upm;NydKifyGJwGif wpfcgaomf uRefawmfwkdYausmif;ESifh*syfqifa,musfm;u
av;txufwef;ausmif; ,SOfNydKifupm;&ef olwkdYausmif;0if;odkY uRefawmfwkdYoGm;Muonf/
uRefawmfwkdY bwfpum;taMumif;wpfckaMumifh ig;rdepf aemufusrS a&mufoGm;onf/
q&mBuD;u okefrIefaomrsufESmxm;BuD;ESifhBudKqkdNyD; ]Punctuality means five minutes
before the time}(ig;rdepfapmapma&mufwm tcsdefrSefvkdYqkdw,f)[kajym\/ uRefawmf-
wkdYvnf; ][kwfygw,f cifAsm;}qkdNyD; abmvkH;uGif;xJ qif;oGm;Muonf/ uRefawmfwkdYu 1
*kd;? *syfqifu *kd;r&SdESifhtEkdif&oGm;í pdwfajyoGm;[ef jyKH;aeyg\/
q&mOD;pHxGef;atmif/ jrefrmpmESifhjrefrm&mZ0ifq&monf &ckdiftrsKd;om;?wkduf
ykHtusÐ? acgif;aygif;? &I;zdeyfESifhcHhnm;vSygonf/ rpöwm*sD? tD;? [maA;(G.E.Harvey)\
jrefrm&mZ0iftwkdcsKyfudk t*Fvdyfvkd oifjy&mü &Sif;vif;jywfom;vGef;vSyg\/ jrapwD
ausmufpmtaMumif; em;axmif&í BudKufvGef;vSojzifh oufqkdif&mpmykd'fudk ESpfcgokH;cg
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
zwf&m ,ckxd tvGwf&aeyg\/ q&monf abmf'gaqmifrSL;vnf; jzpfojzifh twef;
wGifomru ausmif;aqmifüvnf; awGY&yg\/ uRefawmfhudk cifonf/ 10 wef;atmif
vQif wuúokdvfoGm;? EkdifiHjcm;wGif ynmqufoif&ef cPcP tm;ay;\/ xkdpum;onf
OD;aESmufxJ tNrJwap ckdatmif;aeygawmhonf/
8 wef;ü cHpm;&aomtawGYtMuKHESpf&yf ajymjyvdkyg\/ wpfaeYaomf xkdtcgu
rif;wkdifyiftrwf Member of the Legislative Council(twkdaumufM.L.C)jzpfaeolOD;
xGef;0if;udk zdwfí ausmif;ü a[majymyGJwpfyGJ usif;yygonf/ q&mOD;pHxGef;atmifvnf;
wufa&mufem;axmifonf/ OD;xGef;0if;u ola&mufcJhaom jynftcsKdUtaMumif;udk t*F
vdyfvkdajyma[monf/ yGJtNyD;wGif oluJhodkY t*Fvdyfpum;ajymwwfcsifpdwf ay:vmonf/
q&mu ]ol tm0ZÆef;&Tifw,f/ toHw,fryDobl;}[kqkd\/ uRefawmf em;rvnfaom
bunkum pum;vkH;udk q&mtm; ar;Munfhí &Sif;jy&m ta&r& tzwfr&pum;[k od&
onf/ xkdtcg OD;xGef;0if;uJhokdY EkdifiHjcm;a&mufvkdaomqE´ jzpfvmonf/
uRefawmfwkdY jrefrmpmoifaecsdefwGif 'kynm0efOD;cspfpk a&mufvmonf/ tvGef
0NzdK;onf/ q&mrsm;xkdifonfhvufwifukvm;xkdifay: MuyfMuyfwnf;wnf; xkdifcs\/
a&SUwef;wGif xkdifaeaom uRefawmfhtm; q&moifjyaeaom rJZmawmifajc&wkESifhpyf
vsOf;í ]zkd;pdefqkdwJhrJZmawmifajc&wkudk Mum;zl;ygovm;}[k ar;onf/ uRefawmfu
]"mwfjym;xJ ygwmudkyJ Mum;zl;ygw,f}[kajz&m ynm0efu ]qkdwm rrSefbl;}[kajymonf/
uRefawmfu ]qkdjyygvm; ynm0efBuD;}[k t&JpGefYNyD; awmif;yefonfhtcg ]igvnf; rqkd
wwfbl;}[kajym&m wpfwef;vkH; 0kdif;&,fMu\/ q&mu jyKH;wkH;wkH;/ uRefawmfonf oluJh
odkY 'kynm0ef jzpfcsifaompdwf jzpfay:vmygonf/
rpöwmc&def;(Crane)/ t*Fvdyf-tdE´d,vlrsKd;pyf/ axmifaxmifarmif;armif;
EIwfcrf;arG;oufoufESifh/ rsufESmtpOfvkdvkd csKdaewwfonf/ oabmaumif;oavmuf
ocsFmtoiftjy pepfusvSonf/ cufonfhykpäm vG,foa,mifa,mifjzpfatmif jyKvkyf
pGrf;aqmifEkdif\/ ykpämwpfyk'foifjyNyD;onfaemuf vufz0g;ESpfzufudk pkNyD; vufoD;ykHjyK
um auseyf[efjzifh twef;om;rsm;tm;Munfhaeonf/ cspfp&maumif;vSonf/
yx0D0ifESifh*sDatmarBwD q&mrpöwm'wf(Dutt)/ bef*gvDtrsKd;om;? b,f
bufvufaumuf0wf aumufaeonf/ vufukdifwkwfaumuf ukdifíavQmufonf/ em;
0ifatmif oifjyEkdifpGrf;&Sdonf/ urÇmBuD;vkH;aMumif;udk jy|mef;onfhpmtkyfudk rSDNyD;oifjy
ykHudk ckxdrSwfrdaeygao;onf/ *sDatmarBwDoifaewkef; twef;udk ausmckdif;NyD;ausmuf
oifykef;BuD;ay: a&;jyaecdkuf ukdatmifnTefYqkdolu aemufrSvufoD;jyonf/ q&mu
]aemufwcg 'Dvkdvkyf&if ighudk tqkd;rqkdeJY}[kBudrf;vkduf&m atmifnTefYvefYjzefYoGm;yg\/
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
rsufrSefxJü jrif[efwl\/
wpfcgaomf olay;xm;aom oifcef;pmudk ar;&m twef;om;awmfawmfrsm;
rsm;u rajzEkdifojzifh pdwfqkd;NyD; r[kwf r[wf vkyfZmwft*Fvdyfpum;jzihf If you learn your lesson I'm the goodest teacher; if you don't learn your lesson I'm the baddest teach-
er [kqkdygawmh\/ ]rif;wkdYpmusufvm&if ig taumif;qkH;q&m? rusufvm&if igtqkd;
qkH;q&m}[kqkdvkdyg\/ ]best}tpm; goodest, worst tpm; baddest [ka'goxGufvGef;í
okH;rd[ef wlyg\/
ausmif;om;tcsKdUu aemufuG,fwGif ajymifaemufMuonf/ EIwfusKd;oGm;MuvkdY
vm;rod wpfnae ausmif;qif;csdefü abmf'gaqmifodkYjyef&ef tBudKtykdYum;udk apmifh
aepOf ausmif;tkyfBuD; aygufvmonf/ xkdtckduf udkb[efqkdolu olYwpf0rf;uGJtpfudk
udkwifarmiftm; You are the baddest boy [kajymvkdufoHudk ausmif;tkyfBuD; Mum;oGm;
&m What did you say, Ba Han? (b[ef rif;bmajymovJ)[kar;vkduf\/ Sorry Sir, I
mean worst; not baddest (cGifhvTwfygq&mBuD;? uRefawmfajymvkdwmu baddest r[kwf?
worst ygcifAsm;[k ajymygonf/
*Pef;ocsFmq&mrpöwma&mif;(Rao)/ bef*gvDtrsKd;om;/ tvGef&kd;onf/ t
wef;om;rsm;udk aMumuf[efwl\/ toiftjyawmfonf/ cufcJonfhykpämrsm;udk em;
vnfatmif &Sif;jyEkdifpGrf;&Sdonf/ aus;Zl;BuD;vSygayonf/
t*Fvdyfpmq&mrrpf(pf)trf(rf)abm'D;um;(M.Bodeker)/ t*Fvdyf*smrefu
jym;/ bD? at bGJY&onhftrsKd;orD;/ 26 ESpf ywf0ef;usift&G,f? vSyacsmarGYonf/
ausmif;om;BuD;tcsKdU ydk;yef;Mu\/ toiftjyem;&Sif;vSyg\/ jyKH;jyKH;ESifhajymqkdavh&Sd
onf/ rSwfrdorQajym&vqif Anthony Hope \ Rupert of Hentzau ESifh Conan Doyle
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
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wpfa,mufwpfvSnhfpD vuf0g;BuD;tkyfxm;onf/ okH;OD;om; csdwfxm;aomatmifpm&if;
udk MunfhNyD; yxr&olu usefESpfOD;u ravmufav;pm;[efESifhMunfhonf/ remvkd0efwkd
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wef;orm;wkdYtm; rk'kHuefBuD;qDodkY ac:oGm;NyD; Z&yfrsm;ü oGm;xm;yg\/ abmf'gaqmif
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ausmif;tkyfBuD;u ausmif;om;awG pmusufNyD;om; &SdESifhaeNyDrkdY pmar;yGJtcef;xJacgif;
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uRefawmf ajzvkdY aumif;aumif;&yg\/
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3 rwf? 1 usyf/ 10 wef;a&mufaomtcg &I;zdeyfpD;vkdaomqE´ jzpfay:vm\/ armfv
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
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ar;yGJatmifpm&if; owif;pmawGxJ ykHESdyfxkwfa0Ekdifygonf/
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usojzifh &ifywfwpfckvkH; eD&JoGm;yg\/ *&krpdkufyg/
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
npmpm;onf/ tbGm;u ajr;twGuf *kPf,lonf/ BuD;yGm;ygap[k qkawmif;
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xkdumvu yxrwef;? 'kwd,wef;ESifhwGJab;ü jrefrmtu©&m 'axG;ESifhwlonfh
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tcef;ab;ESpfbufESpfcsufü zkHxkdifckHESpfckESifhtay:bufwGif tdyf&ef zkHtdyf&mESpfck&dSonf/
twGif;bufrSuvefYxkd;xm;vQif tjcm;c&D;onfrsm;rwufvmEkdifyg/ wuúokdvfausmif;
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
NyD;qkH;\/ yxrESpf Oypm0dZÆm(Intermediate of ArtstwkdaumufI.A.)twef;om;wkdYonf
r,lrae& t*FvdyfpmESifhjrefrmpmtjyif tjcm;okH;bmom,l&onf/ uRefawmfu orkdif;?
yx0D0ifESifh tydkjrefrmpm a&G;NyD; xkdig;bmomwGJudk avQmufvTmxJ xnfhvkduf\/ uRef
awmfonf 10 wef;pmar;yGJatmifNyD;uwnf;u jrifhjrwfonf[k oabm&aomq&m odkY
r[kwf q&m0eftjzpfjzifh toufarG;vkdygonf/ odkYaomf q&m0efavmif;rsm; twef;awG
ü zm;wkdYbmwkdY aoG;&J&J oH&J&J cGJaeonfudk jrif&aomtcg uRefawmfhpdwfaeoabmxm;
ESifho[Zmw rjzpfí þrGefjrwfonfhtvkyfudk vufvTwfvkduf&yg\/
armifr,fopfvGifaeY a&mufvmNyD/ cef;rBuD;xJ 0ifxkdif\/ cyf&GHU&GHU? cyfvefY
vefY cyf&Sdrf;&Sdrf; jzpfrdonf/ jrefrmjynf ausmif;aygif;pkHrS vufa&G;pif xdyfydwf 20 ausmf
avmufESifhNydKifNyD; 0dZÆmbGJY,l&rnfhta&; awG;ylrdonf/ rSwfrdoavmuf ajym&vQif yg
armu©av;ig;OD;wkdYu pifjrifhay:wufNyD; wpfvSnfhpD olwkdYydkYcsrnfhbmom&yftaMumif;
&Sif;jyonf/ olwkdYtxJ q&mBuD;OD;azarmifwifukdom ,ckjrifaerdygonf/
oifwef;rsm; ponfhtcg uRefawmf,laom a&S;a[mif;ESifh acwfopfOa&mywkduf
&mZ0if? yx0D0ifbmomrsm;ü 10 a,mufcefY&Sdaom ausmif;om;wdkYESifhtwl S Class ac:
txl;(Special Class)vkdufwuf&onf/ yxrESpf 'kwd,ESpf Oypm0dZÆmpmar;yGJudk wpfESpf
wnf;ESifhajzqkdrnfhvl&nfcRefawG jzpfygonf/ uRefawmfvnf; &ifaygifwef;vkdufonf/
wpfvcefYMumaomf aoG;tm;enf;a&m*g0ifvmonf/ tdrfjyefNyD; armfvNrdKifwGif q&m0ef
OD;om'ifESifhukocHonf/ ykpGefpdrf;aum rpm;csifbJ pm;&onfudk rarhEkdifyg/ wpfveD;yg;
pmESifhuGma0;cJhí xkdtwef;udk qufrwufawmhyg/ igaumif;zkdY uHu pDrHwmyJav[kpdwf
ajz&ygonf/ aemiftcg rSefaMumif;udk MuKHawGY&yg\/
4-1/ yxrESifh'kwd,ESpf Oypm0dZÆmwef;? 1931-33
t*Fvdyfpm? &mZ0ifESifhyx0D0ifwkdYonf tqifhtwef; jrifhvSojzifh tBudK;pm;
BuD;BudK;pm;vkduf&onf/ yxrESpf Oypmwef;udk acsmacsmarmarm atmifoGm;onf/ 30
&mckdifEIef;om atmifonfqkdaom 'kwd,ESpfOypmwef;udk pGrf;tm;&SdorQ ajz\/ ajzNyD;
tdrfjyef&ef pDpOfaewkef; cifrif&if;ESD;aom a&Tbkdom;udkvSabmfu olESifhtwl a&Tbkdvkduf
vm&ef r&ru qG,fí vkdufygoGm;onf/ ig armfvNrdKif? &efukefa&mufzl;NyD/ tck rEÅav;
ESifha&Tbkd a&muf&awmhr,f[laom tawG;vkH;ay:vmí 0rf;omovkdvkd jzpfrdyg\/
xkdtcg tif;0-ppfudkfif;wHwm;BuD; raqmufcJh&ao;yg/ rEÅav;rSjrpfqdyfodkYrD;
&xm;jzifhoGm;? ppfudkif;udk ul;wkdYul;NyD; rD;&xm; qufvufpD;oGm;&onf/ a&Tbkda&muf
onfhtcg udkvSabmf\taz txufwef;a&SUaeOD;oDvESifhtara':cif,kwkdYu vIduf
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
vIdufvSJvSJ {nfhcHyg\/ tnmxrif;[if;ESifharmfvNrdKifom;yg;pyf odyfr[yfpyfyg/ Mum
awmh tom;usoGm;onf/ wpfck tpD&ifcHvkdygonf/ uRefawmf ausmif;wGif oufowf
vGwfpm;onfrSm rSef\/ vlrsm; ac:auR;onfhtcg &kdif;&musrnfpdk;í trJom;uvGJí
tm;vkH;pm;&ygonf/ a&owå0gudk ykdESpfoufygonf/
b0wmwGif aumif;usKd;qkd;usKd;ESifhMuKHawGYpNrJyif/ aysmfaysmfyg;yg; aeaeckduf
&efukefrS aMu;eef;wpfapmif a&mufvmonf/ Oypmwef; pmar;yGJwGif vSab atmifw,f
vSabmf usw,fwJh/ uRefawmfhtwGuf 0rf;omoavmuf udkvSabmftwGuf 0rf;enf;rd
onfrSm trSefyif/ olYtazu qlonf/ uRefawmfu awmif;yefNyD; aemufwpfESpfxm;zkdY
ajymygonf/ oabmwlvkdufonf/
uRefawmf 0rf;omoGm;&onfrSm taMumif;&Sdyg\/ pmar;yGJajzNyD; 0dÓP0g'
(Spiritualism)0goemygol rdwfaqGwpfa,muf ac:oGm;í 0dÓP0g'avhvmyGJ Seance
udk oGm;yg\/ xkdyGJa&mufaomtcg bD;av;bD;wyf ysOfjym;(Planchette)ay: vufwifNyD;
0dnmOfudk pmar;yGJ atmifratmif ar;&m ysOfjym;uav; bD;awGu [dka&GU'Da&GUESifh pm
a&;jyyg\/ pmu ratmifbl;wJh/ uRefawmfvnf; pdwfnpfvkdufwm aocsifapmfeHoGm;
wmyJ/ atmifpm&if;ESifh wpfvGJpD jzpfaeNyD/
4-2/ yxrESpf0dZÆm? 'kwd,ESpfESifhwwd,ESpf *kPfxl;wef;? 1933-36
pmar;yGJudk wpfbmomrSmrS *kPfxl;r&bJ atmifonf/ yxrESpf0dZÆmwef;odkY
a&mufvmNyD/ t*Fvdyf? jrefrmpmESifhyx0D0if,lonf/ twef;awGvkdufwufaewkef; jzKef;
qkd tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJYrS pmwpfapmif&onf/ paumvm;&Spf &olawGtm;vkH; *kPfxl;wef;
wuf&rnf[laom Oya'&Sdonf/ rwufygu paumvm;&Spf jyeftyf&rnf[l\/ uRef
awmf &wufrat; jzpf&ygawmhonf/ *kPfxl;wef;wufvQif aemuf wpfESpf ae&rnf/
a':a':wkdYu qufxm;csifyg\/ odkYaomf aemifa&;udk awG;ylrdonf/ xkdYaMumifh &kd;&kd;0dZÆm
bGJYyJ ,l&ef qkH;jzwfNyD; pmawmfNyD; qif;&Jolrsm;tm; axmufyHhaMu; wpfv usyf 40 ay;
onfhpwkdifyif;(Stipend)&&ef avQmufvTmwifvkdufonf/
wpfaeYaomf pwkdifyif;bkwfu ac:awGYyg\/ bkwfobmywdu ta&SUwkdif;yg
armu©rpöwm*sD? tdwf(csf)? vk(pf)(G.H.Luce)? tzGJY0ifESpfOD;teuf wpfOD;rSm q&mOD;um?
usefwpfOD;um; ocsFmuxduOD;zkd;okH[k xifygonf/ aumif;aumif; rrSwfrdawmhyg/
olYpm;yGJwGif rsufESmcsif;qkdifxkdifrdonfhtcg tvkdrusaom rsufESmESifhq&mBuD;
vk(pf)u uRefawmhfudk Munfhonf/ u&kPm a'gaomtMunfh[k aemufrS od&onf/ NyD;
aemuf avQmufvTmudk vuf0g;ESpfzufjzifh vkH;um trIdufykH;xJ ypfxnfhvkdufonf/ uRef
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
awmf aMumuf'l;awG wqwfqwf wkef? &ifu ckefESifh/ q&mBuD;uawmh bmrQrajym/ wk
PSdabmvkyfae\/ ESpfrdepfcefY Mumrnfxifygonf/ q&mOD;umu raeEkdifvkdY oGm;EkdifNyD[k
ajymí okwfajcwifNyD; tcef;xJrS ajy;xGufvmonf/ cef;jyif&Sd olwkdYtvSnfhudk apmifh
aeaomausmif;om;wpfpk uRefawmfhudk MunfhaeMu\/
xkdaeY nae 8 em&DtcsdefavmufwGif tcef;xJ aemifa&;udk pOf;pm;aeckduf q
&mOD;um\ajcoHudk Mum;&onf/ tcef;jyifbufü &yfoGm;ojzifh jywif;cef;pD;udk qGJNyD;
tjyifbufMunfhonf/ olYudk rjrif/ wHcg;cef;pD; qGJMunfhrS jrifí wHcg;zGifhum xGufvm\/
jrifjrifcsif; q&mu ]ygarmu©vk(pf) rifhudk tifrwef pdwfqkd;aew,f/ olykdYcswJhta&SU
wkdif;&mZ0ifbmomrSm rif; awmfw,fwJh/ wpfbmomomrSm *kPfxl;,lapcsifowJh}}[kqkd
onf/ uRefawmfu ]aemufwpfESpf xyfaezkdY wwfEdkifrS wwfEkdifr,fq&m? pD;yGm;a&; us
qif;aevkdYyg}[k jyefajym&m? q&mu ]eufjzefcg q&mBuD;eJYoGm;awGYvkduf? rifhudk ol awGY
csifowJh}qkdNyD; xGufcGmoGm;onf/
aemufwpfaeY eHeufydkif; q&mBuD;tcef;qD oGm;onf/ ausmif;tkyfBuD; cGifhokH;
vESifhNAdwdefjyefoGm;ojzihf acwåausmif;tkyfBuD;jzpfae\/ olu ]xkdifyg? xkdifyg}[krsuf
ESmcsKdcsKdESifhajymí pdwfoufom&m &oGm;onf/ NyD;aemuf q&mBuD;u ]jrefrmpm? &mZ0if
eJYyx0D0if bmomawGrSm *kPfxl;,lEkdifwJhtrSwfawGeJYatmifw,f? tdrfu b,favmufydkY
ay;aeovJ}[kar;í ]25 usyf usyf 30 ygq&mBuD;}[k ajz&m ]'Dvkdqkd ausmif;vc 12
usyfray;eJYawmh b,fbmom *kPfxl;,lcsifovJ}[kqufar;\/ uRefawmfu bmaMumifh
rSef;rod ]jrefrmpmygq&mBuD;}[k ajymaomf t*Fvdyfvkd]Splendid, Splendid }(odyfaumif;
wmyJ? odyfaumif;wmyJ)[katmfajymvkdufyg\/
þ0pDuH\tusKd;qufonf 0dZÆm*kPfxl;ESifhr[m0dZÆmwef;wkdYwGif jrefrm? rGef?
ysLausmufpmrsm;udk oifjyay;aom q&mBuD;ESifhaemifav;ESpftwGif; qkHpnf;&NyD; tod
ynmwkd;yGm;&onf/ xkdYxufrSmrl MuHBuD;pnf&m rarQmfvifh0HhonfhBuD;rm;vSonfhtajct
aea&mufatmif wmplay;rIwpfck[k qkd&ygrnf/
aomu uif;a0;í at;at;aq;aq; yxrESpf 0dZÆmwef;qufwufcJhonf/
avQmavQm&I&IatmifjrifoGm;&mü jrefrmpmwGif trSwftawmfrsm;rsm;&ojzifh 1934-
35 ckESpfü 'kwd,ESpf *kPfxl;wef;om;tjzpf ygarmu©OD;azarmifwifu todtrSwfjyK
vkdufygonf/ uRefawmfESifhtwl udkvSarmif(£E´eDEG,f)ESifh*syfqifaumvdyfrS rpdk;jrifhwkdY
twef;wufMu\/ tcsKdUoifwef;rsm;ü jy|mef;xm;aom pmtkyftcsKdU wkdufqkdifaeí
wwd,ESpf*kPfxl;wef;om;rsm;jzpfonfhudkcsrf;jr(jrauwk)? udk'kd;? udkat;jrifh? udkouf
wifwkdYESifhqkHawGY&onf/
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
OD;0ef? OD;wkd;atmifESifha':cifapmrlwkdYum; 1934 ckESpf pmar;yGJatmifjrifoGm;
MuNyDrkdY r[m0dZÆmwef;odkY wufvSrf;oGm;MuNyD/ OD;0ef yxrwef; qGwfcl;oGm;aMumif; od&
aomtcg olYudk tm;usrd\/ wuúodkvforkdif;ü jrefrmpmwGif xkduJhodkY xl;cRefpGmatmif
jrifoGm;cJhol OD;pdefwif(odyÜHarmif0)wpfOD;om &SdcJhzl;\/ olwkdYESpfOD;ESifhajc&mwkdif;zkdY
r[kwf olwkdYajc&m eif;Ekdif&ef ÓPf 0D&d, pdkufxkwfrnf[k oEéd|mefcsvkdufyg\/
pmBudK;pm;rnf[k oEéd|mefcsNyD;onfESifhyk*Hausmif;aqmif abmfvkH;toif;uyÜ
wdefu uRefawmfhudk r&ru twif;upm;apyg\/ ausmif;aqmifaygif;pkHAkdvfvkyGJwGif
,SOfNydKifupm;&\/ armfvNrdKiftpdk;&ausmif;om;b0uyif tm;upm; 0goemygcJhyg
onf/ um,vIyf&Sm;rI zswfvwfMuHhckdifvmonf/ ÓPfvIyf&Sm;rI jrefqefvmNyD; uGufausmf
jrifvmwwfonf/ pmusufysufonf/ tcsdefukefonf/ odkYaomf tpGef;bufreif;bJ t
v,fvrf;vkdufygu um,ÓPESpfzufpvkH; oefpGrf;vmonf[kqkdcsifyg\/
odkYESifh aemufqkH; yk*HaqmifESifhoxkHaqmifwkdY &Srf;ESifhqif v,fjyifwGif awGYMuo
vkd AkdvfvkyGJü qkHMuonf/ upm;olrsm;omru Munfh&Itm;ay;olrsm;yg wif;rmpdwfawG
ay:vm\/ oxkHoHvufoD;wJh? yk*Hudk aqmfr,f[k atmfolatmf? &mZ0ifudk Munfh yk*Hu
oxkHudk b,fvkdvkyfvkdufovJ[k qkdolu qkdMuonf/ tawmfMurf;onfhyGJ/ ausmif;tkyf
BuD;rpöwmpavmh(pf)(Sloss)udk,fwkdif olYudk,fxnfBuD;udk rí [dkajy;onfajy;ESifh 'kdifvl
BuD;vkyf\/ q&mOD;umu yk*Haqmifom;wkdYtm; xdef;csKyf? q&mBuD;OD;azarmifwifu
oxkHaqmifom;wkdYudk tkyfxdfef;xm;onf/ uRefawmfhaygifESifhajcovkH;awG 'Pf&mrsm;ESifh
yGJtNyD; awGY&yg\/ yxrwpfcsD oa&yGJ? 'kwd,tcsDvnf; xkdenf;ESifESif/ ausmif;tkyf
BuD;u 'kdif;qkBuD;udk ajcmufvpD ,lMu&ef qkH;jzwfay;vkduf\/
'kwd,ESpf oifwef;wGif jrefrmpmtwGuf pmar;yGJ r&Sdyg/ odkYaomf jrefrmpm*kPf
xl;,lolwkdif; t*Fvdyfbmomü pmar;yGJatmifrS bGJY&yg\/ xkdpmar;yGJudk 'kwd,ESpfrSmjzpf
jzpf? wwd,ESpfrSmjzpfjzpf ajzEkdif\/ uRefawmfu xkdESpftukefü ajz&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufyg
\/
uRefawmfonf yxrESpf 0dZÆmwef;rSpí t*Fvdyfbmomü oifwef;(Tutorial
class) wpfywfwpfcg wuf&\/ t*FvdyfpmpDpmukH;a&;NyD; t*FvdyfpmXmerS oufqkdif&m
q&mwpfOD;udk ay;&\/ q&mu jyifqifNyD;aemuf wpfywfjyefay;onf/ twef;xJü 10
a,mufcefY &Sdonf/ yxrESpfü tdE´d,trsKd;om;q&m? 'kwd,ESpfwGif tkdif,mvefrSt*F
vdyfpmyg&*lbGJY,lvmol a'gufwmxifatmif vufatmufwynfcH&\/ uHaumif;onf[k
qkd&rnf/ a&;onfhtufaq;wkdif; 10 rSwfteuf 6 rSwfxufrenf; &yg\/ olvnf;jyKH;
jyKH;ESifhtm;ay;pum;ajymyg\/ q&mhaus;Zl;aMumifh t*Fvdyfpm pmar;yGJatmif&kHru
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
aemiftcg t*Fvdyfpmu uRefawmfhaumif;pm;a&;udk zefwD;ay;\/
'kwd,ESpfwGif oufowfvGwfpm;ol udktkef;ESifhrdwfaqGjzpfvmonf/ oluJhokdYyif
yifeDtusÐ0wfonf/ we*FaEGaeYeHeuf apmapmwkdif; a&Twd*kHbk&m;odkY ajcusifavQmuf?
bk&m;rSm &Spfyg;oDv,lNyD; R.E.T.(Rangoon Electric and Tramway Co.)bwfpfum;BuD;
ESifh ausmif;aqmifodkYjyefvmMuonf/ olonf jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&atmif BudK;yrf;
aeolwpfOD; jzpfyg\/ aemifaomf t*FvefwGif ynmawmfoiftjzpfESifhqkHpnf;&? jrefrm
oHtrwftjzpfESifh awGYqkHcJh&onf/
1935-36 ckESpfü wwd,ESpfBuD;orm; jzpfvmNyD/ 'kwd,ESpfjrefrmpm*kPfxl;t
wef;om; rapmoif? udkarmifBuD;? *syfqifaumvdyfausmif;rS udkarmifarmifwifwkdYESifht
csKdUoifwef;rsm;ü awGYqkH&onf/ 1927 ckESpfrS 1934 ckESpftxd xkdckepfESpftwGif; odyÜH
armif0ESifhrif;ok0PfwkdYESpfOD;om &cJhaomyxrwef;*kPfxl;yef;udk qGwfcl;vkdaomtmoD
oonf jyif;jyvSyg\/ vkdcsifwkdif; r&yg/ ÓPfESifh0D&d, xkwfaomfvnf; uHulnDay;rS&
ygrnf/ odkYESifh ae&m wpfaeYaomf udktkef;u ausmif;om;or*¾xkwf tkd;a0r*¾Zif;jrefrm
pmu@wGif t,f'Dwmvkyfygvm;[k ajymvm\/ uRefawmfu pOf;pm;yg&ap[k qkd\/
r MumrD ,leDbmpDwDaumvdyfr*¾Zif;tzGJYrS xkdu@t,f'Dwmtjzpf vufcH&ef qkdvmí
vufcHvkdufygonf/
uRefawmf\aemifa&; taumif;tqkd;ukd qkH;jzwfay;rnfhpmar;yGJudk 1936 ck
ESpf rwfvü usif;yygawmhrnf/ acgif;at;at;xm; pdwfryleJY? jzpforQ taMumif; t
aumif;csnf;yJ[k ukd,fhudk,fudk w&m;csonf/ w&m;rus wusyif/ &moDOwkuyl? pdwfu
ylaeí pmar;yGJ eD;uyfvmaomtcg wpfaeY a& av;-ig;Budrf csKd;&onfhtajcqkdufvm
onf/ tkd;a0r*¾Zif;xGufvmNyD/ i&JacG;BuD; vGwfoGm;NyD[lonfhaqmif;yg; ygvm\/ udk
,fykdifpmMunfhcGifhudk azaz:0g&Dvv,fü &onf/
aumvdyfausmif;tajctae vIyfvIyf&G&G jzpfpjyKvmygNyD/ xkdaemuf ]ausmif;
tkyfBuD;u tkd;a0r*¾Zif;t,f'Dwmudkatmifqef;tm; aqmif;yg;a&;oltrnfudk ar;
w,f? rajzbl;/ udkatmifqef;udk ausmif;xkwfvkdufNyD}[laom owif;Mum;&yg\/ az
az:0g&Dv 26 &ufaeY naeapmif;ü ausmif;om;or*¾toif;wkdufü ta&;ay:tpnf;
ta0;ac:NyD; b,fvkdta&;,lrvJqkdonfudk aqG;aEG;onf/
rpöwmtrf? at? &m&Spf(M.A.Raschid)u Ouú|OD;Ekae&mwGif obmywdtjzpf
aqmif&Guf\/ rSwfrdorQ ajymjyygrnf/ &Sdwf(uf)pyD;,m;(Shakespeare)a&;onfh*sL;vd
&(pf)qD;Zm(Julius Caesar)jyZmwfrS rwf(uf)tef;awmfeD;(Mark Antony)\y&d,m,fa0
0kpfpum;udk oGm;owd&rd\/ olu ]'D {&mrta&;udk acgif;at;at;xm;pOf;pm;NyD; qkH;
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
jzwfMuyg}[kqkdonfESifhwpfNydKifeuf axmifhwpfaxmifhrS ]oydwf oydwf? arSmufarSmuf}
(Strike, Strike)qkdonfhatmfoHrsm; ay:xGufvm\/ xkdtcg obmywdu ]t&ifrvkdMueJY
aemf? pOf;pOf;pm;pm; vkyfMuyg? wkdYrsm;vnf; bmrSrpDpOfxm;ao;ygbl;/ trsm;qE´t
wkdif; aqmif&Gufay;yghr,f}[kajymí rqkH;rD ]xGufr,f? xGufr,f}[laomtoH wpfcef;
vkH; qlnHoGm;yg\/
tjyifbuf jrif&oavmuf Munfhvkdufonfhtcg bwfpfum;BuD;awG vrf;ay:
wGif pDwef;&yfaeMuonfudk awGY&ygawmh\/ uRefawmfwkdYtm;vkH; bwfpfum;ay:wuf
Muonf/ tenf;i,fom usefyg\/ a&Twd*kHukef;awmfay:&Sd Z&yfrsm;wGif or*¾aumfrwD
vlBuD;rsm;uausmif;aqmiftvkduf wkdufykHtusÐ? &SyftusÐ? vkHcsnfESifhtjcm;ausmif;om;
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rpöwmrl;eDudk OD;qkH;ac:awGY\/ rMumyg/ tcef;xJrS xGufvm\/ a'goa&mif
vTrf;aeí rnf;aeaom rsufESmay: teDa&mifoef;aeygawmhonf/ olu t*Fvdyfvkd
]]wpfae&mrS bugger(&kdif;pdkif;onfhtokH;tEIef;)wpfaumifu ar;cGef;wpfckar;vkdY ajzae
wkef; aemufwpfaumifu wpfae&mrS ar;jyefw,f/ How the hell could I answer both
of them (igvacG;rSyJ? igb,fvkd ESpfaumifpvkH;udk ajzEkdifrwkef;)}}vkdYajymNyD; xGufoGm;yg
onf/ uRefawmf 0rf;rombJ oem;rdonf/ 1936 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmv 24 &ufaeYwGif
olonf uRefawmfESifhtwl bGJYvufrSwf wuf,lcJhygonf/
OD;at;armif tvSnfhjzpfí oltcef;xJ &ifzkH;tusÐ? acgif;aygif;? Aefaumufyk
qkd;ESifh0ifoGm;ygonf/ twefMumaomf jyKH;jyKH;ESifhxGufvmonf/ uRefawmf &NyD[kqdkNyD;
xGufcGmoGm;\/ uRefawmfvnf; pdwf"mwfusqif;oGm;yg\/
uRefawmfhemrnfac:í tcef;xJ 0ifoGm;ygonf/ yk*¾Kdvf 10 OD;ru xkdifaeonf
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
udk awGY&ojzifh ighudk bmrsm; ar;vkdY bmawGajz&rvJ[k awG;ylNyD; ukvm;xkdifwGif xkdif
csvkduf\/ xkdyk*¾KdvfwkdYteuf xkdtcsdefwGif wuúokdvfaumvdyfausmif;tkyfBuD;jzpfae
aom q&mBuD;OD;azarmifwifESifhjrefrmjynf ynma&;tpD&ifcHpma&;aomarmfuGef;xdef;
a[mif;rpöwmuifbJ(vf)(Cambell)wkdYudkom rSwfrdygawmhonf/ ar;onfhar;cGef;tcsKdU
udkom wifjyyg&ap/
tzGJY0if/ /bmjzpfvkdY 'Dpaumvm;&Spfudk avQmufygovJ/
uRefawmf/ /uRefawmf wuúodkvfausmif;a&mufpuwnf;u rGefjrwfwJhq&mtjzpf
eJYtoufarG;csifvkdYyg/
tzGJY0if/ /bDpDtuf? tkdifpDtufpmar;yGJawG 0ifajzzkdY rMuHpnfbl;vm;/
uRefawmf/ /b,fwkef;urS rMuHpnfcJhzl;yg/ (bmjzpfvkdYvJ[k qufar;&m)uRefawmf
vlawGudk axmifrcscsifvkdYygcifAsm/
'ktzGJY0if/ /rpöwmuifbJ(vf)&JUtpD&ifcHpmudk zwfNyD;yvm;? b,fvkdoabm&o
vJ/ &J&Jomajzyg/ olrJay;ykdifcGifh r&Sdbl;/
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atmif ajzr,f[k pdwful;rdNyD;)ta&;BuD;wJhtuGufuav;awGom zwfNyD;ygao;w,f/
uRefawmf rajzyg&apeJY/ A little learning is a dangerous thing (rodwod udpöudkajz&if
'ku©a&mufwwfygw,f)/ rpöwmuifbJ(vf)u jyKH;aeonf/
OD;azarmifwif/ /&mZ0wf0efaxmuf(Deput Superintendant)&mxl;ay;r,fqkd&if ,lr
vm;/
uRefawmf/ /r,lcsifygbl;/ (bmjzpfvkdYvJ[kar;&m)aoewfudk tifrwefaMumuf
w,f/ rudkifcsifygbl;q&mBuD;/
OD;azarmifwif/ /tjrwfawmfaMu; 0efaxmuf&mxl;aum/
uRefawmf/ /r,lyg&apeJY(bmaMumifhvJ)/ uRefawmfu [moykHjyifwpfck zwfrdvkdY
yg/ (ajymjyprf;)/ vlwpfa,muf[m wpfaeY vrf;avQmufoGm;wJhtcg pkyfxm;wJhMuHzwf
rsm;ykH ESpfykHudk awGYowJh/ wpfykHrSm yk&GufqdwfawGtkHaeNyD; wpfykHrSmawmh yk&GufawG uif;
aew,f/ 'geJY vlwpfa,muf olYtem;a&mufvmwJhtcg MuHzwfESpfykHudk vufnd§K;xkd;jyNyD;
qef;w,fvkdY olu ajymawmh xkdvl rqef;ygbl;Asm/ yxrtykHu &kd;&kd;vl pkyfxm;wm/ 'k
wd,tykHu tjrwfawmfaMu; 0efaxmufwpfa,mufpkyfxm;wmygvkdY ajymowJh/ tzGJY0if
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u &,fMu\/ wpfOD;ESpfOD;u qufNyD; ar;cGef;xkwfygao;\/
paumvm;&Spf &ESifhr& tajz wGJavmif;&SdaeonfhumvtawmtwGif; qwf
wiHhiHh cHpm;rIonf pdwfylwwfoltm; pdwf'ku©ay;wwfonf/ ESpfywfcefY Mumonfudk ESpf
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
ESpf[k xif&\/ aemufqkH; paumvm;&Spf ay;tyfonfhpmudk ynma&;0efBuD;XmetwGif;
0eftuf(zf)bD? tm;Ekd;(F.B. Arnold)xHrS &&Sdygonf/ 0efxkyfBuD;usoGm;ygNyD/ teEÅol&d
,trwfa&;onfqkdaom trsufajzvuFmudk twkckd;um ]olwnf;wpfOD;? atmifyef;cl;
aomf? olwpfOD;rSm r&umom? "r®wmwnf;}}[k pyfqkdrdyg\/
jzpfysufukefpif jyefqifjcifvkdufaomtcg EIwfar;cGef; ajzqkdol uRefawmfwkdYokH;
a,mufteuf rpöwmrl;eD&zkdY tav;omaeonf/ olu t*FvdyfpmrSm yxrwef;ESifh8kPf
xl;atmifol/ okdYaomf xkdumvü rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwf vTrf;rkd;aecsdefjzpfí ol wpfyef;&IH;ae
\/ udkat;armifum; r&xkdufyg/ paumvm;&SpftwGuf xkwfxm;onfhOya'ESifhrnDbJ
olYygarmu©rsufESmaMumifh 0ifcGifh&onf/ bDat*kPfxl; yxrwef;ESifhratmifyg/ yx0D
bmomü *kPfxl;ESifh&kd;&kd;0dZÆmbGJYom &yg\/ FRGS um; trSefqkdaomf wuúokdvfwpfckckrS
tyfESif;aom'D*&Dr[kwfyg/ *kPfxl;aqmifbGJY[kqkd&ygrnf/ &Sif;jyygrnf/
FRGS onf Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society (awmf0ifyx0D0iftoif;
vlBuD;)[kteuft"dyÜg,f &onf/ þbGYJonmvkdcsifolonf xkdtoif;vlBuD;wpfOD;u t
qkdwifoGif;? wpfOD;u axmufcHonfhavQmufvTmESifhtwl t*FvdyfaiG ig;*Ded(,ckig;aygif
ig;yJed)udk toif;BuD;odkYydkYvkdufvQif FRGS jzpfvmyg\/ xkdenf;wl FRHS ac:(Fellow of
the Royal Horticultural Society)awmf0ifO,smOfpdkufysKd;a&;toif;vlBuD;bGJY cH,lvkdol
onf tqkdygvkyf&kd;vkyfpOftwkdif; oufqkdif&mtoif;vlBuD;wpfOD;u tqkdwifoGif;? wpf
OD;u axmufcHonfhavQmufvTmESifhtwl toif;BuD;odkY aiGydkYvkdufygu xkdbGJYonm&yg\/
1956-57 ckESpftwGif; uRefawmfwkdYausmif; a&mufvmol rdwfaqGwpfa,mufu jrefrm
jynfudk tNrD;wyfNyD; jyefcsifonf[kajymojzifh ausmif;rSq&mokH;OD;ESifhuRefawmfu olY
qE´jynfh0atmif aqmif&Gufay;vkdufaomaMumifh FRGS, FRHS bGJYonmrsm;ESifhjrefrm
jynf jyefoGm;ygonf/
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oif paumvm;&Spf&&SdolwkdYteuf bmomt&yf&yfü xkdESpfrSbGJY&olwkdY EkdifiHjcm;wGif ynm
qufvufoif,lEkdif&ef arvtwGif; txl;bGJYESif;obif usif;yay;onf/ uRefawmftyg
t0if tjcm; 4-5-6 OD;bGJYvufrSwf,lMu\/ olwkYdtxJ OD;odef;[efESifhudkarmifarmifc
wkdYtm; jrifrdonf/ uRefawmf wpfaeY BudKwifiSm;xm;onfhwuúpDorm; tcsdefrDrvmí
uRefawmf ta&mufaemufusoGm;&yg\/
5/ ynmawmfoif
t*FvefoGm;&ef jyifqifpjyK&NyD/ ynma&;0efBuD;Xme twGif;0efxHrS pmwpf
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
apmifxyfa&mufvmyg\/ uRefawmfhtwGufvef'efwuúokdvfynma&;aumvdyf(Institute
of Education)wGif ae&m&NyD/ pufwifbmv wwd,tywfü ausmif;pzGifhrnfrkdY tjcm;
ynmawmfoifrsm;ESifhtwl Mo*kwfvrukefrD xGufrnfhoabFmESifhoGm;vQif ausmif;aemuf
usrnf/ armifvSab oGm;&rnfhc&D;pOfudk jyifay;xm;onf/ ynma&;0efBuD;XmeokdYvm
NyD; EkdifiHul;vufrSwf&&ef avQmufvTmwifonfhtcg ajymjyygrnf[k pmxJyg\/ vef'ef
wuúokdvf vufatmuf&Sd aumvdyfausmif; 4-5-6 q,fausmfwkdYonf ESpfpoifwef;rsm;
a,bk,stm;jzifh atmufwkdbmv yxrtywf Ak'¨[l;aeYwGif pyg\/
uRefawmf oGm;yg\/ c&D;pOfudk jyonf/ wpfvMumrnfhc&D; 18 &ufESifha&muf
rnfhta&;udk od&yg\/ &efukefrS umvuwåm;? xkdrS bkHbkdif? xkdrSjyifopfjynfawmifbuf
&Sd rmaq;(vf)NrdKU(Marseilles)? xkdrS ajrmufydkif;oabFmqdyf uJav(Calais)? xkdrSt*Fvef
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armfvNrdKif? &efukef? rEÅav;? a&TbkdokdYom a&mufzl;onfhuRefawmfonf tqkdygEkdifiHjcm;
c&D;pOfukd wpfa,mufwnf; oGm;&rnfrkdY cyfvefYvefYyif/ odkYaomf ra&mufzl;wJhNrdKUrsm;
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ul;vufrSwf Mo*kwfvrSm vm,l [k ajymyg\/
tdrfrjyefEkdifao;yg/ uRefawmfhrdwfaqGBuD; udkvSabmfwpfa,muf 'kwd,ESpfOy
pm0dZÆmwef; pmar;yGJokH;Budrfusojzifh rdbrsm;u rEÅav;rS olaX;orD;ESifhae&mcsay;
rnf[k ajymí rEÅav;oGm;&yg\/ vufxyfyGJtNyD; a&TbkdoGm;NyD; &GmodkYjyefvmygonf/
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xkd;&ygOD;rnf/ 0efcH&ef ypönf;jynfhpkHonfholwpfOD; vkduf&Sm&m arG;pm;onfhtysKdBuD;a':
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udk ac:NyD; armfvNrdKif&Sd jrefrmtrsKd;om;ta&;ykdifESifhcsdef;NyD; oGm;awGYyg\/
t&m&SdBuD; tcef;xJ 0ifoGm;Muonf/ xkdifyg[k rajymbJ odvkdonfhtaMumif;
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vkduf\/ xkdtcgrS xkdifyg[kt&m&SdBuD;u ajymygawmhonf/ 0efcHcsufudk vufrSwfxkd;NyD;
jyef,lvmyg\/
c&J&GmodkY uRefawmfjyefvmonf/ a':a':wkdYu 0rf;omrqkH;/ t&ifu wtuf
tufajymcJhaom tkdifpDtuf? bDpDtufwkdYudk owdr&awmhbJ wlarmiftwGuf *kPfwufae
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/ ]]jyefa&mufvmwJhtcg wkdYrsm;udk todrvkyfbJ ae&ifawmh odMua&mhaygh}}[kBudrf;olu
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
Budrf;? i,fi,fu upm;azmf upm;zufwkdYuvnf; &GHUovkd? 0rf;omovkdESifhMunfhaeMu
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0JbufrS orD;rsm; xkdifaeolwkdYtm; uRefawmfOD;okH;Budrfcsum uefawmhonf/ toD;oD;
qkay;Mu\/ okH;ESpfausmfausmfrSm uRefawmf jyefvmwJhtcg tzGm;? taz? a':a':wkdYudk
vkyfauR;yghr,f[k uwdjyKyg\/ odkYaomf uHu wpfrsKd;wpfrnf zefwD;cJhrnfudk BudKwifr
jrif&yg/
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jrefrmusyfaiG 450ESifhnDrQonfhaygifpwmvif 30 vkdrnf[kajymojzifh wpf0rf;uGJawmfol
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Company)rS udk,fpm;vS,fwpfa,mufpD apmifharQmfaernf/ rylygESifh[kajymMu\/ wnf;
tdrfodkY ab;roD &efrcbJ jyefa&mufvmygonf/ wuúpDarmif;orm;tm; qkcsvkduf\/
pufwifbmv 9 &ufaeYwGif NAdwdoQtif;'D;,ef;pwif;(rf)e,fADa*;&Sif;ukrÜPD
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udk oabFmay:&Sd uRefawmhftcef;xd ac:oGm;onf/
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rmjynfESifhcGJcGm&rnfaMumifh 0rf;enf;\/ b,f[mbufykdwdrf;onfudkum; rajymwwfyg/
&efukefjrpf0rS yifv,fxJ a&mufvmonf/ a&Twd*kHbk&m;udk ta0;rSvSrf;uefawmhyg\/
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
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onf/ taemufEdkifiHom;wpfOD;eSifhawGYyg\/ touf 50 ausmfausmfcefY &Sdygvdrfhrnf/ ol
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em;axmif&if; tbGm;? a':a':wkdYESifhazazhudk pdwfxJ &Sdckd;arwåmydkYonf/ jrefrmjynfrSm
aewkef; aiGr&Sdí udkvSabmfESifhtwl rEÅav; a&TbkdwkdYokdYom a&mufzl;onf/ tckawmh rkdif
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ae&mcsay;ygvdrfhr[k awG;&if; tdyfaysmfoGm;yg\/
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onf/ uRefawmfESifhtwl wpfpm;yGJwnf; xkdifpm;aeaom tdE´d,trsKd;om;onf MuufO
aMumfom pm;onfudk owdxm;rd\/ aemif t8FvefwGif pm;&rnfha&SUawmfajy;tpm;t
pmwkdYyif/ naeapmif; 3 em&Dtcsdefavmuf umvuwåm;oabFmqdyfodkY qkdufa&mufvm
onf/
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Hla Pe)[lpmvkH;BuD;rsm; yg&Sdonfhwkwfjzifh axmifxm;onfh uwfjym;BuD;udk ajr§mufjyxm;
aom t*FvdyfvlrsKd;wpfa,mufudk jrif&í olYqDoGm;onf/ olu ]uRefawmf Thomas
Cook rSudk,fpm;vS,fyg/ pDpOfxm;wJhtwkdif; cifAsm;udk vmBudKolyg}[k ajymoHMum;&í
tm;wufoGm;ygonf/ [dkacwfu 'Dvkdukd;[kpma&;&if; awG;rdyg\/
uRefawmfhtm; rvSrf;rurf;&Sd [kdw,fBuD;wpfckqD ac:oGm;NyD; {nfhcef;xJxm;
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rwif;wdrfí jyefxGufvm\/
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
aom a':a':wkdYu ay;vkdufaomig;ydaMumf? o&ufoD;oeyfESpfykvif;yg jcif;uav;udk
uRefawmfu qGJ? olu vufqGJom;a&aowåmESpfvkH;udk,lí wuúpDwpD;iSm;NyD; blwm&kHodkY
oGm;Muonf/ BudKwifoD;oefYiSm;xm;onfhyxrwef;wGJ wpfwGJay:wufMuonf/ vm;
vm;/ bkef;awmfBuD;aqm,m;ba&;ESifhoGm;awGY&jyefyg\/ ESpfa,muftdyfwGJxJ uRef
awmfESifholwkdYomjzpfí tcefYoifhvSygonf/ olvnf; uRefawmfESifhwpfwGJwnf;pD; wpfc&D;
wnf;oGm;&rSmrkdY oabmusykH ay:yg\/ ukd,fpm;vS,ftm; aus;Zl;wifpum; ajymMum;
onf/ EIwfqufNyD; xGufcGmoGm;\/
wGJxJ acwåxkdif? ypönf;awG ae&mcsNyD; wGJwHcg;aomhcwfum pm;aomufwGJ&Sd&m
ü aqm,m;ba&;ESifhnpm oGm;pm;Mu\/ ta&SUtaemufwkdif;jynfrsm; tpm;tpm&yg
\/ uRefawmfu xrif;[if;? tazmfc&D;onfu taemufwkdif;jynf tpm;tpmrSmpm;yg
onf/ wGJjyefa&mufMuonf/ oGm;wkduf yg;pyfaq; acwåxkdifpum;ajymum tdyf&m0ifMu
\/ a&csKd;cef; tdrfomESifhrsufESmopfcGufawG oefYjyefYvSyg\/ rD;&xm; wpfnvkH;ckwf
armif;aeyg\/ eHeufvif;aomf rsufESmopf eHeufpm oGm;pm;Mu\/ c&D;oGm;&if; jyif
bufMunfhonf/ jrefrmjynfjrufcif;awGESifh rwlyg/ ajrjyifü [dE´L rlqvifbk&m;&Sdckd;
ausmif;ESifhyvDrsm; jrif&onf/ awmifukef;rsm;ay:ü jrefrmjynfrSmuJhodkY apwDykxkd;rsm;
rjrifrdyg/ vrf;ab;ESpfbuf&Sd v,fuGif;rsm;ukdum; owdrlrd\/
aemufwpfaeY eHeuf tdyf&mrS Ekd;vmaomtcg tdE´d,jynf taemufbufawmif
ukef;qifhBuD;(Western Ghats)rsm;ay: ausmfjzwfoGm;aeygNyD/ ESif;jrLawGqkdif;um csrf;
pdrfhpdrfh jzpfvm\/ aemufqkH;ü bkHbkdifNrdKU blwm&kHBuD;odkY qkdufa&mufvmygonf/ xGuf
aygufwGif umvuwåm;rSmuJhodkY udk,fpm;vS,fwpfa,muf vmBudKESifhae\/ uRefawmfhudk
oabFmqdyf&Sd tuf(pf)? tuf(pf) &m0g;yif;'D(S.S.Rawalpindi)ac:oabFmBuD;qDac:oGm;
ygonf/ &efukef umvuwåm;oGm;oabFmxuf q,fqru BuD;rm;vSonfh{&mroabFm
BuD;/ udk,fpm;vS,fu uRefawmfhudk BudKwifoD;oefYiSm;xm;aom tcef;odkYac:oGm;NyD; ae
&mcsay;um EIwfqufí oabFmay:rSqif;oGm;\/
aemuf ESpfem&DcefYMumaomf oabFmBuD; urf;u cGmxGufoGm;onfhtcg urf;ay:
rS bifc&mtzGJYu 0rf;enf;zG,f&m wD;vkH;rsm;jzifh EIwfqufonf/ aMuuGJrdí rsuf&nfrsm;
pkdYvmonf/ crf;em;vSonfhbkHbkdifoabFmqdyfBuD;udk rsufpdwpfqkH;MunfhNyD; tcef;odkYjyef
vm\/ þoabFmBuD;onf cHhnm;xnf0gvSonfESifhtrQ toGm;vnf;jrefvSygonf/ xdkY
aMumifh 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;twGif;u twfvefwdwf(Atlantic)ork'´&mxJ *smrefa&ikyf
oabFmawGudk ESdrfeif;aeaomNAdwdoQppfoabFmrsm;tm; taxmuftyHhay;aewkef; a&
ikyfoabFmvufcsufjzifh jrKyfoGm;&&Sm\/ xkdowif;Mum;&aomtcg pdwfraumif;jzpfrd
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
ygonf/
aeYv,fpmudk us,fjyefYcrf;em;aompm;aomufcef;wGif pm;onf/ pm;p&mtrnf
pm&if;onf wpfayeD;yg;t&Snf? &SpfvufrcefYtus,f puúLuwfjym;ESpfzufjynfhESufae
\/ aqm;,m;ba&;udk rawGY&í ra&G;wwfyg/ xrif;[if;om rSmpm;onf/ jrefrm-td
E´d,[if;r[kwf/ tdE´d,-t*Fvdyfujym;jzpfaeonf/ 0dkift&uftrsKd;rsKd; &onf/ [kdt
cgu raomufwwfyg/ tcsKdyGJawG? bDpuGwfaxmywf 'defcJawGvnf; auR;\/ pm;NyD;
{nfhcef;ü oGm;xkdifonf/
{nfhcef;xJü tdE´d,trsKd;om; vli,fvl&G,f 10 a,muf 15 a,mufwkdYESifhawGY
onf/ pum;vufqkHusoGm;onfhtcg trsKd;om; ESpfa,mufESifhtrsKd;orD; wpfa,mufwkdY
u uRefawmfhuJhodkY vef'efwuúokdvfynma&;aumvdyfwGif ynmqnf;yl;rnf[kod&\/
aeYv,f 4 em&Dxkd;onfhtcsdefxd wdwfqdwfae\/ tem;,lMuí jzpfyg\/ xkdtcsdefrS 5
em&Dtxd ukef;ywfay: upm;rsKd;pkH upm;ol upm;? vrf;avQmufol avQmufMuonf/
npmudk 6 em&DtcsdefrSm pauR;ygonf/ taemufEkdifiHol EkdifiHom;rsm;u 0wf
pkHESifhta&SUwdkif;om;rsm;u yGJxkdift0wftpm;rsKd;rsm;ESifhvmpm;Muonf/ uRefawmfu
awmh ykd;vkHcsnf? wkdufyHkESifh/ aqm,m;ba&;ESifhawGYonf/ olYtem; oGm;xkdifpm;\/ aeY
v,fpmxuf [if;rnfrsm;\/ tcsKdUrSm uRefawmfrwwfonfhjyifopfbmomjzifh/ aemif
udktusifhygoGm;atmif t*Fvdyftpm;tpmudkaqm,m;ba&;tultnDjzifhrSmpm;onf/
OD;qkH; tjrnf;(Hors d'oeuvres)? 'kwd, qGwfjyKwf(Soup)? wwd, ig;aMumf/ pwkw¬ t
uif? tjyKwf? taMumf tom;trsKd;rsKd;ukd tm;vl;aMumf^jyKwfESifhtjcm;[if;oD;[if;
&GufESpfrsKd;/ yOör tcsKdyGJ/ q|r bDpuGwfESifh'defcJtrsKd;rsKd;/ aemufqkH; umzD? vufzuf
&nf BudKuf&m aomufEkdifonf/ [if;rnfwpfrsKd;qkd 0dkifwpfrsKd;ay;\/
yxrü vQmrawGYvSyg/ 4-5 &uf qufpm;Munfhonfhtcg t&nfvnfoGm;onf/
aeYv,fpmudkawmh xrif;ESifh[if;om pm;yg\/
yifv,fvIdif;wpfBudrfrl;onf/ rl;onhftcg tefNyD; igawmh aoawmhr,f[kxif
&avmufatmif rcsdrqHh cH&\/ tpm;wpfeyfESpfeyf vGwfoGm;onf/ oabFmq&m0efvm
Munfh\/ aq;ay;onf/ vufzuf&nf? umzD&nfom aomufonf/ trl;ajyoGm;aomt
cg arhaysmufoGm;onf/ vef;qef;vmNyD; tpm;taomuf aumif;vmonf/
wpfaeYwpfaeYESifh yifv,feD(Red Sea)xJ oabFmBuD;0ifvm\/ vIdif;avNidrfouf
vmonf/ npmpm;NyD; oabFmyJhykdif;wGif xkdifonf/ rkd;ay:u vudkMunfh? atmufa&jyif
udk &IESifhbmudk arQmfrSef;? b,fudk wrf;&rod/ vIdif;wtdtdMum; ckwfarmif;oGm;aomo
abFmay:ygoGm;onf/
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
tcsdefrMumrD yifv,feD«&uf('f)qD;Red Sea»ESifhajrxJyifv,f(r,f'Dwm&def;ed
,if;qD;The Meditterranean Sea)Mum; qufoG,fxm;aom pl;tuf(Suez)wl;ajrmif;BuD;
udk jzwfvm\/ oabFmESpfpif; ra&SmifomonfhtuGufrsm;wGif yxra&mufonfhoabFm
apmifhqkdif;ay;&ef wl;ajrmif;auGYBuD;awG &Sdonf/ xkdtcg uif;0efrif;BuD; vef'efoGm;aeY
pOfrSwfwrf;yg ]rjzpfawmif; jzpfykH/ &ufwpD;-rpf'D;wma&ESifhurf;ESpfaxG tajcqufvkdY?
0ifxGufum EkdifiHyGm;ap[k? &Snfvsm;ajrmfac:wwfygbd? rkd;ewfuRef,kH}[laompmESpfykd'fudk
&Gwfqkdrdyg\/ odkYESifh jyifopfjynfawmifbuf oabFmqdyfNrdKU rm;aq;(vf)odkYa&muf\/
uRefawmfESifhtwl tdE´d,ausmif;ol ausmif;om;tm;vkH;vkdvkdyif qif;vmMu
onf/ bkHbkdifoabFmqdyfrSmuJhodkY aomrwf(pf)uGwfrS udk,fpm;vS,fvmBudK\/ rvSrf;r
urf;&Sd blwm&kHü qkdufxm;aom rD;&xm;qDac:oGm;NyD; wpfa,mufpD; yxrwef;wGJt
cef;xJ ykdYay;onf/ jyifopfwGJapmifhwpfa,muf 0ifvmNyD; jyifopfvkd EIwfqufonf/ olu
t*Fvdyfvkd rwwfwwwf? uRefawmfu jyifopfpum; 4-5-6 vkH;wwfESifhESpfa,mufom;
pcef;oGm;Muonf/ wGJcef;xJ tdyf&mrjrifí ajcESifhvufESifht&dyfjyNyD; ar;\/ olu vpf
(Lit)tdyf&m[kajym&m uRefawmfacgif;ndwfjyonf/ eH&H&Sd cvkwfwpfck ESdyfvdkufaomtcg
eH&HxJjrKyfaeaom tdyf&m a'gifvkdufusvmygonf/
tdyfzkdYudpö NyD;oGm;ygNyD/ pm;zkdYta&; usefonf/ uRefawmfu Dinner(npm)[k
ajym&m t*Fvdyf-jyifopf ESpfbmomü toHqifwl,dk;rSm;jzpfaeojzifh 0D;0D;(Wee, Wee)
[kwfuJh [kwfuJhqkdum vufckepfacsmif;axmifjyNyD; pm;aomufwGJ&Sd&m vufnd§K;nTefjy
onf/ uRefawmfu aus;Zl;wifygw,fqkdaom jyifopfpum;(Mercie)[k ajymaomtcg
uRefawmf em;rvnfonfhpum;vkH;awG ajymNyD; jyKH;íxGufcGmoGm;\/ xkdwpfvkH;p ESpfvkH;
p jyifopfpum;rsm;udk bkef;awmfBuD;aqm,m;ba&;xHrS oif,lcJhyg\/
7 em&D xkd;onfhtcg pm;aomuf&mwGJodkY tcef;udk aomhcwfNyD; oGm;onf/ uH
tm;avsmfpGm ynmwwfNAdwdoQtrsKd;om;BuD;wpfOD;udk awGYí olYpm;yGJrSm xkdifcGifhawmif;
NyD; xkdif\/ oabmaumif;NyD; &nfrGefoljzpfonf/ olYtMuHÓPfawmif;í BudKuf&mtpm;
tpmrsm; rSmNyD;pm;ygonf/ olonf NAdwdefjynfwuúokdvf ausmif;wpfausmif;rSq&mwpf
a,mufjzpfaMumif; pum;ajym&if; od&\/
tcef;wHcg;aomhcwfNyD; wpfnvkH; tdyfonf/ eHeuf 6 em&Davmuftcsdef yg&D
(Paris)blwm&kHodkYqkdufvmonf/ wGJjyLwif;aygufudk zGifhMunfhonf/ pmtkyfawGxJomzwf
zl;onfhyg&DNrdKU[m 'gyguvm;[kqkdrdonf/ eHeufpmoGm;pm;NyD; wpfvrf;vkH; rsufpdpm;yGJ
xdkifvkdufcJh\/ uJav;odkYem&Djyefwpfcsufavmuf xifyg&JU a&mufvmonf/ ukd,fpm;vS,f
vmBudKNyD; ul;wkdYoabFmay:odkY ydkYay;onf/ a&mufESifhaeaom tdE´d,trsKd;om;tkyfpk
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
em; 0ifxkdif\/ 'kd;Am;qdyfurf;qDodkY pufwifbmv 26 &uf 3 em&Davmuf qkdufa&muf
\/
uRefawmfwkdY ukef;ywfay:wufMuonf/ vl0ifvlxGuf ppfaq;&mü wef;pDaeMu
&m uRefawmhfEkdifiHul;vufrSwf &SmrawGYojzifh aMumuftm;vefYtm;ESifh a&SUwpfvSrf;wkd;
NyD; ajrjyifay: &Sm\/ t*FvdyfvlBuD;wpfOD;u ]ausmfrwufeJY? rifhae&m rif;jyefoGm;}[k
Budrf;aewkef; a&SUem;&Sd vlwpfa,muf\ajcaxmuftem; oGm;awGYonf/ aumuf,lNyD;
]'DrSm 'DrSm 'gudk vkduf&Smwmyg}[k jyvkduf&m &Sufudk;&Sufuef;ESifhrsufESmydk;owfí aevkduf
\/
'kd;Am;rSwpfqifh vef'efodkYrD;&xm;ESifhoGm;onf/ tdE´d,trsKd;om;wkdYESifhwpfwGJ
wnf;pD;oGm;\/ vef'ef0dwkd&d,(Victoria)blwm&kHBuD;odkY qkdufa&mufvmonf/ uRefawmf
rxGufcGmvmrD wuúokdvfarmfuGef;xdef; rpöwmxif;pDu vef'efa&mufvQif vef'ef&Sd jref
rmtoif;opf«New Burma(Myanmar)Club»rStrIaqmifwpfOD;OD;vmBudKrnf[kajymcJho
jzifh pBuøwGif vkdufMunfh&m wpfa,mufudkrS rawGY&í acgif;BuD;oGm;onf/ 'ku©yJ? igbm
vkyf&rvJqkd&if; rvSrf;rurf;&SdonfhuRefawmfESifhwpfausmif;wnf;aernfhtdE´d,trsKd;
om;qD om;a&aowåmESpfvkH;qGJNyD; ]cifAsm; b,fukdoGm;rvkdYvJ}[kar;\/ ]a*gif0gvrf;
(Gower Street)&SdtdE´d,toif;(Indian Club)qDoGm;r,f? vkdufrvm;}[kajym&m ]vkdufr,f}
[kqkdNyD; wuúpDwpfpD;iSm;í oGm;\/
toif;&SdonfhtaqmufttkHBuD;odkYa&mufoGm;onf/ uRefawmfu wuúpDcxkwf
ay;vkdufNyD; tcef;BuD;wpfckxJ 0ifoGm;Muonf/ uRefawmf,lvmaom o&ufoD;oeyfESifh
ig;ydaMumfykvif;awG oabFmay: usef&pfcJhí ESajrmrdygonf/ tcef;xJa&mufonfhtcg
olYudk vufrvTwfbJ arQmhvkdwG,fxm;\/ ]uRefawmf w,fvDzkef; rqufwwfbl;? jrefrm
toif;opfqD w,fvDzkef; qufay;ygvm;}[k awmif;yef\/ ol w,fvDzkef; tnTef;pm
tkyfBuD;xJ MunfhNyD;qufay;ygonf/ uRefawmf jrefrmjynfü wpfcgrS w,fvDzkef; rquf
zl;yg/
rMumrD ]&NyD}[kajymNyD; uRefawmhfhtm; w,fvDzkef; vSrf;ay;\/ wpfzufrS ][J
vkd;? jrefrmtoif;opfuyg}[laomjrefrmtoHMum;&í ]jrefrmjynfu ckwifyJa&mufvm
wJhvSabyg}[kajym&m ajymaeolu ]udkvSab? uRefawmf udkav;yg}[kajymvkdufaomt
cg ]ukdav;? 0rf;omvkdufwm}[k0rf;yef;womESifhatmfajymvdkufonf/ xkdtcg udkav;u
]atmifr,fav;? em;tkH uGJoGm;NyDvm; rodbl;}[k &,foHESifhajymNyD; ]ck b,fu qufae
ovJ? b,frSroGm;eJY? uRefawmfvmBudKr,f}ar;&m ]tdE´d,toif;BuD;u}[kajzaomtcg
]b,frS roGm;eJY/ uRefawmfvmBudKr,f}[kqdk\/
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
ukdav;ESifhuRefawmf yk*Hausmif;aqmifwGif twlaecJhzl;ygonf/ ynmawmfoif
qkukd 1936 ckESpfü &í a&mufae\/ wuúpDwpfpD;jzifh vmNyD; reD;ra0;&Sd ab;vD(Bailey)
vrf;ay:&Sdtoif;wkdufodkY ac:oGm;onf/ olu twGif;a&;rSL;jzpfaeaMumif;? aezkdYt
cef;ukdvnf; iSm;ay;rnfjzpfaMumif; ajymygonf/
toif;taqmufttkHodkY a&mufvmonhftcg udkuHBuD;qkdolu qif;BudK\/
]rpöwmxif;pDxHu aMu;eef;&ygw,f/ udkvSab 27 &ufaeY(eufjzef)vef'efa&mufr,fvkdY
ygwmrkdY 0dwkd;&d,m; blwm&kHrSm oGm;rBudKwmyg}[k&Sif;jyonf/ NyD;aemuf teD;tem;&Sd t
*Fvdyfpm;aomufqkdifwpfqkdifodkY okH;a,mufom; npmoGm;pm;Mu\/ odk;om;qDjyefuif
(Roast Lamb)? tmvl;aMumf? aumfzDyef;? yJawmifhjyKwfwkdYpm;\/ tcsKdyGJvufzuf&nfjzifh
tqkH;owfonf/ 0rf;0\/ tqmrajy/
uRefawmfaernfhausmif;trnfudk ar;onf/ ynma&;aumvdyf(Institue of Ed-
ucation) [kajym&m bm;em'fvrf;(Bernard Street)&Sd eHygwf 45 tdrfodkYac:oGm;ygonf/
uHaumif;csifawmh yxrxyfvrf;bufrsufESmrlaeaom wpfa,muftdyftcef; &ygonf/
tkdif,mveftrsKd;orD;nDtpfrESpfa,muf\abmf'gaqmifjzpfygonf/ reufpmESifhtcef;
cwpfywfrSm 1 aygif 5 oQdvifay;&\/ uRefawmfwkdY paumvm;&Spf wpfvudk 18 aygif&
\/ xkdumvu 1 aygifvQif jrefrmaiG 15 usyfEIef;ESifhvJvS,fEkdifonf/ xkdtcef;rsKd; ,ck
tcg wpfywf aygif 50 avmuf ay;&ygvdrfhrnf/
uRefawmhfae&monf tbufbufrSMunfhvQif tqifajyaMumif; awGY&yg\/ 10
rdepfavQmufvQif ausmif;a&mufonf/ aetdrfa&SUwnfhwnfhwGif ajratmuf&xm;blwm
&kH? 3-4 rdepfavQmufvQif bwfpfum;rSwfwkdifrsm; awGY&\/
ntdyf&m0if\/ jrefrmjynfrS rxGufcGmvmrD ygarmu©vk(pf)rSmMum;vdkufonfht
wkdif; tdyf&may: rtdyfbJ tkdif'ga'gif;(eider down)iSufarG;zkHatmuf *Grf;apmifESifharGY&m
Mum; wkd;0iftdyf&\/ Muyfwnf;ovkdvkdjzpfrdonf/ igb,fa&mufaeygvdrfh[k t*Fvefjynf
yxrOD;qkH;nü awG;rd\/ eHeuf 7 em&D Ekd;onf/ n0wf&kHcRwf? aeY0wf&kH &SyftusÐ?
abmif;bD? ajcpGyf? zdeyf0wfNyD; xrif;pm;cef;xJ qif;oGm;onf/
tcef;xJü yk*Hausmif;aqmifae oufowfvGwfpm;? Oykofapmifhzufudktkef;? udk
xifvif;jr? udkwufxG#fESifhudkpHzkd;oif;wkdYudk awGY&í 0rf;omtm;& EIwfqufpum;ajymyg
\/ udktkef;ESifhukdxifvif;jrwkdYu ynma&;oifwef; wufaeolrsm;? udkwufxG#fu yg&*l
bGJYpmwrf;a&;aeolwkdY jzpfMuonf/ udkpHzkd; oif;bmtwGufvmonfudk arhoGm;ygNyD? udk
tkef;um; oufowfvGwf pm;NrJpm;aewkef;yif/
uRefawmfhpm;yGJwGif ajymif;zl;aphukd pufjzifh tjym;uav; vkyfxm;onfhaumef;
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
zvdwf(Corn flake)vmay;í EGm;EkdYavmif;? oMum;jzL;pm;\/ xkdaemuf MuufOESifh0uf
aygifajcmufaMumf &ygonf/ aemufqkH; aygifrkefYuif axmywfokwfESpfcsyfokH;csyfudk
vdar®mf,kdESifhpm;? vufzuf&nfacsm ESpfcGufaomuf\/ eHeufpm NyD;oGm;\/
6/ vef'efwuúodkvf ynma&;aumvdyfausmif;? 1938-39
aemufwpfaeY pufwifbmv 27 &ufaeY eHeufwGif ynma&;aumvdyfausmif;
odkY oGm;yg\/ vef'efwuúokdvftkyfcsKyfa&;taqmufttkH\tykdif;wpfydkif;wGif &Sdonf/
0if;BuD;wpf0if;xJrSmyif taqmufttkHopfwpfaqmifudk jrif&í tem;&Sdvlrsm;udk ar;
Munfh&m ta&SUwkdif;ynm&yfrsm;ausmif; jzpfaMumif; od&onf/
'kwd,urÇmppfBuD; NyD;onfhtcg ta&SUwkdif;ESifhtmz&duynm&yfrsm;ausmif;[k
trnfajymif;NyD; uRefawmf xkdausmif;om;jzpfvmrnfudk rarQmfrSef;rdyg/
ynma&;aumvdyfausmif;xJ a&mufvmaomtcg ausmif;om;opfrSwfykHwif
cef;&Sdonfhae&mudk tapmifhwpfOD;tm; ar;\/ nTefjy&mokdY oGm;NyD; tcef;wHcg;acguf
onf/ 0ifvmyg[laomtrsKd;orD;oHMum;&í 0ifoGm;onf/ ausmif;rS 'ktwGif;a&;rSL;
(Deputy Secretary)trsKd;orD;rpf(pf)um;(Carr)u azmfazmfa&Ga&G EIwfqufpum;ajym&
ygonf/ jrefrmjynf [kdufukwftNidrf;pm;w&m;olBuD; qm0DvD,Hum; (Sir William Carr)
\'kwd,orD; jzpfaewmudk;/ uHaumif;csifawmh uRefawmf tcef;xJrSmomxkdifaeNyD;
udpötm;vkH;udk pum;ajym&if; aqmif&Gufay;ygonf/ ol\tpfronf &efukefwuúokdvf
wGif xdktcsdefu t*Fvdyfpm'kuxduvnf;jzpf? pmMunfhwkdufrSL;OD;cifaZmf\ZeD;vnf;jzpf
ae\/
aemufwpfaeY pufwifbmv 28 &uf(Ak'¨[l;aeY)ü oifwef;zGifh\/ oufqkdif&m
ygarmu©rsm;ESifh'kygarmu©? uxdursm;u rdefYcGef;ajymNyD; jy|mef;onfhpmtkyfESifhtnTef;
pmtkyfwkdY\pm&if;ay;onf/ wuf&rnfhoifwef;rsm;rSm ynma&;oabmw&m;? BudKuf
ESpfouf&m bmomoifjyenf;? tajccHpdwfynm? ynma&;pdwfynm? vuf&Sdt*Fvefynm
a&;pepfESifh&mZ0iftjyif usef;rma&;wkdYyif/ acgif;em;yef;BuD;oGm;onf/
qnf;yl;cJhaom ynm&yfrsm;ESifhyufyif;yg &ifqkdifae&aombmom&yfrsm;onf
bkef;BuD;ESifhbD;yrm/ odkYaomf twef;awGrwufrD qkdif&mpmtkyfawGudk BudKwifzwfxm;?
twef;xJ vufcsmem;axmif&if; rSwfpkawGa&;cs/ twef;qif;onfhtcg pmtkyfESifh,SOf
NyD; jyefa&;? xkdYaemuf tnTef;pmtkyfawG avhvmum tqkdygbmom&yftwGuf a&;xm;
onfhtcsufrsm;udk xyfjznfhpGufxnhf\/ tm;onfhtcgwkdif; pmMunfhwkdufxJüom tcsdef
ukefcJhonf/ ESpfvavmufMumaomf t&nfvnf tenfusp jyKvm\/
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
wefzkd;&SdvSonfhtcsdefESifhaiGudk okH;usKd;eyf&atmif aeYv,fpmudk ausmif;pm;
aomufcef;rü twef;ol twef;om;rsm;ESifhpm;onf/ pm;&if;Mum;cJh&onhfvufcsmESifh
ywfoufí olwkdYESifhaqG;aEG;onf/ olwkdYudk ar;jref;\/ wpfcsufckwf ESpfcsufjywf[kqkd&
ygrnf/ NyD;aemuf þuJhokdY awGYzefrsm;í rdwfaqGaumif;rsm;&onf/ aeYv,fpmtwGuf
1 oQDvif 6 yJedom ukefusygonf/ 1 aygifrSm oQdvif 20? 1 oQdvifrSm 12 yJed/ jrefrmaiG
ESifhvJvS,fEIef;onf 1 aygifudk 15 usyf&ojzifh pm;aomufconf jrefrmaiG wpfusyfywf
0ef;usifom usonf/ &onhftpm;tpmum; qGwfjyKwf? om; ig;ESifhtcsKdyGJwkdYjzpfyg\/
,cktcg þtpm;tpmrsKd; ESpfaygifESifh&vQif uHaumif;yif/
&cJhonfhrdwfaqGaumif;rsm;teuf ESpfOD;wkdYtaMumif;om ajymjyvdkygonf/
wpfOD;u rpöwm[J&pfqifcswf(csf)? (Harrison Church)? wpfOD;uawmh rpöwm*GwfzJvkd
(Goodfellow)/ cswf(csf)onf pmtvGefawmfonf/ ESpfukefpmar;yGJü *kPfxl;jzifh atmif
onf/ 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;twGif; ausmif;wpfausmif;wGif txufwef;jyq&mtjzpfESifh
toufarG;onf/ ppfBuD;NyD;aomtcg vef'efwuúokdvfpD;yGm;a&;ESifhEkdifiHa&;ynmaum
vdyfausmif;(School of Economics and Political Science)rSm uRefawmfu ta&SUwkdif;ESifh
tmz&duynm&yfrsm; aumvdyfausmif;(School Oriental and African Studies)rSmtoD;
oD; trIxrf;onf/ uxdu? 'kygarmu©? ygarmu©&mxl;rsm;udk wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; ra&S;r
aESmif; &onfhtjyif 0Jvif;yef;jcHNrdKU(Welwyn Garden City)wGif rvSrf;rurf;ü tdrf0,f
NyD;aeMuonf/
*GwfzJvkdrSm Nidrf;csrf;a&;orm;? ppfudk rESpfoufyg/ ppftwGif; ppf0ifrwkdufbJ
&efolYAkH;awG y,f&Sif;a&;wyfxJ 0if trIxrf;rnf[k uRefawmhfudk ajymoGm;onf/ aemif
tcg olESifhrawGY&awmhyg/
uRefawmfonf yx0D0ifudk txl;jyKoifjyenf;bmomtjzpf ,lonf/ uRefawmf
ESifhtwl þtwef;wufonfhausmif;om;ausmif;ol 30 cefY&dSygonf/ olwkdYtxJ txuf
ygrdwfaqGESpfa,mufwkdYvnf; yg0ifonf/ uRefawmfwkdY usLwmonf rpöwmtef(ef)pD p
uyf(zf)(N.C. Scarfe)jzpfyg\/ jrefrmjynfwuúodkvfrsm;rSmuJhodkY enf;jyq&momru u
xdu[kvnf;ac:Ekdifygonf/ pmar;yGJü t&m0ifonf/ oabmaumif;onf/ vlrsKd;jcm;
ausmif;olausmif;om;wkdYESifhcifrif&if;ESD;pGm qufqH\/ uRefawmf uHaumif;ygonf/
wuúokdvfoifwef; okH;ywftwGif; wpfywfvQif wpfBudrf tufaq;a&;&onf/
þtufaq;rsm;onf pmar;yGJcsdefcGifwGif tatmif? t&IH;ay;onfhtav;wpfckjzpfyg
onf/ yxrtufaq;udk a&;NyD; usLwmudk ay;vkdufonf/ jyef&aompmtkyfxJ atmuf
ygrSwfcsufESifhwuG trSwf B (60-65)ay;xm;\/Your written English is splendid. No
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
one would know you wern't English. Why is spoken not good? (rif; t*Fvdyfpm[m
aumif;vkdufwm? rif;udk vlrsKd;jcm;vkdY b,folurS ,lqr,fr[kwfbl;/ tajympum;us
awmh bmjzpfvkdY raumif;&ovJwJh)
ukd,fhudk,fudk txifBuD;rdonf/ aemufwpfBudrf tpGrf;jyNyD; tufaq;a&;onf/
pmtkyfxJ trSwf C (50-55)ay;NyD; aumufEkwfcsuf þuJhodkY ay;xm;\/ Rather alot of
trite sayings and quotations. Too many precepts (&kd;aeonfhtqkdtrdefYawG? pmtkyfrSt
udk;tum;awGeJY jynfhESufaew,f/ w&m;a[mwmawG rsm;vGef;w,fwJh/)
wwd,tufaq; a&;onfhtcg usLwm\axmufjycsufrsm;udk a&SmifNyD; yif
ukd,ftjrifÓPfokH;um tcsuftvufawGudk wifjyygonf/ þtBudrfü Good (aumif;
w,f)vkdYa&;NyD; B+(70)ay;vkdufyg\/
ESpfywfokH;ywf wpfBudrfqkdovkd yx0D0ifESifhqkdifonfhtaMumif;t&mwpf&yfudk
a&G;cs,fNyD; ajyma[myGJ aqG;aEG;yGJ vkyfygonf/ tzGJYom;trsm;pku yg0ifqifETJ&onf/
wpfaeYaomf uRefawmf jrefrmjynftaMumif; ajyma[m&ef tvSnfha&mufvmonf/
rprD usLwmrpöwmpuyf(zf)u w&kwfbmomESifha&;xm;onfhum;csyfuav;wpfcsyfudk
ausmufoifykef;BuD;ay: qGJxm;\/ olu jyKH;jyKH;ESifhw&kwfpmxJ bmygovJqkdwm odMu
ovm;[kar;\/ xkdtcg w&kwftwef;om;rpöwm0rf(Wang)u ]q&mBuD;? q&mBuD;?
pmawG[m apmufxkd;jzpfaeygw,f}[kajym&m ]at; at; 'gudk igowdrxm;rdbl;uG,f?
onf;cHyg}[kqkdNyD; jyifcsdwfxm;vkdufonf/ pmxJygonfrSm ]pum;wpf&m? pmwpfvkH;}jzpf
yg\/
uRefawmfonf BudKwifavhvmxm;aom jrefrmjynftaMumif;udk rdepf 40 cefY
ajyma[myg\/ yxrqkH;tBudrf ynmwwfNAdwdoQtrsKd;om;trsm;pk yg0ifonfhausmif;
om;a&SUarSmuf t*Fvdyfvkd xajym&onfrSm cyfaMumufaMumuf cyf&GHU&GHUjzpfrdonf/ NyD;
onfhtcg ar;olu ar;? aqG;aEG;olu aqG;aEG;onf/ yx0D0ifuRrf;usifMuolrsm;rkdY ol
wkdYpum; tom;ygyg\/ usLwmu aemufqkH;a0zefajymqkdum ed*kH;csKyfvkdufygonf/
yxrtufaq;atmufü ]tajympum;usawmh bmjzpfvkdY raumif;&ovJ}[l
onfhusLwm\rSwfcsuf acgif;xJpGJaeonfu wpfaMumif;? wuúokdvf'kwd,tywfoif
wef;twGif; vef'efNrdKU&Sd pmoifausmif;wpfausmif;wGif ausmif;om;awGudk oifjy&rnfh
wm0ef&SdíwpfaMumif;wkdYaMumifh vlykHMum; pum;ajymtwwf(elocution)oifonfhn
ausmif;wufonf/ ]ig;ydoHeJYajymvkdYrjzpfbl;? ausmif;om;awG em;rvnf&kHru 0dkif;&,f
Mur,f}qkdNyD; ESpfí oif,lygonf/ aemufqkH; xkdausmif;enf;jyq&mwkdYu av,lavodrf;
vnf;aumif;? toHvnf; yDovmNyDrkdY wpfzufom; NAdwdoQvlrsKd;rsm; tcuftcJr&Sdem;
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
vnfrnfhtqifhtwef; a&mufNyD[kajymí oifwef;rwufawmhyg/
wuúokdvfyxroifwef; tywf 10 ywfMumaomf ausmif;av;ywf ydwfvkduf
\/ wpfaeYaomf atmufpzkYd wuúodkvfwGif bDvpfbGJYpmwrf;a&;aeolOD;0efonf uRef
awmfhxH vmvnfonf/ olYpmwrf;? pmwrf;BuD;Muyfolrpöwm*sD? tD? [m;aA(G.E.Harvey)
ESifhwuúokdvftaMumif;rsm;udk ajymjyygonf/ em;axmifí aumif;vSyg\/ xkdaemuf n
pmoGm;pm;Muonf/
vufpwm;puGJ,m;(Lececester Square)odkY ajratmuf&xm;ESifhoGm;NyD; blwm
&kHESifhra0;vSonfhrufupif;(Maxim)w&kwfpm;aomufqkdifü pm;Muonf/ [if;csKd? [if;
oD;[if;&GufaMumf? tom;aMumfcsufwpfcGufpDESifhxrif; vkdoavmuf&onfhtxJ a&aEG;
Murf;aomufcsifoavmuf aomuf&onf/ wpfa,mufvQif 2 oQDvif 9 yJedESifhpm;yGJxkd;
ukd ay;onfh 3 yJed? aygif; okH;oQDvifom usonf/ ,cktcg wpfOD;vQif 3-4 aygifay;&
aumif; ay;&ayvdrfhrnf/ aMomf a&S;acwfa[mif;? a&S;acwfa[mif;/ tjyefwGif qkdif
wpfqkdifa&SUcef;rSeftdrfxJ acG;om;uav;awG jrif&onf/ OD;0efu ]uRefawmfwkdY a&S;b0
u 'DvkdacG;uav;awG rdom;pkrS cGJNyD;a&mif;pm;cJhvkdY ckvkdwkdif;wpfyg;rSm rdbrsm;eJYuGJae&
wm}[kqkdonf/ uRefawmfu ]aumif;wJhacwåuGJjcif; r[kwfbl;vm;}[kajym&m olujyKH;
aeonf/
1939 ckESpf 'kwd,oifwef;tywf Zefe0g&DvwGif pygonf/ uRefawmfwkdY vef
'efNrdKU ausmif;wpfausmif;odkYoGm;NyD; t*FgESifhMumoyaw;aeYrsm;wGif pmoifjyMu&\/
uRefawmfonf vef'efta&SUykdif; tv,fwef;ausmif;wpfausmif;wGif wm0efusonf/
qif;&Jonfh&yfuGuf jzpfyg\/ yxraeYü ausmif;tkyfBuD;ESifhoGm;awGY&onf/ tvGefo
abmaumif;\/ pum;nifnifomomESifhuRefawmfoif&rnfhyx0D0ifbmomESifhpyfvsOf;
íajymjyonf/ jy|mef;aompmtkyfrsm;udkjyNyD; twef;jyq&mESifhrdwfqufay;ygonf/
oifjyrnfhykH oifjyenf;rsm;udk acgif;pOfawGwyfNyD; Ak'¨[l;aeYwGif BudKa&;csxm;NyD; t
BudrfBudrfzwfonf/
Mumoyaw;aeY oGm;onfhtcg twef;jyq&mESifh 9 em&Drxdk;rD q&mawG em;
aecef;wGif oGm;awGYonf/ tcef;xJ&Sd q&mawGESifhrdwfqufay;NyD; 9 em&Dtcsdef olYt
wef;odkYoGm;Muonf/ 12 ESpf 13 ESpf ausmif;olausmif;om; 25 a,mufavmufu xNyD;
EIwfquf\/ q&mu uRefawmfhtrnfESifhtrsKd;Zmwdukd ajymjy\/ yxrtcsdefwGif q&m
ukd,fwkdif &mZ0ifoifjyonf/ wpfqufwnf; roifyg/ oifvkduf ar;cGef;awG ar;vkduf?
vufnd§K;axmifonfhausmif;om;ausmif;oludk ar;vkdufESifhNrdKifNrdKifqkdifqkdif NyD;oGm;\/
45 rdepfcefY MumonfhtwGif; uRefawmf em;pkdufaxmifaeonf/ ynmwkd;yGm;vm\/
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
aemufwpfcsdef q&mwpfOD; bmomwpfbmom vmoif\/ twef;jyq&mxGuf
oGm;\/ uRefawmfu em;axmifonf/ olYtwef; NyD;oGm;aomtcg twef;jyq&m0ifvm
NyD; uRefawmf a[mfvefjynfyx0DoifjyykHudk tuJcwfonf/ NyD;onfhtcg olu apwem
ESifha0zefajymqkd\/ em&Djyefwpfcsufü olESifhuRefawmf aeYv,fpm ausmif;pm;aomuf
cef;oGm;pm;Muonf/ ausmif;tkyfBuD;ESifhqkHonf/ qGwfjyKwf? ig;ESifhtmvl;aMumf? tcsKd
yGJpm;? vufzuf&nfaomufMuonf/ nae ol ESpfcsdef? uRefawmf wpfcsdef oifNyD; 4 em&D
ausmif;vTwfaomtcg tdrfjyefMuyg\/
aemuf t*FgaeYü usLwmrpöwmpuyf(zf)ESifhtjcm;usLwmwpfOD;wkdY uRefawmf
oifjyykHudk vmí em;axmifonf/ NyD;onfhtcg oabmusonfhrsufESmESifh twef;q&mudk
a&m uRefawmhfudkyg EIwfquf xGufoGm;onf/ q&mu ]rif; toiftjy aumif;w,f?
aemif tusifh&wJhtcg ydkaumif;zdkY tvm;tvm igjrifw,f}[kajymyg\/ xkdaemuf uRef
awmfu q&mhtm; ]uRefawmf jyóemwufwJhausmif;om;wpfa,muf(Problem Child)
taMumif; pmwrf;a&;&r,f/ qmvDAif(Sullivan)udk rlwnfNyD;a&;&&if raumif;bl;vm;}
[k tMuHÓPfawmif;&m ]a&;yg? a&;NyD; ighukdvJ jyOD;aemf}[kqkdyg\/
qmvDAifonf tifrwefqif;&Jyg\/ olESifhwpfywfwpfBudrf pum;pjrnfajym?
rdbrsm;taMumif; wD;acgufMunfhonf/ wpfcgwpfcg olYaeYv,fpmpm;zkdY wpfoQdvifay;
vkdufonfhtcg aus;Zl;wifírqkH;yg/ olYtdrfokdYvnf; uRefawmfhudk ac:oGm;NyD; tarrdb
rsm;ESifhawGYaponf/ tcef;BuD;wpfcef;xJ rdom;pk tdyfvnf;tdyf? xkdifvnf;xkdif? ae
vnf;ae? pm;vnf;pm;&onfudkjrif&í &ifxkremjzpfrd&yg\/ a&;NyD;onfhpmwrf;udk q
&mtm; yxrjyNyD; usLwmvufxJ pmar;yGJ rusif;yrD tyfvdkufygonf/
onfvkdESifh'kwd,oifwef;tywfukefcJh\/ rwfv tDpwm(Easter)yGJawmftwGuf
ausmif;av;ywfydwf\/ rydwfrD usLwmu yx0Dynm vufawGYpl;prf;zkdY c&D;ESpfywfxGuf
NyD; uGif;qif;avhvmr,f/ t*FvefeJYqGpfZmvefjynf ESpfjynf b,fjynfrSm avhvmrvJ[k
ar;\/ trsm;pku qGpfZmvefajymojzifh qGpfZmvefjynfokdY yx0D0iftzGJYom; 30 wkdYt
euf oGm;rnfhausmif;om; 20 ausmfukd usLwmESifhZeD;wkdYacgif;aqmifvsuf c&D;pxGuf
Muonf/ þuGif;qif;avhvma&;taMumif;udk a'gufwmvSab ynmyg&rDpmtkyf(1993
ckESpf pufwifbmvxkwf)pmrsufESm 214 rS 218 txd tjynfhtpkHa&;cJhNyDrkdY þae&mwGif
a&;jy&ef rvkdawmhNyD/ vef'efNrdKUodkY {NyDv 30 &ufaeYü jyefa&mufvmMuyg\/
ZGefv 28 &ufaeYü a&;ajzpmar;yGJ pwifusif;yygawmhrnf/ aeYrod? nrod
qkdif&mpmtkyfawGzwf? rSwfpkawGMunfh? tcsuftvufawG jyefaEG;onf/ wpfaeYaomf
ausmif;pmMunfhwkdufrStxGuf oabFmay:ü odcJh&aom tdE´d,ausmif;om;ESifhawGY\/
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
ol\usLwmtaMumif;udk ajymjyonf/ olYpum;Mum;&onhftcg uRefawmhfusLwm uRef
awmhftay: rnfrQaumif;onfudk odvm&onf/ uHudk aus;Zl;wifyg\/
a&;ajzpmar;yGJudk ajzonf/ 10 wef;ESifhjrefrmpm*kPfxl;wef;pmar;yGJrsm;rSmuJh
okdY tm;r&yg/ &ufrMumrD uRefawmfhausmif;ü vufawGYtoiftjy pmar;yGJvkyfyg\/ xkd
aeYeHeuf jrefrm0wfpkH(acgif;aygif;ryg)udk vufqGJtdwfxJ ,loGm;onf/ q&mrsm; em;ae
cef;ü t0wftpm;vJonf/ rMumrD usLwmrpöwmpuyf(zf)ESifhygarmu©wpfOD;a&mufvm
\/ twef;om;rsm; rodwmudk odatmif olwkdYodwmu poif&m\[lonhfoabmw&m;
vufudkifxm;NyD; jrefrmjynf&moDOwktaMumif;udk oifjyygonf/
twef;xJ jrefrmt0wftpm;jzifh0ifvmonf/ twef;om;wkdYu tm;? tl;ponfh
toHrsm;jyKum xíEIwfqufonf/ jrefrmjynfatmufydkif;a'o &moDOwktaMumifoif
jyr,f/ tJ'DrSm aEG? rkd;? aqmif; &,fvkdY OwkokH;yg; &Sdw,f/ t*FvefrSm b,fESpfrsKd;&SdovJ
av;rsKd;&Sdygw,fvkdY ajzMuonf/ aEGrSm tylcsdef 100 txd wufw,f[kqkdvkduf&m tkd;?
tm;[katmfMujyefonf/ t*Fveftylcsdef b,favmuf&SdovJ/ tjrifhqkH; 80 'D*&D 85 'D
*&DygyJ/ 'gayr,fh wpfcgwpfcgrS 'Davmufylwmyg[k wpfa,mufu xajzonf/
rkd;wGif;av;vrSm rkd;vufr 200 txd &Gmwwfw,f[kajym&m rsufvkH;jyL;oljyL;
oGm;onf/ t*FvefrSm 'Davmuf r&Gmbl;[kwpfa,muf xajymonf/ aqmif;wGif;rSm rkd;
r&Gm ESif;usonfudk olwkdYod\/ aqmif;wGif; atmufjrefrmjynfrSm tedrfhqkH; 60-65 'D*
&Dtxdom tat;"mwfusqif;w,f? t*FvefrSm b,ftxd usqif;ovJ[kar;\/ vuf
nd§K;axmifonfhtwef;oluav;u okn? wpfcgwav tEkwfvu©Pm 4-5-6 txd us
qif;wwfw,f[kajz\/ 'Dt0wftpm;rsKd; 0wfvkdY&rvm;[kjrefrmt0wftpm;udk vuf
nd§K;xkd;jyNyD; ar;&m r&yg[kajzMuonf/
t*FvefrSm *sKH b,fvkdpdkufovJ[kar;&m wpfa,mufu xajz\/ uRefawmfu
&THUxJ pyg;pdkufzkdYudk x,fxkd;? xGef,uf? pufwkH;ckwfonfrStp aumufpkduf? pyg;&dwf? avSY
onftxd "mwfykHum;csyfBuD;rsm;ESifh&Sif;vif;ajymjy\/ xkdYaemuf uRefawmfuar; ol
wkdY uajz? olwkdYuar; uRefawmfuajz&if; rdepf 40 jynfhoGm;\/ tawmfNrdKifonf/ usL
wm u raemawGY? ygarmu©u oabmacGYoGm;ykHay:NyD; uRefawmfhudkEIwfqufumxGufcGm
oGm;Muygonf/ em;axmifaeaom twef;jyq&mu Congratulations (uRefawmf o
abmusw,f)[kvmajym\/ twef;om;tcsKdUu tusÐESifhvkHcsnfudk vmudkifMunfhNyD;ar;
Muonf/ q&mu rpöwmab armaeNyDuG,fh? oGm;MuawmhqkdrS xGufcGmoGm;Muonf/
pmar;yGJatmifpm&if; xGufaomtcg Pe, Hla(abç vS)trnfudk awGY&aom
aMumifh aMomf tHhzG,f&mwpfyg; avmurSm jzpfcJhNyDuvm;[k &Gwfqkdrdygonf/ ÓPf0D&d,
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
pGrf;tm;xuf uHwGef;tm;aMumifh atmifjrif&onf[k ,lqrdyg\/
yx0D0iftzGJYom;wkdYxJ vlawmfawGyg\/ uRefawmhfrdwfaqG rpöwm[J&pfqifcswf
(csf) onf *kPfxl;ESifhatmifonf/ 10 &mckdifEIef;omusonf[kxifyg\/ pmar;yGJatmif
olwkdY atmifyGJcHonfhtaejzifh ruf(vf)pifw&kwfxrif;qkdifwGif aeYv,fpm aysmfaysmf&Tif
&Tif pm;aomuf&if; pmar;yGJusolrsm;twGuf acwåESpfrdepfcefY NidrfoufpGm aeMuonf/
þrQavmuf cspfcif&if;ESD;olrsm;jzpfMuonf/ NyD;aemuf wpfa,mufvdyfpm wpfa,muf
,laewkef; ausmif;olwpfOD;u ]wkdYrsm;[m wpfpif;ESifhwpfpif; qkHrdNyD; cGmxGufoGm;wJhyif
v,fxJrS oabFmawGeJYwlw,f? b,fawmh jyefawGYMuOD;rvJ rodbl;aemf}[k0rf;enf;oH
jzifh ajymonfhpum;udk ckxd rSwfrdaeygao;\/
uRefawmfhxH wuúodkvft"dywdESifhausmif;tkyfBuD;wkdY xkd;xm;aomvufrSwfyg
'DyvkdrmbGJYpm&GufBuD; pmwkdufrS a&mufvmonf/ uRefawmfhusLwmrpöwmpuyf(zf)ac:í
oGm;awGYonf/ uRefawmfhtm; axmufcHpmwpfapmifudk a&;ay;onf/ pmapmifatmuf
wGif olYvufrSwfESifhynma&;aumvdyfausmif;tkyfBuD; rpöwmtuf(zf)uvyf(F.Clarke)
vufrSwfrsm; xkd;xm;\/
tcsKyfrSm ]rpöwmvSabonf t*FvefwGif ynmvmoifojzifh aus;Zl;rsm;pGm
jzpfxGef;oGm;onf/ ol&&SdonfhtcGifhta&;rsm;udk pdwfa&mudk,fyg Ekdifeif;pGm tokH;cscJh
onf/ oifwef;rsm; wufaeonfhMum; tcsKdUtcsdefrsm;wGif vef'efNrdKU ausmif;rsm;wGif
yx0D0if? *Pef;ESifht*Fvdyfpmrsm;udk ydkifydkifEkdifEkdif ydkYcspGrf;onf/ vef'efausmif;om;u
av;wkdYtm; olwdkYem;vnfonfha0g[m&tokH;tEIef;wkdYjzifh oifjy&onfrSm vG,fulaom
udpör[kwfyg/ odkYjzpfvifhupm; ol\ESpfoufp&mtrlt&m? wnfNidrfaom rjzpfraevkyf
rnfhpdwfxm;jzifhoifjy&m pum;tokH;tEIef;ESifhenf;edó&nf;ESpfckpvkH;wGif txl;atmif
jrifcJhonf/ xkdYtjyif yifwkdifq&mwpfOD; rusef;rrmjzpfaeckduf ol\ae&mü wm0efrsm;
udk xrf;aqmifcJhao;onf/
rpöwmabonf tcsdeftawmfMumMum ausmif;trsKd;rsKd;ESifhynma&;tzGJYt
pnf;tzkHzkHwkdYudk avhvmcJhonf/ oufqkdfifonfhynm&yfudk qnf;yl;cJh\/ t*FvdyfpmESifht
*Fvdyfynma&;tawG;tac:wkdYudk ukHvkHem;vnfEkdifeif;aMumif;udk ol\ta&;tom;rsm;
u oufaojyxm;onf/ jrefrmjynfodkY jyefvmonfhtcg <u,f0wdusrSefuefaomtod
ÓPf? tzkd;wefonfhtjrifÓPfrsm;onf olESifhwpfygwnf; ygoGm;rnf/ þt&nftcsif;
rsKd;jzifh jynfh0aeoltm; 0efxrf;cefYrdonfhrnfonfhtmPmydkifrsKd;rqkd olrnfrQBuD;rm;
onfhtusKd;udk o,fykd;rnfhta&;udk rvGJraoG awGY&ayrnf}}[lí yg&Sdyg\/
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
7/ ta&SUwkdif;ESifhtmz&duynm&yfrsm; aumvdyfausmif;? 1939-44
pmar;yGJ atmifNyD;onfhaemuf txkyfBuD;usoGm;onf/ ukd,fpdwfayghyg;oGm;\/
pm;0iftdyfaysmfonf/ ZlvkdifvtwGif; acgif;at;at;xm;NyD; aemufquf bDtD;'D(B.
Ed)? trf(rf)tD;'D(M.Ed)bGJYESifhynma&;r[m0dZÆm(M.A)bGJYwkdYteuf b,fbGJY,l&rnfudk
pOf;pm;onf/ a0cGJír&yg/ ewfnTef;ydkYí xifyg&JU OD;0ef(rif;ok0Pf)aygufvmygonf/
atmufpzkdYwuúokdvfrS bDvpf(B.Litt)&NyDjzpfí jrefrmjynfodkY vykdif;twGif; jyefygawmh
rnf/ olu uRefawmfhtaMumif;udk a'gufwma*sat pwl;0wf(J.A. Stewart)tm;ajymjy
í uRefawmhfudk awGYcsifaMumif;? uRefawmfoGm;rnfqkdvQif olac:oGm;rnfjzpfaMumif;
ajymyg\/ uRefawmfvnf; awGYcsifygonf[kajzvkdufygonf/
ESpf&ufavmuftMum OD;0efESifhtwl vef'efrS rkdif 30 cefYa0;aom a'gufwmp
wl;0wfaexkdif&m bda&Smh(zf)pawmhzkdY(Bishop's Stortford)NrdKUokdY &xm;jzifh oGm;ygonf/ rd
epf 30 tMumwGif a&mufoGm;Muonf/ q&mBuD;onf jrefrmjynfwGif tkdifpDtuf0efxrf;
tjzpf tESpf 30 eD;yg;trIxrf;cJhonf/ 1933-34 ckESpfü yifpif,lNyD; jrefrmtrsKd;orD;
ZeD;a':cifav;ESifhtwl t*FvefodkYjyefvmonf/ jrefrmpm jrefrmESifhrGefpum;wwfonf/
,cktcg vef'efwuúokdvfta&SUwkdif;ynm&yfrsm;ausmif;ü jrefrmpm 'kygarmu©jzpfae
onf/ jrefrmjynfwGif vkyfazmfudkifzuf b0wl rpöwm qD? 'AÁvsL? 'ef;(C.W. Dunn)ESifh
vufwGJNyD; jrefrm-t*Fvdyf tbd"mefBuD;udk jyKpkaeyg\/
q&mBuD;u awGYawGYcsif; &if;ESD;pGmjzifh bmqufvkyfzkdY tpDtpOf&SdaMumif; ar; \/
uRefawmfu ynma&;txufwef;'D*&Dwpfckckudk ,l&ef MuHpnfaeaMumif;ajymaom tcg
]jrefrmjynf ynma&;twGuf 'DyvkdrmeJYvkHavmufygNyD/ jrefrmpmay wkd;wufatmifpepf
wus oifMum;zkdYoufqkdif&m jrefrmbmompmay yg&*lbGJYpmwrf;a&;ygvm;}[kjrefrmvkd
wkdufwGef;ygonf/ rkwfqdwfysm;pGJudef;ESifhrarQmfvifhbJ jzKef;ceJ MuKHawGY&í tHhtm;oifh
oGm;NyD;aemuf ]tcGifh&&ifawmh pmwrf;a&;csifwmaygh}[kajzvkdufyg\/ q&mBuD;u ol
oufqkdif&mqD pma&;tcGifhawmif;rnf}[kajymygonf/ a':cifav;u jrefrmxrif;[if;
rsm; auR;arG;NyD; jyefvTwfvkdufonf/
uRefawmf yg&*lbGJY,l&ef Mo*kwfvtwGif; jrefrmtpkd;&xHrStrdefYusvmaMumif;
udk Mum;od&yg\/ 0rf;omtm;& &SdaepOf udkvSausmfa&mufvm\/ yk*Hausmif;aqmifae
azmfaezufjzpfonf/ wpfESpfESpfESpfavmufu wd&pämefaq;uk ynmawmfoifpaumvm;
&Spf&í t*Fvefa&mufaeonf/ avmavmq,fwGif t*Fvefta&SUbuf yifv,furf;ajc
NrdKU *&dwf,m;armuf(of)(Great Yarmouth)wGif wd&pämefaq;ukq&m0efBuD;xHü vuf awGY
twwfynmoif,lae\/ olaeonfhNrdKUodkY tyef;ajzvmvnf&ef ajymyg\/ a&mufzl;
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
w,f&dSatmif oleJYoGm;r,fvkdY0efcHvkdufonf/ xdktcsdefu *smreDtmPm&Sif [pfwvm
(Hitler) \ya,m*aMumifh Oa&mywkdufwGif ppf&dyfppfaiGY oef;ESifhaeNyD/
pufwifbmv 2 &ufaeYwGif udkvSausmfESifhtwl rD;&xm;jzifh oGm;onf/ vrf;
wpf0uf tpfy(pf)0pf(csf)(Ipswitch)NrdKU blwm&kHodkY qkdufonfhtcg t*FvdyftrsKd;om;u
av;wpfa,muf wufvmNyD; [pfwvm ykdvef(Poland)udk 0ifwkdufNyD[kajymygawmh\/
NAdwdoQESifhjyifopftpkd;&wkdYu ykdvefr[mrdwf jzpfaeojzifh olwkdYESpfOD;pvkH; 0ifulvQif ppf
jzpfrSm rkcs[laomtawG;onf acgif;xJ aqmifh0ifvm\/ udk,fhpdwfudk,fajzqkdovkd olwkdY
0ifulcsifrS ulrSmyJav[laomtawG;ESifh ajzvkdufonf/ udkvSausmfuvnf; ]ppfjzpfcsifrS
jzpfrSmyg}[kqkd\/ qufvufoGm;Muonf/
,m;armuf(of)wGif tcef;wpfcef; iSm;aeonf/ yifv,furf;ajcoJjyifodkYoGm;
onf/ pdwfxJ ckd;vdk;ckvkjzpfaeonf/ aemufwpfaeY eHeuf 11 em&DavmuftcsdefwGif a&
'D,kdem;axmifaewkef; NAdwdoQeef;&if;0efBuD; rpöwmcsdefbm;vdef(Chamberlain)u jyif
opftpkd;&ESifhtwl ydkvefudk ulrnf[k tyGifhtvif; aMunm\/ ppfpjzpfNyD/
,m;armuf(of)wGif wpfywfae\/ udkvSausmfu teD;tem;&Sd yifv,furf;ajc
NrdKUrsm;qD vkdufykdYygonf/ odkYaomf aomuNidrf;aq; &SmrawGYí aysmfoifhoavmuf r
aysmfcJh&yg/ vef'efodkY jyefvmonf/ þjzpf&yfonf uRefawmf\b0vrf;aMumif; rnfrQ
twkdif;twmtxd ajymif;vJoGm;aponfudk aemiftcgrS od&ygawmh\/
jrefrmynmawmfoifawGteuf jyefcsifolrsm;udk jyefydkYay;rnf/ ynmqufvuf
oifMum;vkdolwkdYtm; oifcGifhjyKrnf[kjrefrmtpkd;&u aMunmyg\/ tcsKdUjyefoGm;Mu
onf/ OD;0ef? q&mOD;odef;[efwkdYu bGJY&NyD;NyDrkdY uRefawmfwkdYESifhcGJcGmoGm;Muonf/ ukdom
vS? ukdvSjrifh? udkvSausmf? ukdarmifarmifc? uRefawmfESifhtcsKdUwkdYu ynmqufvufoif
Mum;&ef ae&pfMuonf/
rjyefjzpfonfrSmvnf; uRefawmfwkdY uHaumif;onf[kqkd&ygrnf/ jyefygu *syef
vufatmuf okH;ESpfokH;rkd; i&Ja&muf&rnf/ bGJYvnf; vufvGwfoGm;rnf/ q&mBuD;a'guf
wmpwl;0wfu vef'efwGif *smrefAkH;tEÅ&m,f rsm;rnf/ bda&Smh(zf)pawmhzkdYrSm vmaezdkY
ajymí xkdNrdKUwGif oGm;ae\/
q&mBuD;u uRefawmfhudk t*Fvdyfpum; ykdwwfap&efESifht*Fvdyf"avhxkH;pH ykdod
em;vnfap&ef t*FvdyfZeD;armifESHtdrfwGif xm;ygonf/ tdrf&Sifa,musfm;onf touf
70 cefY&Sd ynmwwft*FvdyftrsKd;om;yifpifpm;ausmif;q&mBuD;? ZeD;onfu ynmwwf
jyifopftrsKd;orD;BuD;/ q&mBuD;ESifhrpöwm'ef;wkdYudk uRefawmfra&mufrD ESpfESpftawm
twGif; tbd"mefjyKpk&mü vma&mufulnDcJhonfhOD;cifarmifvwf aeoGm;onfhtdrfjzpfyg
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
onf/ q&mBuD;tdrfESifhtvSrf;ra0;yg/ 10 rdepf ausmfausmf avQmufvQifa&mufonf/
atmufwkdbmvqef;wGif q&mBuD;wkdY\ta&SUwkdif;ynm&yfrsm;ausmif;(aemif
tcg emrnfausmfta&SUwkdif;ESifhtmz&duynm&yfrsm;ausmif;)wGif ausmif;om;tjzpf
rSwfykHwifonf/ xkdtcgu q&mOD;a& 25 a,mufavmufESifhausmif;om; 100-200
avmufom &Sdygao;\/ 3-4 &ufMumaomtcg wpfNrdKUwnf;aeaomausmif;tkyfBuD;yg
armu©&yf(zf)wm;em(Ralph Turner)tdrfodkY uRefawmfhudk ac:oGm;ygonf/ rdwfqufay;
onf/ oabmoum, aumif;onfha&jynfhtkd;BuD;ESifhwlaom? ouúwESifhtjcm;tdE´d,
bmomrsm; uRrf;usifaom ynm&SifBuD;udk jrifrdrdcsif; MunfndKpdwf wzGm;zGm;ay:vmyg
awmhonf/ q&mBuD;u uRefawmf jrefrmbmompmayESifhywfoufwJhyg&*lbGJYpmwrf;a&;
r,f[k ajymjyaomtcg ]aumif;w,f? aumif;w,f? aemif wkdYausmif;rSm jrefrmu@wkd;
yGm;a&;&awmhrSmaygh}[k aq;wHaomuf&if; ajymyg\/
trSwfrxif þawGYqkHrItaMumif;rS ay:xGufvmonfhaumif;usKd;qufrsm;
wpfqifhNyD;wpfqifh uRefawmfcHpm;&ykHudk þaqmif;yg;aemufydkif;wGif pmzwfy&dowfwkdY
MuKHawGYMu&ayvdrfhrnf/ ausmif;tkyfBuD;onf 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;NyD;onfhtcg ]qm}bGJY&
onf/
q&mBuD;ESifhrnfonfhtaMumif;udk rnfodkYrnfykHESifh pmwrf;jyKpk&rnfhta&;aqG;
aEG;onf/ 1879 ckESpfwGif OD;ykwfeD a&;onfhjynfolYjyZmwfjzpfonfhukr®m&jyZmwf t
aMumif; wifjy&ef tMuHay;\/ yxrykdif;rSm ed'gef;? 'kwd,ykdif;rSm #Dum[k tMurf;zsif;
tm;jzifh owfrSwfay;onf/ ]ed'gef;ykdif;yg bmomjyefudk yxrpwifjyKvkyf? NyD;awmh#Dum
a&;? 'Dvkdvkyf&if;eJY pmwrf;&kyfvkH;ay:vmr,f}[kqkd\/ rSefygonf/ ay:vmonfh&kyfvkH;
um; tydkif;(1)ykHESdyfpufjrefrmjynfwGif;odkY a&mufvmNyD; wGifus,fvmykH/ 2/ jyZmwfq&m
ESifhjyZmwfrsm;/ 3/ jyZmwfrsm;yg(1) tajympum;ESifh(2)tqkdpum; um&efenf;pepf
rsm;/ 4/ jynfolYjyZmwfrsm;rS a&mifjyef[yfonhfvlrIa&;&mtajctae/
tcef; 2 ukr®m&jyZmwf? 1/ OD;ykwfeDtaMumif;? 2/ OD;ykwfeDpmayta&;tom;
edósnf;? 3/ ukr®m&jyZmwf tusOf;csKyf? 4/ Zmwfaqmifrsm;/
tykdif; 2 bmomjyef? tydkif; 3 #DumwkdYjzpfMuygonf/
wpfzufrS þokdYvkH;yef;aewkef; q&mBuD;wkdY\tbd"meftwGuf jyKpkxm;aomrl
Murf;rsm;udk zwfNyD; 0kdif;ulay;aeonf/ ppftwGif; pmwrf;ESifhtbd"mefjyKpkykHrsm;udk t
awG;tjrifpmapmifawGxJwGif ygESifhNyD/ NyD;aemuf þaqmif;yg;acgif;pOfESifhvnf;rouf
qkdifonfrkdY csefvSyfxm;yg\/
ppfjzpfNyD; rMumrD bDbDpDu jrefrmjynfodkY toHvTifhay;&ef ajymvmonf/ jiif;
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
qkdvkdufonf/ 1941 ckESpf *syefawG ppfxJ0ifvmonfhtcg wpfzefvmajymjyef\/ w&kwf
jynfudk 1936 ckESpfavmufuwnf;u pNyD; tEkdifusifhESdyfpufuvljyKcJhonfhvlrqefonfh
olwkdYtm; rkef;wD;&GH&SmvSojzifh vufcHvkdufyg\/ xkdtcg uRefawmfESifhudktkef;wkdYcGmNyJMu
\/ olESifhuRefawmfwkYd wuúokdvfausmif;om;b0u yk*Hausmif;aqmifwGif oufowf
vGwfpm;? a&Twd*kHbk&m;odkY we*FaEGeHeufapmapmBuD;oGm;? Oykofapmifh? yifeDtusÐ0wf?
tcsKdUtaqmifom;rsm;ESifhjrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;vkyfukdifcJhMuonf/
xkdYaMumifh þowif;udk olMum;onfhtcg uRefawmfhtm; opömazmuf[kac:yg\/ uRef
awmfu I would rather trust the devil I know than the devil don't (uRefawmfrodwJho&J
xuf odwJho&Judk ,kHw,f/)edrSaomif aemifrSodr,f[kajymvkdufygonf/
yxrwpfywfvQif wpfBudrf? aemufawmh ESpfBudrf? yg&*lpmwrf;NyD;onfhtcg wpf
ywf ig;BudrftoHvTifhygonf/ 1940 jynfhESpfwGif q&mBuD;wkdYtbd"mef twGJ(1)xGufvm
onf/ uRefawmf qufvufulnDjyKpk\/ 1944 ckESpfü q&mBuD;u ygarmu©jzpf? uRef
awmfu yg&*lbGJY,l? *smrefwkdYu vufeufcs? vmbfr[mBuD;wkdYudk &Muonf/ uRefawmfbGJY
&NyDrkdY ynmawmfoif paumvm;&Spf r&awmhyg/ bDbDpDrS &onfhaiGESifhae&ygonf/
1945 ckESpf Zlvkdifvü *syefawG vufeufcsonf/ urÇmwpf0ef;vkH; owå&EÅuyf
rS xGufajrmufvm\/ tdE´d,jynf qif;rvm;NrdKUwGif ppftwGif; &kH;pkdufaeaom jrefrm
tpkd;&u jrefrm-t*Fvdyftbd"mefBuD; pDrHudef;a&;qGJonf/ aygif pwmvif wpfaomif;
ay;rnf/ t,f'DwmESpfOD;wkdYtm; ulnD&ef pmjyKokH;OD;cefYay;rnf/ wpfESpfwpfwGJxkwfvkyf
&ef &nfrSef;xm;onf[kqkd\/ q&mBuD;u uRefawmhfudk ]ab wwfxm;wJhynmeJYtoHvTifh
tvkyf[m jy'g;wpfvrf; oHwpfvrf; jzpfaew,f? tbd"mef&kH;rSm vmvkyfyg}[kajymonf/
uRefawmfu oabmwlonf/ odkYaomf bDbDpDu ]jrefrmjynfrS vlpm;&rS EkwfxGufcGifhjyK
r,f}[k wnfqJppfOya't& wm;qD;xm;\/ uRefawmfum; tcsdef&wkdif; vma&mufjyK
pkyg\/
8/ tbd"mefjyKpkol? 1946-48
1946 ckESpf jrefrmjynfrS OD;wifarmif a&mufvmrS tbd"mefavmuxJ ajcpkHypf
0ifvmEkdif\/ q&mBuD;onf wpf{u us,f0ef;onfholYjcH0if;xJ tbd"mef&kH;aqmufonf/
udef;b&pf&Sm;e,fxJ&Sd rJ&'uf(of)&Gmuav;wGif aecJhaom rpöwm'ef;onfvnf; bda&Smh
(zf)pawmhzkdYwGif tdrfBuD;wpfaqmif0,fNyD;ajymif;vmonf/ vpfvyfaeaomwpfae&mwGif
q&mawmfOD;ao|dvtm; cefYonf/ usefwpfae&mü q&mBuD;wkdYausmif;wGif yg&*lbGJYpm
wrf;a&;aeol OD;wufxG#fu vcr,lbJ wpfywfvQif okH;&uf vkyftm; vmay;onf/
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
wufnDvufnDvkyfí t&Sdef&um &Sdao; 1946 ck 'DZifbmvwGif tbd"mefukd
jrefrmjynfü jyKpkygu ydkjrefjrefNyD;pD;rnf/ xkdYaMumifh jyefydkYay;yg&ef &efukefwuúokdvftkyf
csKyfa&;tzGJYopfu awmif;qkdaompm a&mufvmyg\/ t,f'DwmwkdYu rvkdufavsmyg/
vdyfcJwif;vif; jzpfaewkef; q&mawmfOD;ao|dvu ,lEkdufwufuif;'rf;wGif tcsdefjynfh
omoemjyKzkdY 1947 ckESpf Zlvkdifvü xGufcGm<uoGm;onf/ 1948 ckESpf azaz:0g&DvwGif
OD;wufxG#f tbd"mef&kH;odkYrvmawmhyg/ xkdYxuf qkd;&Gm;aomtysufw&m;um; 1947 ck
ESpfu ESvkH;a&m*guRrf;aeaMumif;odcJh&onfhq&mBuD;pwl;0wfonf 1948 ckESpf arv 1
&ufaeY oef;acgifausmfwGif tedpöa&mufoGm;&jcif;yif/
MuHMuHzefzef q&mBuD;tedpöa&mufrnfhn rwkdifrD naecif; em&Djyef 3 csuf-
wGif &efukefwuúokdvf ygarmu©csKyfa'gufwmxifatmif q&mBuD;tdrfodkYa&muf
vmonf/ uRefawmhfudk jrefrmjynf jyefac:oGm;vkdaMumif; ajym\/ q&mBuD;u vS-
abudk bm&mxl; ay;rvJ[kar;onf/ jrefrmpm'kygarmu©[kajzonf/ q&mBuD;u
tdyf&mxJrSaeNyD; pdwf qkd;rmefqkd;ESifhDamn it, Pe has every prospect of becoming Profes-
sor of Burmese(Myanmar)in the University of London (bmajymvkdufovJ? ab[m vef
'efwuúokdvfrSm jrefrmpmygarmu©jzpfzkdY tvm;tvm&Sdw,f)[kajymvdkufonf/
aemufwpfaeY eHeuf 10 em&Davmuftcsdef a'gufwmxifatmif udef;b&pfNrdKU
rSaeNyD; q&mBuD;tdrf zkef;qufonf/ uRefawmf xl;onf/ q&mu ]q&mBuD; tedpöa&muf
oGm;aMumif; Mum;&vkdY 0rf;enf;ygw,f}[k pum;OD;oef;NyD; jrefrmjynfjyefvm&ef ajym
jyefonf/ uRefawmfu vuf&Sdtbd"meftwGJ 2 udk rpöwm'ef;ESifhtwl NyD;atmifvkyfr,f
vkdYq&mBuD;udk uwdjyKxm;aMumif; ajymygonf/
uRefawmf &mxl;BuD;BuD; rufí vufrcHjcif; r[kwfyg/ uRefawmfESifhtwl t*F
vefwGif ynmawmfoiftjzpfaeNyD; jrefrmjynfokdY jyefoGm;Muol udkomvS? ukdvSjrifh? udkvS
ausmf? udkarmifarmifcwkdYonf qkdif&mXmersm;ü ygarmu©awGjzpfESifhaeMuygNyD/ 1957 ck
ESpfwGif jrefrmjynfodkY 10 vcefYjyefNyD; jrefrmbmompmay,Ofaus;rIudk avhvmonfhtcg
udktkef;ESifh0efBuD;tcsKdUu ygarmu©csKyf&mxl;ay;urf;onf/ r,lbJ t*FvefodkYjyefvmyg
\/
15 &uf? t&uf 20 Mumonfhtcg jrefrmtpkd;&u uRefawmfhvcudk &yfpJvkduf
onf/ emrnf&if;jzifhvnf;aumif;? aumif;pm;apvkdol? jynfcspfolponfh emrnf0Sufrsm;
jzifhvnf;aumif; jyefvm&ef aMu;eef;pmawG ydkYyg\/ xkdumvu udef;b&pfwGif uRef
awmftcef;iSm;aeonfhtdrfykdif&Siftm; olYqkdifü tcsdefydkif;ESifhtvkyfvkyf&ef ajymMunfh
onfhtcg uRefawmfhudk oem;cifrifojzifh vkyfEkdifonf[kajymonf/ rpöwm'ef;uvnf;
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
aygifpwmvif 30 ay;onf/ r,lí twif;tdwfxJxnfhay;\/ ZGefvwGif ta&SUwkdif;
ESifh tmz&duynm&yfrsm;ausmif;[kemrnfajymif;xm;onfhuRefawmfhausmif;u jrefrm
pmuxdu&mxl; urf;vSrf;vmonf/ pufwifbmvü vufcHvkduf\/ atmufwkdbmv
qef;wGif tvkyf0ifonf/
9/ uxdu? 1948-54
uxducefYpmxJ uxdu0wå&m;ukd aqmif&Guf&if; qkdif&mbmomwkd;wufBuD;yGg;
atmif okawoevkyfzkdYvnf;yg&dS\/ ppfBuD;NyD;uwnf;u þausmif;wGif XmeawG wkd;
csJUvkdufonfESifhtrQ q&mOD;a&vnf; wkd;yGm;vm\/ Xmetopfwpfcku ta&SUawmif
tm&SESifhuRef;rsm; bmompmayjzpfygonf/ þtyifBuD;\tukdif;wpfukdif;onf jrefrm
bmompmayyif/ ae&muvnf; y#d&lya'o? pmtkyfpmwrf;awGuvnf; jynfhpkH? ywf0ef;
usifynm&SifawGuvnf; tm;usp&maumif;vSqkdawmh tm;usrcH BudK;ukwfvkyfcJh&m
32 ESpfMumMum yifpif,lawmhrS ausmif;u xGufcGmvmyg\/
tvkyfp0ifNyD;onfaemuf jrefrmbmompmayESifhjrefrmtbd"mefpef;yGifhvmzkdY
tajctaeokH;&yf ay:xGef;vmyg\/ 1949 ckESpf atmufwkdbmvü ygarmu© 'D? *sD? tD?
a[m(vf)(D.G.E. Hall)tm; ausmif;u ta&SUawmiftm&SXmerSL;ESifhorkdif;ygarmu©&m
xl;rsm; ay;tyfvdkufjcif;? rpöwmtdwf(csf)? tuf(zf)? qm;(vf)(H.F. Searle)udk xkdESpfrSm
yif ,m,DjrefrmpmuxducefYvkdufjcif;ESifh&efukefwuúokdvftmPmykdiftzGJYu jrefrmtbd
"mefjyKpkrIudk ausmif;okdYvTJtyfay;vkdufjcif;rsm; jzpfyg\/
ygarmu©a[m(vf)onf &efukefaumvdyfudk wuúokdvftqifhtwef;odkY jr§ifhwif
zGifhvSpfvdkufonfh 1920 jynfhESpfwGif orkdif;ygarmu©tjzpfjzifh a&mufvmonf/ 1934 ck
ESpfü ukd,fa&; ukd,fwmtwGufaMumifh t*Fvef jyefvmNyD; aux&rf;(Caterham)NrdKU&Sd
ausmif;BuD;ü ausmif;tkyfBuD;vkyfcJhonf/ odkYaomf jrefrmjynfoHa,mZOfudk rjzwfEkdifyg/
jrefrmjynforkdif; tapmifapmifa&;cJh\/
rpöwmqm;(vf)onf q&mBuD;pwl;0wf? rpöwm'ef;wkdYESifhtwl tkdifpDtuf0ef
xrf;tjzpfESifhESpfaygif; 30 eD;yg; trIxrf;cJhonf/ jrefrm-t*Fvdyftbd"mefjzpfajrmuf
a&;udk q&mBuD;pwl;0wfESifhtwl jrefrmjynfwGif&SdaepOf pdkif;jyif;cJh\/ tbd"mefukd
ausmif;odkY &efukefwuúokdvfu vTJajymif;ay;cJhonfhtcg tbd"mef&kH;udk bda&Smh(zf)pawmh
zkdYrS ausmif;odkYajymif;vmojzifh rpöwm'ef;onf ausmif;odkY wpfywf 5 &ufvmNyD; rpöwm
qm;(vf)? uRefawmfESifhtwl jyKpkyg\/ tbd"meftwGJ 2 udk rpöwm'ef;ESifhuRefawmfu
1950 jynfhESpfü ykHESdyfxkwfa0ygonf/
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(56)
0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
1954 ckESpfwGif uHZmwmjrifhvmívm;rod? uRefawmfhtm; csD;jr§ifhay;olrsm;
ay:vmyg\/ XmerSL;ygarmu©a[mvfonf uRefawmfhudk 'kjrefrmpmygarmu©&mxl; ay;
vkdonf/ ay;xkdufonfht"dut&nftcsif;rsm;rSm um,uH&Sif\pmwrf;pmtkyft&nf
taoG;ESifhOD;a&;ESifhol\*kPfowif;wkdYjzpfMuygonf/ 1948 ckESpfu uxdu&mxl;cefYpm
xJ qkdif&mbmom&yfwGif okawoevkyf&monf[lonfht& 1949 ckESpfupNyD; wwfEkdif
orQ BudK;pm;NyD; aqmif;yg;awGa&;onf/ 1950 jynfhESpfü rpöwm'ef;ESifhyl;wGJNyD; jrefrm
-t*Fvdyftbd"mef twGJ 2 udk ykHESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf/ 1952 ckESpfwGif uRefawmhfyg&*lpm
wrf; ukr®m&jyZmwf yxrwGJudk ausmif;u ykHESdyf&kdufxkwfay;\/ 1953 ckESpfrSm 'if;rwf
jynfNrdKUawmfudkyifa[;*if(Copenhagen)NrdKU awmf0ifpmMunfhwkdufu zdwfíoGm;onf/
XmerSL;u ausmif;tkyfBuD;ESifhwkdifyifNyD; uRefawmfhukd wuúokdvfq&m'kygarmu©
&mxl;tyfESif;yg&ef wuúokdvftmPmykdiftzGJYokdY pmwifvkdufygonf/ qD;edwf(Senate)o
abmwlnDrIt& 1955 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvrSpí uRefawmfhtm; jrefrmpm'kygarmu©bGJYtyf
ESif;vkdufaMumif;udk 'DZifbm 8 &ufaeYü wuúokdvfausmif;tkyfBuD;xHü pm&cJhyg\/ cefY
tyfykH cefYtyfenf;rsm;udk ]]a'gufwmvSab-ynmyg&rD}}pmrsufESm 34-36 rsm;ü wifjy
NyD;jzpfyg\/
10/ 'kygarmu©? 1955-65
1944 ckESpfü yg&*lbGJY&NyD;onfaemuf q&mBuD;pwl;0wfxH cGifhyefum ynmya'
omyifBuD;ESifhwlonfhudef;b&pfNrdKUwGif oGm;aeygonf/ wuúokdvfNrdKU\ynmt&omcH
pm;vkdí jzpfygonf/ jrefrmjynfESifhqkdifonfhpmtkyfrsm; &Ekdifaom [[fzm;(Heffers)ac:
qkdifBuD;&Sdonf/ bDbDpDrS&onfhaiGrsm;jzifh 0,fNyD; pkaqmif;cJh&m ESpfaygif; 100 ausmfrQ
ruu ykHESdyfcJhonfhpmtkyfawG&í yDwdjzpfaeonf/ rdwfaqGrsm;ESifhwuúokdvfNrdKU&Sd aum
vdyfausmif;awGudk vkdufavQmufMunfhonf/ ouúwbmomESifhtjcm;bmomrsm;ü uRrf;
usifolygarmu©qm[J&kd;ab;vD(Sir Harold Bailey)ESifhoduRrf;vmonf/ &mrZmwfBuD;t
aMumif;aqG;aEG;\/ ol\aumvdyfausmif;ü q&mawGESifhtwl npmpm;&ef tBudrfBudrf
zdwfauR;onf/ tcGifhMuKHvQif q&mawG npmpm;ykH a&;jyygrnf/ wpfaeYaomf udef;b&pf
wuúokdvfAk'¨bmomtoif;u uRefawmfhtm; twif; toif;Ouú|tjzpf wifajr§muf
vkdufyg\/
cspfcifaygif;oif;qufqHjcif;onf aemufqkH;auGuGif;&ygonf/ 'kygarmu©jzpf
vmonfhtcg vef'efwuúokdvfu xkwfxm;onfhOya'wpf&yfrSm wuúokdvfq&mrsm;onf
vef'efESifhrkdif 30 twGif;üom aexkdif&rnf[kqkdxm;ojzifh rkdif 60 eD;yg;a0;onfhudef;b
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
&pfNrdKUrS cGmcJh&ygawmh\/ uRefawmf 1948 rS 1954 ckESpftwGif; aumvdyfausmif;q&m
uxdutjzpfjzifh udef;b&pfrS vef'efodkY wevFmaeYrS aomMumaeYtxd aeYpOfvmNyD;pm
ayykdYcs? tbd"mefjyKpkonf/ rD;&xm;jzifh 1 em&D 10 rdepfomMumyg\/ ausmif;rSq&mt
awmfrsm;rsm;onf vef'efjyifbuf rdkif 30 twGif;&Sd NrdKUrsm;rS rD;&xm; armfawmfum;rsm;
jzifh ausmif;vmwufMuonf/
rkdif 30 twGif;&Sd ajccif;vufcif; omonfhNrdKUrsm;vkdufMunfh&m rkdif 20 cefYa0;
onfh0Jvif;yef;jcHNrdKU(Welwyn Garden City)udk oabmusNyD; tdrfwpfvkH;0,fum tajc
pdkufonf/ taMumif;ESpf&yfaMumifh jzpfyg\/ vef'efodkYtoGm;c&D;onf blwm&kHokH;&kHwGif
qkdufaomfvnf; rdepf 20 ausmfausmfom Mumonf/ c&D;onfrsm; tvkyfoGm;csdef eHeuf
7 em&DrS 9 em&Dtxd? tvkyfjyefcsdef 4 em&DrS 6 em&Dtxd 15 rdepfwpfBudrf rD;&xm;wpf
pD;xGufonf/ NrdKUwGif; vlae&yfuGufrsm;ü opfyif? yef;yifrsm;ESifhaetdrfrsm;rSmvnf; jcH
0if;twGif; opfyifyef;yif oD;yifjrufcif;rsm;ESifhrkdY omaomifhom,m&SdvSyg\/
uRefawmhfjcHonf {u 3 rl;cefY us,fonf/ opfyif 10 yif? yef;yiftcsKdUESifhtdrf
ywfvnf jrufcif;&Sdonf/ toufBuD;onfhtdrfykdif&Sifvifr,m;wkdYrSm rjyKjyifEkdifí jcHonf
vSyoifhoavmuf rvSybJ&Sd&m uRefawmf pDrHudef;wpfckqGJNyD; jcHudk &kyfoGif;wjznf;jznf;
ajymif;vJvmap\/ opfyifawGrsm;vGef;vSí yef;yifawGESifhjrufcif;avmif;&dyfusonf/
4-5 yifcefY tjrpfygwl;ypfay;yg[k pnfyifom,ma&;&kH;udk pmwif\/ okH;yifom z,f&Sm;
ay;\/ yef;aph? yef;yif? opfawmf? yef;oD;yifrsm; rSmNyD;pkduf? jrufcif;udk jyefcif;? jruf
jzwfpufjzifh wpfywfwpfcg 1 em&D 15 rdepfMum jzwfESifhv,form;rsKd;&kd;rS qif;oufvm
ol uRefawmfonf BudK;yrf;cJh&m usufoa&&SdonfhtoGiftjyifaqmifvm\/ rmvD&Sdonf/
vkyfcBuD;ojzifh riSm;yg/
uRefawmfhtdrfodkY a&mufzl;onfhausmif;om;rsm; 20 ausmf 30 wkdYESifhjrefrm{nfh
onfawmfawGu txufyg ta&;tom;rSefaMumif; axmufcHMuayvdrfhrnf/ uRefawmf
vnf; 'DvkdtajctaersKd; qkdufvmykHudk r,kHEkdifí tHhMoawGa0rdonf/ trSefajym&vQif
xkdtdrfESifhyef;jcHudk vufiif;0,fEkdif&ef aiGr&Sdyg/ uRefawmf aiGtyfxm;onfhbPfwkdufrS
aiGacs;0,f&onf/ wpfvvQif uRefawmfhvc rnfrQ&aMumif; odaeonfhbPfwkdufu &m
jzwfwpfOD;apvTwfNyD; tdrf\wefzkd;ukd jzwfaponf/ xkdaemuf tdrfwefzkd; okH;ykHESpfykHxkwf
ay;rnf/ twkd;ESifhwuG wpfv wpfBudrf rSefrSef 25 ESpftwGif; ausatmif zJhqyfay;ygh
rnfhpmcsKyf csKyfqkd\/ aiGxkwfay;í 0,fEkdifyg\/
ausmif;wGif jrefrmpm*kPfxl;wef;om;wpfOD;udk oifjy/ tbd"mefwpfaeukef
wpfaecef; jyKpkívm&m twGJ 3 udk rpöwm'ef;? uRefawmfESifhrpöwmqm;(vf)wkdY 1955 ck
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
ESpfü xkwfa0cJhonf/ twGJ 4 udk qufvufjyKpkaecdkuf *kPfxl;,lonfh'kwd,ausmif;ol
onf 1956 ckESpfwGif atmifjrifoGm;ojzifh 1957 ckESpf pufwifbmvü ausmif;u ukef
usp&dwfcHNyD; jrefrmjynfü jyefavhvm&ef uRefawmfhudk wpfESpftcGifhay;vkduf\/ oabFm
jzifh oGm;&ojzifh wpfvMumrS a&mufonf/ vrf;wGif udkvHbkdü okH;av;&ufqkdufojzifh
pG,fawmf&Sd&m uE´D(Kandy)odkY wuúpDiSm;NyD; pG,fawmfukd zl;yg\/
19 ESpfuGJuGmcJhaom jrefrmjynfajrreif;rdrD &efukefodkY oabFmcsOf;uyfvmonfh
tcg a&TajymifajymifESifha&Twd*kHbk&m;udk zl;jrif&onf/ pdwfxJ vIdufvIdufvSJvSJ jzpfoGm;rdyg
\/ rdwfaqGawG trsKd;awGESifhjyefqkH&onfhtcg &kyfykdif;qkdif&m ajymif;cJhaomfvnf; pdwf
ydkif;qkdif&m rajymif;vJoGm;ao;onfudk awGY&yg\/ ppftwGif; c&J&GmrS armfvNrdKifodkY
ajymif;a&TUvmMuonfhtdrfoltdrfom;rsm;teuf tbGm;? a':av;wkdYESifhaumhu&dwfwGif
aexkdifaeaom zcifOD;armifaiGwkdY tedpöa&mufoGm;Mu&SmNyD/ odkYaomf a':BuD;? a':vwf
a':axG;wkdYESifhjyefqkHpnf;rdí 0rf;yef;wom&Sdaewkef; rMumrD Z&maxmif;í a':BuD;
uG,fvGefoGm;jzifh ,lusKH;r&jzpfcJh&onf/ uRefawmf tvkyf&uwnf;u aus;Zl;&SifBuD;wkdY
tm; vpOf aiGrSefrSef ydkYay;onfhtjzpfudk jyefpOf;pm;&if; pdwfajz&ygawmh\/
&efukefwuúokdvfwGif jrefrmuAsm? vuFmtaMumif;udk t*Fvdyfvkdajyma[m
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wkdYESifhpmaytaMumif; aqG;aEG;\/ OD;0ef uruxvkyfí jyKpkaeaom jrefrmtbd"mef
&kH;ü tm;wkdif;oGm;NyD; avhvmyg\/
'DZifbmvwGif rEÅav;'D*&DaumvdyfodkY oGm;yg\/ ausmif;tkyfBuD;um; OD;udk
av;/ uRefawmfhudk zufvJwuif;BudKqkdyg\/ uRefawmfhxuf wpfESpfapmapm jrefrmpm
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tm; ysLysLiSmiSmauR;arG;yg\/ OD;udkav;u olYausmif;wGif trIxrf;&ef wkdufwGef;yg\/
jrefrmpmXme BuD;yGm;wkd;wufvkdonf/ *kPfowif; ysHUESHYvkdonf/ jrefrmpmXmeü ygarmu©
twef;ESifhnDrQaom okawoenTefMum;a&;rSL;&mxl;urf;vSrf;yg\/ uRefawmf pOf;pm;
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ausmif;om;awGomru t&yfom;rsm;yg wufa&mufem;axmifMuonf/ vlxkOD;vSu
olYwynfhrsm;ESifhvmNyD; "mwfykHawG &kduf? owif;pmxJ xnhf\/ aemufwpfBudrf acwfopf
jrefrmpmaytaMumif; t*Fvdyfvkd a[majymygqkdí vkdufavsmnDaxG usifh&jyefayonf/
yd#uwfokH;ykHtm*kHaqmifaom rif;uGef;q&mawmfOD;0dpdwåom&udkvnf; oGm;zl;\/ q&m
awmfESifhpum;pjrnfajym\/ pdwfxJ ig tvGwfusufxm;wJht*Fvdyfvkd pmykd'fawG? *kPf
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
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avmufuGmyguvm;[k awG;awmNyD; q&mawmf\ynmyg&rDudk tm;uscsD;usL;aewkef;
q&mawmfu olY"mwfykHudk ay;oem;awmfrlojzifh vufcHum ,ckxufwkdif bk&m;pifwpf
ae&mü qGJxm;yg\/
aemufwpfaeY yif;, a&Tpnf;ckHapwDudk oGm;zl;\/ apwDy&0kPfxJ ql;avql;
awGjynfhESufaeojzifh wuúokdvfrSq&mwpfOD;u zdeyfjyefpD;rnfvkyf&m wpfa,mufu AdrÁd
om&rif;vkd ajcz0g; "m;cGJcH&r,fajymí jyefcRwfonf/ xkdrS*E¨m&kHausmif;wkdufq&mawmf
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ajym\/ cufygbd/ AdrÁdom&rif;vkdvnf; rjzpfcsif? q&mawmhftrdefYudkvnf; rvGefqef0Hh
jzpfaewkef; pD;om pD;vmyg[kqkdjyefí pD;wufoGm;&ygonf/
q&mawmfonf ygVdrS jrefrmjyef&mü jrefrmqefqef jrefrmrsm; em;vnfatmif
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av;wGif oDwif;okH;aeonfudk jrif&aomtcg ydkNyD; MunfndKoGm;ygonf/ oDv orm"d
ynmESifhjynfhpkHol yk*¾KdvfBuD;tm; tBudrfBudrf &Sdckd;OD;wif uefawmhNyD; xGufcGmvm\/
rEÅav;wGif &SdaepOf ausmif;aezuf cspfrdwfaqGBuD; udkvSabmfESifhjyefqkHyg\/
qkdcJhNyD;onfhtwkdif; rEÅav;rS tdrfaxmifuscJhonfholaX;orD;ESifhwpfESpfrQom aygif;&NyD;
ZeD;aoqkH;oGm;onf/ xkdYaemuf olYrdbrsm; tedpöa&mufonf/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;aeonfudk
awGY&í 0rf;enf;yufvufjzpf&\/ 'kwd,tdrfaxmifESifhaeaomtdrfodkY uRefawmf oGm;vkd
onf/ ol rac:oGm;yg/ olESifhuRefawmf twloGm;onfhtcg olYudk ta&;ay;cJhzl;onfhol
wkdYu olYtm; *&krpdkuf? uRefawmfhudkom todvkyfMuonf/ uRefawmfwkdYonf a&S;b0u
uH\upm;p&mawGvm;/
&efukefodkY Zefe0g&Dv tukefavmufwGif jyefvmonf/ wuúokdvfü jynfolYacwf
opfpmay ay:xGef;vmykHtaMumif;udk t*Fvdyfvkda[majym\/ bmompmay ,Ofaus;rI
ESifhqkdif&m tcsuftvufawG &orQ pkaqmif;yg\/
wpfaeYaomf OD;tkef;ESifh0efBuD;tcsKdUu uRefawmhfudk jrefrmjynfjyefvm&ef em;cs
onf/ &efukefwuúokdvf ygarmu©csKyf&mxl; urf;vSrf;vm\/ uRefawmfu ]vuf&Sdygarm
u©csKyfudk b,frSmoGm;xm;rvJ}[k ar;&m wpfOD;u t*Fvdyfvkd ]We'll Kick him upstairs}
(tay:xyfudk wGef;ydkYvdkufr,f)? 'kt"dywd cefYr,f[kqkdvkd\/ uRefawmfu wpfaeY uRef
awmfhudk oabmruswJhtcg ]Will you kick me downstaris}(atmufxyfqD uefcsvkdufr
vm;)[kar;&m rjzpfap&ygbl;[k uwday;Muonf/
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
uRefawmfonf ynmyg&rDjznfhvkdol pmay0goem&Sif? tkyfcsKyfa&;ü pdwfrygyg/
ausmif;om;axmifaomif;wkdY\ynma&; pm;aomufaexkdifrIponfwkdYESifhtcsdefukefae
& rnfqkdvQif okawoevkyf pmwrf;pmtkyfa&;zkdY tcsdefqif;&Jygrnf[k taMumif;jyum
vufrcHcJhyg/ uRefawmf jrefrmjynfrS rjyefvmrD zqyv ESpfjcrf;uGJoGm;yg\/
t*Fvef jyefa&mufvmNyD;onfaemuf 10 vtwGif; ysufuGufcJhonfhvkyf&kd;vkyf
pOfudk qxufxrf;ydk; aqmif&Gufyg\/ uRefawmf ta0;a&mufaewkef; rpöwm'ef;? rpö
wmqm;(vf)ESifh 1954 ckESpfu uxducefYvkdufonfhrpöpfat? tJavmh(A.Allott)wkdYu
t bd"mefqufvufjyKpkae\/ 1958 ckESpfü rpöwm'ef;tem;,loGm;onf/ twGJ 4 udk
1963 ckESpfwGif uRefawmf? rpöwm qm;(vf)ESifhrpöpftJavmhwkdYu ykHESdyfxkwfa0onf/
1965 ckESpfwGif rpöwmqm;(vf)u tNidrf;pm;,loGm;&m ol\ae&mü rpöwm a*s? tkduJ
(vf)(J.Okell)u uxdujzpfvmonf/ cspfcifaygif;oif;qufqHjcif;onf aemufqkH;auG
uGif;qif;&Jygwum;/ rpöwmqm;(vf)ESifhrpöwm'ef;wkdYonf 1965 ckESpfESifh1966 ckESpf
rsm;wGif toD;oD; tedpöa&mufoGm;Muyg\/
1962 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif b,f(vf)*srf(Belgium)jynf b&yfqJ(vf)(Brussels)
NrdKU vlrIa&;&mynmaumvdyfausmif;u zdwfí uRefawmfwkdYausmif;rS q&mokH;OD;wkdYESifht
wl oGm;a&mufajyma[myg\/1 1964 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif tdE´d,jynf a'vDNrdKUopfwGif
urÇmhta&SUwkdif;ynm&Sifrsm; uGef*&ufokdY ausmif;tkyfBuD;ESifhuRefawmftygt0if tjcm;
q&mckepfa,mufwkdY wufa&mufMuNyD; ukd,fESifhqkdif&m bmom&yfrsm;udk ajyma[maqG;
aEG;Muonf/2 1965 ckESpf Zlvkdifvü *smreDjynf z&efYzkdY(Frankfort)NrdKU ta&SUtm&Saum
vdyfausmif;rS zdwfjyefí wm0efausaus ajyma[m&ay\/3 aemifvnf; jyifopf? *smreD
jynfrsm;ü 4-5-6 Budrf a[majym&ygao;\/
,ckjyefvnfqifjcifokH;oyfvkdufonfhtcg atmufygtaMumif;rS tusKd;quf
rsm;udk jrifrdyg\/ uRefawmf uxdujzpfNyD;onfaemuf Oa&mywkdufwGif txl;ojzifh jyif
opfESifh*smreDjynfrsm;rS ynma&;tzGJYtpnf;ESifhaumvdyfausmif;rsm;ü jrefrmbmompm
ayXmersm; wpfpwpfp wnfaxmifvmMuonf/ tqkdygynm&yfrsm; e,fy,fwkd;csJUvmvkd
MuonfESifhtrQ uRefawmfhowif; Mum;od&onfhxkdtzGJYtpnf;ESifhwuúokdvfwkdYu zdwfac:
Mu\/ aumif;aomwkdufqkdifrIjzpfygawmh\/ vef'efwuúokdvfu &mxl;wkd;ay;&ef pOf;
pm;onfht"dutcsuf ESpfcsufrSm a&;om;jyKpkonfhpmtkyfpmwrf;t&nftaoG;? OD;a&
ESifhtjcm;wuúodkvfrsm;rS zdwfac:jcif; cH,l&rIrsm;yif/1/ a'gufwmvSab? ynmyg&rD? pmrsufESm 127-38 &I(1993 ckESpfxkwf)
2/ ,if; 239-51 &I/
3/ ,if; 252-262/
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
*smreDrS jyefa&mufvmNyD; ESpfvtMum pufwifbmvü wpfoufwGif rarhEkdif
onfh&v'f&zkdYudef; qkdufvmygawmh\/ xdktcsdefwGif uRefawmfonf rMumao;rDu tedpö
a&mufoGm;aom rpöwmqm;(vf)ESifhuifqma&m*gjzifh qkH;oGm;&&SmonfhrdwfaqGwkdYt
aMumif; acgif;xJ 0rf;enf;pdwfawG vIyfvIyf&G&G jzpfaeyg\/ uRefawmfESifh*ReftkduJ(vf)wkdY
q&mrsm; tyef;ajztcef;xJ vufzuf&nfaomufaepOf XmerSL;0ifvmNyD; olESifhzdef;ETJcg
wevFmaeYwGif aeYv,fpm pm;&ef zdwf\/1
csdef;xm;onfhaeYwGif twlpm;aewkef; uRefawmfhtm; ygarmu©cefY&ef XmerSL;t
zGJYu oabmwlvkdY wuúodkvfxH pmwifr,f/ udk,fa&;ukd,fwmESifhwuG a&;om;jyKpkwJhpm
tkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk ausmif;puú&Daw&D(twGif;a&;rSL;)xH ay;tyfxm;&ef ajymyg\/
ajymonfhtwkdif; aqmif&Gufonf/ 'DZifbmv 8 &ufaeYwGif uRefawmfhtm; jrefrmpmyg
armu©bGJY tyfESif;aMumif;pmukd wuúokdvfausmif;tkyfBuD;xHrS &yg\/ 18 &ufaeYxkwf
vef'efwkdif;(The Time)owif;pmBuD;xJ þowif; ygvmonf/ 1966 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv
qef; 1 &ufaeYrSpNyD; ygarmu©jzpfvm\/
11/ ygarmu©? 1966-80
uRefawmfhtwGuf *kPf,lonfhpmawG aumif;pm;apvkdolwkdYxHrS &ygonf/ ,if;
wkdYtxJ tNidrf;pm;,loGm;onfhausmif;tkyfBuD;qm&yf(zf)wef;emxHrS pmonf uRefawmfh
ESvkH;om;udk ukdifvIyfvkduf\/ ]vSab? rif; &mxl;wkd;vkdY *kPf,lygw,f/ rifhq&mBuD;pwl;
0wfom &Sdygu b,favmuf yDwdjzpfaervJaemf}[kpojzifh yg&Sdonf/ xkdtcg 18 ESpf
avmufu ]vSab[m vef'efwuúokdvfrSm ygarmu©jzpfzkdY tvm;tvm&Sdw,f}[kq&mBuD;
pwl; tedpöra&mufrDuav;wGif a'gufwmxifatmiftm; ajymvTwfvkdufonfhpum;udk
jyefMum;rdyg\/
ausmif;twGif;a&;rSL; rpöwm8Refb&ufuif(John Bracken)ESifhawGYonf/ olu
]vSab? cifAsm; a&Tajcxdyf cwfcHxdNyD r[kwfvm;? ausmif;u xGufvkdYr&awmhbl;}[kajym
onf/ OD;ay:OD;uJhodYk rSwfÓPfaumif;onfhb&ufuifonf 1955 ckESpfu uRefawmf 'kyg
armu©&mxl;&aomtcg ]vSab? cifAsm; aiGajcxdyf cwfcHxdNyD}[laom olYpum;udk owd
&í ajymjcif;jzpfyg\/
ynma&;0efxrf; ykxkZOfwpfa,mufonf xdyfwef;a&mufvm&onfrSm ynm
qkH;cef;wkdifa&mufí r[kwfyg/ uH ÓPf 0D&d,aMumifh[k qkd&ygrnf/ wwfxm;onfhynm
u vufwpfqkyfpm? rwwfao;onfhynmum; r[mork'´&m[laomcH,lcsufonf acgif;
1/ a'gufwmvSab? ynmyg&rD? pmrsufESm 77-86/ (1993 ckESpfxkwf)
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
xJ pGJaeojzifh igESifhigom EIdif;p&m[laompdwfxm;onf &SdzkdYa0;pG? pdwfyifrul;rdacs/
ynmudk qufvufqnf;yl; jzefYcsdaecJh&m 1966 ckESpfrS tNidrf;pm;,lonfh 80 jynfhESpft
wGif; aqmif;yg; 15 apmifESifhvkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;ESifhtwl tbd"mefjyKpk&m 1965 ckESpf
ü twGJ 5? 1980 jynfhESpfwGif twGJ 6 ykHESdyfxkwfa0cJhyg\/
txufyg tcsKdU tusKd;qufwkdYaMumifh xifyg\/ 1967 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 16
&ufaeYpGJyg emrnfausmf vef'efowif;pmxJ uRefawmfESifhtbd"meftaMumif; ygvm
onf/ 1968 ckESpf rwfv 11 &ufaeYwGif The Manchester Guardian owif;pmxJ uRef
awmfhtaMumif;udk "mwfykHESifhwuG pmwpfrsufESmvkH; a&;xm;onfudk awGY&ygonf/ t*F
vefjynfajrmufydkif;&Sd refcsufpwm wuúokdvfbmomaA'ESifho'´aA'ygarmu©u xkdo
wif;udk zwfvkduf&í uRefawmfhxH pma&;yg\/ olYXmewGif jrefrmbmomaA'? o'´aA'
ESifhqkdifonfhr[m0dZÆmbGJYpmwrf;wpfapmif wifoGif;xm;onf/ jyifypmppft&m&Sdtjzpf
aqmif&Gufyg&ef arwåm&yfcHaMumif; pmxJygonf/ uRefawmf oabmwlvkdufí ykdYvkduf
onfhpmwrf;udk zwfMunfh&m tqifhtwef;jrifhojzifh tatmifay;vkdufygonf/
1983 ckESpf 'DZifbmvv,favmufü t*Fvef&Sd rdwfaqGwpfa,mufxHrS pmwpf
apmifESifhtwl xkdESpf Ekd0ifbmv t&uf 30 aeYxkwf vef'efwkdif;(The Time)owif;pmrS
jzwfydkif;uav; wpfydkif;&yg\/ jzwfykdif;udk rSefaygifxJ xnfhNyD; pmMunfhcef;xJ qGJxm;yg
[kyg&Sd\/ t*Fvefü 'DZifbmv emwmvl;yGJawmftwGif; pmzwfy&dowfzwf&Ioifhonfh
pmtkyfrsm;udk pmtkyfta&;tom;yg&*l wpfOD;OD;u BudKwifa&G;cs,fay;avh&Sdonf/ xkd
ESpfü a&G;cs,fay;onfhyg&*lu ol\pmMunfhcef;pmtkyfpifwGif 1962 ckESpfu ykHESdyfxkwf
a0cJhaom uRefawmf\jrefrmpum;ykH Burmese(Myanmar)Proverbs pmtkyfudk 0,f,lNyD;
xm;onfhtaMumif; jzwfykdif;uav;xJ ygvmyg\/
txufygowif;pmawGxJ ygonfhowif;awGudk zwf&onfhtcg uRefawmfBudK;
pm;NyD; a&;cJhorQxJrS tm;vkH; tv[órjzpfbJ tcsKdU vlod&SifMum; usef&pfcJhygwum;
[k ,lqrdum wpftm;wufNyD; ESpfNcdKufpGm aerdyg\/
odkYuvkd &mxl;wkd; vlodrsm;cJhaomfvnf; b0ifjrifhvmzkdYa0;pG/ ukd,fhudk,fudk
ouFmruif;jzpfvmrdygonf/ todynmrsm;rsm;wwfvmavav udk,frwwfaMumif;
odvmavavyif/ þokdYcHpm;ae&ckduf 1967 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif *smreDjynf z&efYzkdY t
a&SUtm&Synm&yfrsm;aumvdyfausmif;1rS 'kwd,tBudrf a[majym&ef zdwfac:jyefonf/
xkdYaemuf 1970 jynfhESpfZefe0g&DvwGif *smreDjynf[dkuf',f(vf)bwfNrdKU awmiftm&S
aumvdyfausmif;2? 71 ckESpf arv3? 73 ckESpf atmufwkdbmv4? 1980 jynfhESpf ZGefv5?1/ a'gufwmvSab? ynmyg&rD(1993 ckESpf? pufwifbmvxkwfpmapmif) pmrsufESm 263-69/
2/ ,if; rsufESm 269-273/ 3/ ,if;rsufESm 274-284/ 4/ ,if;rsufESm 285-295/ 5/ ,if;rsufESm 296-306/
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
84 ckESpf arv1? rsm;wkdYü jyifopfjynf yg&DNrdKU&Sd aumvdyfausmif;rsm;u zdwfMum;ojzifh
oGm;NyD; ajyma[m&? pmar;yGJBuD;wpfyGJ ppfaq;cJh&ygao;\/
12/ jrefrmjynf? 1980-95
vef'efwuúokdvfü aemuf ESpfESpf qufvufvkyfcGifh&Sdaomfvnf; tNidrf;pm;,lNyD;
1980 jynfhESpf Ekd0ifbmvwGif Zmwdcsufa<u jrefXmaeqDodkY jyefvmygonf/ tcsKdUu wkdY
rsm;omqkd&if rjyefvmbl;? tcsKdUu udk,fhjynfudk; jyefvmwm aumif;ygw,f[kajymqkdMu
onf/ uRefawmfu tcsdefa&muf&if 'DvkdvkyfzkdY uH'g&dkufwmu nTefMum;vkYd jyefa&mufvm
wmyg[k taMumif;jyygonf/
1981 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 3 &ufaeYü armfvNrdKifNrdKU 5(at)awmif0kdif;vrf;wGif Z
eD;onf 78 ckESpfu BudKwifwnfaqmufxm;aom tdrfwGif tajcpkdufcJhyg\/ wdwfqdwf
Nidrfoufaom &yfuGufwGif tus,fay 150? tvsm;ay 220? tkwfwHwkdif; oHyef;rsm;t
wGif;&Sd tdrfwGifae&onfrSm uHtusKd;ay;íjzpfonf[k,lqrdyg\/ O,smOfpkdufysKd;a&;
0goemxkHonfhuRefawmhftzkdY ewfwkdYzef a&ueftoifh Mumtoifhyif/ tkef;yif 28 yif? o
&ufyif 12 yif ywfvnf&Sdaom jcHBuD;xJ vrf;rS tdrfrsufESmpmtxd ay 70 us,fjyefYaom
ajrjyifwGif jrufcif;ESifhyef;yif trsKd;pkHwkdYjzifh uRefawmf wDxGifwefqmqifvkdufonf/
uRefawmhfpmMunfhcef;onf ,lvmaom pmtkyfaygif; 3-4-5 axmifxm;&efae
&mr&Sdojzifh ab;em;&Sd armfawmfum;&kHESifhaygif;pyfvkdufNyD; armfawmfum;&kHwpf&kH xyf
aqmuf&yg\/ odkYESifh rNyD;ao;/ tdrfESifhrvSrf;rurf;wGif {nfhonfrsm; wnf;ckdEkdif&ef
wkdufuav;wpfvkH; aqmufonf/ t*FvefjynfwGif aeonfhpwkdifrsKd;jzpfatmif jyKvkyf
jcif;jzpfonf/
uRefawmf armfvNrdKifjyefa&mufvmonfhtcg a':axG;rSty aus;Zl;&SifBuD;tm;
vkH; r&SdawmhNyD/ a':axG;onf a':vwf\orD;tjyKtpkESifh'kdif0efuGif;wGif tdrfw-
pf aqmif rD;wpfajymifESifhaeonf/ odkYaomf pdwfroufomp&m oli,fjyefaeygNyD/ uRef
awmfvnf; Munfh&Iay;ygonf/ 1988 ckESpf {NyDv 6 &ufaeYü touf 85 ESpft&G,fwGif
b0wpfyg; ajymif;oGm;&&Smyg\/
1980 jynfhESpfu jrefrmjynfodkY tNyD;tykdif jyefvmonfhtcg a':axG;? ZeD;onf
\tpfrBuD;? aus;Zl;&SifwpfOD;jzpfol ZeD;cJtkdESifholZeD;wkdYudk jrwfpGmbk&m;yGifh&m tdE´d,
jynf&Sd Ak'¨*g,m? yOö0*¾Dig;yg;wkdYtm; w&m;OD;a[m&mrd*'g0kefawmESifhpG,fawmf&Sd&m oD&d
vuFmrS uE´DwkdYodkY ac:oGm;&ef tMuHjzpfay:vmojzifh pma&;taMumif;Mum;onf/ a':
1/ a'gufwmvSab? ynmyg&rD/(1993 ckESpf? pufwifbmvxkwfpmapmif) pmrsufESm 307-318 &Iyg/
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
axG;rSm xkdtcgü oli,fjyefcsifovkdvkdjzpfae? cJtkdvnf; rusef;rrmaeojzifh rvkdufEkdif
Muyg/ ZeD;tpfrBuD;ESifhorD;om umvuwåm;rSmapmifhaeNyD; uRefawmfwkdYESifhtwl emv
E´mwuúokdvf? &mZN*dK[f? Ak'¨*g,mESifhrd*'g0kefawmodkY a&mufcJh&yg\/ xkdokdYjzpfajrmuf
oGm;&onfrSm umvuwåm;wGif opfukefonfBuD;jzpfaeonfharmfvNrdKiftpkd;&txuf
wef;ausmif;ü ausmif;aezuf rpöwmtuf(pf)? au? 'wåm; aus;Zl;aMumifh[kqkd&ygrnf/
olYwynfhwpfa,muf uRefawmfwkdYESifhtwl xnfhvkdufí ae&mwum tqifajyoGm;yg\/
uE´DwGif pG,fawmfzl;&ef tpfrBuD;ESifhorD;wkdY rvkdufEkdifMuojzifh ,kd;',m; Aef
aumuf&Sd jrbk&m; zl;NyD; jrefrmjynfodkY jyefoGm;Muonf/ a':axG; rvdkufEkdifonfhtwGuf
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pkrSm uRefawmfhudk arG;zGm;w,f/ tysKdBuD;a':a':wkdYav;OD;wkdYESifha&pufqkHvkdY awGYMu?
arG;pm;MuwmyJ/
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rSm abmf'gtjzpf xm;w,f/ y#d&lya'oa&mufoGm;&wmaygh/ rsufpdBuD; em;BuD;vmwJht
jyif udk,fhajcaxmufay: ukd,f&yfwnfEkdifpjyKw,f/ NyD;awmhvnf; uRefawmfh&JUwkd;wuf
a&;ESifhtoufarG;&m vrf;pay:vmatmif zefwD;wJhtaMumif;okH;&yfESifhqkHpnf;cJh&yg
w,f/ aqmif;yg;wpfapmifxJ wpfae&mrSm ajymjycJhwJhtwkdif; armfvNrdKif&kH;BuD;rSm tjypf
&SdwJhw&m;cHawGudk w&m;olBuD;u trdefYcsvkdufwJhtcg jrif&wJhted|m&kH&,f? uRefawmfhudk
&Spfwef;rS q,fwef;txd oifjywJhq&mOD;pHxGef;atmif&JUbDatatmifNyD;&if EkdifiHjcm;
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atudk *kPfxl;wpfbmomrS r&ayr,fhvkdY trSwftawmfrsm;rsm;ESifhatmifNyD; yxrESpf
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
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jzpfaeao;wJhvef'efwuúodkvfygarmu©jzpfzkdYvrf;aMumif;ay: a&mufatmif zefwD;ay;
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pm ar;yGJ0ifajz&ygw,f/ ÓPfESifh0D&d,u &mckdifEIef; 50? uHu &mckdifEIef; 50 wkdY&JUwefckd;
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aemufqkH;bGJY&wJhtcg toufarG;jrLzkdY tvkyfwpfckckudk &Sm&awmhr,f/ wuúokdvfa&muf
puwnf;u rGefjrwfwJhq&mtjzpfESifht&kd;xkwfr,fvkdY cH,lxm;csuftwkdif; wuúodkvfrSm
yJ tcsdefjynfhq&mvkyf&rvm;? txufwef;wpfausmif;ausmif;rSm q&m 0ifvkyf&rvm;
vkdY a&SUa&;pOf;pm;aewkef; jzKef;qkd owif;aumif;wpfck Mum;&yga&m/ 'guawmh ynm
awmfoif paumvm;&Spf taMumif;ygyJ/ '@m&DykHjyifvkd jzpfaevkdY vkdtyfcsuftcsKdUudk
wpfzeftpD&ifcHyg&ap/
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,m;xJ&Sd vufzuf&nfqkdifrSm oli,fcsif;wpfa,mufESifhvufzuf&nf aomufaewkef; &ef
ukefNrdKUxJ 'kESifha';&SdwJhvufzuf&nfqkdifawGteuf MuHMuHzefzef 'Dqkdifudk 'DaeY&uf? 'Dt
csdfefrSmrS rdwfaqGwpfa,muf a&mufvmw,f/ olu awGYawGYcsif; udkvSab ynmawmfoif
paumvm;&SpfawG tpkd;&u ay;r,fvkdY owif;pmxJ aMumfjimxm;w,f/ ynma&;t
wGufvnf; ygw,f/ yxrwef;*kPfxl;ESifhatmifwJholrS avQmuf&rwJh/ rawGYzl;vm;vkdY
ar;w,f/ rawGYrdbl;? b,fawmh avQmufvTm ydwfrvJvkdYjyefar;wJhtcg eufjzef nae 4
em&DrSmvkdYajymygw,f/ b,folursm; 'DqkdifqD olYudk nTef;vkdufygvdrfh/
aemufwpfaeY eHeuf rdwfaqGwpfa,mufudk ulazmfavmifzuftjzpfeJY tck 0ef
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
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ruúm;xufa0;wJhjynfudk oGm;&r,fvkdY a[mygw,f/ rSefygapvkdY qkawmif;vkdufygw,f/
pmar;yGJ atmifw,f/ atmifwJholteuf uRefawmfygqkd&if okH;a,mufwkdYudk bkwftzGJYu
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udk tzGJYu rJay;a&G;cs,fvdkufw,f/ trSefqkd&if t*Fvdyfpm yxrwef; *kPfxl;ESifhatmif
wJholudk a&G;zkdYoifhw,fvkdY oabm&yg&JU/ uRefawmfoif,lzkdY apvTwfvkdufwJhbmom&yfrSm
uRefawmfatmifoGm;vkdY rw&m;bl;vkdY b,folrS pGyfpGJp&m oufao&Smr&wmrkdY 0rf;omrd
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bd"mefjyKpkenf;wwf? aemufqkH; q&mBuD;tedpöa&mufwJhtcg ol&JUausmif;rSm jrefrmpm
uxdujzpfvm&w,f/ a&S;ukokdvfuH tusKd;ay;rIaMumifh aus;Zl;&Sif ausmif;tkyfBuD;qm
&yfzfwef;em? ta&SUawmiftm&SXmerSL; ygarmu©a'gufwm'D? *sD? tD? a[mvf? ol&JUt&kduf
t&m qufcHol ygarmu©q&mrrpötD? a*s? [if'gqifwkdYESifhqkHpnf;&ygw,f/
uxdujzpfNyD; ckepfESpftMumrSm XmerSL;u axmufcH? ausmif;tkyfBuD;u o
abmwlvkdY wuúokdvfqD pmwifvkdufwJhtcg wuúokdvfu uRefawmfhudk jrefrmpm'kygarmu©bGJY
tyfESif;vkdufyga&m/ 1957-58 ckESpftwGif; uRefawmf 10 vcefY bk&m;vnf;zl; vdyfO
vnf;wl;qkdovkd trdjrefrmjynfudk jyefvmNyD; jrefrmpmayynm qufvufqnf;yl;w,f/
t*FvefudkjyefrvmrD zqyv0efBuD;tcsKdUu uRefawmhfudktxifBuD;NyD; &efukefwuúokdvf
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wkd;yGm;vmzkdYom &nfpl;NyD; vkyfaqmifaew,f/ ygarmu©&mxl;udk rarQmfrSef;0Hhyg/ jrefrm
bmom[m ausmif;rSm ydkYcsaewJhw&kwf *syef? ta&AD? ouúwbmomwkdYESifhpm&if i,fvS
wmrkdY ynm&Siftrsm;pku ravhvmMu? jrefrmjynfuvnf; vGwfvyfa&; &oGm;NyD; "eo
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
[m,EkdifiHr[kwfqkdawmh ygarmu©&mxl; Munfhav a0;av qkdovkd jrif&vkdYjzpfygw,f/
'gay,fh uHxrf;vmwmudk rjrif&bl;aemf/
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BuD;rpötD? a*s? [if'gqifu qufcHvkdufw,f/ csD;ajr§mufoifhol csD;ajr§muf&m\qkdwJh cH
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w,f/ 1966 ckESpfrSm 'kv’b &cJwJhygarmu©&mxl; &vmw,f/
uRefawmf 1980 jynfhESpf jrefrmjynfudk jyefvmNyD;wJhaemuf uRefawmfhae&mrSm
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rSef;rod? &kdaow,f? cspfw,f? rawmfwq eif;rdwJhtcg xkdif&Sdckd;wmyJ/ BuD;vmawmhvJ
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rsufESm rjywfygyJ/ 'gaMumifhvnf; wpfae&mrSm ajymcJhwJhtwkdif; tzdk;rjzwfEkdifwJhpmtkyf
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uG,f&mAk'¨bmomrStp c&pf,mef? tpövrf? [dE´LbmomtqkH;? bmomaA'? o'´aA'?
rEkóaA'ponfhaA'rsm;tjyif bmomrsKd;pkH tbd"mefrsm;udkyg pkaqmif;vmonfhpmtkyf
pmwrf;bPfwkdufxJ odrf;qnf;xm;yg\/ uRefawmfonf ynmawmfoifb0wGif wpfv
vQif t*Fvdyfaygif 18 aygifÄ om &ygonf/ aea&;xkdifa&; pm;rIaomufrIrsm; Ekwfvkduf
vQif wpfvukefvQif ig;aygif rusefYwusefyif/ xdktxJrS zJhNyD; pmtkyfrsm;0,fonf/
1939 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 3 &ufaeYwGif 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;jzpfvmonf/ xkdt
cg tar&dueftpkd;&ydkif;uvnf; jrefrmjynfESifhqkdifonfhpmtkyfpmwrf;awG p0,f\/
vef'efNrdKU&Sd Luzac&Co., Kegan PaulESifhProbsthain., udef;b&pfNrdKUrS Heffers atmufpzkdY
NrdKUrS Black Well paomta&SUwkdif;rS pmtkyfrsm;a&mif;onfhqkdifawGwGif tar&duefrsm;
ESifhuRefawmf NydKif0,f&onf/ olwkdYrSm aiG&Tifojzifh uRefawmfwpfyef;&IH;&onf/ okdYaomf
udef;b&pfNrdKUrS Heffers pmtkyfqkdifu refae*sm Mr.Sharp (&Syf)olonf uRefawmfhukd o
em;ívm;rod? pmtkyfawG odrf;xm;um uRefawmfhtm; yxrjyNyD; r0,frSom tar&d
uefrsm;udk a&mif;yg\/
uRefawmf yg&*lbGJYpmwrf;udk 1939 ckESpfrS 1944 ckESpftxd BuD;Muyfapmifrol
vnf;jzpf? jrefrm-t*Fvdyftbd"mefBuD;udk 1948 ckESpf? Ekd0ifbmvtxd twlwljyKpkcJhol
vnf;jzpfonfh ygarmu©a'gufwma*s? at? pwl;0wf(J.A.Stewart)u ]ab? Heffers rSjref
rmjynfeJYqkdifwJhpmtkyfawG b,fol0,fovJqkdwm? OD; ckrSodw,f}[k wpfaeYwGif jzKef;ceJ
ajymyg\/ q&mBuD;u ]wpfaeYu OD; udef;b&pfa&mufoGm;vkdY Heffers qkdifxJ0ifoGm;
w,f/ jrefrmjynfeJYqkdifwJhpmtkyfawG Munfhcsifygw,fvkYdajymwJhtcg rpöwm&Syfqkdolu ]&Sd
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
ygw,fcifAsm? 'gayr,fh jrefrmausmif;om; wpfa,mufudk jy&OD;r,f/ ol r,lbl;qkdrS
a&mif;r,fvkdYjyefajzw,f}[k wpfaeYwGif ajymygonf/
t*FvefwGif ESpfaygif; 40 ausmfaecJhonfhtwGif; ausmif;om;b0rS q&mjzpf
vmaomtcg pmtkyfrsm; ykd0,fvmEkdifonf/ xkdYaMumifhvnf; pmtkyfOD;a& wkd;vm\/
1980 jynfESpf jrefrmjynfodkY tNyD;tykdif jyefrvmrD &Sm;yg;vSonfhtzkd;te*¢wefaompm
tkyfrsm; &maxmifESihfcsDNyD; ygvmonf/ rjyefrD wuúokdvfpmMunfhwkduftcsKdUu axmuf
vSrf;ar;jref;yg\/ &mjzwftcsKdUu a':vmwpfaomif;ru wefzkd;xm;ygonf/ ra&mif;
yg/ atmufyg cH0efcsufrsKd;ay;onfhjrefrmjynfrS wuúokdvfausmif;odkY apwemokH;wef
jywfom;pGmjzifh vSLygrnf/ þonfum;-
(1) þpmtkyfawGudk tjcm;pmtkyfrsm;ESifha&maESmrxm;bJ bmom&yfrsm;tvkduf AD&kd
awGxJrSm oyfoyfxm;&rnf/
(2) AD&kdawGezl;pD;rsm;wGif (u) tNidrf;pm;ygarmu©a'gufwmvSabESifhZeD;a':oef;jrab
aumif;rI[lívnf;aumif;? (c) þpmtkyfrsm; ckd;,lol? pmtkyfrSpm&Gufqkwf,lolonf i
&Jopfikwfjzpfygapaom0f}[lívnf;aumif; pmwrf;rsm; xkd;xm;&rnf/
(3) pmtkyfrsm;twGuf uufwavmufwpftkyf oyfoyfvkyfxm;&rnf[l\/
xl;qef;onf[kqkd&rnfhADZt*Fgwpf&yfum; tpm;pm;&mESifhqkdifyg\/ uav;
b0u vlBuD;rsm;ESifhtwl xrif;0dkif;ü 0ifrpm;&yg/ tdrfazmf a':ESif;jru oyfoyfjyif
NyD; yef;uefxJ xnfhauR;onf/ 0rf;bJOjyKwfwpfvkH;? ykpGefajcmufrIefYudk yJqDESifhe,fxm;
onfhxrif;yGJ/ xrif;udk t&ifavG;onf/ ukefcgeD;rS bJOudk pm;\/ om;ig;ESifhqkdvQifvJ
om;ig;tenf;i,fudkom yxr xrif;ESifhpm;? NyD;cgeD;rS om;ig;rsm; tukefpm;\/ xkdt
&G,fu pmrwwfao;ojzifh 0efZif;rif;&mZmu &mZm"d&mZftrwfBuD; oD[yawhay;onfh
MuHykdif;udk t&omcHpm;vkdí tzsm;rSpm;NyD; pkyfpm;onfhtaMumif;udk rodao;yg/ odkYjzpf
í þ"avhudk b,fupNyD; &vmaMumif; rajymwwfyg/
xrif;0kdif;wGif 0ifpm;&onfhtcgvnf; yxryGJOD;xGufp [if;csKd? vufokyf? ig;yd
wkdYp&mrsm; pm;NyD;rS om;ig;[if; wpfwkH; ESpfwkH;ESifhtqkH;owf xrif;jzifh avG;\/ armf
vNrdKiftpkd;&txufwef;ausmif;abmf'gaqmif? &efukefwuúokdvf yk*Hausmif;aqmifrsm;
üvnf; þtcsKd;twkdif;yif/ odkYaomf t*Fvefa&mufonfhtcg wpfrsKd;wpfrnf ajymif;
vkduf&onf/ xkdjynfoljynfom;rsm;onf om;ig;tjyKwf? tmvl;aMumf? tuif? tcsuf
wkdYudk tmvl;jyKwf? tmvl;aMumfESifh[if;oD;[if;&Guf 2 rsKd;udk yef;uefjym; 1 csyfxJxnfh
um "m;cuf&if;rsm;jzifh pm;íjzpfyg\/ 1980 jynfhESpf jrefrmjynfodkY jyefa&mufvmaom
tcg 'kH&if;odkYjyefvnfvm\/ þtcsufudk awG;rdwkdif; tufaq;ponfta&;tom;t
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
pDtukH;wkdYwGif txda&mufqkH;tcsufjzifh tqkH;owfonfudk owd&rdyg\/
2/ &Gmausmif;om; (1918-21)
&kd;&kd;vlom; rSeforQ &SpfESpf udk;ESpfom;t&G,fxd ywf0ef;usifjc,fvS,frItrsm;
pkudk vufcHwwfonf[kpdwfynm&SifwkdYu qkdMu\/ xkdYaMumifhvnf; a*s;Zk,pf(Jesuit)c&pf
,mefbkef;awmfBuD;wpfyg;u ]cifAsm;wkdY&JUuav;rsm;udk usKyfukd ay;xm;yg? udk;ESpfus
&if jyef,lMuyg}[kqdkaMumif; pdwfynmpmtkyfwpftkyfxJ zwfzl;ygonf/ uRefawmf\udk;
ESpf q,fESpftxd aemifpm&dwåudk jyKjyifajymif;vJoifhoavmuf jyKjyifonf[kqkd&rnfht
awGYtMuKHtcsKdUudk rSwfrdorQ a&;jycJhNyD; ckvnf; quftpD&ifcHygOD;rnf/
ig;ESpfom;t&G,f &Gmausmif;wGif pNyD;aeonf/ eHeuf&Spfem&DrS udk;em&Dtxd?
aeYv,f q,fem&DrS wpfem&Dtxd? nae ESpfem&DrS av;em&Dtxd ausmif;wufonf/ Mo
umotp ig;yg;oDvtqkH; ausmif;qif;csdefü twef;BuD;orm; av;wef;ausmif;om;
wpfa,mufu wkdifoGm;&m vkdufqkdMuonf/ q&mOD;zkd;cspfu ig;yg;oDvyg ygVdpum;vkH;
rsm;udk &Sif;jyonf/ wjznf;jznf; teufawGudk odvm\/ bmoma&;ESifhpvkH;a&pí awGY
xdcgpüyifvQif ausmif;&uf&Snfydwfonfh&ufrsm; tawmtwGif; arG;pm;onfha':a':
av;a,mufteuf okH;a,muf? tpfudkwpf0rf;uGJwpfa,muf? aqGrsKd;awmfpyfolarmfv
NrdKifrS tysKdBuD;wpfa,mufESifhuRefawmfyg aygif;ajcmufa,mufwkdY usKdufxD;&kd;bk&m;oGm;
zl;Muygonf/
rkwårrS usKdufxdkblwmokdY rD;&xm;&kd;&kd;twef;jzifh oGm;Muonf/ vufrSwfrsm;
tvG,fwul 0,fí&onf/ Zif;usKdufawmif? ukvm;rawmifrsm;udk vlBuD;rsm;jyí yxr
tBudrf jrif&onf/ yx0D0if pmtkyfxJ zwf&onfhtcg ydkíodcsifvmonf/ aemifvnf;
1931 ckESpfrS 1938 ckESpftxd &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;tjzpfESifhwpfESpfvQif av;
ig;ajcmufBudrf jrif&\/ ukvm;rawmifonf ukvm;rBuD; yufvuftdyfaeykHESifhwl
onf[k xifrdyg\/ usKdufxkdblwmodkY naeapmif;wGif a&mufonf/ vufrSwfppfu uRef
awmfhvufrSwfudk awmif;&m tysKdBuD;u 'Doli,f ig;ESpfrjynfhao;bl;[kajymonf/ uRef
awmfu ig;ESpfausmfNyD[k Mum;u 0ifawm&m tysKdBuD;u uRefawmhfem;udk vdrfvkduf\/
rkom0g'a&SmifcsifvkdYvm;? toufBuD;aMumif; jycsifvkdYvm; rodyg/ trSeftwkdif; ajym
vkdufí 'Pf&kdufcH&ygonf/
blwm&kHrS uifyGef;csKHpcef;odkY bwfpfum;jzifh oGm;Muonf/ ae0if&Dwa&mü
ukef;awmfay: pwufMuonf/ rsm;vSonfhbk&m;zl;rnfholawG/ oufBuD;olawG xrf;pif
ESifhwcsKdU? awmifa0S;ESifhwcsKdU? vli,fvl&G,fawGu aysmfaysmfyg;yg;? vlvwfykdif;u £a`E´
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
&&/ uRefawmfvnf; bmrodnmrodESifh pdwftm;wuf<upGmjzifh a&SUuajy;vkduf? avQmuf
vkdufESifh/ xkdpOftcguom &Sifr[m&|om&\a&TpufoGm; awmvm;udkom odrnfqkdvQif
]pl; pl; edAÁmef? a&mufrnfrSefí? {uefwaqm? ,m,DaMumudk? oabmpdkufpkduf? vrf;&kd;
vkdufaomf. . . }[laom pmydk'fudk &GwfqkdrdrnfrSmyif/ xkdtcgu &kyfykHxJ jrif&aomxl;qef;
onfhbk&m;qDom a&mufcsifpdwf apmaeyg\/ edAÁmefa&mufrnfudkum; rodyg/ oef;acgif
ausmftcsdefavmuf xifyg\/ ukef;awmfay: ajccsrdonf/ Z&yfwpfaqmifwGif pwnf;
cs? bk&m;udk oGm;uefawmhMuyg\/
aemufwpfaeYeHeuf bk&m;udk oGm;zl;í qGrf;uyfMuonf/ vltcsKdU apwDwnf&Sd
&m ausmufwkH;BuD;udk Budrfjzifh wpfae&mü axmufum wGef;Munfhonf/ BudrfvkH;av;u
nTwfvkduf rwfvkdufESifh/ wpfydkif;ausmfausmfom wifaeonfhausmufwkH;BuD; wpfzuf&Sd
acsmufxJ usoGm;avrvm;[k uRefawmf aMumufaMumufESifhMunfhae\/ usroGm;bJ
acsmufbuf ,drf;,kdifum rwfwufvm\/ touftwefi,f BuD;vmaomtcg usKduf
xD;&kd;orkdif;vnf; zwf&? ZmwfyGJwGifvnf; Munfh&í bk&m;taMumif; odweforQ odvm
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&Guf=&aohacgif;&Gufxm;onfhbk&m;[k teuf&onf/
aemufwpfaeYn aEGacgifacgifwGif tumv avBuD;rkd;BuD;usygawmhonf/
uRefawmfvnf; aMumufvGef;í vlBuD;awG tem;u rcGmyg/ w&kwfajcao;rwpfa,muf
bk&m;MunfndKvGef;vSojzifh reif;tyfaom ae&may: oGm;wufrdí þokdYjzpf&aMumif;
od&onf/ um,uH&Sifrvnf; aMumuf'l;awGwkefNyD; trSm;udk onf;cHyg&ef bk&m;udka&m
vlawGudkyg awmif;yefonf[k ajymoHMum;&onf/
tjyefc&D;wGif uifyGef;csKHpcef;ESifhusKdufxkdNrdKUMum;&Sd &mbmjcHydkif&SifolaX;u
armfvNrdKifrS tysKdBuD;udk zdwfí uRefawmfwkdY olYtdrfü ESpfnwnf;ckdMuonf/ jcHxJ&Sd prf;
acsmif;xJ uRefawmfa&ul;onf/ aysmfonf/ c&J&Gm jyefa&mufNyD; rMumrD iSufzsm;a&m*g
pGJuyfygawmh\/ csrf;vkdufonfrSm rcHr&yfEkdifyg/ pma&;&if; csrf;wufvmrdonf/ apmif
txyfxyf jcKHvnf; raEG;yg/ a&aEG; ylylaomufcsrS acwåtcsrf;oufom&m &\/ a&mf
bmjcHxJrS opf&Gufrsm; a&m>yrf;aeonfhprf;a&udk aomufrdí a&m*g&onf[kxifrdonf/
aemiftcgrS a&aMumifr[kwf? jcifaMumifh[k odvm&yg\/
tbGm;ukoay;onf/ t*Fvdyfaq;ESifhvm; jrefrmaq;ESifhvm; rodyg/ tjrpf
jywfoGm;onf/ &moDOwk at;jronfhNAdwdefjynfü jcifuif;&Sif;ojzifh iSufzsm;a&m*gr&Sd
yg/ jrefrmjynfodkY jyefa&mufvmonfhtcg armfvNrdKifwGif tajcpkdufae&m olpdrf;wpf&HqH
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
a&m oduRrf;olrsm;yg iSufzsm;a&m*gjzifh toufaysmufoGm;MuaMumif; od& awGY&íaq;
&kHü ZD0dw'gejyK&ef oEéd|mefcsvkdufyg\/
rESpfNrdKU rESpfvkdYonfh0efudk i,fi,fuwnf;u ZGwfESpfí xrf;aqmifcJh&ojzifh
BuD;vmaomtcg aumif;usKd;cHpm;vm&onfudk owdrlrdyg\/ tbGm;xHü EGm;taumif
50 cefY&dSonfhteuf EkdYpm;EGm;r tawmfrsm;rsm;yg&Sdonf/ tdE´d,trsKd;om;BuD; OD;ajy;
qkdolu EGm;EkdYn§pf? uRefawmfu ausmif;rwufrD 50d om;EkdYykvif;okH;av;ykvif;ukd vuf
qGJjcif;ESpfjcif;xJxnfhNyD; &Gm&kd;wpfavQmuf vnfa&mif;onf/ azmufonfawG &Sdí ukef
onfom rsm;yg\/ usefvQif a':a':wkdYu csufNyD; uRefawmf aomufEkdifoavmuf wkduf
ygonf/ &Gmol&Gmom;tcsKdUu EGm;EkdYukvm;av;[kac:aomtcg pdwfqkd;rdonf/ ra&mif;
bJ xm;onfhEGm;EkdYokH;av;ydómudk OD;ajy;u axmywfcsufonf/ axmywfrjzpfrD 'def
csOftqifh a&mufonhftcg OD;ajy; ay;í oMum;ESifhpm;Munfh&m cHwGif; awGYyg\/ aemif
ESpfaygif; 20 ausmfcefY Mumaomf uHxajrmufí t*Fvef a&mufonfhtcg ,dk;,uf
(Yoghurt)ac: 'defcsOfwpfrsKd; pm;&onf/ c&J&Gmjzpf 'defcsOfukd owd&rdyg\/
rvkyfcsifaom tvkyf ZGwfESpfvkyfí udk,fcHpdwfonf pnf;urf;aovmonf/
BuD;jyif;vmaomtcg yxr rzwfcsif rusufvkdaom pmvkH;? pmykd'fawG ESpfNyD; zwfusuf
ojzifh zwfusufcsifpdwf ay:vmaomaMumifh ynma&;avmuü atmifyef;rsm; qGwfcl;
vm\/
pyg;rsm; &dwfodrf;? usDoGif;NyD;aemuf t0,fawmfawGudk a&mif;onfhtcg uRef
awmfu *&kdUcsKd;&onf/ pmom zwfcsif\/ *&kdUrcsKd;vkdyg/ 10 xpf xpfxm;aom 0g;wkwf
acsmif;ao;uav;rsm;udk wpfacsmif;pD udkifxm;&onf/ pyg;jcifolu wpfwif;[katmf
vkdufonfhtcgwkdif; wpfxpfudk tomusKd;&kHcsKd;NyD; wpfcsKd;[k jyefatmf&\/ odkYESifh ESpf
csKd; okH;csKd;rS 1 csKd;&vQif wpfwkdifusKd;NyD[katmfí *&kdUwkwfacsmif;udk csxm;vkdufonf/
aEGOwk ylonfh&moDwGif wif;aygif; &mESifhcsDNyD; jcif&ojzifh tdyfridkuf&atmif renf;BudK;
pm;ae&onf/ rSm;vQif jyefjyifjcifí r&yg/ tm&kHpkdufjcif;ESifhonf;cHjcif; usifhom;&kduf
oGif;ay;rI jzpf\/
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a&m ausmif;rSmyg vlBuD;rsm;a&SU jzwfavQmufonfhtcg ukef;oGm;? wpfckckudk vufESpf
zufESifheJYay;? vufESpfzufESifh,l? ta':t&G,f ta':? OD; t&G,f OD;? t&G,ftvkduf BuD;
awmf bBuD; pojzifh ac:yg/ vlBuD;wpfa,mufu ac:vQif cifAsm;? AsmvkdYxl;? bmvJvkdY
rxl;eJY/ ajzwJhtcg [kwfuJhvkdYajym? tif;vkdY rajymeJY ponfwkdY oifay;onf/ atmifaom
tESHrsm;&Sdaom pyg;yifrsm;onf ukdif;nTwfaeNyD; okefzsif;aomtESHawG &SdonfhtyifwkdY
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
rSm axmifrwfaeonfhpmykd'fudk zwf&onfhtcg teufom i,fi,fu od\/ BuD;rSoabm
w&m; odvmí oifcef;pmtjzpf acgif;xJ oGif;xm;ygonf/
]raumif;jrpfwm? aumif;&mnTefvwf}qkdovkd uRefawmf 0pDuHusL;vGefrdí wpf
cgom t&kdufcH&zl;yg\/ tpoefaom wpf0rf;uGJtpfudkwpfa,mufu rBudKufonfhp
um; vmvmajymzefrsm;í rcH&yfEkdifvGef;ojzifh tremypum;wpfcGef; xGufoGm;rdonf/
uHqkd;csifawmh reD;ra0;&Sd tbGm; Mum;oGm;ojzifh aemufudk 'Dpum;rsKd; b,fawmhrS r
okH;&bl;qkdNyD; ]ajymOD;rvm;} ]rajymawmhygbl;} okH;cgar; okH;Budrfajzí BudrfvkH;jzifh wif
yg;udk okH;csuf ESufvkdufonf/ xkdtcgrSpNyD; z&ko0gpm &kdif;jywkdif;xGmaompum;rsKd; r
okH;rdatmif owdorÜZOfw&m; vufukdifxm;ygonf/ &efukefwuúokdvfa&mufonfhtcg
pdwfqkd;vGef;rSom acG;rom; pum;vHk;rsKd; okH;wwfonf/ t*FvefrS jrefrmjynfodkY 1957
-58 ckESpf acwåjyefvmonfhtcg nDi,ftm; pdwfqkd;vGef;vSojzifh acG;rom;[kqkdrdonf/
&kwfjcnf; ightarudk igapmfum;rdNyDwum;[k qkdum tedpöa&mufoGm;ESifhaom rdciftm;
&nfpl;awmif;yefum tBudrfBudrf uefawmhvkdufygonf/
&Gmausmif;om;tjzpf aemufqkH; ESpfESpftwGif; 0rf;enf;p&m? tonf;zkdp&mjzpf
cJhonfhtjzpfESpfjzpfudk tusOf;csKH; tpD&ifcHyg&ap/
uRefawmf\tazü tpfrwpfOD;ESifhtpfudkwpfa,muf &dSonf/ tBuD;awmfol
onf bm;tHNrdKU aemifvkH&GmrS trsKd;om;wpfOD;ESifhtdrfaxmifusonf/ tvGefodu©morm
"dESifhjynfhpkHojzifh tpdk;&u c&J&GmolBuD; cefYonf/ bBuD;onf rGwfqvifrsm; 0ufom;&GH
oavmuf t&ufudk rkef;wD;onf/ olonf &Gm\awmifbuf&Sd awmifuwkef;ay:ü bk&m;
wpfqlwnfonf/ uRefawmfwkdYtkwfawG? oJawG o,fay;onfudk rSwfrdaeygao;onf/
bk&m;wnfí xD;awmfwifNyD;onfhtcg MunfhcsifyGJESpfncHay;\/ &Gmom;awG aysmfMu
onf/ þyGJawmftwGif; t&ufaomufol b,folrqkd xdyfwkH;xJ 24 em&D xnfhxm;rnf
[kowday;xm;ojzifh rnfolrS raomuf0HhMuyg/
&GmolBuD;onf jrpfnmvIdif;yGJ acsmif;zsm;rS u&ifvlrsKd; armifuav;qkdolESifht
vGefcifrif&if;ESD;onf/ wpfaeYaomf armifuav;onf t&ufeHY wpfaxmif;axmif;ESifhc&J
&GmodkY a&mufvmygawmhonf/ oli,fcsif;ESifhoGm;awGY&m cgwkdif;uJhodkY vufcHpum;rajym
bJ xdyfwkH;xJ 24 em&D xnfhcsKyfxm;yg\/ &Gmol&Gmom;wkdY jrifojzifh t&SufwuGJ tusKd;
enf;jzpf&aom armifuav;onf tcsKyfrSvGwfvmaomtcg ]a[h olBuD; eifxrif; 00
ompm;xm;awmh}[kqkdNyD; xGufoGm;onf/ rMumrD olBuD; tedpö a&mufoGm;&onf/ &Gmol
&Gmom;awGu ]armifuav; tyif;xnfhvkdY aow,f/ 0rf;xJrSm tvkH;BuD; awGYw,f}[k
ajymolajymMu/ tcsKdUu ]bkef;uH rBuD;bJ bk&m;wnfvkdY bkef;ydaow,f}[kajymolajym
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
Muonf/
tyif; &Sd r&Sd azazudk touf twefi,f BuD;vmonfhtcg ar;Munfhonf/ az
azu olMuKHawGYcJh&onfhtjzpfwpfckudk ajymjy\/ rdwfaqGwpfa,mufu tyif;xnhfwwf
onfhu&iftbkd;BuD;udk tyif;xnfhenf; oifay;&ef tBudrfBudrfawmif;yefonf/ wpfaeY
aomf xkdtbkd;BuD;u ]igoifay;r,f}[kqkdNyD; olYudk "m;&Snfwpfvufay;um xlxyfonfh
awmBuD;wpfawmxJ ac:oGm;onf/ xkdvludk a&SUu oGm;apNyD; olu aemufrSvkdufonf/
oGm;&mvrf;wpfavQmuf vrf;ay:xkd;xGufaeaom opfudkif;awG? EG,fyifawG ponfht
umtqD;rsm;udk a&SUvlu z,froGm;bJ "m;ESifh&Sif;oGm;\/ awmwef;rS v[mjyifa&muf
oifhtcg tbdk;BuD;u ]oli,fcsif;? eifhudk ig roifay;awmhbl;}[kajymygawmhonf/
tyif;ynmwwfol[m pdwf rvsif vufrjref&bl;/ xpfceJjzpfwkdif; tyif;r
xnfh&bl;/ rsuf&nfBuD;i,f us&wJhtcgrsKd;rSom ynmudk okH;&w,f/ vrf;rSm opfudkif;
awG EG,fawGudk vufeJYz,froGm;bJ "m;eJY&Sif;oGm;wm axmufawmh oli,fcsif;[m pdwf
jrefol vufjrefol jzpfw,f/ 'DynmrsKd;eJY rawmfbl;}[k &Sif;jyaMumif; azazu ajymjy
onf/ þonfvnf; oifcef;pmwpf&yf/
olBuD; tedpöa&mufoGm;NyD; twefi,fMumaomf olBuD;uawmf armif\ZeD;onf
uav;zGm;&if; rD;wGif;orD;ESifhtwl nwGif;csif; qkH;oGm;onf/ tpdrf;jzpfonf[k,lqNyD;
nOfhrul;rD jr§Kyfvkduf&onf/ atmufvrf;q&mawG wl;azmfum vkd&mtokH;csrnhfta&;
awG;NyD; ocsKØif;ü ntcg ckepf&uf tapmifhta&Smuf xm;&onf/ uRefawmfvnf; vli,f
yDyD aMumufpdwfawG trsKd;rsKd;ay:vmNyD; bBuD;jzpfoltdrfodkYroGm;&Jyg/ toufBuD;vm
onfhtcg xyfrHMuKHawGY&? em;a&0vmonf/ MuHMuHzefzef ESpfaygif; 20 ausmfMumvm
aomf t*FvefodkY ynmawmfoiftjzpf oGm;&í 1939 ckESpfrStp jrefrmt*Fvdyftbd"mef
jyKpkonfhtcg ]tpdrf;} ]tyif;}ponfhyk'frsm;\teufESifhoabmw&m;rsm;udk &Sif;jy&
onf/Ä xkdtcg wdwdusus oabmaygufvmygawmhonf/
3/ armfvNrdKifNrdKU tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif; 1923-31
c&J&GmrS armfvNrdKifNrdKU tpkd;&txufwef;ausmif; abmf'gaqmifodkY 1923 ck?
ZGefvtpavmufwGif a&mufvmonf/ xkdtcgwGif ae&majymif;a&TUpkdufay;vkdufaom opf
yifysKduav;ESifhwlyg\/ ywf0ef;usifvnf; uGJjym;? taetxkdif tpm;taomufvnf;
jcm;em;/ odkYaomf i,f&G,fao;olrkdY p&kduf"avh vkdufemusifhokH;ojzifh wjznf;jznf;&Sif
oefxGm;usKdif;vmcJhonf[k qkd&ygrnf/
Ä A Burmese English Dictionary., pt II 87; pt IV 226-27.
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
NAdwdoQvlrsKd;ausmif;tkyfBuD;jzpfol Mr. E.W.Buttress(tD? 'AÁvsL? bwfx&uf
(pf)ESifhZeD;wkdY ausmif;aqmifü aeMuonf/ xkdacwftwGif; &efukeftpdk;&ausmif;? armf
vNrdKiftpdk;&ausmif;ESifhawmifBuD; &Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;ausmif;? okH;ausmif;wGif NAdwdoQt
rsKd;om;wkdYudkom ausmif;tkyfBuD; cefYonf[kod&ygonf/ uRefawmf &SpfESpftwGif; aecJh
wkef; Mr. Buttress, Mr(?)(zSifav;qif)? Mr. W.G.F. Wedderspoon ('AÁvsL? *sD? tuf(zf)?
0uf'gpyGef;)? Mr. W.H.Eva('AÁvsL? tdwf(csf)tDAm;)aygif;av;OD; ausmif;tkyfBuD;tjzpf
wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhMuonf/ xkdyk*¾KdvfwkdYteuf Mr. Wedderspoon uvGJí tm;vkH;ausmif;
aqmifü aeMuonf/ Mr. Wedderspoon u oHvGifyef;jcHxJ&Sd olYtaztdrfü ae\/
abmf'gaqmiftkyfcsKyfa&;onf pepfusonf/ tc&mum; ausmif;tkyfBuD;/ olY
vufatmufü 'ktaqmifrSL;? Prefect (ausmif;om;csKyf)ukdvGef;az? monitor (ausmif;
om;rSL;)udkom'if/ txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;jzpfMuonf/ aea&;xkdifa&;? pm;a&;
aomufa&; pnf;urf;xdef;odrf;olrsm; jzpfMuonf/ ukdvGef;azonf OD;wkd;atmif(uko)
\tpfudk/ El;nHhodrfarGYonf/ jyHK;jyHK; jyHK;jyHK;ESifh/ t*Fvdyfvkd olYtrnfudk Lun Pe [kaygif;
onf/ cifrifol ausmif;tkyfBuD;u Lun udk ]vGef;}tpm; ]vef}[kvnf;aumif;? Pe udk
]az} tpm; ]yD;}? ]zD;}[kvnf;aumif; toHxGufjzifh ac:aomaMumifh ausmif;om;rsm;u
&,fMuí ol raewwf rxkdifwwf jzpfonf/ udkom'ifum; tenf;i,fMurf;onf/ yg0g
jyvkdonf/
pae? we*FaEGaeYrsm;ü abmf'gaqmifwGif tjyifxGufvkdolwkdYu udkvGef;az odkYr
[kwf udkom'ifxHrS xGufcGifhjyK,lMu&onf/ udkom'ifu wpfcg wpfcg tikdufzrf;vkdojzifh
olYtac:ta0:t& Check-roll (csufu&kd;)vkyf\/ trSefqkdaomf roll-call (&kd;acgvf)om
jzpfonf/ rnfolawG &Sd r&Sd od&ef jzKef;qkd cef;rBuD;xJ ausmif;om;awG vm&ef acgif;
avmif;xkd;\/ pkHnDvQif ukdom'ifu trnfrsm;udk pm&if;MunfhNyD; wpfOD;pD ac:onf/
trnf&Sifupresent sir(&Sdygw,fcifAsm)[kxl;&onf/ r&Sdolukd ausmif;tkyfBuD;xHydkYonf/
yxrqkH;tBudrfü present, sir qkdonfrSm bmrSef;vnf; rod? toHudkvnf; ususee r
Mum;&ojzifh resent, sir [kom xl;vkduf\/ pnf;rsOf;&Sdonf/ pnf;rsOf;abmifwGif; ae&
rnf[laom oifcef;pmyif/
a&mufcgprS ESpfESpf okH;ESpftwGif; i,f&G,fEkysKdaeao;ojzifh ywf0ef;usifwGif
jzpfysufaerItpkpkukd owdrlrdrI twefi,fom &Sdyg\/ ckepfwef;a&mufrS bdkukef;&yfuGuf
rS armifiH &yfuGuf&Sd uefokH;ueftem; abmf'gaqmifBuD;odkY ajymif;oGm;onhftcgrS odvkd
Mum;vkd jrifvkd vkyfvkdpdwfawG ay:vmygawmhonf/ abmf'gaqmiftaMumif; rsufpdzGifh
em;pGifhaerdojzifh abmf'gaqmifavmuudk wpfpwpfp odvm&onf/ ausmif;om;rsm;
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
onf ,ck rGefjynfe,fESifhweoFm&Dwkdif;ac: a'orsm;rS trsKd;om;uav;awGom rsm;yg
\/ v,fydkif&Sif? ukefonf? vcpm;BuD;i,f? olaX;ol<u,f om;? ajr;? wlawmfolawGjzpf
Muonf/ vlawvlaumif;? ÓPfrJh? ÓPf&Tif? vljzKef;? vlacRwm trsKd;rsKd;yif/ om"u
aqmifygrnf/
pmudk ypfxm; awmrS v,form; om;wpfa,mufonf bif*sKd(Banjo)&l;aeNyD;
tm;vQif pmrusuf bif*sKdukdom w'uf'uf wD;aevkdí rdbrsm;xHodkY ausmif;rSm tifr
wef ta&;BuD;wJhbif*sKdqkdwJhypönf;wpfck 0,fvkdygw,f/ aiG usyf 30? 40 ykdYay;yg[laom
pmwpfapmif a&;vkdufonf/ t*Fvdyfpmrwwf vl&kd;taztarwkdYu ynma&;ESifhqkdifwJh
ypönf;yJ[k oabm&NyD; aiGydkYay;vkdufonf/ pmar;yGJus? ausmif;xGufoGm;&onf/
wpfaeYaomf 'kwd,taqmifrSL;u ausmif;om;wpfa,muftm; ]ighem&D &yfae
w,f/ oGm;wkdufvkdufprf;}[kckdif;vkdufonf/ em&Dudk aemufbufrS zGifhNyD; qyfjym&nfESifh
oGm;yGwfwHjzifh wkdufNyD; jyef,lvmonf/ 'ktaqmifrSL; &ifusKd;onf ]rifhudk abmf'gaqmif
u em&DeJYtcsdefwkdufckdif;wmuG/ ighem&Dawmh ysufygNyD}[k nnf;nLoHudk Mum;&yg\/ xkd
ausmif;om;onf 10 wef;ratmifbJ ausmif;xGufoGm;&onf/ abmvkH;tuefawmfo
jzifh taumufcGef&kH;ü tvkyf&oGm;onf/
ykd;pkef;MuL;awGMum;xJ aemiftcg bdvyfjyef 0wfvkHawmf&? opfawmrif;BuD;?
tkdifpDtuf? bDpDtuf ynma&;rif;BuD;avmif;awG abmf'gaqmifü tvQKdvQKdtywfw
ukwf ÓPfESifh0D&d, xkwfaeol ausmif;om;rsm; &Sdygao;\/ aemiftcg tcsKdUudk NAdwdef?
jyifopf? *smreDESifhjrefrmjynfwGif jyefawGY&onf/ armfvNrdKiftpkd;&txufwef;ausmif;
om;a[mif;rsm; tcsif;csif; *kPf,lMuonf/ abmf'gaqmifü olwkdYtcef;xJ pmBudK;pm;
ykH? aeykHxkdifykH? ajymqkdykHwkdYudk twkckd;rd\/
xkdolwkdYteuf 10 wef;ausmif;om;udkbausmfqkdol\aus;Zl;udk rarhEdkifyg/
uRefawmfhudk vmrdwfzGJYonf/ pae? we*FaEGaeYrsm;ü aps;BudKrS ajryJ,dk? ESrf;yspfrIefYponf
wkdY 0,fvmNyD; naeapmif;tcsdef abmf'gaqmifESifhar"m0Dausmif;Mum; opfyifBuD;rsm;
atmufü xkdifpm;&if; oloif&aom zwf&aom t*Fvdyf0w¬KawGudk pDum ywfukH;ajymjy
onf/ aemiftcg tusKd;&SdvSyg\/ t*Fvdyfpm tcuftcJ&Sdonfhtcg olYudk ar;wkdif;pdwf
&Snfvuf&SnfESifh ajzjyonf/ touf&Sifaewkef;vm;? b0ajymif;oGm;NyDvm; rodyg/ ar-
wåmydkYvsufyg/ a*gaPe a*gaPm? omraPe omraPm/
uRefawmfwkdYacwfu eHeufpm abmf'gaqmifrSm pm;? ausmif;oGm;onf/ em&Djyef
wpfcsufrS ESpfcsuftxd ausmif;vTwfxm;onfhtcsdeftwGif; q&m? q&mrrsm;u vGJí
ausmif;om;awG wpfa,mufurS xrif;bl; ausmif;okdY r,lvmyg/ ausmif;0if;xJ&Sd qkdif
E-b
ook
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
toD;oD;ü aeYv,fpm 0,fpm;onf/ uRefawmfonf okH;ç av;ç ig;ç ajcmufwef;rsm;ü
wpfyJ(wpfusyf 16 ykHwpfykH),ckajcmufjym;ausmfausmf/ 7 wef;rS 10 wef;txd wpfrl;
(,ck 12 jym;cGJ)rkefYzkd;&onf/ xrif;vufokyf? rkefY[if;cg; qrlqmwkdY wpfrsKd;rsKd;pm;? a&
cJwkH; xnfhxm;aom &Svbuf&nfwpfcGuf wpfjym;aomuf? tqmajyoGm;onf/ ydkufqH
&Sifom;rsm;um; wpfrwf(25 jym;)? ig;rl;(jym; 50)? wpfusyftxd okH;Muonf/ aiG&Sm;
ojzifh acRwmokH;&onfhpepfudk tusifhygvmí aiGrsm;onfhbdvyfESifharmfvNrdKifrSm usifh
okH;aeygonf/
xkdtcgrSpí t0wftpm;üvnf; acRwma&;pepf tpysKd;cJhygao;onf/ &Syft
usÐokH;av;xnfudk tdrfu a':axG; csKyfay;onf/ tay:tusÐESpfxnfudkawmh armfv
NrdKif pl&wDbZmac: aps;BuD;ü csKyf,l\/ xkdacwfu ausmif;wGif ausmif;om;wkdif; t
ay:tusÐ 0wf&onf/ ESpfusyf okH;usyfwef csnfvkHcsnf av;xnf/ av;ig;usyfwef ykd;
vkHcsnfokH;xnf/ wpfcgwpf&H a':a':rsm;u ydk;xbDudk &SmxnfjzKwfNyD; ay;ygonf/ ]o
e}w,fqkdonfudk rod? yGJvrf;obifwGif 0wfqifonf/ þNcdK;jcHa&;onf xkdtcgrSpí
&efukefwuúokdvfudk jzwfausmfum NAdwdefjynftxd ygoGm;onf/
xkdb0wkef;uvnf; &Spfwef;a&mufrSom a&SUxkd;zdeyf pD;yg\/ 10 wef;a&muf
onhftcg abmf'gaqmifrS Opöm&Sifom;tcsKdUu t*FvefrSwpf&efvQif usyfokH;av;q,f
avmuf usonfh&SL;zdeyfrsm; rSm,lpD;onfudk tm;usNyD; a':a':rsm;xH toem;cHpma&;
vkduf\/ a':a':wkdYu aiGydkYay;vkduf\/ 12 usyfwef aumruf(Comet)&SL;zdeyfwpf&ef
udk armfvNrdKif&Sd 0dkufwa0; tifvdwf'avmukrÜPD(Whiteaway and Loudalaw Company)
rS0,fpD;\/ &Gmtjyef urf;em;wHwm;ay: wufvm&m ajcacsmfusoGm;onf/ xkdtcgrSp
í t*FvefodkY 1938 ckESpfa&mufonftxd &SL;zdeyfudk vSnfhrMunfhawmhyg/
tajccHynmausmif;rsm;ü jrefrmt0wftpm;ESifhausmif;wufonfhausmif;
om;wkdif; qkdcJhonfhtwkdif; tjyiftusÐ0wf&yg\/ ig ausmif;om;jzpfw,f/ pnf;apmifh
&r,f[laom pdwfxm;rsKd; 0ifwwfí uysufu,ufvkyf&ef 0efav;onf/ NrdKUolNrdKUom;
wkdYuvnf; ausmif;om;rSef;odí ta&;ay;avh&Sdyg\/
ckepfwef;pmar;yGJNyD;í c&J&GmokYd rwfv ausmif;ESpfv ydwfaomtcg jyefvm
onf/ tbGm;u ]toufBuD;NyD? ighajr;okH;a,mufudk &SifomraP tjzpfeJY jrifcsifw,f}
[k ajymí a':a':wkdYu uRefawmfESifhnDESpfa,mufwkdYudk &SifjyKay;&ef pDpOfaeckduf OD;
av;awmfolwpfOD;u olYom;tBuD;udk xnfhjyKay;yg[k ajymvm\/ &SifjyKyGJü pkHrjzpfp
aumif; r omjzpf&r,f[laomavmuD0g'udk vkdufí ytkd0fhtrsKd;om;uav; armifjrqkd
oludk udwådrom;tjzpf ig;a,muf &SifjyK&ygonf/ &GmvkH;uRwf rD;ckd;wdwf xrif;&nf
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
acsmif;pD;onfhtvSLyGJBuD; usif;y\/
udk&iftjzpf ckepf&ufaeNyD; vlxGufvmonf/ tbGm;u yDwdyGm;onf/ azazae
&yf aumhu&dwfjyef&ef uefawmhonfhtcg rsuf&nfpdkYxGufvmonf/ uRefawmf 7 ESpf 8
ESpfom;t&G,fu tedpöa&mufoGm;aom olYacR;r uRefawmfwkdYtar a':cifcifudk owd&
í jzpf\/ uRefawmfwkdY qHcspOftcguvnf; cifcifa& trQ ,lygawmhaemf [kajymoHukd
Mum;cJh&\/
uRefawmfvnf; avmukwå&mA[kokw &onf/ ausmif;? ouFef;? qGrf;? aq;
av;yg;udk &nfrSef;um tzsif;qkH; wpfaeYav;Budrf ykwD;pdyf&onf/ ypönf;av;yg;'g,
umteufudk aumif;aumif;BuD; oabmaygufvmonf/ udk&iftjzpfESifhnwkdif; bk&m;&Sd
ckd;onfhtcg &Gwf&aom *kPfawmfudk;yg;teufudk q&mawmfOD;"r®u &Sif;jyí odvm&
onf/ r*FvmaqmifyGJ wpfyGJü bdodufq&mu udk;yg;teufudk zGifhjyonfhtcg igodygw,f
[k rmeaxmifvTm;zl;\/ omraPtaeESifhqGrf;pm;onfhtcg yvkyfyavmif; rpm;&?
[if;csKdudk jrnfatmif raomuf&? yef;uefjym; ab;EIwfcrf; ayusHvQif vufacsmif;rsm;
jzifh oefYpif&onf/ þ"avh wpfoufvkH; ygoGm;onf/
q&mawmfOD;"r®onf um,uH 0pDuH csKd;azmufolwkdYtm; cyfMurf;Murf;qkH;rwwf
onf/ tcsKdU'g,umwkdYu OD;"r®('g;r)udk OD;ykqdef[kbGJYay;Muonf/ w&m;csí ,pfxkyf
&Gmom;wpfa,muf t&ufjzwfygrnf[k 0efcHvkdufonf/ rMumrD xkd&Gmom; t&ufrl;ae
ojzifh tyif;xnfhcH&í tedpöa&mufoGm;&onf[kqdkaom&GmolBuD;\brsKd;bkd;wlonfh
om; &GmolBuD;u xdyfwkH;xJ xnfhcsKyfxm;onf/ þowif;udk q&mawmfMum;ojzifh t
csKyfrS vGwfvmaomtcg qifhac:vkduf\/ ]bmjzpfvkdY uwdzsuf&ovJ}[k ar;&m ]wynfh
awmf bk&m;xHrS t,lcH0ifNyD; aomufygw,fbk&m;}[kavQmufonfhtcg tem;&Sd BudrfvkH;
jzifh &kduf&m &Gmom;ajy;&\/ aemif awmfawmfMumawmh t&ufjywfoGm;onf[l\/
&Gmom;wpfa,mufonfvnf; pum;ajymonfhtcgwkdif; npfnrf;aompum;wpf
vkH;udk tzsm;qGwfajymqkdaom 0oDygaeonf/ toufBuD;ol *kPf&SdolwkdYESifhajym&mü arh
rSm;xGufqkdrdvQif ]aAG r,lygeJY? tusifhygaevkdYyg? uefawmhyg&JU}[kawmif;yefonf/ wpf
aeYaomf q&mawmfESifhpum;ajymae&m tusifhqkd;azmufvmí q&mawmf BudrfvkH;qGJNyD;
vkduf&kdufojzifh ajy;&ygawmh\/ aemiftcg wjznf;jznf; 0oDaysmufoGm;onf/ þvnf;
oifcef;pmwpf&yfyif/
t*Fvdyfausmif;vmaeptcgu t*Fvdyfpm wwfzkdY? pmar;yGJESpfpOfatmif&efjzpf
ygonf/ odkYaomf olpdrf;wpf&HqH abmf'gaqmifrsm;ESifhvufyGef;wwD;ae&?? twef;om;
rsm;ESifhawGYqkHaqG;aEG;jiif;ckHMu? jrefrmjynfom;ESifhEkdifiHjcm;om;q&mrsm; oifMum;jyo
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
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jrifawG ajymif;vJ&ifhusufvmonf/ 8 wef; 9 wef;rsm;udk trSwfawG rsm;rsm;ESifhausmf
vTm;vmNyD; aemufqkH; 10 wef;odkY a&mufcJh&NyD/ aemifudk b,fvkdtoufarG;NyD; 0rf;
ausmif;&rnfhta&; ÓPfrDorQ pawG;rdNyD/ or®mtmZD0jzpfaomq&m odkYr[kwf q&m0ef
tvkyfjzifh toufxufqkH; aexkdifoGm;&ef qE´ acgif;xJ0ifvmygawmh\/
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ponfhtcsuftrsm;BuD;udk qkH;jzwf&rnfhtjzpf[k qkd&ygonf/
tqkd;taumif;ESifhpyfvsOf;í wpfqufwnf;yif aeonfhausmif;rS oifq&m
jrifq&m Mum;q&mwkdY tcef;u@vnf; yg0ifygao;\/ uRefawmf &Gmausmif;rSm armfv
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ausmif;aygif;pkH abmvkH;upm;NydKifyGJwpfyGJwGif uRefawmfwkdYtoif;udk o,f
aqmifoGm;onfhbwfpfum; abmvkH;uGif;odkYig;rdepfta&muf aemufusojzifh q&mBuD;u
]ig;rdepf apmapma&mufwm tcsdefrSefvkdYqkdw,f}[kajymoHMum;onfhpum;udk ckxufxd
arhypfí r&yg/ 1938 ckESpfrS 1980 jynfhESpftxd NAdwdefjynfwGif aepOfumvwpfavQmuf
vkH;wGifvnf;aumif;? 1980 jynfhESpfrS ,ckpma&;aeaomtcsdefxdvnf;aumif; tcsdef
ukd tav;wrl ta&;,lcJhonf/ armfvNrdKifwGif þta&;ESifhpyfvsOf;í tzsif;qkH; av;
ig; ajcmufBudrf pdwfuGuf pdwfysufjzpfrd\/ Oyrm -
wpfcgaomf r*Fvm{nfhcHyGJwpfyGJwGif eHeuf 10 em&Dtcsdef Mo0g'pum;ajymMum;
ay;&ef zdwfxm;ojzifh 9 em&D 45 rdepftcsdefü a&mufESifhaeonf/ apmifhaeonf/ 10 em
&Dxkd;vnf; ZeD;armifESHESifht&Hawmfrsm;ra&mufvm? 10 em&DcGJvnf; ray:vmao;/ 11
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
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vkdufrmefyg xGufvm&m ZeD;armifESHESifht&Hawmfrsm;ESifhtayguf0ü wkd;rdae\/ AD'D,kd&kduf
aewm tqifrajyvkdY aemufus&aMumif; onf;cHyg[kawmif;yefojzifh jyef0ifvm&yg
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ESifhawGYqkH? aqG;aEG;? jiif;ckH? EkdifiHjcm;om;ESifhjrefrmjynfom; q&mawG\oifjyMo0g'em
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&ifhusufvmonf/ 8 wef;? 9 wef;rsm; ausmfvTm;vmNyD; 10 wef;odkY a&mufcJhNyD/ aemifudk
b,fvkdtoufarG;vkdY b,fykH0rf;ausmif;&rnfhta&; p awG;rdvmNyD/ ukokdvfr&onfhq
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jyefvmonf/ a':a':awG? aqGrsKd;om;csif;rsm;ESifhcifrifol &Gmol&Gmom;tcsKdUwkdY ZGJu
yif? q'´ef*lwkdYodkY bk&m;zl;oGm;&ef jyifqifpdkif;jyif;Mu\/ vSnf;ig;pD;jzifh vlta,muf 20
cefYwkdYu c&D;xGufMuonf/ awmolawmifom;rsm; ydkifqkdifaom ,mOfrsm;jzifh oGm;Mu\/
armfawmfum;vnf; r&Sd/ &Sdvnf; vrf;raygufojzifh vSnf;udkom tm;ukd;&ygonf/
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ntcsdef c&D;oGm;? eHeufrS naecsrf;txd em;aeNyD; c&D;qufMuonf/ rSwfrdorQajym&
vQif av;&ufcefY Mumaomtcg &wemokH;yg; t&dyfckdí oGm;ojzifh cvkwfrxd ql;rNid a
emifvkH&GmodkYqkdufa&mufvmonf/ &GmolBuD;\zcif Zmwdcsufa<u arG;&yfajrjzpfygonf/
xl;qef;pGm aoqkH;&onfhzciftaMumif;udk oufqkdif&mtuGufü a&;jyxm;yg\/
aemufwpfaeY eHeufapmapm ZGJuyifawmifqDodkY vSnf;rsm;jzifh c&D;ESifMuonf/
pm;p&mrsm; vG,fí ay 3000 jrifhaom awmifxdyf&Sd apwD&Sd&modkY tm;oGefcGefpkdufwuf
Mu\/ 2 em&Dausmf 3 em&DavmufwGif xifyg\/ awmifxdyfqDa&muf? bk&m;udk zl;ajrmf
&onfhtcg tarmajyoGm;ovkdvkd xifrd\/ rkefY? opfoD;? trsKd;rsKd;wkdYESifhqGrf;awmfwif?
za,mif;wkdifrsm;xGef;? &Sdckd;ylaZmfMuonf/ awmifBuD;z0g;atmuf[laompum;ukd owd
&rd\/ awmifxdyfrS&Icif;rsm;um; tHhrcef;yif/ aemifvkHrS vltcsKdUu bk&m;udk wpfywf
vSnfhvQif qkawmif;jynfhonf[k ajymí uRefawmfvSnfhMunfhyg\/
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
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Ekdifonfhvrf;usOf;uav;odkY a&mufvmaomtcgÄ tonf;,m;vm\/ pma&;aewkef;yif
,m;wufvmonf/ apwDypö,Hudk NrJNrJudkif? ausmbufvSnfhrMunfhbJ *kPfawmfudk;yg;&Gwf?
ab;wkdufqufavqmufoGm;&m wpfywfjynfhoGm;\/ þodkYukokdvfaumif;rIjyK&onfht
usKd;qufaMumifhvm; rodyg/ rwfv q,fwef;pmar;yGJwGif ig;bmom*kPfxl;&avo
vm;[k awG;rdygawmhonf/
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rD;&SL;rD;wkdif vufESdyf"mwfrD;rsm;ESifh0if&onf/ rD;&SL;rD;u vufESdyf"mwfrD;xuf ydkvif;ykH
&\/ q'´efqifrif;udk &nfpl;NyD; zefwD;xm;onfh*lBuD;onf uRefawmfhtxif ukduf 200
avmuf &Snfrvm; rodyg/ qif;wkawmfapwDuav;rsm;jzifh jynfhESufaeonf/ *lxJtrkd;
ay:rStqufrjywfqkdovkdusaeonfha&pufrsm;wefckd;aMumifh ausmufqGJyef;(Staloctite)
ESifhausmufqGJrkd;arQmf(Stalagmite)wkdYudk yxrqkH; awGY&ojzifh tHhrcef; jzpfrdyg\/ tqkd
yg t*Fvdyfpum;ESpfvkH;udk ausmif;jyefa&mufonfhtcg q&mt&if; OD;pHxGef;atmifxHrS
Mum;od&yg\/ arharhaysmufaysmufESifhae&m &efukefwuúodkvf wwd,ESpf jrefrmpm*kPf
xl;wef; wufaewkef; ygarmu©*sD? tdwf(csf)? vk(pf)xHrS wpfzef Mum;od&rS rSwfrdygawmh
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ay;rS udk,fydkifjzpfvmaMumif; odvm&yg\/
c&J&Gm jyefa&mufvmonf/ tdrfwGif tjcm;aqGrsKd;wkdYESifhae&pfcJhaom tbGm;ESifh
a':a':wpfa,mufwkdYtm; trQa0&m tbGm;u om"kokH;Budrfac:í tm;&ESpfaxmif;
jzpfrdyg\/
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&if;ESifh? a&csKd;onfhtcg bkHbkdifrSm pmusufonfhtcg "mwfrD;a&mifatmuf? oGm;vmonfh
tcg bwfpfum;? &xm;vkH;? vefcsm;ESifhae&mwum awm&GmESifhuGmjcm;jcif;BuD; uGmjcm;
aeojzifh b0ifjrifhcsifovkdvkdjzpfvm\/ &Gmjyefa&mufawmh a[ma[m'kdif;'kdif;qufqH?
&kd;&kd;om;om;aexkdifykHwkdYudk jrifawGY&onfhtcg omraPe omraPm qkdovkd b0udkjyef
owd&NyD; awm"avhudk ESpfoufvmrdjyef\/ Oyrm ESpfckom jyyg&ap/
uRefawmhfudk tvGefcspfonfhOD;zkd;azqkdolonf ESpfpOf oDwif;uRwfvwkdif; usif;
yonfhavSNydKifyGJrsm;udk &GmeD;csKyfpyf*sKdif;&GmwGif MunfhNyD;tjyefwGif a&cJrkefYESpfwkH;udkiSufÄ ,cktcg xkdae&mwGif tkwfwHwkdif; umxm;NyD[k od&ygonf/
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
aysmzufESifhvkHatmifxkyfí cg;ykdufxJ xnfhvm\/ uRefawmhfqD vmNyD; ajzauR;&m a&cJ
rkefYb0rS a&b0odkY a&mufaeojzifh pdwfraumif; jzpf&&Sm\/ uRefawmf,lNyD; aomufjy
vkdufrS &,fEkdifawmh\/
jrpfwpfbufurf;&Sd &Gmwpf&Gmüaeaom u&ifvifr,m;ESifhorD;uav;wkdYonf
rkd;OD;usü tbGm;xHrS aiGacs;? uRJrsm; iSm;NyD; v,fvkyfonf/ aEGayguf pyg;&dwfodrf;í
wvif;ay: a&mufonfhtcg ta<u;udk pyg;jzifhacsonf/ uRefawmf a':av;ESifhpyg;
vkdufoGm;\/ ig;csOfxkyfudk ajzí vSD;? [if;csKd? wkdYp&m ig;ydESifhauR;onf/ auseyf&
atmif uRefawmf renf;rsKdcs&onf/ trsKd;om;u ]wkdYrsm; em;wpfzufxJ azmuf? "m;
wpfzufxJ aoG;? pum;wpfcGef;xJ ajymw,f}[k ajzmifhrwfaMumif;ajymjyonf/ trsKd;
orD;u a':av;tm; ]oli,fcsif; rapmwif? eifhwludk igBudKufw,f/ ighorD;eJYrsKd;xkd;yg
vm;}[kqkd\/ uRefawmfvnf; rsufESmb,fvkdxm;&rSef; rod/ a':av;u ]i,fygao;
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'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;twGif; tqkdygrdom;pkygonf rygonfrodyg/ xkdAk'¨bmom
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onf/ ppfBuD;NyD;í rNidrfrouf jzpfaewkef; armfvNrdKifodkY ajymif;a&TUaexkdifvkyfudkifpm;
aomufMuonfhvli,fvl&G,fuav;wkdYonf pkdifaumfí csKHay:a&mufqkdovkd NrdKUü ynm
oifMum;cGifh&Muonf/ ynmt&nftcsif;tavsmuf vcpm; 0efxrf;tvkyfrsm;ESifht
awmfrsm;rsm; &SdaeMuaMumif;udk 1958 ckESpfwGif jrefrmjynf acwåjyefvmonfhtcg awGY
&aomaMumifh 0rf;omrdyg\/ tqkd;xJrS taumif;&v'fwpfckyif/
4/ &efukefwuúokdvf aumvdyfausmif;om;/ 1931-38
1931 ckESpf rwfvwGif 10 wef; pmar;yGJajzNyD;aemuf ZGefvqef;ü xkdtcgu
a&yef;pm;aeaom tac:ta0:t& aumvdyf*sif(Collegian)aumvdyfausmif;om;jz
pf vmonf/ pdwful;pdwfoef; twefi,f&ifhusufvmonf[kqkd&ygrnf/ 10 wef;wkef;u
q&mr[kwf&if q&m0eftjzpfESifhtoufarG;rnfhtMuHtpnfESpfckteuf q&m0efb0ESifh
a0;&rnfhudef; ay:vm\/ wuúokdvfq&m0efavmif;rsm; oifwef;ü zm;wkdY bmwkdYcGJpdwf
&ojzifh aoG;xGufoH,kd rjrifvkdaom uRefawmfrSm q&mtvkyfom tm;xm;&m&Sdygawmh
onf/
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
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xufwef;q&mtjzpfESifhwpfvvQif 175 usyf? 180 usyf p&onf/ pm;zkdYaomufzkdY 0wfzkdY
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vkyfudk wpfv 400 ESifhvkyf&onfxuf pdwfcsrf;om\/ ywf0ef;usifcHpm;rI(atmosphere)
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qufquf&ygrnf/ q&m rjzpf jzpfatmif BudK;yrf;awmhrnf[k xkdtcgrSpí ,wdjywfqkH;
jzwfvkduf\/
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aetxdkif? trlt&mwkdYESifhpyfvsOf;í usifhxkH;(ethos)&SdMuonf/ wuúokdvfausmif;om;
rsm;teuf vlenf;pku vGJí usifhokH;Muyg\/ pdwf0ifpm;p&mvnf; aumif;? ynmvnf;
ay;aom wuúokdvfZmwfckHay:rS jrifuGif;tcsKdUudk wifjyyg&ap/
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yg\/ 0wfpm;qif,if xkH;zGJYrIwGifom r[kwfbJ trlt&mESifhtajymtqkd ponfwkdYwGif
wuúokdvfausmif;om; ausmif;olESifh&kd;&kd;t&yfol t&yfom;rsm; uGJjym;jcm;em;yg\/
vlrSmt0wf awmif;rSmtuGyf qkdonfhpum;onf t0wfaMumifhom jrifolrsm;u
av;pm;onfhteuf wpfckwnf; rxGufyg/ t0wfu jr§ifhwifay;aom*kPfudk um,uH&Sif
ukd,fwkdifu owdrlNyD; tajymtqkd trlt&mwkdYüvnf; odu©mapmifhpnf; vmwwf\/
oyf&yfaom tusÐ? abmif;bD odkYr[kwf vkHcsnf0wfqifay;xm;aom uav;oli,fonf
&THUawG? zkwfawGxJ xkdifrcsouJhokdYyif/ tcsif;csif; aemufajymifcsifaemufajymifMurnf/
vlykHMum;xJ igonf wuúokdvfausmif;om;[laom tawG;0ifvmojzifh £a`E´odu©mapmifh
pnf;MuNyD; tajymtqkd a0g[m&tokH;tEIef;wkdYudk *&kpkdufavh&SdMu\/ pnf;urf;ysufol
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
rsm; enf;oavmuf pnf;urf;apmifholawG rsm;yg\/ xl;jcm;olrsm;vnf; &Sdygao;onf
rSm "r®wmyif/
rSwfrdoavmuf ajym&vQif xl;jcm;olrsm;um; ocifApdefESifha':apmoifwkdYjzpf
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jzpfESifh tcsKdUtwef;awG twlwlwuf&onf/ uRefawmfhudk ol MunfndKovkd olYudkvnf;
uRefawmfav;pm;yg\/ yxrESpfü qHav;wkdxm;NyD; o&ufxnftusÐ? csnfxbDESifhckHzd
eyfpD;xm;onfudk oifwef;xJ awGY&yg\/ olwkdY owådAswådudk csD;rGrf;rd\/ trSefqkdaomf
tjyifAef;ü wpfrsKd;jzpfaeaomfvnf; tZöswåtwGif;oP²mefwGifum; tjcm;wuúokdvf
ausmif;om; ausmif;olwkdYESifhrjcm;em;yg/
ausmif;om;rsm;teuf ynmvkdvm; BuD;yGm;csifolrsm; &SdouJhodkY wuúokdvf
ausmif;om;b0udk yDwdyGm;aeNyD; aysmfyg;awavaeol ponfwkdY &SdMuygao;\/ yDwd
yGm;aeolwpfOD;rSm xl;qef;vGef;vSí owdxm;rdyg\/ &mcdkifEIef; 30 ausmfausmf ywf0ef;
usif OD;a&omatmifonfh'kwd,ESpfOypm0dZÆm(Intermediate of Arts)wef; pmar;yGJü ig;
Budrfusol ausmif;om;BuD;wpfa,mufonf qufvufaeOD;rnf[k MuHpnfaewkef; wl
awmfarmif rDvmí ausmif; rxGufcsif xGufcsifESifh xGufoGm;&\/
uRefawmfhtm; oifcef;pmrsm; ay;aom yk*Hausmif;aqmifrS ausmif;om;okH;
a,mufESifhwuúokdvfrS q&mBuD;wpfOD;taMumif;rsm;jzifh &efukefwuúokdvfausmif;om;
tcef;udk ed*kH;csKyfygrnf/
ausmif;om;okH;OD;pvkH;wkdYonf uRefawmfhtm; vlYtjzpfoepf wpfqpfpD jyay;yg
\/ yxrwpfOD;u oda,mifum;[k qkd&ygrnf/ uRefawmfESifhajymrem qkdrem/ paeaeY
wpfaeYü ol tygt0if uRefawmfwkdYav;a,muf paumh rwfuuf(,ck AkdvfcsKyfatmif
qef;aps;)odkYoGm;Muum udpötoD;oD; tou tou aqmif&GufMuonf/ Zmwfaqmif
um qHyifoGm;n§yfonf/ csdef;xm;aom ae&mü aemufqkH; jyefqkHMuonf/ rsufESmysuf
ysufESifh ol aygufvmonf/ ]ukdvSab? uRefawmfhudk vG,f&if ig;usyf acs;yg/ ausmif;
aqmif jyefa&mufawmh jyefay;yghr,f}[kajym&m bmaMumifh aiGvkd&ovJ[k ar;onfhtcg
atmufygtwkdif; od&yg\/
paumhrwfuuf qHyifn§yfqkdifrsm;ü ,cifu n§yfcwpfrwf(,ck 25 jym;)omay;
&onf/ xkdaemuf acwfqefqef wkd;wufajymif;vJvm&m qHyifn§yfc wpfusyfay;vm&
\/ NyD;aemuf qHorIrsm; xGifvmonfESifhtrQ oçorQ tcay;&onf/ olYqHyif n§yfNyD;
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
onfhtcg qHn§yform;acwfopf qwåmonfu singe vkyfrvm;? shampoo vkyfrvm;?
massage vkyfrvm;? manicure vkyfrvm;[k t*Fvdyfvkdar;wkdif; bmrod nmrodeJYar;
wkdif; vkyfr,fcsnf; ajzowJh/ qHyifn§yfNyD; usefqHyif tpGef;tprsm; nDoGm;atmif rD;
Nrd§Kufay;? acgif;avQmfay;? acgif;udk ESdyfe,fay;? ajconf;vufonf; vSD;ay;onf/ tm;
vkH;twGuf ig;usyfawmif;vkdYay;cJh&aMumif; ajymjy\/ xkdtcsdefumvu vufzuf&nf
wpfcGuf wpfyJ(ajcmufjym;),ck wpfq,fusojzifh (,ck ESpfq,fusyfjzpfaeygonf/)ig;
usyfwefzkd; ,ckumv rnfrQjzpfrnfudk pmzwfol y&dowfwkdY awG;Muygawmh/
uRefawmf Mum;zl;onfhykHwpfykHudk owd&í olYtm; ajymjyum w&m;csvkduf&
onf/ t*Fvdyfpum;vkH; okH;vkH;omwwfxm;onfhvlwpfa,muf[m vlrsm; bmajymajym
Yes, No, Very Good pum;vkH;wkdY&JUteufrsm;udk rodbJ jyefajzowJh/ wpfaeYusawmh ol
rckd;&bJ ckd;w,fvkdY pGyfpGJcH&NyD; ckH&kH;wifw,f/ w&m;olBuD;u ckd;ovm; ar;? Yes ([kwf
uJh) vkdYajz? jyefray;bl;vm; ar;? No (ray;bl;)vkdYqkd? rif;udk axmif ajcmufv csr,fvkdY
pD&ifcsufcswJhtcg Very Good (tifrwefaumif;w,f)vkdYjyefajymwJhtwGuf axmifeef;pH
&owJhuG,fhvkdY ajymjyvdkufw,f/ qHool\pum;av;vkH;wkdYudk Mum;aeus r[kwfojzifh
ol odpGrf;ykH ray:yg/ wuúokdvfausmif;om;jzpfaeí rodonfudk jyefar;vQif txif
ao;cH&rnfpkd;í em;vnfa,mif? oda,mif? wwfa,mifum; vkyfcJh[ef wlyg\/
'kwd,um; txufwef; trdefYawmf&a&SUae\wpfOD;wnf;aom om;/ tvGef
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ESifhaygif;oif;qufqHNyD; tjyifxGufvnfum pmudk Oayu©mjyKxm;\/ yxrESpfOypm0d
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,ESpf Oypmwef; a&mufonhftcg uRefawmfESifhtuRrf;0ifvm\/ ayghayghpm; ayghaygh
oGm; tusifhwG,faeaomtjrpfonf ckdifNrJaeavNyD/ wpfOD;wnf;aom om;uav;ukd
qkH;ray;yg[kpma&;vkdufonfholYtaz tarwkdY\arwåm&yfcHcsufaMumifh em;csygonf/
aemufwpfESpf pmar;yGJ ajzrnf[kajym\/
olonf t*FvdyfESifhjrefrm yifwkdifbmomrsm;tjyif orkdif;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh,kwåd
aA'bmom&yfrsm; ,lxm;onf/ ,kwådaA'ESifhpD;yGm;a&;wGif usonf/ aemufwpfESpfü
,kwådaA'tpm; pdwfBudKufjrefrmpm ,lap\/ pmar;yGJeD;onfhtcg uRefawmfu rSwfpk
awG a&;ay;onf/ þbmomü atmifonf/ pD;yGm;a&;ü usjyef\/ aemufwpfESpf pD;yGg;
a&;bmomtpm; yx0D0ifbmomodkY ajymif;,lap\/ uRefawmf rSwfpkawG a&;ay;\/
odkYaomf ajrykHawGqGJ&? pm&if;Z,m;awG jyK&onfrkdY ol us&IH;jyef\/ uRefawmf 1936 ck
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
ESpfwGif jrefrmpm*kPfxl;wef; atmifonfhESpfü taztarwkdYu rEÅav;rSolaX;orD;wpf
a,mufESifhae&mcsay;vkdufonf/ wpfESpfom aygif;&onf/ ZeD;qkH;oGm;í rkqkd;zkdjzpf&&Sm
\/ 1957-58 ckESpf t*FvefrSjrefrmjynfodkY acwåjyefvmonfhtcg olYaemuftdrfaxmif
ESifhqif;&JEGrf;yg;aeonf/ ausmif;aeazmfaezuftcsKdUESifhawGYonfhtcg olYudk tav;rrl
uRefawmfhudkom ta&;,lMuí &ifusKd;&ygawmh\/
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&maysmhaysmif;í vlcspfvlcif aygrsm;yg\/ wpfnaomf npmpm;NyD;tcsdefwGif olYtcef;
xJ ua,mifacsmufcsm; ajymqkdae\/ taqmifusLwmac:í 'ktaqmifrSL;q&mOD;um
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taMumif;Mum;í a&mufvm\/ q&m0ef prf;oyfppfaq;NyD; aq;ay;oGm;\/ q&mOD;
um xGufoGm;aomtcg vlem ydkaomif;usef;vmojzifh oduRrf;onfholYoli,fcsif;wpf
a,mufu olY&nf;pm; Opömapmifhr 0ifyl;onf[kajym&m uRefawmfu pdwfykwD;udk vnf
yif;ü pGyfay;onf/ taqmifom;tcsKdUu vufzGJYawGudk vufaumuf0wfESifhvufarmif;
rSmcsnfay;\/ twefi,fMumaomf oufomvmNyD;bmrSrjzpfouJhodkY pum;pjrnfpajym
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oGm;aeonfhtcgrsm;ü olESifh0goemcsif;wlolwkdYukd awGYcJhzl;yg\/ wpfcgaomf uRefawmf
r,kHMunfaMumif; ajymí q&mwpfOD;u vufzGJYwpfck uRefawmfhvufxJ qkyfxm;apNyD;
rEÅef&Gwfonf/ NyD;aemuf]rif;vufudk jzefYvkdY r&awmhbl;}[kqkd\/ jzefYjyvkduf\/ aemuf
wpfBudrf jzefYxm;aom vufz0g;xJ xkdvufzGJYukdyifxnfhNyD; rEÅefpkwfjyef\/ NyD;vQif ]vuf
z0g;qkyfvkdYr&awmhbl;}[kqkdjyef\/ qkyfjyvkdufonf/ azaztm; olu ]q&mhom;[m
pdwf tifrwefckdifw,f}[k qifjcifay;onf/
wuúokdvfausmif; ESpfvydwfí &GmodkY uRefawmf jyefvm\/ rdpäm'd|d,kHMunfrIwpf
ckESifhvmwkd;ae&jyefygonf/ oBuFeftawmtwGif; olpdrf;wpfa,muf acgif;ydwfawm0uf
pG,f[kqkdonfh 0ufpG,fwpfck olBuD;xH ,lvm\/ ]olBuD;rif;? 'D0ufpG,f[m aoewfyD;
w,f/ uRefawmfhvnfyif;rSm csnfqGJxm;r,f/ olBuD; aoewfeJYypfyg}[k qkdvmonf/ ,kH
wrf;pum; ajymaeonf[koabm&aomolBuD;u ]ig vlowfrIeJY pufwkdifrwufcsifbl;?
0ufpG,fudkom opfom;wpfwkH;rSm csnfqGJxm;}[kajym\/ ypfrSwfudk ay 20? 30 avmuf
u ESpfvkH;jyL;aoewfjzifh ypfvkduf&m 0ufpG,fa&m opfwkH;yg vGifhpifoGm;ygawmh\/
þolBuD;um; tjcm;ol r[kwfyg/ uRefawmf &Gmausmif;om;b0u acsmif;zsm;
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
rS armifuav; tyif;xnfhí tedpöa&mufoGm;&onf[kqkdaom uRefawmfhbBuD;awmfol
\om;? t*Fvdyfausmif;om;b0u ZGJuyif? q'´ef*lwkdYqD c&D;acgif;aqmifNyD; ac:oGm;ol
uRefawmfhwpf0rf;uGJ tpfukdyif/
ya,m*trsKd;rsKd;ESifhpyfvsOf;í uRefawmfhazazxHrS Mum;zl;í em;0aeygNyD/
wpfcgrS rMuKHzl;yg/ 1957 ckESpf t*FvefrS acwåjyefvm&m awmifBuD;ESifhuavmodkY {NyD
vtwGif; oGm;vnfygonf/ uavmNrdKUykdif tdrfü acwåwnf;ckdaeckduf nwpfnü npm p
m;NyD;pum;pjrnfajymaewkef; a*:&cg;vlrsKd;wpfa,muf ysm,D;ysm,mESifhtdrfokdYa&muf
vmygonf/ ol\rdef;r wufaeonf/ vma&mufukoay;yg&ef wkefvIyfacsmufcsm;pGmESifh
awmif;yef&Sm\/
NrdKUykdifvnf; &dk;&kd;wufonfhtemrsKd;r[kwf? ya,m* 0ifaeonf[kajymNyD; ouf
qkdif&m aq;vG,ftdwf aq;BudrfvkH;rsm;udk ,ll\/ uRefawmfhudkvnf; awGYzl;onf&Sdatmif
olESifhtwl vkdufvm&ef ac:ygonf/ uRefawmfvnf; ESpfcgrac:&bJ vkdufoGm;\/ rdef;r
ydefydefuav;wpfa,muftm; a,musfm;BuD;wpfOD;u vufESifhzdxm;aomfvnf; xxvm
\/
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tm; &kd;&mewfzrf;pm;onf/ yojzpfatmif yovkdufyg[krSmMum;NyD;tdrfodkYjyefvmonf/
tqkdyg xkd,kHMunfrIrsm;udk jrefrmvlrsKd;txufvTmrS atmufvTmtxd vufcH
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q&mawmfcifBuD;azsmfwkdYESifhjrefrma&m t*Fvdyfyg pmqkdawmfBuD;rsm;jzpfaom OD;yknESifh
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0ifyg\/
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rsm;tjyif aMumuf'l;wkefp&mtjzpfrsKd;ESifhvnf; qkHpnf;cJh&ygao;\/ tenf;i,fom
wifjyygrnf/ rkd;wGif;umv c&J&GmrSm armfvNrdKifNrdKU tpkd;&ausmif;odkYvmonfhtcg armf
vNrdKifawmif&kd;wef;rS jrif&onfh*sKdif;jrpf&Sd bk&m;jzLtauGYü rkd;oufavjyif;usonfESifh
wpfcgwpfcg &ifqkdif&\/ xkdtcg csxm;onfhoabFmtum wm&ywfrsm;ukd vdyfwifxm;
&onf/ oabFmvufrSwfppfu &kd;aeNyDjzpfí ul;wkdYcawG ikHxm;Mu[kajym&m c&D;onf
rsm; vefYzsyfoGm;Mu\/ tcsKdUrdef;rBuD;awGu ]eifom ikHxm;NyD; ao&GmoGm;}[katmf[pf
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
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onfwkdYrSzdwfMum;í av,mOfjzifh oGm;onfhtcg jrefrmEkdifiHjyefa&mufNyD; taemufEkdifiH
odkY aq;ukzkdY? usef;rma&; ppfaq;zkdYESifhtjcm;ta&;BuD;aomudpörsm;aMumifh av,mOf
jzifh oGm;onfhtcgwkdif; *kPfawmfukd;yg;? "m&Py&dwfawmfrS ]Ak'¨geH ZD0dwó? eouúmau
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&mü t,ltq tawG;tac: qkHpnf;aygif;pyfrIrSvnf;aumif;? a[majymyGJ? tacst
wifajymyGJrsm; wufa&muf&müvnf;aumif; ÓPfopf ÓPfqef; aygufzGm;vmonf/
q&mawmfq&maumif;wkdY\cGJjcm;pdwfjzma0zef qef;ppfenf;pepfrsm;jzifh oifjyMu&mrS
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aEG;NyD; jrefrmjynfodkY jyefa&mufvmaom jrefrmukd,fpm;vS,fwkdYonf wuúokdvfausmif;
om;or*¾cef;rBuD;ü tacstwif ajymqkdMu\/ wGJa&;acgif;aqmif a'gufwmbarmfESifh
cGJa&;acgif;aqmifOD;bazwkdY yg0ifMuygonf/ tjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;teuf a':jrpdefudkom
aumif;aumif; rSwfrdygawmhonf/
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ajym&mü 'dk;vkdarT a&vkdaESmufEkdifpGrf;onf/ tajymXmefu&kdPf;usNyD; acsmarGYoGufvuf
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udk prac-ti-kel (y&wDu,f)[kvnf;aumif; toHxGufygonf/
a':jrpdefonf emrnfausmfOD;aratmif\orD;/uGefAifh(Convent)ausmif;xGuf?
orkdif;bmomjzifh &efukefwuúokdvfrS r[m0dZÆmbGJYESifhatmufpzkdYwuúokdvfrS B.Litt (bD
vpf)bGJYrsm; &onf/ &kyfacsm tajymvnf;yDo? aumif;vnf; aumif;vSyg\/ &efukefw
uúokdvfausmif;olb0u jrefrmtrsKd;om;q&mwpfOD; cspfBudKufa&; ratmifjrifojzifh
&l;oGm;onf[kod&ygonf/ wGJa&;bufrS EkdifoGm;onf[kxifyg\/ rrSwfrdawmhyg/ or*¾
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udef;udk awG;rjrifrdao;yg/
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oGm;Murnfhynmawmfoifrsm;ESifhtwl vkdufoGm;&rnf[k,lqxm;ygonf/ jzpfcsifawmh
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jrefrmjynfü rkdif okH;ç av;&mom a0;aom rEÅav;? a&TbkdwkdYqDodkY ac:oGm;aom
rdwfaqGESifhtwl oGm;zl;onfhuRefawmfhrSm rkdif 8000 ausmf 9000 a0;onfht*FvefodkYo
abFmwpfwef? rD;&xm;wpfwefESifhwpfOD;wnf; oGm;vm&yg\/ tcuftcJawGYMuHK? t
usyftwnf;rsm;ESifhqkHcJh&um aemufqkH;tm;vkH;udk ausmfvTm;EkdifcJhNyD; vkd&mokdY a&mufcJh&
ygonf/ ]twåm[d twåaem emaxm} rdrdomvQif rdrdukd;uG,f tm;xm;&maywnf;qkd
aom pum;vkH;rsm; teuft"dyÜg,fudk ,kHMunfvufcHvmNyD; tqkdtrdefYtwkdif; usifhokH;
vmygawmhonf/ aemifvnf; wpfukd,fwnf; &kef;uefum usifhokH;oGm;ojzifh jrefrmESifhr
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
wl wpfrlxl;jcm;uGJjym;onfhtaetxkdif tpm;taomuf? tajymtqkd? "avhtusifh?
,Ofaus;rIrsm;tjyif &moDOwkESifhynma&;ponfwkdYudk ajz&Sif;ausmfeif;oGm;Ekdifonfht
jzpfrsKd; a&mufcJh&yg\/
uRefawmfonf 1938 ckESpfrS 39 ckESpftwGif; vef'efNrdKU? 1939 ckESpfrSonf 44
ESpftxd bda&Smh(zf)pawmhzkdY(Bishop's Stortford)? 1944 ckESpfrS 54 ckESpfrsm;twGif; udef;
b&pf(Cambridge)? 1954 ckESpfrSpNyD; 1980 jynfhESpfwkdifwkdif 0Jvif;yef;jcHNrdKU(Welwyn
Garden City)toD;oD;wkdYwGif aexkdifcJhyg\/Ä aexkdifrIrStp ynma&;txd awGYqkHMuKHcJh
&onfhtjzpftysuf tcuftcJ jyóemponfrsm;rS &cJhaom oifcef;pm? Oya'oESifhA
[kokwt00wkdYudk aumufEkwfí qkdif&m tuGufuGufwkdYü wifjyoGm;ygrnf/
ynma&;aumvdyfausmif;om;tjzpfESifh 10 rdepfcefY avQmufvQif ausmif;a&muf
onfh&yfq,fyef;jcH(Russell Square)&yfuGuf&Sd trSwf 45? bm;e'fvrf;(Bernard Street)
wGif tcef;iSm;aeonfhtaMumif;udk ]uHESifhuRefawmf}aqmif;yg;xJü azmfjyNyD;ygNyD/ ESpf
xyf taqmufttkHuav;? iSm;aeol q,fa,mufteuf ig;a,mufrSm jrefrmausmif;
om;rsm; jzpfMuyg\/
ae&kd;aepOfrSm ausmif;zGifhxm;onfhtawmtwGif; eHeufpmpm;? ausmif;oGm;?
twef;wuf? aeYv,fpm ausmif;üpm;? tm;vyfonfhtcsdef ausmif;om;rsm; em;aecef;
wGif ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;ESifhpum;ajymvkdajym? pmMunfhwkdufxJ pmoGm;zwfvkdzwf?
twef;NyD;vQif tcef;jyef? npmudk jrefrmausmif;om;tcsKdUESifhw&kwf? tdE´d,pm;aomuf
qkdif wpfqkdifqkdifü pm;? tcef; jyef? pmusuf? tdyf&m0ifESifhwpfaeukefoGm;\/ onft
wkdif;qkdvQif pmzwfy&dowf pdwfxJ NiD;aiGYp&m aumif;vSwJhb0yguvm;[kawG;rdayvdrfh
rnf/ rrSefyg/
uRefawmfonf ynma&;aumvdyfausmif;ü ynma&;'Dyvkdrmvm,l\/ &efukef
wuúokdvfrS qnf;yl;cJhaom jrefrmpmay ausmufpmrsm;ESifhvkH;0roufqkdifonfhynma&;
oabmw&m;? pdwfynm? t*Fvdyfynma&;? orkdif;ESifhoifjyenf;pepfponfhbmom&yf
rsm;ESifhvkH;yef;ae&wkef; pm;a&;aomufa&;? aea&;xkdifa&;rsm;ü qkHpnf;&aomjyóem
tjzmjzmudk ajz&Sif;&\/ Oyrm-a&csKd;onf qkdMuygpkdY/ jrefrmjynfrSmuJhodkY a&at;ESifhr
[kwf? a&aEG;ESifh/ a&csKd;cef;xJ&Sd *uf(pf)(gas)"mwfaiGYrD; rDwmaowåmxJ wpfoQDvifjym;
xnfh? a&ykdufzGifh? *uf(pf)rD;aygufudk rD;Nid§? a&yef;rS yef;xGufvmonfha&aEG;udk tavm
awmf jzpfatmif a&at;ydkufrS a&at;ESifha&mpyf csKd;&\/ tdyfcef;xJ csrf;at;onfht
cg rDwmaowåmxJ wpfoQDvifxnfh? *uf(pf)rD;zkdrD;Nid§? taEG;"mwf&\/ t*FvefrSm 'Dvkdyg
Ä þtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk ]uHESifhuRefawmf}aqmif;yg;xJ qkdcJhygNyD/
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
uvm;[laomtjrif&vm\/
pae? we*FaEGaeY ausmif;ydwf&uftwGif;om ausmufrD;aoG;rD;zkday;xm;aom
xkdifcef;vnf;[l? eHeufpm pmcef;vnf; rnfonfhtcef;BuD;xJ pmzwf? pma&; tvkyfvkyf
onf/ taEG;aiGYtwGuf oQDvifawG rokH;csifí jzpfyg\/ usefaeY ausmif;zGifh&ufrsm;wGif
n 9 em&Dtcsdefxd ausmif;pmMunfhwkdufü tcsdefukefap\/ ausmif;om;ausmif;olawG
tawmfrsm;rsm;udk awGY&yg\/
tpm;taomufESifhpyfvsOf;í tdrf&Sifrrsm; ay;onfht*FvdyfeHeufpmudk yxr
ü rwif;wdrfovkdvkd &Sdaomfvnf; Mumawmh yg;pyfESifhtvGrf;oifhoGm;ovkdvkd&Sdvm\/
aeYv,fpm om;ig;csufjyKwf? uif? aMumfESifhyifwkdif tmvl;jyKwf? tmvl;aMumf? [if;oD;
[if;&GufjyKwfESpfrsKd;wkdYudkum; pm;í awmfawmfESifhtom;rusyg/ t*FvefwGif ESpf0g&ifh
aeaom vlwpfOD;wpfa,muftm; ]udk,fhvl}qkdonfhpum;vkH;ESifhtpcsD ajymavh&SdolOD;
wufxG#fu ]ukd,fhvl? t8Fvdyftpm;tpm[m Arm? w&kwf? tdE´d,tpm;tpmawGvkd r
qdrfh? rtDvkdY tpmaMuvG,fNyD; tm[m&jzpfw,f}[k rMumrMum ajymí atmifhtD;pm;
onf/ Mumawmh cHwGif; awGYvmyg\/ tajctaet& aemif t*FvefjynfwGif aeonfh
ESpfaygif; 40 twGif; t*FvdyfESifhtaemufwkdif;tpm;tpmrsm;udkom pm;onf/ jrefrm
jynf jyefa&mufvmaomtcgü jrefrmtpm;tpm jyefpm;\/
uRefawmf c&J&GmwGif i,fi,fuaewkef; bdvyfjyef jrefrmvlrsKd;tkdifpDtuft&m
&SdwpfOD; e,fydkiftjzpfjzifh e,fvSnfhvmonfhtcgwkdif; uRefawmhftpfudk wpf0rf;uGJolBuD;
tdrfü wnf;yg\/ olESifhtwl vufatmufi,fom;tjyif pm;awmfcsuf tdE´d,vlrsKd;wpf
a,muf ygvmavh&Sd\/ olYwynfhrsm;udk olBuD;tdrfu Muufom;? 0ufom;ponfh[if;rsm;
csufauR;onf/ e,fydkifu t*Fvdyfvkd olYpm;awmfcsuf pDrHay;onfhpGyfjyKwf? Muufom;
odkYr[kwf 0ufom;? tcsKdyGJESifhnpmpm;onfudk awGY&yg\/ xkdtcgu vli,fyDyDt*Fvdyf
qefonf[k tjypfwifonfudk tckrS rSm;rSef;od\/ uRefawmf 1980 jynfhESpfu jrefrmjynf
jyefvmonfhtcg xdkyifpifpm; tkdifpDtuft&m&Sdtm; oGm;awGYyg\/ npmukd t*Fvdyfvkdom
pm;aeonfudkjrif&onf/ touft&G,f tawmftkdrS tedpöa&mufoGm;ygonf/
t*Fvdyfvkdpm;wwfí tusKd;wpfck &cJhykHudk ajymjyygOD;rnf/ uRefawmfwnf;tdrf
rS wpfcgwpfcg xGufNyD; qkdifBuD; qkdifi,fawGESifhjynfhESufaeaom apmuforf;wrf;vrf;
(Southampton Row)ac: vrf;rBuD;ay: avQmufNyD; qkdifawGudk Munfhonf/ wpfcgaomf
vufywfem&DwpfvkH;udk qkdifwpfqkdifü jrifrdí qkdif&Siftm; tzdk;pm;em; ar;&m 7 aygif
oQDvif[kajym\/ em&Dudk BudKufvGef;í 0,fcsifonf/ wpfv 18 aygifom &onfhpaum
vm;&SpfaiGxJrS 7 aygif 7 oQDvifokH;vkdufvQif 10 &uf AkdufarSmufae&rnfudk pkd;í pdwf
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
roufompGmESifhxGufvm\/ aemufwpfywf xkdqkdifokdYoGm;onf/ vlrsm; 0,f,lloGm;rnf
pdk;í jzpfcsif&mjzpf[kqdkNyD; vufywfem&Dukd 0,fvkdufygonf/
em&DywfNyD; tcef;odkYjyefvm\/ uHtm;avsmfpGm uRefawmfESifhnpm twlpm;&ef
vmapmifhaeonfhjrefrmjynfzGm; w&kwftrsKd;om;t[defESifhawGYyg\/ olYtm; uRefawmhf
jzpfpOfudkajymjyonf/ acRwma&;bk&ifu ]ukdvSab? bmrS pdwfryleJY? wpfvESpfvtwGif;
7 aygif 7 oDQvif jyefpkrdatmif uRefawmf vrf;jyay;r,f}[kqkdNyD; w&kwf? tdE´d,? t*F
vdyfpm;aomufqkdifBuD;awGqD rac:oGm;bJ ig;aMumfESifhtmvl;aMumfqkdifuav;wpfqkdif
odkY oGm;onf/ ig;wkH;BuD; wpfwkH; 3 yJeD? tmvl;aMumf vufwpftkyfpm 3 yJeD? aygif; 6 yJ
eDay;NyD; npmpm;\/ wpfcg wpfcg tom;rkefY(Pie)wpfck/ wpfcg wpfcg tom;n§yfaygif
rkefY (Sandwich)ESpfcsyfESifhvufzuf&nf cGufBuD;wpfcGuf aygif; 1 oQDvif tukefcHNyD;NcdK;jcH
cJh&m wpfvausmfausmfwGif 6 aygifcefY (120 oQDvif)pkrdí pdwfat;oGm;ygonf/ þvuf
ywfem&Dudk av;ç ig;ESpfywfNyD; odrf;xm;&m ckxd &Sdygao;onf/
pm;aomuf&mü jrefrmjynfü vkyfavhvkyfx&Sdaom tusifhtcsKdUukd rjyKvkyf&ef
owdxm;&yg\/ touft&G,f twefi,fBuD;í p&kduftcsKdUykHoGif;xm;ESifhNyDjzpfaom
ukd,fhaiGESifhudk,f'D*&Dvm,lonfhjrefrmtrsKd;om;BuD;wpfOD;onf uRefawmfESifhtwl tdE´d
,pm;aomufqkdifwpfqkdifü xrif;[if;pm;NyD;onhfaemuf a&cGufudk ukdifNyD; qkdifjyifbuf
xGuf? vrf;ay:&yfum yvkwfusif;í a&awG axG;ypfonf/ vrf;avQmufoGm;olrsm;u
wtHhwMo MunfhaeMuonf/
uRefawmfwkdY pum;tajymtqkdrSmvnf; tcuftcJ awGYwwfonf/ uRefawmf
wkdYajymonfudk em;vnfolrsm;yg\/ uRefawmfhrSm 'kwd,ESifhwwd,oifwef; tywfESpf
ywfü vef'efNrdKU&Sd ausmif;rsm;ü pmoifjy&rnf/ ausmif;olausmif;om;uav;wkdY em;
vnfatmif Xmefu&kdPf;usus ajymwwf&ef nausmif;wuf oif&yg\/ wpfaeY uRef
awmf vrf;avQmufoGm;aepOf a&SUu avQmufoGm;aom jyifopfvlrsKd;wpfa,mufu cyf
xlxl t*Fvdyfwpfa,muftm; ]What o'clock?}[k ar;\/ t*Fvdyfu acgif;cgNyD;]usKyf
em;rvnfbl;}[kqkdum jyefajymí a&SUqufavQmufoGm;onf/ trSefrSm ]What time is
it?}[kar;&m\/ uRefawmfu raeEkdifbJ ]em&Djyefwpfcsuf}[kajymonfhtcg olu ]aus;
Zl;wifygw,f/ olwkdYpum; olwkdY em;rvnfbl;}[k jypfwifajymqkdum oGm;ygawmhonf/
wpfnaewGif uRefawmfwkdYausmif;ü aumef;qwf(Concert)wD;qkdyGJ usif;yyg
onf/ tdE´d,ausmif;om;wpfa,muf a&mufvmNyD; tcef; wHcg;apmifhtm; b,ftcsdef
uGef;qwf prvJ[k toH0J0JESifhar;onf/ wHcg;apmifhu em;rvnfí acgif;cgjy\/ ESpf
Budrf okH;Budrfar;onf/ ESpfBudrf okH;Budrf acgif;cgjyonf/ olwkdYtem;&Sd uRefawmfu
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
]aumef;qwf(xf)}[kajymrS ]]7 em&D}}[kjyefajzygawmh\/
uRefawmfwkdY a&mufcgpu t*Fvefü ta&SUwkdif;om;rsm; enf;yg;ygonf/ &Sd
onfhteuf tdE´d,? *syef? w&kwfvlrsKd;wkdYom rsm;yg\/ uRefawmfwkdY jrefrmrsm;ESifhqkH
onfhtcg txl;ojzifh vli,fvl&G,fESifhA[kokwenf;yg;olrsm;u ]csifcsif}(w&kwf)? okdYr
[kwftdE´d,? odkYr[kwf *syef[kac:vkdac: ajymifvkdajymifwwfonf/ Oayu©m&I *&krpkduf
bJaevQif aumif;yg\/ raevQif ydkqkd;vm\/ ]wpfcgaomf xrif;pm;NyD; yvkwfusif;
aom jrefrmtrsKd;om;BuD;onf vef'efNrdKUESifhrkdif 60 a0;aom yifv,furf;ajc&Sd [kdw,f
wpfckü tyef;ajz oGm;wnf;ygonf/ naeapmif;ü urf;yg;vrf;ay: avQmufaewkef;
vli,fvl&G,fwpfpku aemufuvkdufNyD; ]*syef? w&kwf? tdE´d,}[ktcsif;csif; tjiif;yGm;
oHudk rcHr&yfEkdifojzifh ig ArmjzpfaMumif; jyr,fqkdNyD; [dkw,fodkYjyefum acgif;aygif;?
wkdufykH? ykd;vkHcsnfESifhjyefxGufvmonf/ teD;tem; apmifhaeaomvli,fvl&G,fwkdYu t
rsKd;orD;[kqkdum aemufu aumufaumufygatmif vkdufygawmhonf/ csufcsif;[kdw,f
jyefNyD; t0wftpm; vJypfvkduf&\/
toufBuD;vmí "avhp&dkuf ajymif;vJ&ef cufoavmuf toufi,fi,fu
ajymif;vJ&ef vG,fwwfonf/ jrefrmjynfrS 16 ESpf 17 ESpft&G,f&Sd olaX;om;uav;wpf
a,mufonf txdef;tuGyfrJh vef'efodkYvmNyD; udk,fhaiGESifhudk,f vQyfppftif*sifeD,mt
wwfudk emrnfausmf ausmif;BuD;wpfausmif;ü vmqnf;yl;\/ ynmroifbJ yvTm;aom
twwf twkckd;\/ av;ç ig;v Mumonhftcg tzkd"mwf(positive)ESifhtr(negative)wkdYudk
cGJjcm;rwwf/ t0wftpm;ü avmfvnf wwf? *kdufxkwfwwfvmonf/ ]wpfESpf 52 ywf&Sd
ovkd olYqDrSm 0wfpkH 52 pkH &Sdw,f/ &SyftusÐeJYvkdufwJhvnfpnf;awGvnf; &Sdao;w,f}[k
olESifhwpftdrfwnf;aeol ausmif;om;wpfa,mufu ajymyg\/ um;onf[k xifyg\/
wpfnae olESifhtwl w&kwfpm;aomufqkdifü npm oGm;pm;&ef csdef;xm;í olY
qD uRefawmfoGm;yg\/ tawmfMumMum apmifh&í uRefawmf atmfaiguf&m olESifhwpf
tdrfwnf;aeolu ]b,f0wfpkH 0wf&rvJ/ 0wfpkHeJYvkdufwJh&SyftusÐ? &SyftusÐeJYyem&r,fh
vnfpnf;vkduf&SmaevkdYyg}[kajymonf/ uRefawmfu &Sifbk&if wpfcgxGuf yJBuD;wpfavS
csuf[katmfrS xGufvm\/ npm pm;NyD; qkdifxJ aq;jyif;vdyf n§dNyD; aomufawmh\/ jref
rmjynfrSmuJhodkY wpfjym;wef ESpfjym;wefrsm; r[kwfyg/ aps;tvGefBuD;onf/ <u,f0ol
rsm;ESifhaeYv,fpm npm pm;yGJtcrf;tem;rsm;üom aomufavh&Sd\/ uRefawmfvnf;
yg;pyf ,m;onf/ rajymyg/ aemufqkH; jrefrmjynf jyefvmonfhtcg trsKd;tdrfwpftdrfü
aeae&onf/ tvGJokH;pm;vkyfonfhb0ESifhaiGudk ESajrmrdyg\/
aumvdyfausmif;ü yxroifwef;tywf 'DZifbmvwGif NyD;qkH;oGm;NyD;aemuf
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
'kwd,tywftwGif; &ufowåwpfywfvQif t*FgESifhMumoyaw;aeYrsm;ü vef'efNrdKU&Sd
ausmif;wpfausmif;wGif q&mavmif;tjzpfjzifh pmoGm;oifjy&aMumif;udk ]uHESifhuRef
awmf}aqmif;yg;ü a&;jycJhNyD;ygNyD/ yxrqkH;tBudrf ausmif;oGm;onfhaeYü ausmif;tkyf
BuD;ESifhawGY&onf/ touf 50 ausmf t&G,f&SdNyD; oabmtvGefaumif;onf/ tajymt
qkd nifomonfht*FvdyfvlrsKd;jzpfyg\/ odvkd&mrsm; wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; ar;jref;ajymqkdNyD;
aemuf aemuftywf t*FgaeY n 6 em&Dtcsdef npm pm;&ef zdwfac:yg\/
aqmif;wGif;tcg c&D;oGm;&onfrSm u&duxEkdifvSyg\/ ESif;awG wzGm;zGm;us
vkdus? rusvQif parmh(*f)(smog)Ä ac: rD;ckd;(Smoke)ESifhjrLarSmifwkdufBuD;ac:(fog)zkH;
vTrf;aeojzifh a&SUudk okH; av; ayyifvQif rjrif&onfhtajctaewGif oGm;vm&yg\/
wpfcgaomf uRefawmfwkdYausmif;rS tdE´d,trsKd;om;ausmif;om;ESifhuRefawmf oufqkdif
&mausmif;rsm;ü pmoGm;oifjy&ef bwfpfum;udk apmifhae&m olu olYvufudkify0gxJ ESyf
n§pfxkwfvkduf\/ y0gxJMuyfckd;ESifhwlaom trnf;uGufBuD; jrif&aomtcg ]tmavav;
uRefawmhf0rf;xJ 'D[mawG b,favmufrsm; 0ifaeNyDvJ rodbl;aemf/ uRefawmf t*Fvef
a&mufwmrS okH; av;vyJ &Sdao;w,f/ aemufESpfESpfavmufae&ifawmh tqkwfawG zkH;
oGm;awmhrSmyJ}[k nnf;nLyg\/ xkdacwfu t*FvefjynfwGif rD;ckd;uif;onfhausmufrD;
aoG;awG ray:ao;í þ'ku©rsKd; MuKH&yg\/
ausmif;tkyfBuD;tdrfodkY nae 6 em&D 45 rdepfwGif a&mufoGm;onf/ uRefawmf
tdrfa&SUwHcg;&Sd vufESdyfacgif;avmif;uav;udk ESdyfvkdufonf/ oludk,fwkdifvmí wHcg;zGifh
ay;NyD; {nfhcef;odkY ac:oGm;onf/ aumfaZmcef;vkH;jynfh? wpfa,mufxkdif zkHukvm;xkdifESpf
vkH;? okH;a,mufxkdif zkHukvm;xkdifBuD;wpfvkH;? pm;yGJykwpfvkH;ESifhqGJxkwfvkdufvQif pm;yGJokH;
vkH;jzpfvmonfhokH;xyfpm;yGJwpfvkH; &Sdonf/ uRefawmf Ak'¨bmomjzpfí t&ufrwkduf? t
csKd&nfom ay;onf/ xdktcguvnf; uRefawmf t&ufraomufwwfao;yg/ olYorD;udk
ac:NyD; uRefawmfESifhrdwfqufay;\/ rMumrD orD; r*FvmaqmifrnfhtaMumif;ajym
onf/ ZeD;u npmpm;yGJ pDrHaeí acwåom xGufvmNyD; uRefawmfhudk EIwfqufonf/ uRef
awmfwkdY t*Fvefjynf &moDOwktaMumif;? jrefrmjynftaMumif; ajymMu\/
ZeD;vmac:í xrif;pm;cef;xJ oGm;Muonf/ axmifhrSefpwk*Hpm;yGJwGif cifyGef;
onfu xdyfbuf? ZeD;onfu rsufESmcsif;qkdifbuf? uRefawmfu ausmif;tkyfBuD;vuf
,m? orD;u vuf0JbuftoD;oD; xkdifMuonf/ tdrfazmftrsKd;orD;u yxrpGyfjyKwf,l
vmonf/ pGyfjyKwfaomuf? bef;aygifrkefY(bun)udk axmywfokwfpm;\/ aemufyGJu ig;
aMumfjzpfonf/ ig;aMumf &Spfaumifudk MuufOykH yef;uefjym;BuD;xJ ,lvm\/ NyD;aemuf
Ä smoke a&SUrS sm pmvkH;ESifh fog aemufrS og pmvkH;ESpfvkH;aygif;pyfí smog jzpfvmonf/
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
tmvl;aMumf? a8:zDyef;jyKwf? rkefvmOeDjyKwf wpfyef;uefpD xnfh,lvm\/ ig;ESifhpm;&ef
aqmh(pf)tjyif qm;? i&kwfaumif;rkefY? rwfpwwf(mustard)zefcGufuav;awG &Sd\/
ausmif;tkyfBuD;u yxr ig;aMumfwpfaumifudk oHrPd a8:jym;ESifhrNyD; xnfhay;onf/
yef;uefudk tdrfazmfu ZeD;onfqD ,loGm;\/ ZeD;u aus;Zl;wifw,f[kqkd\/ xkdenf;
twkdif;yif xnhfay;onfhig;aMumfyef;uefudk uRefawmfhqD? aemuf wpfyef;uefudk orD;qD
toD;oD;ay;onfhtcg aus;Zl;wifonf[kajymMuonf/ aemufqkH;rS ausmif;tkyfBuD;u
olYtwGuf ol,l\/
rNyD;ao;yg/ tdrfazmfu [if;oD;[if;&Guf yef;uefrsm;udk wpfOD;xJ ,lvmay;&m
vkdoavmuf ZGef;BuD;jzifh cyf,lMu\/ NyD;aemuf pm;Mu\/ ausmif;tkyfBuD;u trJom;?
okd;om; auR;csifonf/ uRefawmf Ak'¨bmomjzpfí ig;aMumfawmh pm;acs&JUoabm&NyD;
auR;&aMumif; ajymyg\/ NAdwdoQynm&Siftrsm;pkwkdYonf {nfhonfudk vufzuf&nf
aomuf? aeYv,fpm npm pm;aomufyGJ zdwfauR;onhftcg {nfhonfaeom;usap&ef?
pm;&if; t&dyfMunfhí pum;ajymavh&Sd\/ pm;a&;aomufa&;? aerIxkdifrI? oGm;rIvmrI
ESifh ynma&;taMumif;udk pyfpkonfhtaeESifhrar;? apwema&SUxm;NyD; ar;\/ uRef
awmfu ajymjyonf/
ausmif;tkyfBuD;u ynmoifMum;a&;udk pdwfyg0ifpm;pGm ar;onf/ NyD;aemuf
olu ]armif t*Fvdyfpum;ajymwm racygbl;/ b,fESpfESpfrsm; oifcJhovJ}[kar;\/
uRefawmfu ]15 ESpfausmfausmf MumygNyD/ jrefrmjynfrSm 'DrSmvkd aeYwkdif; ajymcGifhr&Sdyg
bl;/ 'Da&mufawmhvJ q&mBuD;ausmif;rSm pmvmroifjycif nausmif;rSm wpfvausmf
ausmf tajymoif,lcJhvkdY 'Davmufajymwwfygw,f}[kajymjy&m olu 'You'll go along
way in life'(armif aemifudk BuD;yGm;r,fhtvm;tvm &Sdw,f)[krSwfcsufcsvkdufonf/
xkdtawmtwGif; ig;aMumfwpfyef;uef ukefoGm;í tdrfazmfu vmay;onf/
uRefawmfu ]awmfygNyD/ aus;Zl;wifygw,f}ajymyg\/ NyD;aemuf tcsKdyGJ? bDpuGwf? axm
ywf? 'defcJudk auR;onf/ NyD;onfhtcg {nfhcef;xJ oGm;Mu\/ aumfzD,lvmay;í aomuf
Mu? pum; qufvufajymMuESifh 9 em&Dxkd;cgeD;wGif aus;Zl;wifpum; ajymMum;onf/
jrefrmjynfrS,lvmaom vG,ftdwfvSvSuav;wpfvkH;udk ausmif;tkyfBuD;tm; trSwfw&
vufaqmifay;&m olu ]tawmfyJ? usKyforD; r*FvmaqmifyGJrSm vufaqmifay;r,f}[k
ajym\/ orD;u ]tkd vSvkdufwJhtdwfyJaemf}[kqkdyg\/ tdrfa&SUwHcg;txd uRefawmhfudk
okH;OD;pvkH; vkdufydkY\/ uHaumif;csifawmh tjyifbufwGif parmh(*f)vnf; rzkH;vTrf;? ESif;
vnf;rusaeí aetdrfodkY acsmacsmarmarmjyefa&mufvm\/ ausmif;tkyfBuD;tdrfrS{nfh
cef;ESifhpm;aomufcef;rsm;rSmuJhodkY ausmufrD;aoG;rD;zkdrsm; r&Sdaomtdyfcef;ü *uf(pf)rD;
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
zkdc wpfoQDvifxnhf? t0wftpm;vJ? rD;vIHNyD; tdyf&m0if\/ NAdwdoQvlrsKd;wkdY\,Ofaus;
rIwpfckudk jrnf;cJh&NyD[kpOf;pm;&if; tdyfaysmfoGm;ygonf/
ynma&;aumvdyfausmif; 'kwd,oifwef;tywf ukefqkH;onfhtcg uRefawmfwkdY
yx0D0if oifMum;enf;udk txl;bmomtjzpf ,lonfhausmif;om;ausmif;ol 20 ausmf
wkdY qGpfZmvefjynfodkYoGm;NyD; uGif;qif;avhvmykHrsm;udk a'gufwmvSab ynmyg&rDpmtkyf
(1993 ckESpfxkwf)pmrsufESm 214 rS 218 txdwGif tpD&ifcHcJhygNyD/ awGYMuKHcJh&aoma'
oEÅ&A[kokwwkdYonf rsm;oavmuf tusKd;&cJhyg\/ Oa&mywkdufom;wkdYaea&; xkdif
rI tajymtqkd qufqHa&;wkdYtwGuf ed'gef;ysKd;cJhjcif; jzpfyg\/ aemiftcg ppfBuD;NyD;í
1952 ckESpfrS 84? 86 ckESpftwGif; zl;pmygí 'if;rwf? jyifopf? *smreDjynfwkdYodkY tacguf
tacguftcgcg oGm;&onfhtcg a&SUqufvlvkyf&ef todÓPfESifhynmrsm; wkd;yGm;vmyg
\/
aemufqkH; oifwef;tywfukefaomtcg pmar;yGJatmifoGm;í ynma&;'Dyvkd
rmbGJY &cJhyg\/ 1938 ckESpf? pufwifbm wwd,tywfrSpí 1939 ckESpf? ZGefv wwd,
tywftxd NAdwdoQvlrsKd;ausmif;olausmif;om; trsm;pkMum; ajymufwdajymufMum;
tdE´d,? w&kwfvlenf;pkawGeJYtwl twef;wuf? aqG;aEG;zvS,fyGJwufum ynma&;t
wwf qnf;yl;cJhonf/ yxrawmh cyfvefYvefY cyfaMumufaMumufyif/ NAdwdoQawGavmuf
t*Fvdyfpum; rajymwwf? olwkdYvkd pma&;rydkifbl;/ 'Dvkdwpfyef;&IH;ayr,fh edrfhuspdwfxm;
rI(inferiority complex)acgif;xJ wpfcgrS r0ifcJhyg/ BudK;ukwfNyD; ÓPfn§pfxkwfvkdY uHu
vkdufvmNyD; pmar;yGJ atmifcJh&onf[k,lqrdyg\/
atmifyGJcH&jcif; taMumif;&if;xJ wpfck&Sdao;onf[k qdkcsifyg\/ þonfu
uRefawmfhusLwm rpöwmtifqDpuwf(zf)(N.C. Scarfe)jzpfygonf/ uRefawmfwkdY vkduf
wuf&onfhvufcsmawGxJu t"dutcsufBuD;awGukdom ygarmu©rsm;u ajyma[moGm;
yg\/ tao;pdwfESifhuGif;qufrsm; jznfhpGuf&ef &nfnTef;pmtkyfawGxJ &Smzwf&onf/ &
vmonfhtcsuftvufawGudk pepfwus wifjyenf;udk usLwmu axmufjyonf/ usL
wmESifhuRefawmf a&S;u a&pufygvmívm; rodyg/ uRefawmfhudk cifrif&if;ESD;pGm qufqH
NyD; oifjy\/ atmifvufrSwf &NyD;onfhaemuf uRefawmf rawmif;qkdbJ zwfMunfhonfh
tcg ightwGufyJ [kwf&JUvm;[kxif&atmif ajymifajrmufvSonfhaxmufcHpmwpfapmif
csD;jr§ifhvkdufygao;\/ uHESifhuRefawmf aqmif;yg;xJ wpfae&mwGif azmjfyxm;ygonf/
oifwef;wufaeolrsm;txJ txl;oifjyenf; bmomtjzpf uRefawmfu yx0D
0if? uRefawmfodonfh tdE´d,ausmif;om;ESpfa,mufteuf wpfa,mufu orkdif;? wpf
a,mufu ocsFmudk toD;oD;,lMu\/ yxrausmif;om; usLwmu olESifhrif;wkdif;aus
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
qufqHaMumif;? 'kwd,ausmif;om;u olYudk usLwmu txifao;ykH&aMumif; ajymjy
aomtcg uRefawmfonf rpöwmpuwf(zf)tm; twkdif;xuftvGef aus;Zl;wifrdyg\/
jrefrmjynfwGif tdE´d,trsKd;om;aA'ifq&mu ]qm[pf(Sahib)a&mufr,fhjynfrSm qm
[pfudk tazvkd ulnDrpr,fhvlBuD;okH;OD;eJYawGYr,f}[kxkwfcJhaom a[mudef;t& uRef
awmfhusLwmvnf; wpfa,muf ygavovm;[k ckxufxd awG;rdaeygonf/
vef'efNrdKUwGif aumvdyfausmif;om;tjzpfESifhaecJhonfhwpfESpftawmtwGif;
uRefawmfhb0 wnfaqmufa&;twGuf bmawGpkaqmif;xm;rdygovJ/ t"dutcsufrsm;
udkom wifjyyg&ap/ ynma&;ESifhywfoufí euef;wpfvkH;udkrS rodonfhuRefawmfonf
BudK;pm; bk&m;rjzpfaomfvnf; 'Dyvkdrm &cJhonf/ ynma&; oabmw&m; wD;acgufrd
onf/ xkdrSwpfqifh ynmoifMum;onfh&nf&G,fcsufwpfckonf vlom;tcsif;csif; ulnD
apmifrEkdif&ef jzpfonf[kod&í vlYtusKd; onfykd;vkdaomqE´ay:vm\/ onfykd;cJhonf/
touf&Snfoa&GU onfydk;ygOD;rnf/
vlrsKd;jcm;rsm;ESifhqufqH&ojzifh olwkdYtaetxkdif? tajymtqkd? "avhp&kduf?
,Ofaus;rItcsKdUwkdYudk em;vnfvmí vlt0g;0NyD; vlYabmift0ifqHhvmonf/ vlwpfOD;
OD;u wpfckckudk udk,fEIwfESpfyg;jzifh ulnDrçpay;urf;onfhtcg aus;Zl;wifygonfqkdonfh
"avh&vmonf/ taemufEkdifiHwGif ajym&kd;ajympOfjzpfaomfvnf; jrefrmjynfjyefa&muf
vmonfhtcg þtokH;tEIef;jyKygu tcsKdUvlwkdYu trf;wrf;wrf;jzpfaeonfudk jrif&í
uRefawmfvnf; bmajymvkd ajym&rSef;ukd rodawmhyg/ uRefawmf\ÓPESifhpdwåwkdYonf
toGifwpfrsKd; aqmifvmNyD/
6/ vef'efwuúokdvfta&SUwkdif;ynm&yf aumvdyfausmif;om;/
1939-44
uRefawmf ynma&;aumvdyfausmif;(Institute of Education)rS þta&SUwkdif;
ynm&yfrsm;ausmif;1odkY bmaMumifh ajymif;oGm;onfudk ]a'gufwmvSab ynmyg&rD}pm
tkyf (1993 ckESpf)rsufESm 149-150 rsm;wGif a&;jycJhygNyD/ 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD; 1939 ck?
pufwifbmv 3 &ufaeYwGif jzpfonf/ yg&*lbGJY ,lvkdoltjzpf atmufwkdbmvqef;wGif
rSwfykHwifonf/ touf 50 ausmft&G,f oabmvnf;aumif;? El;nHhodrfarGYaom armfuGef;
xdef;rpf(pf)bD;Apf(pf)(Beavis)u rSwfykHwifay;onf/ aemufrsKd;qufwGif þtrsKd;orD;vkd
ynmwwfNyD;qufqHa&;ü odrfarGYaom txufwef; aumvdyf0efxrf;rsm;teuf awGY &Sd
&ef cJ,Of;yg\/ 1/þausmif;(School of Oriental Studies)onf 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;NyD;oGm;aomtcgta&SUwkdif;ESifhtmz&duynm&yfrsm;ausmif;
(School of Oriental and African Studies)jzpfvmonf/
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
uRefawmf pmwrf; BuD;Muyfonfhq&mBuD; a'gufwma*s? at? pwl;0wf(J.A.
Stewart)tMuHay;csuft& vef'efrS rkdif 30 a0;onfhq&mBuD;aexkdif&m bda&Smh(zf)pawmh
zkdY(Bishop's Stortfort)okdYajymif;vmNyD; NAdwdoQrdom;pktdrfwGif aeyg\/ aexkdifpm;aomuf
a&;? ynma&;wkdYü tajymif;vJBuD;jcif; ajymif;vJvm\/
tcef;iSm;aeoltjzpfrS touf 60 ausmft&G,f tdrf&SifNAdwdoQvlrsKd;yifpifpm;
ausmif;q&mESifhjyifopfZeD;onfwkdYtdrfü t*FvdyftrsKd;om;BuD;wpfOD;? trsKd;orD;BuD;
wpfOD;ESifhtwl aeonfhb0odkYa&mufcJh&NyD/ eHeuf? aeYv,f? npmrsm;udk tm;vkH;pm;yGJ
wGif xkdifpm;Muonf/ pdwf0ifpm;p&mawG ajymqkdaqG;aEG;Muonf/ t*Fvdyfpum;tajym
oGufvmonf/ t*Fvdyf"avhp&kduf ydkem;vnfvmonfhtusKd;aus;Zl;cHpm;&\/
q&mBuD;tdrfESifhra0;vSyg/ jzwfvrf;uoGm;vQif 10 rdepfcefYESifha&mufyg\/
bDbDpDrS jrefrmjynfokdY toHvTifhay;c &vmaomtcg bkdifpu,fwpfpD; 0,fonf/ tvsif
vkd ta&;BuD;onfhudpörsm;ay:vQif okH;zdkYxm;yg\/ aeYwkdif; q&mBuD;pmMunfhcef;vnf;
jzpf? tbd"mef&kH;vnf; jzpfonfhtcef;BuD;odkYoGm;onf/ yg&*lbGJYpmwrf;twGuf okawo
eudpö? tcsuftvufpkaqmif;a&;ESifhwifjyykH wifjyenf;rsm;udk aqG;aEG;onf/ q&mBuD;
u enf;vrf;jyonf/ uRefawmfu vrf;aMumif;vkdufNyD; vkyfaqmif\/ yGJOD;xGufjzpfojzifh
t,ltq ta&;tom;? twiftjywkdYwGif trSm;rS trSefay:vm? ay:vmonfrsm;udk
ajrprf;c&rf;ysKd;onf/ okH;vavmufMumrS taqmifta&SmifawGESifhjynfhESufaeaompm
wrf;oabmw&m;rsm;udk jrifvmrdyg\/
uRefawmf yg&*lbGJY&NyD; ausmif;wGif uxdujzpfaepOf bDbDpDü wm0efxrf;aqmif
aeol emrnfausmf 0w¬Ka&;q&m jrefrmwpfOD;onf uRefawmfESifhvmawGYonf/ olu yg&
*lbGJYpmwrf;udk jrefrmvkdom a&;&rnfqkd&if yg&*lbGJY 3 bGJY,lEkdifrnf[kajymygonf/ uRef
awmfu ]emrnfausmf t*Fvdyf0w¬Ka&;q&mawGxJrS yg&*lbGJY&olwpfa,mufrSr&Sdygvm;?
bmjzpfvkdY 'DbGJY r,lMuovJ}[kar;&m olu pyfjznf;jznf; vkyfaeonf/ 0w¬Ka&;awmfwJh
OD;aESmufeJYyg&*lpmwrf;a&;vkdYr&bl; ajymvkduf&m olu bmrSjyefrajymyg/
vef'efNrdKU ynma&;aumvdyfausmif;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;ESifhaeNyD; þNrdKUu
av;wGif wpfa,mufwnf; q&mBuD;ESifhyg&*lpmwrf;twGuf ar;jref;aqG;aEG;? q&mBuD;
ESifhrpöwmqD? 'AÁvsL? 'ef;(C.W. Dunn)wkdYudkjyKpkaeonfhjrefrm-t*Fvdyftbd"mefBuD;tm;
wwftm;orQ tultnDay;aeonfrSm b0csif; jcm;em;vSyg\/ [kdtcgwkef;u q&m
awG ykdYcsonfhvufcsmawGudk vkdufwuf? cktcgwGif ukd,fh'l;ukd,fcRefNyD; pmwrf;NyD;atmif
a&;ae&onfrSm pdwfxJ bmvkdvkdESifhjzpfae\/ MuKHawGY&onfhb0tqpfqpfwkdY\wpfqpf
jzpfonf/ aemuf b,fvkdtqpfrsKd;ESifhqkH&OD;rvJ[kawG;rdyg\/
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
q&mBuD;onf wuúokdvfwGif jrefrmpm'kygarmu©jzpfaeonf/ aumvdyfausmif;
wGif&Sdaom tdE´d,? jrefrm? oD&dvuFmXmerSL;Ä wm0efxrf;aqmifae&ojzifh ausmif;odkY
wpfywfvQif okH;&ufoGm;NyD; Xmeqkdif&m udpörsm;udk ajz&Sif;ay;onf/ uRefawmfvnf; xkd
enf;wl vef'efodkYESpfBudrf okH;Budrf oGm;NyD; NAdwdoQjywkduf? tdE´d,&kH;awmf? pmMunfhwkduf?
ausmif;pmMunfhwkdufwkdYodkYoGm;í vkdonfhpmtkyfawG&Sm? rSwfpkawG a&;onf/
wpfcgaomf jrefrmjyZmwfpmtkyfawG pkHvSaom tdE´d,&kH;awmfpmMunfhwkdufü pm
tkyfawGESifhvkH;yef;ae&m nae 4 em&DausmfausmfrS pmMunfhwkdufu xGufvm\/ jrefrmh
rdwfaqGtcsKdUESifhnpm oGm;pm;\/ tdrfjyef&ef blwm&kHoGm;&m *smrefAkH;BuJav,mOfawG
a&mufvmojzifh eD;&majratmufrD;&xm;blwm&kHokdYoGm;NyD; rD;&xm;qkduf&m pBuøodkYa&GU
vsm;avSum;jzifh qif;oGm;onf/ vlawG tpkvkduf tjyKHvdkuf a&mufESifhaeMuNyD/ uRef
awmfvnf; touf 60 ausmft&G,f trsKd;om;BuD;tem; oGm;xkdifae\/ blwm&kHywf
0ef;usifwGif *smrefav,mOfawG AkH;wzGJzGJBuJae\/
uRefawmfwkdY AkH;usif;tjzpf ckdvIHaeaomblwm&kHonf [dk(vf)aAmef(Holborn)[k
ac:\/ blwm&kHrsm;teuf teufqkH;ajratmufpBuø&Sdonf/ &,farmaeol? jyufvkH;xkwf
aeol? rIdifaeol? aomua&mufaeolawGESifha&m>yrf;aeyg\/ uRefawmfhtem;&Sd trsKd;
om;BuD;u oli,fuav; aMumufovm;[k ar;&m aMumufwmaygh[k ajz\/ olu bmrS
aMumufp&m r&Sdbl;? usvmwJhAkH;rSm rifhemrnf yg&if xdr,f? ryg&if rxdbl;[kajym\/
uRefawmfu ]'Dvkdqkd&if OD;BuD; bmjzpfvkdY 'DrSm vmaeovJ}[kar;aomtcg ]rif; ighudkt
ikdufrdoGm;NyD}[k &,fNyD;ajymygonf/ tcuftcJMuKH? 'ku©awGY? pdwfysufp&m wpfckckESifhqkH
&onfhtcg jyufvkH;xkwfNyD; pdwfajzwwfolt*FvdyfvlrsKd;tawmfrsm;rsm; &Sdyg\/
*smreftmPm&Sif[pfwvmonf 1940 jynfhESpfü jyifopfjynfudk odrf;ydkufvkduf
onfhtcg Oa&mywkdufü olYudk ckcHaeolqkdí NAdwdefwpfjynfwnf;om usefawmhonf/ þ
jynfudk aeYvm; nvm; b,fawmh0ifpD;rvJ? 0ifpD;vkdY&&ifawmh 'ku©yJ[k awG;aMumufrd
\/ odkYaomf uHaumif;csifawmh 1941 ckESpf ZGefvwGif *smreDu &k&Sm;udk 0ifwkduf? 'DZif
bmvü *syefu tar&duefykdif ykvJqdyfurf;(Pearl Harbour)udk AkH;BuJzsufqD;ypfojzifh
NAdwdefjynfonf tiftm;BuD;EkdifiH ESpfEkdifiHjzpfaom&k&Sm;ESifhtar&duefwkdYESifhr[mrdwfb0
a&mufcJhonf/
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,mOfrSL;a&mbwf(Robert)onf £wvDjynfppfajrjyifü av,mOfysufusí toufqkH;
oGm;aMumif;owif;&onf/ rMumaomumvwGifNAdwdoQavwyfAkH;BuJ av,mOfysHrSom;Ä Department of India, Burma(Myanmar) and Ceylon (Srilanker). aemifwGif Department of the languages and cultures of South East Asia and
the Islands jzpfvmonf/
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
vwf*suf(Jack)onf *smreDjynf wpfae&mudk AkH;oGm;BuJ&m av,mOfypfcscH&í aoqkH;
jyef\/ ESpfOD;pvkH; udef;b&pfwuúokdvfrS 0dZÆmbGJY&olcsnf;yif/ *sufonf raorD &JpGrf;
owådBuD;pGmjzifh *smrefav,mOfrsm;udk ypfcscJhí wHqdyfwpfck csD;jr§ifhcHcJh&zl;\/
tarjzpfol a':cifav;rSm rsuf&nfpufvufESifh/ uRefawmfhudk awGYwkdif;idkonf/
uRefawmfvnf; tedpö? 'ku©? tewå? ocFg&w&m;awGESifhrESpfodrfhvkdyg/ tylrD; [kef;[kef;
awmufaecdkuf xdkuJhodkYw&m;csygu rD;ykHBuD;udk a&cGufuav;ESifhNidrf;aeonfESifhwlyg\/
a&mbwfESifhuRefawmfonf touft&G,fcsif; rwdrf;r,drf;yg/ nDtpfudkvkd jzpfaeMuwJh
olwpfa,muf i,fi,feJYqkH;oGm;wm a':a':eJYxyfwl aMuuGJygw,f/ *sufvJ nDvkdjzpfae
vkdY uRefawmfvJ ,lusKH;r& jzpf&ygw,f[kom ajymEkdifyg\/ q&mBuD;um; pdwfcdkifyg\/
*sufqkH;aMumif; owif;&onfhaeYü ]wkdYrsm;? ab&JUpmwrf;taMumif; aqG;aEG;&atmif}
[kajym\/ uRefawmfu ]OD; aeygap? aemufawmh vkyfMuwmaygh}[k awmif;yefonf/ r
&yg/ wpfem&DcefYMumaomf rsuf&nfpdkYvmovkd jrif&onf/
q&mBuD; pdwfxdckduf&jcif;taMumif;rsm;wGif om;ESpfa,muf udef;b&pfwuú
okdvfü ynmoifMum;aepOf olwkdYESpfOD;0goemygonfhbmom&yfrsm;udk r,lapbJ acgr?
a&mr(Classics)bmomrsm;udk twif;,lckdif;onfhtcsufvnf; yg0ifaumif; yg0ifayvdrfh
rnf// a&mbwfonf tDvufx&Gefed(Electronics)twwfynm 0goemyg\/ tazu
acgr a&mrbmomrsm;udk twif;,lcdkif;onf/ 0dZÆmbGJYudk wwd,wef;*kPfxl;ESifhatmif
jrifoGm;\/ *sufonf t*Fvdyfbmom,lNyD; owif;pmq&mtjzpfESifhtoufarG;vkdonf/
tazu acgr a&mrbmom t"r®,lapjyef\/ 'kwd,ESpfü olYusLwmu t*Fvdyfbmom
ajymif;ay;vkdufí 'kwd,wef;*kPfxl;jzifh 0dZÆmbGJY&oGm;onf/ ppfBuD;NyD;onfhtcg owif;
pmq&mvkyfrnf[kajym&m rdcifu cJwHwpfacsmif; pmtkyfeJY[dkajy; 'Dajy; owif;axmuf
rsKd; xifrSwfí oabmrwlMuyg/ uRefawmfu owif;pmq&m? t,f'DwmawG[m *kPf&Sd
aMumif; vcaumif;aumif;&aMumif; ajymjyrS oabmusoGm;onf/
q&mBuD;wGif qkH;oGm;aom om;tBuD;ESpfa,mufatmuf a':e,fvf(Donald)
ac: wwd,om;ESifh*sJeuf(Janet)qkdonfhorD;uav;wpfa,muf &Sdao;onf/ a':e,f
(vf)tvSnfha&mufonfhtcg BudKufwmom ,lyg[kq&mBuD;ajymojzifh 0goemygaomAdok
umynm0dZÆmpmar;yGJwGif udef;b&pfwuúodkvfrS yxrwef; *kPfxl;jzifh atmifoGm;onf/
xkdumvu taz\MoZmudk rSefrSef rrSefrSef emcHolawG rsm;onf/ armfvNrdKifNrdKUtpkd;&
txufwef;ausmif;rS ausmif;aezuftuf(pf)au? 'wåm;\tjzpfudk oGm;owd&rdyg\/Ä
ppfBuD;NyD;onfhaemufrsKd;qufwGiftazESifhajc&mwkdif;ol? tbESifhwpfvBuD;olom;orD;
Ä &efukefwuúokdvfwGif orkdif; odkYr[kwf t*Fvdyfpm*kPfxl;,lvkdonf/ olYtaru q&m0eftwwf twif;oifckdif;onf/
'kwd,ESpftkdiftufpD(I.Sc)twef;ü
E-b
ook
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ww
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nyom
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(109)
0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
rsm; NAdwdefwGif yGm;rsm;vm\/ taumif;tqkd; tusKd;qufudk orkdif;u qkH;jzwfay;yg
vdrfhrnf/
orD;uav;*sJeufonf tajccHynmNyD;pD;oGm;onfhtcg &uf'if;(Reading)wuú
okdvfü 0if;jcH&Icif;jyKjyifjcif;Adokumtwwfynm(Landscape Architecture)oif,lonf/
1951-52 ü 0dZÆmbGJY&onf/ q&mBuD; tedpöa&mufESifhaeygNyD/ xkdwuúokdvfrS t*Fvdyft
rsKd;om;wpfOD;ESifharwåmrQaeojzifh tartm; ol vufxyfvkdaMumif; zGifhajym\/ a':
cifav;u i,fygao;w,f[kqkd\/ xkdtcg 21 ESpft&G,fwGif tdrfaxmifusonfhrdcif
tm; ]rmrD? ',f'DeJYb,ft&G,fu tdrfaxmifjyKovJ}[kar;&m tarrSm olYpum;ESifholrd
aeojzifh tajz&cufNyD; ]rmrD pum;em;axmifyg? orD;xuf arar xrif;t&ifpm;olyg}
[kajymvdkuf\/
xkdodkYajymqkdaecdkuftem;wGif &Sdaeaom uRefawmfhtm; ]xrif; t&ifpm;w,f
qkdwm bmvJOD;}[k uRefawmfhudk jrefrmvkd ]OD;}ac:aeus *sJeufu t*Fvdyfvkdar;onf/
]*sJeufxuf toufBuD;w,f}[k t*Fvdyfvkd jyefajzvkduf\/ olu ]toufBuD;wkdif; avm
utaMumif;udk i,folxuf ydkrodygbl;}[kajymyg\/ tarxuf orD;u wpfvBuD;oGm;
í aemufqkH;wGif a':cifav;u oabmwlvkduf\/
1940 jynfhESpfwGif *syefawG ppfxJ0ifvmonf/ 1939 ckESpf Oa&mywGif ppfjzpf
cgpu uRefawmfhtm; jrefrmjynfodkY toHvTifhyg&ef bDbDpDu urf;vSrf;vmonf/ uRef
awmfbmaMumifh jiif;qkdvkdufaMumif; *syefawG ppfxJyg0ifvmrS bDbDpD 'kwd,tBudrfurf;
vSrf;vmcsufudk bmjzpfvkdY vufcHvkdufaMumif;udk uHESifhuRefawmf aqmif;yg;wGif &Sif;jycJh
ygNyD/ rMumrDaom vrsm;twGif; tm&SwkdufwGif ppfokYHyef;rsm;udk *syefawG &ufpufn§Of;
qJonfhowif;awG Mum;&\/ wpfaeYwGif uRefawmf NrdKUxJ pmtkyfwpftkyf oGm;0,f&m
vrf;wGif touf 50 ausmft&G,f tarESifh 25 ESpfcefYorD;jzpfolwkdYESifhqkHrd\/ awGYawGY
csif; ]*syefvl,kwfrm? 'DNrdKUrSm raeeJY? eifhjynfudk jyefoGm;}[ka'gowBuD;ESifhorD;u ajym
yg\/
uRefawmfu pdwfrqkd;bJ at;at;aq;aq;ESifh]uRefawmf *syef r[kwfbl;/
jrefrm? jrefrm/ wkdYvlrsKd;awGudkvnf; ]'DaumifawG ESdyfpufn§Of;yef;aew,f}[kajym&m ol
u &Sufudk;&Sufuef;ESifhawmif;yefyg\/ orD;\a,musfm;onf *syefYvufxJ ppfokHYyef;jzpf
aeaMumif; ajymjyrS od&ygonf/ xkduJhodkY jzpfcJhonfhaeY&ufrwkdifrD wpfywfavmufut
xd xkdNrdKUwGif ta&SUwkdif;om; vlrsKd;jcm;qkdí uRefawmfwpfa,mufwnf;om aexkdifae
\/ wpfywfavmufurS *syefvlrsKd;av;a,muf a&mufvmonf/ uRefawmf pkHprf;Munfh
onhftcg MuufOudk ud&d,mwpfckESifhppfaq;MunfhNyD; txD;tr aygufrnf[ka[mudef;
E-b
ook
is c
reat
ed b
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ww
.Sha
nyom
a.or
g
(110)
0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
xkwfEkdifonfhyg&*lawG[kod&\/ uRefawmfhudk xkd*syefawG xifrSwfNyD; trsKd;orD;yg;pyf
o&rf;vdkuf[ef wlyg\/
pmwrf;vnf;a&;? tbd"mefudkvnf; 0kdif;ulnDaeonfhMum;xJ bda&SmhzfpawmhzkdY
ü bmaMumifh vmae&onfudk awG;rdonfhtcg tbGm;xHrS Mum;cJh&onfhol\tazjzpfykH
udk oGm;owd&rdyg\/ olwkdYaexkdifonfh&efukefajrwGif rNidrfroufjzpfí rGefvlrsKd;taz
onf orD;uav;tbGm;udk t0wftpm;? pm;p&mtcsKdUESifhawmif;wpfvkH;xJxnhf? w
jcm;awmif;xJwGif om;uav;udk ypönf;tcsKdUESifhxnfhNyD; qkdif;ESifhxrf;? ZeD;onfudk vuf
wGJum armfvNrdKifbufodkY ajy;vmNyD; tajcpkdufvmonfhykHESifhwlaeyg\/
uRefawmf pdwf"mwfrusqif;yg/ wpfckckvkyfvQif aeYrod nrod pm;csdef tdyfcsdef
rod? rNyD;rcsif; vkyfonfhtusifhygvmojzifh vdyfacgif;a&m*gpGJuyfvmyg\/ q&m0eft
uktocH,l&if; qufvkyfonf/ 1944 ckESpfwGif ]bk&m;vnf;NyD;? NrdKUBuD;vnf;ywf? uef
jrwfvnf; jzpf? rl;jrpfvnf;ayguf. . . }qkdouJhodkY q&mBuD;u ygarmu©? uRefawmfu yg&*l
bGJY&? 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD; Oa&mywkdufü arvü NyD;qkH;oGm;yg\/
uRefawmfonf bda&Smh(zf)pawmhzkdYwGif aepOfuwnf;u udef;b&pfrS jrefrmrdwf
aqGwpfa,mufac:í olYtcef;iSm;aeonfhtdrfwGif aomMumaeYnaerS wevFmaeYeHeuf
txdaeNyD; bda&Smh(zf)pawmhzkdYodkY jyefvmonf/ þodkYtem;,lonfhtcg acgif;&Sif;oGm;NyD;
tvkyfykdvkyfaponfhpdwf ay:vm\/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif udef;b&pfNrdKU\teHYt&om
(atmosphere)udk BudKufESpfoufvmonf/ xkdYaMumifh 1944 ckESpfwGif bGJY&NyD;aomtcg q
&mBuD;tm; uRefawmf bDbDpD0wå&m;tm;onfhaeYwkdif; tbd"mefvmjyKpkygr,f/ udef;b
&pfrSm aeyg&ap[kajymNyD; udef;b&pfodkYajymif;oGm;yg\/
1945 ckESpf Zlvkdifvü *syefawG vufeufcsonf/ bDbDpDu wpfywf ESpf&uf? okH;
&uftpm; ig;&uf jrefrmjynfodkY toHvTifh&ef ajymyg\/ vufcHvkdufNyD; rMumrD jrefrmt
pkd;&u jrefrm-t*Fvdyftbd"mefBuD;twGuf wpfESpfvQif aygif 10000 axmufyHhrnf/ pm
jyKokH;a,mufcefYNyD; wpfESpf tbd"mef wpfwGJxkwfEkdif&ef pDrHxm;onf[laom pmudk &yg
\/ q&mBuD;u uRefawmfhudk wpfae&mü cefYonf/ ]ab wwfxm;wJhynmeJYtoHvTifhwJh
tvkyf[m jy'g;wpfvrf; oHwpfvrf;vkd jzpfaew,f/ bDbDpDrSmxuf vcwpf0ufavmuf
yJ &r,f/ 'gayr,fh bmompmaybufrSm ynmwkd;yGm;r,f}[kajym\/ uRefawmfvnf; bD
bDpDrS EkwfxGufcGifh awmif;onf/ jrefrmjynfrS vlpm;&rS xGufcGifhjyKrnf[kppftwGif;xkwf
xm;onfhOya't& wm;xm;yg\/
vlwpfOD;onf wwfxm;onfhynmjzifh ol0goemygaom toufarG;rIwpfckckü
pdwfvnf;csrf;om xkdufoifhonfhvpmvnf;&ygu olvnf; aumif;pm;? tvkyfXmevnf;
E-b
ook
is c
reat
ed b
y w
ww
.Sha
nyom
a.or
g
(111)
0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
BuD;yGm;? wkdif;jynf*kPfowif;vnf; xGef;vif;vm&ef tcGifhtvrf; ay:vmonf/ rvTJ
omí 0goemrygaomtvkyfudk vkyfae&ygu pm;zkdYaea&;om&NyD; tbufbufürnfodkY
rS aus;Zl;rxGef;um;bJ okOf;oGm;Ekdif\/ b0udk þuJhodkY tvGJokH;pm; vkyfaeolawG b,f
avmufrsm; &SdMuygovJ/
1946 ckESpfwGif tbd"mefvkyfief;xJ ajcpkHypf0ifvmEkdifyg\/ pmjyKyk*¾KdvfESpf
a,mufESifhvkyftm;ay;wpfa,mufwkdY t,f'DwmESpfOD;wkdYtm; ulnDMuonf/ odkYaomf
1946-47 ckESpftwGif; pmjyKyk*¾KdvfESpfOD;xGufoGm;Mu? 48 ckESpf arv 1 &ufaeYnwGif
q&mBuD; ESvkH;a&m*gjzifh tedpöa&muf? uRefawmfvnf; jrefrmtpkd;&xHrS vpmr&awmhyg?
Mur®mqkd;ab;wpfBudrfESifhrat;[lonfht*Fvdyfpum;ykHudk owd&rdyg\/
rpöwm'ef;ESifhuRefawmfom usef&pfawmhonf/ odkYaomf tbd"meftwGJ 2 udk
xkwfjzpfatmif xkwfrnf[laomZGJESifhqufvufjyKpkaeonf/ uRefawmfaecJhaom vef'ef
wuúokdvfta&SUwkdif;ESifhtmz&duynm&yfrsm;ausmif;u uRefawmhfudk 1948ckESpfatmuf
wkdbmvqef;wGif jrefrmpmuxdu &mxl;urf;vSrf;vmí vufcHvkdufonf/ &efukefwuú
okdvfwGif 1922 ckESpfrS 1934 ckESpftxd &mZ0ifygarmu©jzpfcJhonfhjrefrmjynfESifhjrefrm
vlrsKd;wkdYudk cspfcifonfhygarmu©a'gufwm'D? *sD? tD? a[m(vf)(D.G.E.Hall)tm; 1949
ckESpfü tm&Sta&SUawmiforkdif;ygarmu©? ta&SUawmiftm&SESifhuRef;rsm; bmompmay
XmerSL;? xkd&mxl;ESpfckay;tyfvkdufonf/ jrefrmt*Fvdyftbd"mefjzpfajrmufa&;BudK;
yrf;cJhol tkdifpDtuf0efxrf;a[mif; rpöwmtdwf(csf)? tuf(zf)qm;(vf)(H.F.Searle)tm;
vnf; jrefrmpm,m,Duxdutjzpf cefYvkdufonf/ tbd"mefESifhjrefrmpmay wnfNrJckdifcHh
oGm;\/
1940 jynfhESpfü Oa&myppfajrjyifwGif wpfudk,fwnf; txD;usefaeaomfvnf;
avScGufcsnf;usef tvHrvSJbl;[k MuHhMuHhckdifcdkif &yfwnfaeaom NAdwdefjynfonf 1944
ckESpfü tar&du &k&Sm;wkdY\tultnD&ojzifh 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;wGif *smreDudk tEkdif&
onfhxkH;udk ESvkH;oGif;rdyg\/
7/ udef;b&pfNrdKU(Cambridge) 1944-54
*dkPf;csKyfydkifqkdifonfhpawmhjrpf jzwful;&mNrdKU[kteuf&aom Bishop's Srort-
ford NrdKUrS udef;(Cam)jrpf wHwm;[laom Cambridge NrdKUodkY vmNyD; t*FvdyftrsKd;orD;
BuD; nDtpfrESpfa,mufaetdrfü tcef;iSm;aeonfrSm wpfESpfcefY MumcJhNyD/ ESpfaygif; 700
avmufuwnf;u aumvdyfausmif;wpfausmif;NyD;wpfausmif; bk&ifawG bkef;awmfBuD;
awG olaX;ol<u,fawG wnfaxmifcJh&m uRefawmf a&mufonfhESpfwGif trsKd;om;aum
E-b
ook
is c
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nyom
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g
(112)
0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
vdyf 18 ausmif;? trsKd;orD; aumvdyfokH;ausmif;? aygif; 21 ausmif;&SdESifhaeNyD/ pmar;
yGJusif;yrI? bGJY'D*&DtyfESif;rIq&mrsm; cefYxm;rIponfhtrIwkdYwGif wuúokdvfu udkifxm;yg
onf/
NAdwdoQacwfu &efukefwuúokdvf&Sd aumvdyfausmif;awGuJhodkY wpfpkwnf;r[kwf
yg/ wpfNrdKUvkH; jyefYusJaeyg\/ aumvdyfausmif;wkdif; ausmif;tkyfBuD;? ygarmu©? q&m
rsm;ESifhcefYxm;onfhzJvkd(Fellow)ac:ynm&Sifrsm; &Sdonf/ aumvdyfausmif;wkdif; udk,f
ydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; &&Sd\/
udef;b&pfa&mufcgpu todrdwfaqG ausmif;om;rsm;? olwkdY\q&mrsm;ESifh
aygif;oif;qufqHygonf/ we*FaEGaeYrsm;wGif naeapmif; 4 em&Dtcsdef vufzuf&nf
qkdifBuD;wpfqkdifü uAsmzwfyGJ usif;yavh&Sdonf/ oGm;a&mufem;axmifonf/ y&dowfu
a0zefaqG;aEG;onf/ tm;&p&m? twk,lp&maumif;\/ pmayynmwkd;yGm;vmonf/ t
yef;ajzonfhtaeESifhpae? we*FaEGaeYrsm;ü udef;jrpfxJü yefY(punt)ac: 0rf;jym;jym;? OD;
ESifhyJh jywfjywf avSudk xkd;0g;xkd;í a&pkefa&qef jrpfwpfavQmuf vkdufvHMunfh&Ionf/
udef;jrpfonf ay 50 rS ay 70 ausmfom us,fonf/ jrefrmjynfwGif acsmif;[komac:yg
rnf/
&uftm;rsm;ü rdwfaqGrsm;u zdwfojzifh olwkdYaexkdifonfhaumvdyfausmif;rsm;
odkY oGm;onf/ olwkdYonf tdyfcef;ESifhxkdifcef; ESpfcef;&onf/ vufzuf&nfaomuf rkefYpm;
&if; olwkdY,lonfhbmom? arQmfrSef;xm;onfhtvkyftukdifrsm;udk ajymjyonf/ ausmif;
om;rsm; vufcsmwufcsifrS wufonf/ ta,muf 20 avmufudk usLwmwpfa,mufa0
ykHcsxm;NyD; ESpfywfvQif wpfBudrfqkdovkd usLwmay;onfhtufaq;a&;NyD; zwf&onf/
usLwmonf jrefrmwuúokdvfrsm;rSmuJhodkY enf;jyq&mr[kwfyg/ oufqkdif&m bmomü
uRrf;usifonfhq&mBuD;awG jzpfonf/ okH;ESpfukefí ppfaq;rnfhpmar;yGJrsm;wGif b,f
wynfhawG yxr? 'kwd,? wwd,wef; *kPfxl;ESifhatmifrnf[k ajymEkdifpGrf;&Sdonf[kod&
yg\/ &onfhbGJYtm;vkH;rSm 0dZÆm(B.A)8kPfxl;csnf; jzpfonf/ odyÜH(B.Sc)bGJYr&Sdyg/
umvtwefi,fMumaomtcg ausmif;om;wpfpku udef;b&pfwuúokdvfAk'¨bm
omtoif; zGJYygonf/ uRefawmhfudk Ouú|tjzpf twif;wifajr§mufvkdufonf/ a[majym
yGJwkdif;rSm obmywdvkyf&\/ wpfcgaomf emrnfausmf t*FvdyfAk'¨bmom0if 0wfvkHawmf
&BuD;rpöwmc&pfprwf[rf;z&D(Christmas Humphrey)udk zdwfac:onf/ olu Ak'¨bmom
qkdwm bmvJtaMumif;udk tusOf;csKH; ajyma[monf/ em;axmifí aumif;vSyg\/
]Ak'¨bmom}qkdaompmtkyfa&;ol jzpfygonf/ ajyma[myGJtNyD;wGif oD[kdVf(oD&dvuFm)rS
ausmif;om;u xNyD; ]vlBuD;rif;[m 0wfvkHawmf&? tpkd;&a&SUaecsKyfwpfOD; jzpfw,f/
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(113)
0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
wpfcgwpfcg w&m;cHtcsKdUudk axmifydkY&atmif avQmufvJ&rSmaygh/ Ak'¨bmomwpfa,muf
[m 'Dvkdvkyf&wm b,fvkdtajzay;rvJ}[kar;\/ ol BudK;pm;NyD; ajzonf/ rajyyg/ o
bmywdvkyfol uRefawmfvnf; ru,fEkdifyg/
udef;b&pfNrdKUwGif ta&SUwkdif; tjynfjynfqkdif&m pmtkyfawG &Ekdifaom urÇm
ausmf [ufzm;(Heffers)ac: pmtkyfqkdifBuD; &Sdygonf/ NrdKUxJ a&mufwkdif; 0ifMunfh\/
awGY&onfhjrefrmjynftaMumif; pmtkyfa[mif;pmtkyfopfrsm;? jrefrmbmomxJrS arG;
pm;pum;vkH;rsm;ESifhqkdifaompmtkyf? Ak'¨bmom? [dE´L? rlqvifbmompmtkyfrsm;? rEk
óaA'? bmomaA'? o'´aA'paom pmtkyfrsm;udk 0,fonf/ Mumaomtcg xkdXmetkyf
csKyfolrpöwm&Syf(Sharp)ESifhcifrif&if;ESD;vmojzifh uRefawmfvkdcsifonf[koabm&aom
pmtkyfrsm;udk odrf;xm;um uRefawmfhtm; jyNyD; rvkdcsifrS olwpfyg;udk a&mif;onf/
wpfaeY tbd"mef&kH;ü uRefawmftbd"mefjyKpkae&m q&mBuD;u ]ab? [ufzm;
pmtkyfqkdifu jrefrmjynfeJYqkdifwJhpmtkyfawG b,fol0,f0,f oGm;ovJqkdwm OD;odNyD}[k
ajymygonf/ q&mBuD;onf wpfaeYwGif udef;b&pfa&mufoGm;onf/ [ufzm;pmtkyfqkdif
0ifMunfhNyD; rpöwm&Syfudk jrefrmjynftaMumif; pmtkyfawG 0,fvkdaMumif; ajymonf/ rpö
wm&Syfu ]&Sdyg&JU? 'gayr,fh ra&mif;cif a'gufwmvSabudk jy&OD;r,f}[k ajymvTwfvkduf
í jzpfyg\/ vef'efNrdKU&Sd ta&SUwkdif;qkdif&m pmtkyfta&mif;qkdif ESpfqkdifokH;qkdif &Sdygao;
\/ &orQpmtkyfawG 0,fygonf/ xkdtcsdefu pNyD; pmtkyfaiGwefzkd;r[kwf ynmwefzkd;
odvmyg\/ ,cktcg uRefawmfhxHü pmtkyfokdufBuD; wpfodkuf &SdaeygNyD/ aoonfhtcg
Opömapmifh rjzpf&ef wuúokdvfausmif;wpfausmif;udk raorD vSLoGm;ygrnf/
[ufzm;qkdifodkY wpfcgu oGm;&if; udef;b&pfwuúokdvfrSygarmu©wpfOD;ESifht
rSwfrxif awGYqkHcJh&onf/ MopaMw;vd,ef;(Australian)vlrsKd; udef;b&pfwuúokdvfrS
ta&SUwkdif;bmomrsm;ygarmu©(aemiftcg ]qm})[J&kd;ab;vD(Harold Bailey)jzpfyg\/
uRefawmfhtaMumif; ar;NyD; q&mBuD;u b,faeYb,f&ufrSm bk&ifr\aumvdyf(Queen's
College)&Sd ol\tcef;odkY nae 5 em&Dtcsdefvm&ef zdwfac:yg\/ uRefawmfoGm;onf/
cHhnm;aom ae&mxkdifcif;jzpfonf/ pmMunfhcef;? tdyfcef;? a&csKd;cef;ESifhtdrfomcef;wGJ
xm;onf/ vufzuf&nf wkduf rkefYauR;onf/ &mrZmwfawmfBuD; taMumif; ar;onf/
uRefawmf odoavmuf ajymjy\/ ouúwpmayrS r&Sif;vif;aomtaMumif;t&mtcsKdU
ESifhygVdbmomrS tjiif;yGm;aeaom tcsuftcsKdUudk ar;onf/ ol &Sif;jyonf/ xkdtcg igh
ynmonf oli,fwef;? olYynmonf 0dZÆmwef;xuf jrifhaeyguvm;[k awG;aewkef; av;
&uftMum wpfnaewGif olESifhnpm vmpm;&ef zdwfojzifh vufcHvkduf\/
roGm;rD wuúodkvfrS uRefawmfhrdwfaqG q&mwpfOD;tm; ygarmu©taMumif;udk
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
ar;onf/ q&mu ]'D ygarmu©[m ynm&Sdya*;BuD;yJ/ wpfcgu *syefjynfudk oabFmeJY
tvnfoGm;w,f/ oabFmay:rSm rD;jcpfwpfzm awGYvkdYrD;jcpfay: yg&SdwJh*syefpmawG zwf
Munfh&if;eJY *syefpm wD;acgufrdoGm;w,f/ qufvufavhvmvkdY tawmftwef wwfoGm;
owJh}[kajym\/ ,kH&rSmvnf; cufcuf? r,kH&rSmvnf; cufcuf/
csdef;xm;onfhnaewGif ygarmu©tcef;odkY 5 em&DcGJtcsdef a&mufoGm;onf/ 6
em&Dü aumvdyfausmif; xrif;pm;cef;BuD;xJ qif;oGm;NyD; pifjrifhay:odkY ygarmu©u ac:
oGm;um ausmif;tkyfBuD;? ygarmu©tcsKdUESifhrdwfqufay;\/ npm rpm;rD bk&m;ocif
tm; aus;Zl;wifpum; vufwifbmomjzifh &GwfqkdMuonf/ pifjrifhatmuf ab;em;tm;
vkH; a*gif;(gown)0wfxm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;u opfom;pm;yGJ&Snfab;&Sd cHk&SnfBuD; ay:
xkdifpm;onf/ &kd;&kd;ausmif;om;rsm;u 'l;qpfavmuf cyfwkdwkd? paumvm;(scholar)ac:
paumvm;&Spf&olwkdYu a*gif;cyf&Snf&Snf 0wfNyD; pm;&if; cyfwkd;wkd; ajymMu aqG;aEG;Mu
[efudk cyfvSrf;vSrf;rS jrif&onf/
q&mrsm;um; cHhnm;onfhopfom;pm;yGJ&SnfBuD;udk 0kdif;xkdifNyD; tzdk;wefa<uyef;
uefrsm;xJ pm;yGJxkd;awG xnfhay;aom pm;p&mwpfrsKd;vmvQif 0kdifwpfrsKd;aomufum
pm;onf/ aemufqkH; pm;yGJxkd;wpfa,mufu ausmif;tkyfBuD;xH ydkY(port)0kdift&ufykvif;
,lvmNyD; 0dkifcGufxJ avmif;xnhfay;onf/ olu aomufMunfhNyD; q&mrsm; aomuf&ef
ykvif;ukd vuf,m&pf urf;vSrf;apyg\/ ygarmu©abvDu olYvuf0Jbuf&Sd ygarmu©wpf
a,mufESifhajymvkduf? uRefawmfhudk ajymvkdufESifh/ uRefawmfvnf; ab;em;xkdifaeaom
t*Fvdyfpmygarmu©ESifhpum;vufqkHusaeonf/ olYausmif;om;wcsKdUu tufaq;a&;
NyD; vmjyw,f/ o'´gtaMumif;ajymw,f/ usKyfu ]ig t*Fvdyfo'´g rwwfbl;/ rif;a&;
wm pum;zGmw,f/ tcsufrusbl;vkdY ajymvkdufw,f}[kajymjyygonf/ olESifhtawmf&if;
ESD;oGm;ygonf/
aemifvnf; ygarmu©u npmpm;yGJ zdwfygao;onf/ t*Fvdyfpmygarmu©u
uRefawmfhem;vmxkdifonf/ ausmif;om;wcsKdU t*Fvdyfpm ra&;wwf[k Mum;&í yxr
tHhMordonf/ aemufrS a&;wJhae&mrSm wkdwkd&Sif;&Sif; vkd&if;a&mufatmif a&;rjyEkdifrIudk
qkdvkdaMumif; od&\/ þygarmu© pum;ajymaumif;oavmuf tpm;vnf;aumif;onf/
ygarmu©abvDu tpm;taomuf NcdK;jcHonf/ ig;aMumf? tmvl;aMumf? pm;onf/ trJ
om;? okd;om;? 0ufom;? Muufom; ponf yGJrsm;vmvQif tom;tenf;i,fudk tmvl;?
[if;oD;[if;&Gufcyfrsm;rsm;ESifhpm;onf/ t&ufvnf; wpfcGufwavom aomufonf/
tcsKdyGJudkvnf; wkdYueef; qdwfueef;/ &aohESifhwlvSyg\/
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
wkdY tcrJhnpm pm;&onf/ ausmif;om;rsm;u pm;aomufc ay;&onf/ ausmif;om;
rsm;onf vufcsmwuf? qkdif&musLwmESifhtufaq;jy&ef vmawGYonfhtcg NrdKUxJ nt
csdefxGufaomtcgrsm;ü a*gif;0wf&onf/ £a`E´r&onfhtrIwpfckckjyKrdonfhtcg vSnfh
vnfapmifhMuyf pnf;urf;xdef;odrf;ol ya&mhuwm(Proctor)qkdolu emrnfESifhaumvdyf
ausmif;trnfar;NyD; pmtkyfxJ rSwfxm;onf/ xkdaemuf xkdufoifhaom 'Pfcwfonf/
xkdenf;wl ntcg tjyifbufü a*gif;rygbJ oGm;vmaeonfhausmif;om;udk ya&mhuwm
jrifvQif 'PfcwfcH&ygonf/ a*gif;onf wuúokdvfodu©myk'f\trSwfonmwpfckyif/
1946 ckESpfu xifyg\/ wpfreuf uRefawmf bda&Smh(zf)pawmhzkdYtbd"mef&kH;odkY
oGm;&ef rD;&xm;xJ xkdifaewkef; touf 28-29 ESpft&G,favmuf&Sd NAdwdoQtrsKd;om;
wGJxJ 0ifvmNyD; uRefawmfhtem; vmxkdifonf/ olu ]uRefawmfhtrnf *Refb&yf(zSf)(John
Brough)yg/ vef'efNrdKU NAdwdoQjywkdufrSm trIxrf;aeygw,f/ q&mBuD;ygarmu©pwl;0wf
eJYawGYcsifygw,f/ q&mBuD;udk ajymay;yg}[kqkd\/ uRefawmf b,folrSef; olodonf/
uRefawmfu ]ajymay;yghr,f}[k0efcHonf/ bda&Smh(zf)pawmhzkdYblwm&kHwGif uRefawmfqif;
onf/ ol vef'efodkYqufvufoGm;\/
tbd"mef&kH;wGif q&mBuD;tm; a'gufwmbvyf(zf)(Bulff)taMumif; ajymjy
onf/ q&mBuD;u &,fNyD; bvyf(zf)r[kwfygbl;? b&yf(zf)[kajymonf/ (bvyf(zf)(bluff)
yk'fonf uvdrfus? nm0g;qkdaomteuf&\/) xdktrsKd;om;onf q&mBuD;uJhokdY paumh
(Scott)vlrsKd;jzpfonf/ tuf'ifbm;&m;(Edinburgh)wuúokdvfrS acgr a&mrbmomrsm;
wGifvnf;aumif;? udef;b&pfwuúokdvfrS ouúwbmomwGifvnf;aumif;? 0dZÆmbGJYudk yx
rwef;ESifhatmifonfhjyif ouúwbmomü yg&*lbGJY&xm;ol [l\/ pmtkyfpmwrf;awGvnf;
xkwfa0cJhNyD/
q&mBuD;wkdYausmif;ü ouúwbmomygarmu©&mxl; vpfvyfaeí owif;pmxJ
aMumfjimxnhfxm;onfudk a'gufwmb&yf(zf)awGY&ojzifh q&mBuD;ESifhawGYvkd[ef wlyg
onf/ wuúokdvfu avQmufvTmawG ac:onf/ olESifhtwl ausmif;rS touf 50 ausmf
t&G,f&Sd ouúwbmomtxufwef;uxduESifhtjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;vnf; avQmufMu\/ w
uúokdvfu Oya't& bkwfwpfzGJYzGJYNyD; avQmufolrsm;\t&nftcsif;? a&;om;xkwfa0
onfhpmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk ppfaq;NyD; aemufqkH; a'gufwmb&yf(zf)udk cefYvkdufonf/ t
xufwef;uxdu yifpif,loGm;ygonf/ aMomf? vef'efwuúokdvfygarmu©&mxl; ay;wJhp
epf[m 'Dvkdukd;[laomtcsufudk xkdtcg odoGm;&ygawmh\/
qkdcJhonfhtwkdif; q&mBuD;tedpöa&mufoGm;NyD; rMumrD uRefawmhfudk ta&SUwkdif;
ESifhtmz&duynm&yfrsm;ausmif;u jrefrmpmuxducefYvkdufonf/ wevFmaeYrS aom
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
MumaeYtxd pmayykdYcs? pae we8FaEGaeYrsm;ESifhausmif;&uf&Snfydwf&ufrsm;ü rpöwm'ef;
ESifhtwl tbd"mefjyKpkonf/ okawoevkyfonf/ tbd"mefESifhokawoe ewfrsm;zrf;
pm;xm;ívm; rodyg/ pmwrf;tapmifapmif xGufvm\/ 1952 ckESpfü tbd"mef twGJ
2 ESifhuRefawmfhyg&*lbGJYpmwrf; ukr®m&jyZmwf yxrwGJ a&SUpOfaemufquf xGufvm\/
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armu©wpfOD; zdwfí bk&ifhpmMunfhwkduf(The Royal Danish Library)wGif jrefrmpmayyk&
ykdufrsm;udk oGm;a&mufppfaq;NyD; uufwavmuf vkyfay;cJhonf/ xkdESpfrSmyif tbd"mef
&kH;udk bda&Smh(zf)pawmhzkdYrS ausmif;okdY ajymif;vmojzifh tbd"mefudk ydkNyD; tcsdefay;Ekdif
\/
txufyg tusKd;qufwkdYaMumifh 1955 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dvü vef'efwuúodkvfu
jrefrmpm'kygarmu©bGJYudk uRefawmfhtm; tyfESif;vkdufyg\/ wkdif;wpfyg;om; BudK;pm;í
bk&m;rvkdY þbGJYrsm;&onf[k ,lqNyD; ay:xGufvmaom yDwdtay: tpGef;txif;wpfck
jzpfvmonf/ uRefawmf tonf;pGJcspfonfhudef;b&pfwuúodkvfNrdKUrS cGJcGm&rnfhta&;
yif/
8/ 0Jvif;yef;jcHNrdKU(Welwyn Garden City) 1954-80
trSDr&Sd bk&m;awmif ryGifhEkdif[laompum;&Sdygonf/ yxr uRefawmf uxdu
&mxl;&onfhtaMumif; jzpfygonf/ 1939 ckESpfrS 48 ckESpftxd q&mBuD;? rpöwm'ef;wkdY
ESifhvufyGef;wwD; tbd"mefjyKpkcJhonf/ rpöwm'ef;onf olaeonfh&Gmuav;wGif tbd
"mefwnfyk'ftcsKdUzGifhaeonf/ ESpf&ufokH;&uf wpfBudrf tbd"mef&kH;odkYvmNyD; q&mBuD;ESifh
aqG;aEG;wkdifyifonf/ olra0cGJEkdifaom pum;ykd'fESifhpum;vkH;pm&if;,lvmum uRefawmfh
tm; cufqpfrsm;udk ar;onf/ tawmfrsm;rsm;onf uRefawmf bDat*kPfxl;wef;tvGwf
usufxm;aom pmykd'frsm;jzpfí tbd"mef&kH;xJ&Sd qkdif&mpmtkyfqGJxkwf pmykd'fukdjy teuf
zGifhay;onf/ av;ig;ajcmufBudrf þuJhodkYjyKvkyfcJh&m q&mBuD; uRefawmfhudk txifBuD;
vmonf/ uRefawmhfaemifa&; aumif;pm;zkdY yEéuf&kdufay;onfESifhwl\/
tbd"mef&kH;okdY vmvnfMuonfhjrefrmausmif;om;tcsKdUudk q&mBuD;u wpfcg
wav cufqpfar;onf/ ajzMuonfhtajz rSefovm;[k wynfhausmfudk vSrf;ar;\/
rsufESm xm;&cufvSyg\/ tvdr®mÓPf okH;um rSefw,fvkdYxifygw,f[k ajzygonf/
ausmif;om;awG jyefawmhrS rSefonf rrSefonfrsm;udk ajymjyyg\/ wpfaeYaomf olYZeD;
a':cifav;tm; ]abudk jrefrmjynf rjyefbJ wkdYausmif;rSm tvkyfvkyfzkdY wkdufwGef;r,f}[k
ajymoHudk em;pGefem;zsm; Mum;&\/ q&mBuD;tedpöa&mufNyD; av;ig;vtMum ausmif;
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
u uRefawmfhudk tvkyfurf;vSrf;vmonfrSm q&mBuD; b0rajymif;rD BudKwifpma&;xm;
aomaMumifh[k wGufrdyg\/ 0efZif;rif;&mZmtjzpfudk ,ck oGm;owd&rdyg\/
8/ 1 'kygarmu©? 1955-65
'kwd,tBudrf XmerSL;ygarmu©a'gufwma[m(vf)\axmufcHcsufESifhausmif;
tkyfBuD; oabmwlnDrIaMumifh uHESifhuRefawmf aqmif;yg;xJ ygonfhtwkdif; 1955 ckESpf
Zefe0g&DvwGif 'kygarmu©jzpfcJhygNyD/ aemifvnf; trSDaumif; ay:vmojzifh ygarmu©b0
a&mufvmykHudk jrif&ygOD;rnf/
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aqmifpGrf;aomyef;jcHNrdKUokdY ajymif;a&TUNyD; udk,fydkiftdrfESifhtajcpkduf&onfrSm uHÓPf0D&d
,wkdYaus;Zl;aMumifhyif/ vef'efwuúodkvfrS ygarmu©ESifh'kygarmu©wkdYonf wuúokdvfESifh
rkdif 30 twGif;&Sd NrdKU&Gmrsm;wGifom ae&rnf[laom Oya'&Sdí uRefawmfhudk 'kygarmu©
&mxl;ay;&ef wuúodkvfodkYavQmufvTmwifoGif;onfhowif;oefYoefY Mum;&vQif Mum;&
csif; ESvkH;arGYavsmfzG,faumif;aom NrdKUudk armfawmfum;jzifh vkduf&Smonf/ 0Jvif;yef;jcH
NrdKUa&mufonfhtcg &Sm;&wfyef;jcH(Sherrards Park)&yfuGufqD a&mufvmonf/ vSyonfh
tdrfwpftdrfvkH; a&mif;&ef qkdif;bkwf pdkufxm;onf/
xkdtcg igawmh 'Dausmif;rSm touf 65 ESpf 67 ESpf yifpif,lwJhtxd wm0ef
xrf;aqmif&r,fhtvm;tvm &Sdw,f/ tdrfiSm;ae&if aemufqkH; bmrSvufqkyfvufudkif
jyp&mr&Sd/ tdrf0,fNyD;aeygu yifpif,lwJhtcg ukd,fydkifypönf;wpfcktaeeJY usefaer,fvkdY
pOf;pm;rdí tdrfydkif&Sifudk ar;Munfh&m a&mif;ay;rnfhtdrfa&mif;tdrf0,f ukrÜPDqDodkYvTwf
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b,fESpfcef;&SdaMumif;udk azmfjyxm;NyD; a&mif;rnfhaps;udkyg jyxm;onf/ qpfonf? aps;
wnfhonf/ a&SUaewpfOD;Xm;NyD; þtdrfESifhywfoufí t&Iyft&Sif; &Sdr&Sd pkHprf;ckdif;onf/
aemufqkH;0,fvkdufonf/ tdrfwpfvkH; 0,fykHudk uHESifhuRefawmf aqmif;yg;xJ tus,fw
0ifh azmfjycJhygNyD/
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&mrS awmf&mokdY ajymif;a&TUvm&m awmf&mrS aysmf&m wjznf;jznf; jzpfvmygonf/ udk,fh
tdrfudk,f ae&onfrSm iSm;ae&onfhb0ESifhtbufbufrSm uGmjcm;onf/ aea&;? xkdif
a&;? pm;a&;? aomufa&;rsm;udk ukd,fwkdifOD;aqmif&onf/ ukd,fhtpGrf; udk,fhtpodvm&
\/ wpfESpfcefYMumaomf aeom;usvm\/ odkYaomf pmtkyfOD;a& wkd;vm? pmMunfhcef;u
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
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tdrfaxmif y&dabm*? tkd;tif cGufa,muf? jrm;ajrmifvSaom pmtkyfawG ydkY
aqmifzkdY&m tdrfajymif;a&;tzGJYvufxJ tyfvkdufonf/ uRrf;usifvdr®mol av;ig;a,muf
wkdY txl;um;BuD;jzifh vmonf/ ypönf;tm;vkH; raysmufr&S? ruGJrysufapbJ uwfbkwf
aowåmawGxJ {nfhcef;? tdyfcef;? pmMunfhcef;? rD;zkdcef;? tcef;cef;qkdif&m ypönf;rsm;udk
pepfwus cGJjcm;um tdrfopfodkY ajymif;a&TUay;NyD; qkdif&mtcef;rsm;qDodkY ,loGm;í ae
&mwus xm;ay;ygonf/ tao;pdwfrsm;udk uRefawmf cefYcGJay;&\/
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onf/ tdrfa&SUjzwfoGm;aom vrf;wpfbufwGif Bwd*HuRef;ykHoP²mefjrufcif;ESifhopfyif
awG? ab;ESpfbuf ESpfcsufü vrf;ESpfoG,f? tdrfaemufaz;wGif tdrfESpfvkH;&Sd\/ yef;jcH
onf 3 rl;cefY us,f0ef;onf/ taqmufttkHrsm;onf yxrwef;pm;rsm;jzpfonf/ rD;zkd
cef;BuD;udk azmhcif;xm;\/ tjcm;tcef;rsm;ESifhjywif;aygufrsm;udk t*FvdyfuRef;om;
ac: tkwf(cf)(Oak)jzifh vkyfxm;onf/ þtdrfESifhywfoufí uRefawmfhtm; jrefrmoHt
rwfBuD;xifNyD; NrdKUrSxkwfa0aom owif;pm owif;axmuf vmawGYqkHykHukd uHESifhuRef
awmfaqmif;yg;xJ a&;jycJhygNyD/
,cifaecJhonfhtdrfuJhodkY aps;ESifhvnf;eD; blwm&kHESifhvnf; ra0;yg/ cyfjrefjref
avQmufvQif 10 rdepfESifhblwm&kH a&mufonf/ eHeuf 10 rdepf? 15 rdepfwpfBudrf vef'ef
odkYoGm;onfhrD;&xm;&Sdonf/ rkdif 20 c&D;udk vrf;wGif blwmqkdufaomfvnf; 25 rdepft
wGif; vef'efodkYaygufonf/ vef'efa&muf ajratmuf&xm;pD;? aemuf wpfblwmwGif
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uRefawmftdrfESifhrkdif0ufe,fajrtwGif; vef'efrS q&mav;OD;aeonf/ wpfOD;
rSm tjcm;r[kwf 1938-39 ESpftwGif; ynma&;aumvdyfausmif;ü wpfwef;wnf;aecJh
ol [J&pfqifcsyf(csf)(Harrison Church)[lonfyif/ tm;vkH; NAdwdoQvlrsKd;rsm;/ csyf(csf)u
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rD;&xm;vrf;BuD;onf 0Jvif;yef;jcHNrdKUudk ta&SUbufydkif;ESifhtaemufbufydkif; jzpfoGm;
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xkwfukeft&nftaoG;yrmPESifh(Service)ac:0,folrsm; auseyfap&ef tusKd;aqmif
Ekdifonfhtwkdif;twmay: trSDjyKaeonf/ xkdenf;wl wuúodkvfausmif; wpfausmif;\
BuD;yGm;ausmfMum;rIonf arG;xkwfay;onfht&nftcsif;jynfhpkHaom ynm&Sifaumif;rsm;
ESifhokawoe&kdufESdyfxkwfa0onfhpmtkyfpmwrf;t&nftaoG;ESifhOD;a&tay: trSDjyKae
\/ þrlt& ausmif;owif; rnd§K;&avatmif 90 &mcdkifEIef; q&mawGu BudK;yrf;
aqmif&GufaeMuonf/ uRefawmfvnf; wpfOD;yg0if\/ okdYESifh aeYudk &uf? &ufudk v? v
ukd ESpfpm;cJh&m wwd,trSDaumif;wpfck ay:vmí 1966 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif uRefawmfh
tm; vef'efwuúokdvfu jrefrmpmygarmu©bGJYudk tyfESif;cJh\/ (a'gufwmvSab ynmyg
&rD 77-83 &I)
BudK;yrf;usKd;eyfonf[krqkdcsifyg/ qkdygu uRefawmf þ&mxl;udk &nfrSef;ívkyf
&musrnf/ r[kwf&yg/ ykxkZOfom;yDyD þ&mxl;ukd vkdcsif\/ odkYaomf rarQmfrSef;0Hhyg/
,ck&NyD; b,fvkdpcef;oGm;&rvJ/ MuHMuHzefzef þuJhodkYjzpfcJhNyD;onfaemuf rMumrD aus;
Zl;&SifXmerSL;udk ol uRrf;usif&m o'´aA'bmomaA'XmerSL; cefYvkduf\/ xkdtcg uRef
awmfwkdY ta&SUawmiftm&SESifhuRef;rsm; bmompmayXmetwGuf XmerSL;wpfOD;cefY&ef
ausmif;u wD;acgufMunfh&m xkdtcgu xkdXmeü ygarmu©qkdí uRefawmfwpfOD;om&Sdo
jzifh uRefawmhftm; urf;vSrf;vmyg\/ vc ydk&rnf/ *kPf&Sdrnf/ odkYaomf 0goemygaom
vkyfief; xdckdufrnf/ uRefawmf vufrcHí 'kygarmu©wpfOD;tm; XmerSL;cefYvdkufygonf/
1958 ckESpfu &efukefwuúokdvf ygarmu©csKyf&mxl;udk jiif;y,fvkdufonfhtaMumif;udk
pmzwfy&dowfwkdY odESifhMuygNyD/
XmerSL;onf tkyfcsKyfa&;ü vdr®monf/ tpnf;ta0;rsm;ü tay;t,luRrf;
usifonf/ okawoe pmtkyfpmwrf; jyKpkrIü 0goemygoifhoavmuf rygí 'kygarmu©
omjzpfaeao;onf/ uRefawmfu tpnf;ta0; wufonfrSm tcsdefukef vlyef;NyD; uRef
awmfhpDrHudef;rsm; xdckdufonf[k cH,lxm;yg\/ xkdYaMumifh ygarmu©rsm; rwufrae&
ynma&;tzGJY(Academic Board)om wufr,f/ wjcm;aumfrwDtzGJYawGxJ emrnfrxnfh
eJY[k XmerSL;tm; ajymxm;ygonf/
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
8? 2/ ygarmu©/ 1966-80
ygarmu©jzpfNyD; yxrwpfywfavmufu a,mifwda,mifuef;ESifhavxJ vrf;
avQmufaeoa,mifa,mif/ ausmif;oGm;onf/ vdyfjymrvkHovkdvkdESifh0ifoGm;onf/ o
wif;Mum;ESifhNyD;aom ay:wmrsm;u EIwfquf csD;usL;onf/ cifrifaom q&mawGu
vufqGJEIwfquf*kPf,laMumif; ajymonf/ pmykH;xJ csD;usL;pmawG a&mufaeonf/ av;
xyf&Sd ygarmu©vSab pmwef;xkd;xm;aomaxmifhtcef;BuD;xJ 0ifoGm;onf/ tcef;udk
okH;oyfonf/ tbd"mef pmtkyfpOfawG? uwfjym;aowåmawG eH&HwpfavQmuf pDwef;ae
onf/ cef;vkH;jynfhaumfaZmcif;xm;onf/ pm;yGJukvm;xkdifü xkdifí ausmif;rS q&mwpf
a,mufESifhwkdifp&mwpfck &Sdí aeYv,fpm pm;aomufcef;ü twlpm;&ef olYtcef;odkY w,f
vDzkef;qufonf/ oGm;pm;\/ jyefvm\/ q&mtcsKdU tcef;wHcg;acgufNyD; 0ifvm\/
wynfhtcsKdUvnf; xkdenf;wlyif/ q&mawGESifhpum;ajym? wynfhawGESifhpmoifcsdef nd§EIdif;
aqG;aEG;onf/ wpfaeukefoGm;onf/
ausmif;wGif yxr? 'kwd,? wwd,oifwef;okH;ywf&Sdonf/ atmufwkdbmv
qef;rS 'DZifbmvtv,ftxd yxroifwef;ywftwGif;tvGeftvkyf&Iyfonf/ ausmif;
ydwf&uftwGif; okH;ESpfqufwkduf uRefawmf zsm;onf/ q&m0efvmMunfhonf/ olu ]q
&mBuD; oifwef;tywftwGif; ylyifaomu jzpfcJhw,f/ tckvkd tem;,lwJhtcg pdwfat;
oGm;vkdY 'Dvkdjzpf&wmyg/ pdwfrylygeJY}[kESpfodrfhonf/ uRefawmfu pdwfxJ ighbkef;ydavo
vm;[k xifrdyg&JU/ wwd,ESpfvnf; þuJhodkYzsm;í q&m0ef wwd,tBudrfa&mufvm\/
aq;ay;NyD; ]aemifESpfcg 'Dtcsdef vmOD;r,f}[k roGm;rDajymaomtcg ]rdwfaqGtjzpfeJY
vmapcsifygw,f/ q&m0eftaeeJY rvmygapeJYvkdYqkawmif;aeygw,f}[k ajym&m olu
&,farmNyD; xGufoGm;yg\/
uRefawmf ausmif;oGm;onfhtcg wpfcgwpf&H udef;b&pfrS vmaomrD;&xm;?
wpfcgwpfav 0Jvif;yef;jcHrSxGufvmaom rD;&xm; pD;onf/ wpfreufü udef;b&pfrSvm
aom rD;&xm;qkdufí wGJwpfwGJwnf; wpfcgwpfcg jrif&aom vlvwfvl&G,f t*Fvdyft
rsKd;om;ESifhab;csif;qkdifxkdif&\/ olu odcsifaZm rzdESdyfxm;EkdifykHESifh]cifAsm; vef'ef
oGm;w,f/ rodvkdY ar;yg&ap/ bmvkyfygovJ}[kar;\/ uRefawmfu ajymjyonfhtcg
]vufaxmufuxduvm;}[kar;\/ r[kwfyg[k qkdNyD; cyfrqdwf aevdkufonf/ olu ]u
xduvm;? txufwef;uxduvm;? 'kygarmu©vm;}[kqufar;wkdif; ]r[kwfyg}[kcsnf;
ajzvkdufonhftcg aemufxyfqufrar;awmhyg/ aemiftcg tjcm;wuúokdvfrsm;rSq&m
rsm;ESifhqkHpnf;&NyD; pum;pyfrdí &mxl;taMumif;udk awmufMunfhonhftcg ]cifAsm; yg
armu©vm;}[kpí ar;yg\/ 'kwd,tBudrf b0oifcef;pm&í jzpfyg\/
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
ygarmu©b0ESifh 15 ESpf aecJh&pOfu ysrf;rQjcif;tm;jzifh 2 ESpf wpfBudrfqkdovkd
jyifopf*smreDjynfrsm;qDodkY ynma&;udpöjzifh a&mufcJh&onfhtaMumif;udk uHxrf;vm
onfudk rjrif& aqmif;yg;rsm;wGif a&;jyNyD;ygNyD/ xkdwkdif;jynfrsm;&Sd xif&Sm;aomtaqmuf
ttkHBuD;rsm; jrif&í twk,lzG,frsm;udk tajctaeay;wkdif; wifjycJhygNyD/ þtcef;ü
jyifopf? *smrefvlrsKd;wkdY\aexkdifpm;aomufrI? ,Ofaus;rIESifhpnf;urf;rsm;rS&aom qif
jcifzG,ftcsKdUudk tpD&ifcHvkdyg\/
NAdwdoQvlrsKd;rsm;ESifhrwl jyifopf? *smrefwkdYonf eHeufpmudk aygifrkefYaxmywf
okyf,kdESifhpm;? umzDaomuf&kHESifhNyD;yg\/ aeYv,fpm odkYr[kwf npmudk aumif;aumif;
pm;avh&Sdonf/ jyifopfu 0kdift&uf? *smrefu bD,mudk a&vkd aomufonf/ jyifopfjynf
ü vufzuf&nfaomufol r&Sdoavmufyif/ umzDrnf;udkom okH;aqmif\/ *smrefawG
vnf; xkdenf;twlyif/ jyifopfjynfü a&awmif;aomufvQif xl;qef;aomtrlt&mESifh
Munfhwwfyg\/ vrf;jzwful;onfhtcg *smrefrsm;u pnf;urf;ao0yfoavmuf jyifopf
vlxku trIrxm; um;awGMum;oGm;onfudk rMumcP jrifrdyg\/
wuúpDrsm;ESifhoGm;vmonfhtcg *smref'&dkifbmwkdYu ydkí usihf0wfapmifhxdef;wwf
onf/ wpfcgu uRefawmfESifhrdwfaqGwpfOD; yg&DwGif jrefrmoH&kH;odkYoGm;Muonf/ wpfae
&mü vrf;ajr§mifwpfckrS wuúpDonf rif;vrf;rBuD;odkY 0ifvmonfhtcg uRefawmfwkdYwuúpD
orm; a&Smif;wdrf;ay;vkdufí twkdufrcH&yg/ xkdaemuf wuúpDorm;ESpfOD; ab;csif;,SOf
armif;um &efawGYMuyg\/ wpfcPtMum uRefawmfwkdY'&kdifbmu armfawmfum; armif;
wHudk ukdifxm;onfhvufESpfzufudk 15 puúefYcefYeD;yg; ajr§mufNyD; jyifopfvkd Mon dieu (My
god)[k tHhMooHESifhatmfvdkuf\/ uRefawmfvnf; ao&rnfhab; aMumufNyD; a&SUxkdifckHudk
twif;udkifxm;ygonf/ um; rwkdufonfrSm awmfygao;\/
wuúpDum;qkdí [kduf'vbwf(Heidel berg)NrdKU? awmiftm&Saumvdyfausmif;
{nhfonftjzpfESifhaeonfhtcg wpfae&mrS wpfae&modkY oGm;wkdif; urÇmausmf Mercedes
Benz rmpD;'d(pf)bif;(Zf)wuúpDum;rsm;udkom iSm;pD;yg\/ &aohpdwfajzaygh/ wpfnae
7 em&DcGJavmuftcsdefwGif NrdKUuav;wpfNrdKU&Sd ygarmu© tD? qmudqD,ef E.Sarkisyanz
tdrfrS npm pm;NyD; [kduf',fvbwfNrdKUodkYjyefvm&ef wuúpDwpfpD; iSm;\/ um;xJ uRef
awmfESifhrdwfaqG 0ifxkdifonfhtcg trsKd;orD;'&kdifbmjzpfaeaMumif;udk awGY&í tHhMoae
wkef; olYab;em; 0yfae&mrS xMunfhonfhacG;BuD;wpfaumifjrif&ojzifh vefYjzefYoGm;\/
ol\cifyGef; npm pm;aeí ol Mercedes Benz udkarmif;&aMumif;? vlrormwkdY&ef um
qD;&ef vdr®maomacG;BuD;udk tazmfac:cJh&aMumif; ajymjyí od&yg\/
wnf;ckdonfh[kdw,fjyefa&mufvm\/ *smreDjynf ckvkdcsrf;om<u,f0aeonfrSm
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
trsKd;orD;utp 'DvkdBudK;yrf;vkyfaqmifaevkdYyJ[kawG;rd&if; wpfqufwnf;*smreDjynf
rSm tzkd;jrifh*kPfwifhwJhum;rsKd;udk 1970 jynfhESpfuwnf;u wuúpDtjzpf okH;aew,f/ t
ck 1965 a&mufaewmawmifrS jrefrmjynfrSm um;ydkif&Sif 90 ausmf&mckdifEIef;[m jyKjyif
rGrf;rHNyD; *syefjynfrS ydkYvdkufwJhwpfywf&pfESpfywf&pf um;awGukd *kPf,lum pD;aeonfudk
awGY&í pdwftawmfxdcdkufoGm;rdyg\/
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acwfopf jrefrmpmaytaMumif;? a[majymNyD; tjyefwGif &kdif;(Rhine)jrpfudk pkefqif;? udk
vkH;(Cologone)NrdKUwGif ESpfntdyfNyD; 'l;Z,f(vf)a'gh(Dusseldorf)NrdKUoGm;í vef'efodYkav
,mOfESifhjyefvmonf/ (a'gufwmvSab-ynmyg&rD 268-9 &I)t&ifwpfacgufu tcsdef
r&í ravhvmcJh&aom tHhbeef; {&mrukdvkH;bk&m;&Sdckd;ausmif;BuD;udk aphaphpyfpyfokH;
oyfae&if; wpfydkif;wpfysuf jzpfaeaom rif;uGef;apwDBuD;udk owd&rdyg\/
9 &mpkESpfu þrQavmuf rBuD;rm;aom bk&m;&Sdckd;ausmif;uav;udk wnfonf
[k od&yg\/ 1248 ckESpfu rD;avmifuRrf;oGm;NyD; jyefwnfonf/ wjznf;jznf; csJUxGif
wnfaqmufvm&m 1880 jynfhESpfü vuf&Sdt&G,ftpm; wnfaqmufNyD;pD;onf/ bkd;
awmfbk&m;onf ouú&mZf 1790 jynfhESpf wydkYwGJvqef; 5 &uf we*FaEGaeY rif;uGef;yk
xkd;awmfBuD; zdeyfawmfa&TtkwfaiGtkwfpí cif;awmfrlonf/ ewf&GmpHawmfrlonfh 1891
ckESpftxd 29 ESpfwkdifwkdif qufvufwnfawmfrl\/ ajr;awmfbBuD;awmfESifhrif;tquf
qufwkdYNyD;atmif rwnfaqmufbJ udk,fhaumif;rIukokdvf apwDykxkd;rsm;udkom toD;oD;
wnfawmfrlcJhMuojzifh rif;uGef;ykxdk;awmfBuD;onf udkvkH; bk&m;&Sdckd;ausmif;BuD;uJhokdY tHh
zG,fwpfyg; rjzpfcJh&onfrSm 0rf;enf;p&myg/
udkvkH;rS [kdw,fBuD;wpfck av;xyf&Sd tcef;wpfcef;ü wnf;ckdonf/ eHeuf 4 em
&DtcsdefEkd;í tcef;jywif;aygufzGifhvkduf&m avtm;zdwl;pufjzihf tvkyform; av;çig;
ajcmufOD; wGif;wl;oH Mum;&ojzifh aMomf-tcgrJh tvkyf vkyfaeMuoukd;[ktHhMord\/ 'l;
Z,f(vf)a'ghokdY a&mufoGm;onhftcg ykdítHhMooGm;rdygawmhonf/ ppftwGif;u r[mrdwf
rsm; AkH;BuJav,mOfawG vufcsufaMumifh puf&kHvlaetdrfawG aMurGoGm;cJh&onf/ þNrdKU
wGif cHhnm;xnf0gaom taqmuftODopfBuD;awG tNydKif;NydKif;ESifhjzpfaeonfudk awGY&Sd
&íyif/
ppfBuD;tNyD; aygifrkefY? [if;oD;[if;&Guf om;ig;0,f&ef wGef;vSnf;uav;xJ
*smrefrwfaiG ,loGm;&onftxd cRwfjcHKuscJh&onfh*smreDjynfonf bmaMumifh OD;armh
acgif;axmifvmNyD; ,cktcg taX;qkH;EkdifiH wpfEkdifiHjzpfae&ygovJ/ 1949 ckESpfrS
1961 ckESpftxd 0efBuD;csKyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonfh[mtuf'ifaemif0g(Herr
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
Adenauer)\vdr®maom pDrHcefYcGJrIaMumifhvnf;aumif;? *smrefvlrsKd;&mckdifEIef; 70 ausmf
wkdY\wnfMunfaom pm&dwå? BudK;yrf;aomvkHYv? aooyfaompnf;urf;wkdYaMumifh þt
qifhrsKd;odkY a&mufcJh&yg\/ twk,lzG,f aumif;vSonfhoifcef;pm/
pnf;urf;qkdí z&efYzkdYNrdKUwGif uRefawmf? *ReftkduJ(vf)OD;wifaxG;wkdY *smref yg
armu©ESifhvljywfaom vrf;udk rD;yGKdihfrS ul;&ef vkyfonfhtcg rD;eDjyxm;\/ uRefawmf
wkdYu ,mOfwpfpD;rSrvmojzifh jzwful;&ef ajymonfhtcg ygarmu©u rD;pdrf;jyrSul;ygqkd
í apmifhqkdif;ae&onf/ bD,mqkdifwpfqkdifxJ 0ifoGm;Mu\/ qkdif&Sifu bD,mcGufBuD;awG
xJ jznfhxnfhay;aom cGufawGudk pm;yGJxkd; ,lvmay;onf/ ygarmu©u raomufESifhOD;[k
qkdum cGufawGukd Munfhaeonf/ tjr§Kyfrsm; jy,foGm;onfhtcg cGufawGxdyfwGif jyxm;
onfhtrSwfonmatmuf bD,mtqifhavsmhaeonfudk jrif&í ygarmu©u trSwfonm
txd tjznhfckdif;\/ pnf;urf;? pnf;urf;/
*smrefygarmu©wkdif; yg&*lbGJY&olawG jzpfygonf/ NAdwdoQwuúodkvfrsm;ü yxr
'D*&D[ktodtrSwfjyKonfhbDat? bDtufpDbGJY&rSom ygarmu©jzpfEkdifovkd *smrefwuú
okdvfrsm;wGifvnf; yg&*lbGJY&&Sdxm;rSom þ&mxl;rsKd; &cGifh&Sdyg\/ tvkyfudpöwpfckü NAd
wdoQygarmu©wpfOD;u vufrSwfxkd;onfhtcg ol\c&pf,meftrnf twkdaumufESifhem
rnfudkom a&;yg\/ *smrefygarmu©url ygarmu©? a'gufwm? c&pf,meftrnfESifhemrnf
tm;vkH; a&;xnhfavh&Sdonf/ jyifopfygarmu©awGu c&pf,meftrnfESifhemrnf usm;? r
cGJjcm;NyD; vufrSwfxkd;jyonf/
*smrefygarmu©rsm;onf &mxl;cefYtyfjcif;rcH&rD okawoDb0upNyD;pkHaxmuf?
a&Tusifol? olzkef;pm;taeESifhoufqkdif&m bmom&yfuRrf;usif&ef BudK;yrf;ykHudk om"u
wpfckjyygrnf/ ,cktcg bmvif;wuúokdvf ygarmu©jzpfaeolonf rGefbmomESifhywf
oufí b,folawGESifhawGYqkH&rnfqkdonfudk pOf;pm;NyD; om;awGYonf/ 18 ESpfavmufu
rpöwmc&pf,mefabmif;0g;(Christion Bauerl)onf uRefawmhfudk ausmif;rSmvmawGYNyD;
rGefbmompmaytaMumif; ar;yg\/ 0dZÆm*kPfxl;wef;ESifhr[m0dZÆmwef;ü qnf;yl;cJh&
onfhynmESifhygarmu©*sD? tdwf(csf)vk(pf)(G.H.Luce)xHrS&cJhonfhA[kokwrsm;udkazmuf
onfcsyg\/ tcsKdUudk olodESifhNyD;ygNyD/ uRefawmfvnf; wwfa,mifum; rvkyfvkdojzifh
ausmif;rSrGefygarmu©tdwf(csf)? t,f(vf)? a&Smwkd;(H.L. Shor-to)qDac:oGm;NyD;rdwfzGJYay;
um tyfESHcJhonf/
arharhaysmufaysmufESifhaecJh&m 1993 ckESpf uRefawmfESifhZeD;onfwkdY vef'efwGif
usef;rma&; ppfaq;&ef aowrf;pma&;zkdY wJApfpawmh(cf)(Taui-stock)[kdw,fwGif wnf;
aewkef; ygarmu©abmif;0g; a&mufvmyg\/ MuHMuHzefzef b,folu vrf;nTefvkdYa&muf
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vmygvdrfh/ olu uRefawmfESifh1977 ckESpfü awGYNyD;onfhaemuf jrefrmjynf0ifcGifhr&í
,kd;',m;jynfudk tacgufacguftcgcg a&mufaMumif;? xkdjynfrSm rGefvlrsKd;wkdYESifhawGY&
aMumif;? AefaumufNrdKUrS pmMunfhwkduf jywkdufawG&Sd rGefayyk&ydkuf? pmtkyfpmwrf;awGudk
aphaphpyfpyf okH;oyfaMumif; ajymjyyg\/ xkdaemuf jrefrmjynfudk vmcGifh&vQif vmNyD;
rGefjynfe,fNrdKUawmf armfvNrdKifESifhusKdufra&m? rk'kH? Zif;usKdufponfhNrdKU&Gmrsm;odkYoGm;vkd
onf[k qkdyg\/ uRefawmfu ]cifAsm;[m rGefokawoD ynm&Sifomjzpfw,f/ EkdifiHa&;udk
vufeJYrS rwkdYyg/ armfvNrdKifvmcGifhjyKzkdY &efukef&Sd ynma&;XmerSm tcGifhawmif;yg}[koif
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NrdKU oHvGif[dkw,fa&mufaeaMumif; w,fvDzkef;qufyg\/ tdrfodkYum;jzifh ac:vmNyD; olY
tpDtpOfawGudk ar;&m rGefjywkdufESifhpmMunfhwkduf Munfh&I&ef? &efukefNrdKU rGefbkef;awmf
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awG a&;onf/ þtusKd;ay;qufrsm;aMumifh 0dZÆmbGJYom &xm;onfhq&mrBuD;onf
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pdwfwpfydkif;ukd owåaA'enf;jzifh pepfwus &Sif;jy\/ tqifhtwef;jrifhojzifh atmufp
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onfhtrSDo[J okH;ckteuf wpfckjzpfygonf/ 1986 ckESpfavmufwGif NAdwdoQr[mynm
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
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vkH; tdyfonfhtuGufudk jrifrdonf/
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(pf)au 'wåm;xH w,fvDzkef;qufonf/ atmfwkdr&Sdí BudKwifNyD; [dkw,frS w,fvDzkef;
orudk eHygwfay;&onf/ 9 em&D 15 rdepfwGif &rnf[kqkdaomfvnf; 10 em&D 15 rdepfrS
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ay;&ef ajymygonf/ tdE´d,jynfwGif xkdtcgu ta0;ajymw,fvDzkef; ajymonfhtcg t
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udk awG;rd&if; &ifckefrdygonf/ aeYv,fpmudk 'wåm;tygt0if uRefawmfwkdYig;a,muf
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
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rD;&xm; 8 em&DxGufonf/
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
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pkdY yxrwef; vufrSwfav;apmif uaeY BudKwif 0,fxm;&r,f}[kajymojzifh usoifhorQÄ 5 &mpkavmufu wnfaxmifcJhaom emvef'gausmif;BuD;odkY 7 &mpkESpfwGif a&mufvmaomw&kwfynm&Sif ,Grfcsrf;(Hsuan
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
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ajymoGm;Mu\/ tcsdefukefrSef;rod ukefoGm;onf/ &Sifi,f0rf; 0ifzl;onfhol &SifBuD;0rf;
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
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a&mufvmonfhtcg qufoG,fa&;vlrIa&;&mwkdYü pdwfroufomp&m jrif&í pdwfwpfrsKd;
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0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab
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