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E-book is created by www.Shanyoma.org

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jzefYcsda&;

a'gif;pmay

113? 33 vrf;(tv,fvrf;)? &efukefNrdKU/

zkef;-273210

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a'gufwmvSab

tNidrf;pm; jrefrmpmygarmu©? vef'efwuúokdvf

0D&d,ukdxl ÓPfESifhcsL

uHu az;rol

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a'gufwmvSab

0D&d,ukdxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol

ykHESdyfrSwfwrf;

xkwfa0ol-OD;ausmf[if;? ,kHMunfcsufpmay? 113? 33 vrf;? ausmufwHwm;NrdKUe,f?

&efukefNrdKU/ rsufESmzkH;ESifhtwGif;pmom;ykHESdyfol-a':wif&D(02839) eef;oZifykHESdyf

wkduf? trSwf-196(ajrnDxyf)? 39 vrf;? &efukefNrdKU/ pmtkyfpmwrf;ykHESdyfxkwfa0cGifh

jyKtrSwf 649^2001^(6)/ rsufESmzkH; ykHESdyfxkwfa0cGifhjyKtrSwf 675^2001(8)/

yxrtBudrf? 2001 ckESpf? atmufwkdbmv

apmifa& 500 wefzkd; 400 usyf

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rmwdum

trSmpm 1

1/ c&J&Gmjrefrmpmoifausmif;? 1918-22 2

2/ armfvNrdKiftpkd;&txufwef;ausmif;? 1928-31 2

3/ &efukefwuúokdvf? 1931-38 3

4/ vef'efwuúokdvf ynma&;aumvdyfausmif;? 1938-39 4

5/ ta&SUwkdif;(ESifhtmz&du)ynm&yfrsm;ausmif;? 1944-80 4

uHESifhuRefawmf

ed'gef; 7

1/ c&J&Gm 7

2/ &Gmausmif;? 1918-23 8

3/ armfvNrdKiftpkd;&txufwef;ausmif;? 1923-31 9

4/ &efukef,leDAmpDwDaumvdyfausmif;? 1931-38 19

4-1/ yxrESifh'kwd,ESpfOypm0dZÆmwef;? 1931-33 22

4-2/ yxrESpf0dZÆm? 'kwd,ESpfESifhwwd,ESpf*kPfxl;wef;? 1933-36 23

4-3/ r[m0dZÆmwef;om; enf;jyq&m 1936-38 29

5/ ynmawmfoif 34

6/ vef'efwuúokdvfynma&;aumvdyfausmif;? 1938-39 43

7/ ta&SUwkdif;ESifhtmz&duwkdufynm&yfrsm; aumvdyfausmif;

1939-44 50

8/ tbd"mefjyKpkol? 1946-48 53

9/ uxdu? 1948-54 55

10/ 'kygarmu©? 1955-65 56

11/ ygarmu©? 1966-80 61

12/ jrefrmjynf 63

13/ uHESifhuRefawmf ed*kH; 64

14/ ypöKyÜefuH 67

15/ uHtusKd; 72

16/ t"d|mef 72

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wpfoufvsm oifcef;pmrsm;

pum;csD; 75

1/ c&J&Gmom;ESifhADZ 75

2/ &Gmausmif;om;(1918-21) 78

3/ armfvNrdKifNrdKUtpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;? 1923-31 82

4/ &efukefwuúokdvfaumvdyfausmif;om;? 1931-38 90

5/ vef'efwuúokdvfynma&;aumvdyfausmif;om;? 1938-39 97

6/ vef'efwuúokdvfta&SUwkdif;ynm&yfaumvdyfausmif;om;?

1939-44 105

7/ udef;b&pfNrdKU? 1944-54 111

8/ 0Jvif;yef;jcHNrdKU 116

8-1/ 'kygarmu©? 1955-65 117

8-2/ ygarmu©? 1966-80 125

9/ jynfawmfjyef? 1988-81 131

9-1/ bkHbkdif? Ekd0ifbmv 13-15 &uf 132

9-2/ a'vDNrdKUopf? Ekd0ifbmv 16 &uf? t&uf 20 133

9-3/ umvuwåm;NrdKU? Ekd0ifbmv 21-23 &uf 136

9-4/ ywfwem;(ygwvdykwf)NrdKU? Ekd0ifbmv 24-26 &uf 139

9-5/ Am&mPoDNrdKU? Ekd0ifbm 27-t&uf 30 140

9-6/ umvuwåm;NrdKU? 'DZifbm 1 &uf 2 &uf 143

9-7/ r'&wfNrdKU? 'DZifbm 2 &uf 3 &uf 143

9-8/ udkvHbkdNrdKU? 'DZifbm 4 &uf 13 &uf 145

9-9/ puFmyl? 'DZifbm 13-21 &uf 146

10/ jynfawmfjyef? 'DZifbmv 21 &uf we*FaEGaeY 149

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(1)

0D&d,udkxl ÓPfESifhcsL uHuaz;rol a'gufwmvSab

trSmpm

]uHESifhuRefawmf}&,f? ]wpfoufwmrS oifcef;pmrsm;}&,fqkdaom uRefawmf\

aqmif;yg;&SnfBuD; ESpfapmifwkdYudk a'gif;pmayu vkH;csif;pmtkyf ykHESdyfxkwfa0vkdí pmtkyf

trnfESifh]trSmpm}udk rpyg&ef arwåm&yfcHpm &&SdcJhonfrSm Mumanmif;oGm;ygNyD/ cJwH

aumufukdif\/ pdwfnpfp&m tjzmjzmay:vmojzifh ra&;jzpf/ ,ckrS tjrifÓPfay:vm

NyD; pmtkyfudk ]]0D&d,udk xl? ÓPfESifhcsL? uHu az;rol}}[lonfhtrnfonm uifyGef;wyf

um þ]trSmpm}udk csD;jr§ifhvkdufyg\/

þtrSmpmonf pmtkyf\ed'gef;(Preface)jzpfyg\/ pmtkyfxJyg t"dutcsuf

y"metuGufrsm;udk pmzwfy&dowfwkdYtusKd;iSm a&SUawmfajy;tjzpf tusOf;csKyf wifjy

xm;ygonf/ vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufonf uHÓPf0D&d,okH;yg;&Sdonfteuf ÓPfb,favmuf

xkwfxkwf? 0D&d,b,favmufpkdufpkduf? ykaAÁpuwESifhypöKyÜefuHESpfyg;? rvkdufygu vkd&m

qE´jynfhpkHcJ\/ jynfhpkHOD;awmh wif;jynfhusyfjynfh rjzpfEkdifyg/ yxr þpum;rSefaMumif;

udk MuKHawGYcJhorQxJrS jzpf&yfokH;&yfwkdYudk yGJOD;xkwfjyygrnf/ NyD;aemuf uHu uRefawmfwkd;

wufBuD;yGm;ap&ef rprnfhyk*¾KdvfawG odkYr[kwf tajctaeawG zefwD;ay;ojzifh rarQmf

vifh0Hhaom atmifjrifa&;? rvSrf;&Jaom &mxl;rsKd;? rxkdufwef[k oabm&aom ausmf

aZmrItpkpkwkdYudk &&SdykHwkdYudk vdyfjymrvkHYwvkHESifho&kyfazmfjyygrnf/

tqkdyg yk*¾KdvfokH;OD;teuf ESpfOD;rSm jrefrmjynfu usefwpfOD;rSm t*FvefrSt

oD;oD;jzpfMuygonf/ yxrtrsKd;om;rSm ÓPfaumif;? 0D&d,&Sd vlvwfykdif;xd ra&&mt

jzpftysufrsm;ESifhMuKHawGYcJh&onf/ BuD;rS uHulojzifh vlwpfvkH; olwpfvkH;taeESifhxif

ay:ausmfMum;Opömaygrsm;aeol jzpfonf/ 'kwd,yk*¾KdvfrSm wuúodkvfynm&SifBuD;/ 0D&d,

pkdufygaomfvnf; uHrvkdufí &oifh&xkdufonfh&mxl;XmeEÅ&? ypönf;Opöm"e r&&SmbJ t

Nidrf;pm;,loGm;&&Smyg\/ *kPfowif;um; vif;yg\/ wwd,NAdwdoQtrsKd;om;rSm udef;

b&pfwuúokdvfrS t*Fvdyfynm&Sif/ t*Fvdyfbmompmaybufü xl;cRefajymifajrmuf\/

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(2)


tydkYtcs awmf\/ *E¦0ifajrmuf pmtkyfpmwrf;awG jyKpk\/ xifay:ausmfapm\/ odkY

aomf ygarmu©&mxl;tem;ruyfEkdifbJ uxdutjzpfjzihfom tNidrf;pm;,loGm;&ef uHu

pDrHoGm;yg\/

ukd,fhudk,fudkazmf rolawmfckepfyg;[k qkd&kd;pum; &Sdyg\/ c&J&Gmuav;wGif arG;

zGm;? rkdif 8000? 9000 avmufa0;onfhNAdwdefjynfü BuD;yGm;? EkdifiHjcm;rSm ausmfMum;wef

orQ ausmfMum;cJhol uRefawmfhtaMumif; uRefawmfazmf&onfrSm xlonfh0D&d,? csLonfh

ÓPfu &oifhonfhtusKd;aus;Zl;xuf tqrwef BuD;rm;aom qkvmbf&cJhonfrSm uHu

taz;rçBuD;az;rí jzpfaMumif;udk rD;armif;xkd;jyvkdí azmfweforQazmfjy&ygawmhrnf/

uRefawmfhtaMumif; pOf;pm;rdwkdif; rdw¬Dvmuefaygif&kd;rS a&T&kyfuav;orkdif;udk

ajymjyEkdifojzifh rif;&mZmbGJYESifhrif;BuD;pGmapmfuJ\olaumif;tjyKcH&NyD; tif;0aejynf

awmfwGif rif;okH;quf 0efBuD;tjzpf cpm;&onfh0efZif;&GmrS uHtusKd;ay;onfhtonf

om;uav;tjzpfudk owd&rdyg\/ uRefawmfhrSmvnf; awmom;uav; jzpfyg\/ uHrp

ojzifh aA'ifq&m? ausmif;q&m? wuúokdvfq&mawGESifhMuKHawGY&NyD; ulnDwGef;ydkYay;vkdY

t*Fvefa&muf? tBuD;tuJrsm;u todtrSwfjyKojzifh xkdjynfü tESpfokH;q,ftwGif;

tjrifhqkH;&mxl; &vmyg\/ azmfjyyg&ap/

1/ c&J&Gm jrefrmpmoifausmif; 1918-22

jrefrmjynfawm&Gmuav;rSm 1913 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;yg\/ uRefawmhfxufom;

a,musfm;uav; okH;vt&G,füqkH;yg;oGm;ygonf/ uRefawmf wpfESpfo; t&G,favmuf

wGif aA'ifq&mu t"dywdzGm;? rif;jzpfvQifjzpf? rjzpfvQif bkef;BuD;jzpfrnf[k a[m\/

pmoifausmif;q&mOD;zkd;cspfu pmawmfonf? t*Fvdyfausmif; ydkYyg[kajym\/ q&mOD;tkH;

jru t*Fvdyfpmoifay;ojzifh uRefawmfu t*Fvdyfpmqufoifcsif\/ þtaMumif;

aMumif;wkdYaMumifh BuD;yGm;&mBuD;yGm;aMumif; vrf;ay:pa&mufcJh&ygonf/ aemifaomt

cg uRefawmf jyefpOf;pm;Munfhonf/ ightpfudk tedpöa&mufoGm;vkdYom 'Db0 a&muf&wm

vm;[k awG;rdyg\/

2/ armfvNrdKiftpkd;& txufwef;ausmif; 1923-31

,cktcg trSwf(1) tajccHynmtxufwef;ausmif;[k wGifaeaomtpkd;&t

xufwef;ausmif;odkY wwd,wef;om;tjzpfESifh 1923 ckESpfü a&mufvm\/ arG;ouú&mZf

udk jrefrmvkday;onf/ q&mu t*Fvdyfvkd 1915 [krSwfykHwifcJh&m þouú&mZfjzifh 1980

jynfhESpfü vef'efwuúokdvfrS tNidrf;pm;,lcJh\/

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(3)


uRefawmfhb0 xdyfwef; a&mufzkdY ykHoGif;ay;onfh aus;Zl;&Sif ausmif;BuD;yif/

8 wef;a&mufonfhtcg jrefrmpmESifhjrefrmorkdif;udk t*Fvdyfoifjyonfh q&mOD;pHxGef;

atmifESifhqkHpnf;&\/ q&mu bDatatmifwJhtcg EkdifiHjcm;oGm;&atmif BudK;pm;yg[k

tm;ay;pum; ajymMum;onf/ NydKifbufarmifarmifxGef;ESifhtuf(pf)au? 'wåm;wkdYay:

vm\/ 8 wef;? 9 wef;? 10 wef; pmar;yGJrsm;ü NydKifMuonf/ rdwfrysufyg/ wpfa,muf

wpfvSnfhpD yxrae&m&Muonf/ armifarmifxGef;u jrefrmwpfjynfvkH;wGif wwd,pGJ

onf/ uRefawmfESifh'wåm;wkdY 5 bmompD *kPfxl;ESifhatmifonf/ tm;vkH; paumvm;&Spf

25 usyfpD &\/

armifarmifxGef;crsm rdbrwwfEkdif&Smí wuúokdvfra&mufyg/ 'wåm;um;a&muf

\/ t*Fvdyfpm odkYr[kwf orkdif;*kPfxl;,lrnf[kajym\/ olYtazu q&m0efvkdif;vkduf&

rnf[k twif;t"r®oif,lapojzifh 0goemrygí 'kwd,ESpf Oypmwef; pmar;yGJüus\/

ausmif;xGufNyD; tazESifhopfukefonf vkyfonf/ uRefawmfwpfOD;wnf;ukdom uHu

acgif;acgufNyD; twef;qkH;onftxd oif,lapyg\/

3/ &efukefwuúokdvf? 1913-38

uRefawmfonf yk*Hausmif;aqmifü ae&m&onf/ 'ktaqmifrSL;um; OD;umjzpf

yg\/ uRefawmfhacgif;xJ rGefjrwfqkH; toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ESpfausmif;&Sdw,f/ q&m0ef

ESifhq&m/ ol&JabmaMumifonfhuRefawmfrSm aoG;xGufoH,kd zm;awG bmawGcGJonfudkjrif

&ojzifh q&mtjzpfESifhom t&kd;xkwfayawmhrnf[koEéd|mefcsvkdufonf/ a':a':wkdYu

rkd;usa&Tukd,f tkdifpDtuf? odkYr[kwf bDpDtuf wpfa,mufjzpf&ef wkdufwGef;onf/ aus;

Zl;&Sifrsm;tm; ysm;&nfjzihf 0rf;csxm;&yg\/

wwd,ESpfwGif *kPfxl;,lrS paumvm;&Spfqufay;rnf[laomay:vmonfht

a&;ü q&mOD;um az;rrIESifhygarmu©q&mBuD; vk(pf)aumif;rIaMumifh jrefrmpm*kPfxl;,l

jzpf? yxrwef;*kPfxl;jzifh bDat pmar;yGJatmif trfatbGJYqGwfcl;NyD; ynmawmfoif

paumvm;&Spf&? t*FvefoGm;&onf[kqkdvQif rSm;rnfrxif/ paumvm;&Spfay;onfqkd

aomowif;udk rdwfaqG wpfa,muf vmajymrS od&ojzifh rydwfrD aemufqkH;&ufwGif

avQmufvTmuref;uwef; wifvkduf&yg\/ paumvm;&Spf EIwfar;cGef;pmar;yGJü q&m

BuD;OD;azarmifwif vrf;aMumif;jyar;cGef;rsm;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? aumfrwDtzGJYtrsm;

pku oabmusívnf;aumif;wkdYaMumifh ta&G;cH&ygonf/ ÓPfESifh0D&d,u 30 &mckdif

EIef;pD? uHu 40 &mckdifEIef;[k ,lqrdyg\/

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(4)


4/ vef'efwuúokdvf ynma&;aumvdyfausmif;? 1938-39

1938 ckESpf Mo*kwfvwGif &efukefrS tdE´d,? tdE´d,rS jyifopf? jyifopfrS t*Fvef

odkYoabFmwpfwef rD;&xm;wpfwefESifh rkdif 8000? 9000 c&D;udk wpfa,mufwnf;oGm;&

rnfudk wvefYvefYESifhjzpfaeonf/ odkYaomf tqifajycsifawmh &efukefrS rmaq;(vf)txd

*syfqifaumvdyfausmif;rS c&pf,mefbkef;awmfBuD;ESifhrmaq;(vf)rS vef'eftxd tdE´d,

ausmif;om;rsm;udk tazmfvkyfoGm;&yg\/ vef'efNrdKU jrefrmtoif;twGif;a&;rSL;OD;ukd

av;ESifhausmif;om;wpfOD;u qufoG,fay;\/ aemufudkvnf; t&m&m tqifajyajy

oGm;yg\/

aumvdyfausmif;ü ausmif;om;tjzpf rSwfykHwifonfhaeYrS pmar;yGJatmifoGm;

onftxd txpftaighr&Sd udpöt00 pif;vkH;acsm NyD;pD;cJhyg\/ Oyrm ausmif;om;tjzpf

rSwfykHwif&ef yxraeYoGm;onf/ ÓPfrxkwf 0D&d,rpkduf&bJ &efukefwuúokdvfpmMunfh

wkdufrSL; OD;cifaZmf\c,fr 'ktwGif;a&;rSL;ESifhawGY&\/ wpfxkdifwnf;ESifhNyD;oGm;onf/

uRefawmfhusLwm rpöwmtif? pD? paumh(zfS)ESifhawGYonf/ a&S;b0u aumif;rI

ukokdvftwljyKcJhzl;vkdYvm;rod/ ynma&; qufqHa&; ta&;a&;t&m&mwkdYü pdwfwkdif;us

jzpfjzpfoGm;&yg\/ pmar;yGJatmifoGm;onfhtcg olYxHrS rawmif;bJ tvkyfavQmufvQif

tokH;jyKzkdY axmufcHpm a&;ay;ygonf/ tdE´d,ausmif;om;ESpfOD;udk usLwmtaMumif;

ajymjy&m olwkdYu ]rpöwmab? cifAsm; tifrwef uHaumif;w,f/ uRefawmfwkdY usLwmu

awmh uRefawmfwkdY vlrsKd;jcm;jzpfvkdYvm;rod? qufqHa&; tifrwef nHhzsif;w,f/ uRef

awmfwkdYudk txifao;w,f}[k ajymygonf/

pmar;yGJatmifNyD; bDtD;'D(B.Ed.)? trf? tD;'D(M.Ed.)ponfhtqifhjrifhbGJYrsm;t

euf b,fbGJY,lvQif aumif;ygvdrfhvkdY rMumrMum acgif;ukwfpOf;pm;aewkef; OD;0ef(rif;ok

0Pf)a&mufvm\/ vef'efwuúokdvf ta&SUwkdif;ynm&yfrsm;ausmif;rS jrefrmpm'kygarm

u©? jrefrmt*Fvdyftbd"mef jyKpkaeol a'gufwmpwl;0wf awGYcsifonfqkdNyD; uRefawmfhudk

ac:oGm;yg\/ awGY\/ jrefrmbmompmay yg&*lpmwrf;a&;onf/ bGJY&onf/ aemufqkH;

vef'efwuúokdvfü ygarmu©jzpfvm\/ þtaMumif;udk pOf;pm;rdwkdif; r[mZeuZmwf

awmfBuD;xJ ckepf&ufvkH;vkH; ork'´&mxJ ul;cwfaeonfhZeurif;om;uav;[m rPdar

cvm u,fwifoGm;vkdY aemufqkH;rif;jzpfoGm;ykHudk ajy;owd&rdyg\/ ausmif;om;b0rS

ygarmu©jzpfvmonfh'@m&Dqefonhfoepfudk rusOf;csKyf wifjyygrnf/

5/ ta&SUwkdif;(ESifhtmz&du)ynm&yfrsm;ausmif;? 1944-80

1939 ckESpf pufwifbmv 3 &ufaeYwGif 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD; jzpfygonf/ uRef

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(5)


awmf atmufwkdbmvü ausmif;om;jzpfvm\/ q&mBuD;u wpfNrdKUwnf;ae ausmif;

tkyfBuD; ygarmu©tm(&f)? wefemxH ac:oGm;NyD; rdwfqufay;\/

ppftwGif; yg&*lbGJYpmwrf; a&;&onfrSm vlyifyef; pdwfyifyef;jzpf&\/ vef'ef

pmMunfhwkdufawGwGif tcsuftvufrsm; &Smwkef; AkH;awGusvkdus? *smrefawG b,fawmh

t*Fvefudk vma&muf0ifpD;rvJudk pdwfwxifhxifhESifh ae&ESifh/ aemufqkH; 1944 ckESpfwGif

uRefawmf yg&*lbGJY&? q&mBuD;u ygarmu©bGJYESif;cH&? ppfBuD;vnf;NyD;? ausmif;BuD;vnf;

ta&SUawmiftm&SESifhtmz&duynm&yfrsm;ausmif;[lí jzpfvm&kHruao;? ausmif;tkyf

BuD;vnf; ]qm}bGJYESif;cH&ygonf/

1948 ckESpf arvwGif q&mBuD;ESvkH;a&m*gjzifhtedpöa&mufoGm;ygonf/ atmuf

wkdbmvü uRefawmfhtm; jrefrmpm uxdu&mxl;ay;tyfyg\/ q&mBuD; pma&;oGm;í

uRefawmfjzpfvm&onf[k aemufrSod&yg\/ 1949 ckESpf atmufwkdbmvwGif ausmif;

tmPmykdifwkdYu a'gufwm 'D? *sD? tD? a[m(vf)udk tm&Sta&SUawmif orkdif;ygarmu©&m

xl;ay;tyfNyD; wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif uRefawmfwkdY\ta&SUawmiftm&SESifhuRef;rsm;bmom

pmayXmerSL;tjzpf cefYtyfvkdufyg\/ XmerSL;rSm &efukefwuúokdvfü 1920 jynfhESpfrS

1934 ckESpftxd orkdif;ygarmu©tjzpf trIxrf;cJhojzifh uRefawmfESifhoduRrf;cJhyg\/

uRefawmfonf uxducefYpmxJ ygonfhtwkdif; pmayykdYcs? okawoevkyf? EkdifiH

jcm;pmMunfhwkdufwpfwkdufü jrefrmpmay wkd;yGm;&mwkd;yGm;aMumif; ulnDcJh\/ pmtkyfESifh

aqmif;yg;awG ykHESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf/ 1954 ckESpf 'DZifbmvü XmerSL;ygarmu©a[m(vf)

u ausmif;tkyfBuD; oabmwlnDcsuft& uRefawmfhudk 'kygarmu©cefYtyf&ef wuúokdvfodkY

pmwifvkdufygonf/ 1955 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif 'kygarmu©bGJYudk qD;edwfu uRefawmfhtm;

tyfESif;cJhyg\/

uRefawmf tm;&0rf;om jzpfoGm;yg\/ ukd,fhudk,fudk ukd,ftxifrBuD;rdyg/ quf

NyD;ygarmu©jzpfOD;rnf[k rarQmfrSef;rdyg/ atmufygtaMumif;aMumif;wkdYaMumifh jzpfyg\/

wuúodkvfwGif w&kwf? *syef? tm&AD? ooFou&kduf ponfhr[mbmom&yfBuD;rsm;ESifhjref

rm? rGef? ,kd;',m;? uarÁm'D;,m;? rav;&Sm;? AD,uferfpaom plVbmom&yfi,frsm; ESpf

rsKd;ESpfpm; &Sdonf/ bmom&yfBuD;rsm;rSmom ygarmu©cefYyg\/ aemufwpfcsufu 1958

ckESpfwGif ausmif;tkyfBuD;a[mif;ESifh1959 ckESpfwGif ygarmu©a[m(vf)wkdY toD;oD;t

Nidrf;pm; ,loGm;Muygonf/

uRefawmfwkdYXmerSL;tjzpf o'´aA'? bmomaA'XmerS 'kygarmu©tif? pD? p

aumhtm; cefYtyfvkdufyg\/ 1965 ckESpfwGif rpöwmpaumh ygarmu©jzpfoGm;ojzifh xkdXm

erS 'kygarmu©rpf(pf)tD? a*s? at? [if'gqiftm; XmerSL;ae&mudk ausmif;u tyfESif;

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vkdufyg\/ uRefawmfhZmwmwufvmudef; MuKHvmygonf/ q&mrBuD;onf jrefrmjynfodkY

1954 ckESpfwGifoGm;NyD; csif;bmompum;taMumif; pepfwus avhvmonf/ 1965 ck

ESpfwGif Tidim Chin (wD'defcsif;)bmomqkdonfhpmtkyf xGufvmonf/ uRefawmfhudk vuf

aqmifay;onf/ 1965 ckESpf 'DZifbmvü ygarmu©jzpfvmaom q&mrBuD;u uRefawmfh

tm; jrefrmpmygarmu©&mxl; tyfESif;yg&ef xkdESpfrSmyif vef'efwuúokdvftmPmykdifwkdYxH

axmufcHpma&;vkduf\/ 1966 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGifjrefrmpmygarmu©bGJYay;tyfaMumif;

pm&yg\/ &cJvSaom 'kv’bwpfyg; &oGm;ygNyDwum;[k O'gef;usL;rdygonf/

uRefawmf ygarmu©jzpfvmNyD; onfaemufrS XmerS 'kygarmu©okH;OD;wkdY wpfOD;NyD;

wpfOD; ygarmu©&mxl; ay;tyfcHcJhMu&ygonf/ uRefawmfwkdYuJhodkY wpfbmomwnf;ESifhcsD;

jr§ifhcH&onfr[kwfyg/ rpöwmtdwf(csf)? t,f(vf)? a&Sm;wkd;u rGefcrmbmom&yfrsm;? rpö

wm *sD? bD? rD;(vf)em;u MopaMx;&Sif; bmom&yfrsm;? rpöwm tD? tdwf(csf)? tuf(pf)?

qif;rGef;u ta&SUawmiftm&S bmom&yfESifhpmaytoD;oD;rsm;jzifhom ygarmu©b0

a&mufcJhMu&ygonf/

uRefawmf tNidrf;pm;,lvmNyD;onfaemuf ynm&SiftcsKdUu q&mBuD; Chair (uk

vm;xkdif)udk b,fol&rvJ[k ar;jref;Muonf/ uRefawmfu ]uRefawmhfqDrSm ukvm;xkdif

rajymeJY Stool (xkdifckHuav;)awmif r&Sdbl;}[k ajymNyD; &Sif;jyrS r[mbmom&yfxJ ryg

aom jrefrmbmomtwGuf ygarmu©&mxl; rxm;aMumif;udk odMu&\/ xkdYaMumifhvnf;

ynm&SifwpfOD;u ]q&mBuD;[m yxrOD;qkH;eJYaemufqkH; jrefrmpmygarmu©yJaygh}[krSwf

csufcsvkdufyg\/ (Chair qkdonfht*Fvdyfpum;vkH;onf ygarmu©&mxl;txdrf;trSwf[k

qkd&ygrnf/)

1948 ckrS 1980 jynfhESpftwGif; uRefawmfhuHonf iSufcg;ysHouJhodkY edrfhvkdufjrifh

vkdufrjzpfbJ tjrifhbufodkYom OD;wnfNyD; tjrifhqkH;b0odkY aemufqkH;a&mufoGm;yg\/

tHhp&myif/ aemif b,fvkdzefwD;vmOD;rnfudk apmifhMunfhMupkdY&JU/ toufawmh 86 ESpfxJ

0ifvmygNyD/

armfvNrdKif vSab

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uHESifhuRefawmf

ed'gef;

þaqmif;yg; y#doaE¨wnfcJhonfrSm 1981 ckESpftwGif;u jzpfygonf/ uRef

awmf t*FvefjynfrS 1980 jynfhESpf 'DZifbmvu jyefa&mufvmNyD; armfvNrdKifNrdKUü Zefe

0g&Dv 3 &ufaeYwGif tajcpkdufonfhtcg tNidrf;pm;jzpfvmonfrkdY tzwf ta&; tawG;

bufrSm tcsdef&vm\/ touft&G,f BuD;&ifhol trsm;pk"avhtwkdif; i,f&G,fpOfb0rS

onf ae&onfhtckduftwefYxd wpfpwpfp pm;jrKHUjyef&if; ay:vmaom jrifuGif;rsm;udk

rSwfpkrsm; a&;csxm;onf/

]ighZmwduawm&Gm? rdom;pkuukefonfv,form;rsKd;? b,fhES,frsm; &Gmausmif;

u armfvNrdKift*Fvdyfausmif;udk a&muf? wpfqifhwufNyD; &efukefwuúokdvfudk oGm;?

aemufqkH; t*FvefrSm ynmqufvufoifMum;? vef'efwuúokdvfrSm tvkyf&? ae&mwus

jzpf? ESpfaygif; 40 ausmfaexkdifcJh&w,f/ 'Dvkd rarQmfvifhcJhwJhc&D;pOfrsKd; avQmufvm&wm

bmaMumifhvJ/ uHaMumifhyJvkdY ,lqw,f/ tvkyf&,fvkdY t"dyÜg,f&wJhtwdwfuH&JUaumif;

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vmwJhtcg wpfqifhwkd;? uHqkd;vm&if wefYem; oGm;&wm ighudk,fawGYyJvkdY}pOf;pm;rdykHudk

trSDjyKNyD; uRefawmfhtw¬KyÜwådtusOf;csKyfudk o&kyfazmfjyxm;ygonf/1

1/ c&J&Gm

uRefawmfhudk pufBuD;av;yg;xJygonfhywd&lya'o ryDo[k ynm&Sifrsm;uqkd&

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*sKdif;&GmrS 2 rkdifcefY toD;oD;a0;NyD; *sKdifjrpfxJ pD;qif;vmaom vIdif;bGJYjrpfvuf,murf;

ay:wGif wnf&Sdyg\/ taz\tar rkqdk;rtbGm;u rdom;pkudk OD;pD;onf/ 2 ESpfom;t

&G,fu uRefawmhfudk a':BuD;? a':vwf? a':av;? a':axG; tysKdBuD;av;OD;wkdYu tpfukd

jzpfol udkarmifaiGESifha,mufra':cifcifwkdYxHrS awmif;,lNyD; arG;pm;Muyg\/ oabm

aumif;vSaomararwGif xkdtcgu EkdYpkdYom;uav; &Sdonf/ azazararwkdYu aumhu

&dwfü aexkdif&ef pDpOfaecsdefjzpfyg\/

uHonf qef;Mu,fvSonf/ ararü om;OD;wpfa,muf arG;onf/ tzwfrwifcJh

yg/ tpfudkjzpfolom touf&Sifaeygu a':a':wkdYu olYtm; arG;pm;aumif;arG;pm;rnf

1/ yg&SdonfhtaMumif;t&mtawmfrsm;rsm;udk a'gufwmvSab ynmyg&rDpmtkyfxJ awGYjrifEkdifyg\/

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[k awG;rdyg\/ odkYjzpfygu uRefawmfhb0orkdif; ajymif;vJoGm;p&m taMumif;&Sdygonf/

xdktcgu tbGm;ESifhtwl om; vlysKdBuD;ESpfa,muf? tqkdyg a':a':av;

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aX;? qif;&Jvnf; rqif;&Jonfh&GmrsufESmzkH; jzpfygonf/

uRefawmfhudk arG;pm;NyD; rMumrD aA'ifq&mwpfOD;udkac:í ZmwmzGJYaponf/

q&mu t"dywdzGm;jzpfol armifvSabonf rif;jzpfvQif jzpf? rjzpfvQif bkef;BuD;jzpfrnf

[k a[myg\/ od'¨w¬rif;om;uav;tm; ykPÖm; 8 a,mufwkdYu pMu0aw;rif;jzpf&if

jzpf rjzpf&if bk&m;jzpfr,fqkdwJha[mudef;udk oGm; owd&rdyg\/

uRefawmf\yifukd,fp&kduf i,f&G,fpOfuwnf;u jyonf[ka':a':wkdYu ajymyg

onf/ pmtkyfukd cspfvnf; cspf? &kdvnf; &kdaoonf[l\/ ikdonfhtcg pmtkyfay;vkdufvQif

wdwfoGm;onf/ [kdzwf'DzwfESifh pmtkyfzufNyD; tdyfaysmfoGm;onf/ rawmfwq pmtkyfukd

eif;rdvQif xkdif&Sdckd;onfudkawmh rSwfrdyg\/ usDpm;oefonfhwpf0rf;uGJtpfudktpfrrsm;u

uRefawmfhajcz0g;udk pmtkyfESifh0kdif;wkdYonfhtcg ywfywfvnf xkdifuefawmh&onfrSm o

em;p&maumif;í a':a':wkdYu atmfNyD; ESifxkwf&onf/

2/ &Gmausmif;? 1918-23

ig;ESpfom;t&G,fwGif &Gmausmif; q&mBuD;OD;zkd;cspfxH tyfESHonf/ pmawmfí

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onf/ t&ifqkH;ajzEkdifol tapmqkH;vTwfvkduf\/ onftxJ uRefawmfygpNrJyif/ tjrifh

qkH;jzpfonfhpwkw¬wef; a&mufoGm;onf/ wpfaeYaomf av;twwf wpfzufurf;cwfonfh

bk&m;avmif;to'dorif;om;taMumif; zwf&onf/ pdwfxJ pGJaeonf/

q&mOD;zkd;cspfonf &GmBuD;wpf&GmodkY ausmif;q&mBuD;tjzpf ajymif;&rnfrkdY r

oGm;rD tbGm;tm; vmuefawmhEIwfquf\/ uRefawmfu reD;ra0; tdrfa&SUujyifwGif

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jrifrdonf/ rjzpfEkdifbl;[k &kwfceJ ajymrdonf/ xkdtcg tem;&Sd wpf0rf;uGJtpfudk]bmr

jzpfEkdifbl;vJ}[kar;\/ uRefawmfu to'dorif;om; ypfvkdufwJhjrm;[m tn§mudkazmuf

NyD; tay:bufoGm;vsufueJY o&ufoD;wGJ rusvmbJ&Sdaew,f/ jyefusvmwJhjrm;ujzwf

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(9)


ypfvkdufrS atmufusvmwmudk rjzpfEkdifbl;vkdY ajymwmyg[k ajzvkdufonf/ olu ]rif;

pm&l;yJ? bmawG avQmufajymaevJ}[kaigufvkdufonf/

tem;&Sd q&mOD;zkd;cspfu Mum;ojzifh xGufvmNyD; ]rif;om;[m bk&m;avmif;udk;

uG,fh? jzpfEkdifwmaygh}[k&Sif;jyonf/ tbGm;tm; ajr;uav;udk t*Fvdyfausmif;wGif

ynmqufvufoifMum;&ef wkdufwGef;oGm;ygonf/

q&mOD;zkd;cspfae&mudk q&mOD;tkef;jru qufcHonf/ t*Fvdyfpmwwfonf/ 4-

5-6 wef;atmifonf[k qkdygonf/ uRefawmf pmawmfw,f/ t*Fvdyfausmif;qufoGm;zkdY

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rif;pm&l;yJ[kajymaomtpfudkwpf0rf;uGJ a&mufvmí ]bmawG acG;vkd wpftkdifxJ tkdifae

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ygonf/

pwkw¬wef; atmifoGm;NyD/ uRefawmfhaemifa&;twGuf a':a':awG acgif;csif;

&dkufNyD; wkdifyifMuonf/ ]aA'ifq&mu rif;jzpf&ifjzpf? rjzpf&if bkef;BuD;jzpfr,f}vkdYa[m

xm;w,f/ q&mawGuvnf; t*Fvdyfpm qufoifay;ygvkdYajymw,f/ wkdYwluav; abmf

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udk ar;Muonf/ tbGm;u ]ykdYyg}[kqkdojzifh armfvNrdKiftpkd;&txufwef;ausmif;(,ck

txu-1)okdY 1923 ckESpfwGif xm;&ef qkH;jzwfvkdufMuonf/

3/ armfvNrdKif tpkd;&txufwef;ausmif; 1923-31

ausmif;rzGifhrD wpf&ufwGif tbGm;ESifha':a':wkdYudk uefawmhNyD; txufygtpf

udkwpf0rf;uGJ? ol\tpfudk 10 wef;orm;wkdYESifhtwl ZGefv wpfaeY eHeuf 8 em&DtcsdefwGif

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qdyfurf;odkY qif;ydkYMuygonf/ *sKdif;&GmodkY 8 em&DcGJcefY a&mufoGm;onf/ usKH'kd;rS 9 em&D

xGufvmaom {&m0wDukrÜPDykdif ESpfxyfoabFmay:odkY orÁefjzifh oGm;NyD;wufMuonf/

tay:xyfü zsmwpfcsyf wpfrl;(wpfusyf\ 8 ykH 1 ykH ,ckEIef; 12 jym;cGJ)ESifh0,fNyD; xkdif

vkdufoGm;Muyg\/ ausmif;aevkdaomqE´u tdrfatmufarhaompdwfudk zkH;vTrf;oGm;yg

onf/

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vm\/ tpfukdESpfa,mufESifhtwl ,cktcg jyifOD;vGifwGifom jrif&onfhjrif;&xm;vkH;

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rMumrD tom;usvm\/ aMumufpdwfaysmufNyD; jypm;csifpdwfay:vm\/ wpf

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wyfay;vkdufyg\/

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zwfonf/ wynfhwkdYu vkdufa&;onf/ NyD;onfhtcg wpfyk'fvkH; jyefzwfjy\/ uRefawmf

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wef;a&mufonhf 1928 ckESpfwGif tkwfausmif;aqmifBuD;odkY ajymif;a&TU&onf/

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rsufrSefxJü jrif[efwl\/

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txl;(Special Class)vkdufwuf&onf/ yxrESpf 'kwd,ESpf Oypm0dZÆmpmar;yGJudk wpfESpf

wnf;ESifhajzqkdrnfhvl&nfcRefawG jzpfygonf/ uRefawmfvnf; &ifaygifwef;vkdufonf/

wpfvcefYMumaomf aoG;tm;enf;a&m*g0ifvmonf/ tdrfjyefNyD; armfvNrdKifwGif q&m0ef

OD;om'ifESifhukocHonf/ ykpGefpdrf;aum rpm;csifbJ pm;&onfudk rarhEkdifyg/ wpfveD;yg;

pmESifhuGma0;cJhí xkdtwef;udk qufrwufawmhyg/ igaumif;zkdY uHu pDrHwmyJav[kpdwf

ajz&ygonf/ aemiftcg rSefaMumif;udk MuKHawGY&yg\/

4-1/ yxrESifh'kwd,ESpf Oypm0dZÆmwef;? 1931-33

t*Fvdyfpm? &mZ0ifESifhyx0D0ifwkdYonf tqifhtwef; jrifhvSojzifh tBudK;pm;

BuD;BudK;pm;vkduf&onf/ yxrESpf Oypmwef;udk acsmacsmarmarm atmifoGm;onf/ 30

&mckdifEIef;om atmifonfqkdaom 'kwd,ESpfOypmwef;udk pGrf;tm;&SdorQ ajz\/ ajzNyD;

tdrfjyef&ef pDpOfaewkef; cifrif&if;ESD;aom a&Tbkdom;udkvSabmfu olESifhtwl a&Tbkdvkduf

vm&ef r&ru qG,fí vkdufygoGm;onf/ ig armfvNrdKif? &efukefa&mufzl;NyD/ tck rEÅav;

ESifha&Tbkd a&muf&awmhr,f[laom tawG;vkH;ay:vmí 0rf;omovkdvkd jzpfrdyg\/

xkdtcg tif;0-ppfudkfif;wHwm;BuD; raqmufcJh&ao;yg/ rEÅav;rSjrpfqdyfodkYrD;

&xm;jzifhoGm;? ppfudkif;udk ul;wkdYul;NyD; rD;&xm; qufvufpD;oGm;&onf/ a&Tbkda&muf

onfhtcg udkvSabmf\taz txufwef;a&SUaeOD;oDvESifhtara':cif,kwkdYu vIduf

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vIdufvSJvSJ {nfhcHyg\/ tnmxrif;[if;ESifharmfvNrdKifom;yg;pyf odyfr[yfpyfyg/ Mum

awmh tom;usoGm;onf/ wpfck tpD&ifcHvkdygonf/ uRefawmf ausmif;wGif oufowf

vGwfpm;onfrSm rSef\/ vlrsm; ac:auR;onfhtcg &kdif;&musrnfpdk;í trJom;uvGJí

tm;vkH;pm;&ygonf/ a&owå0gudk ykdESpfoufygonf/

b0wmwGif aumif;usKd;qkd;usKd;ESifhMuKHawGYpNrJyif/ aysmfaysmfyg;yg; aeaeckduf

&efukefrS aMu;eef;wpfapmif a&mufvmonf/ Oypmwef; pmar;yGJwGif vSab atmifw,f

vSabmf usw,fwJh/ uRefawmfhtwGuf 0rf;omoavmuf udkvSabmftwGuf 0rf;enf;rd

onfrSm trSefyif/ olYtazu qlonf/ uRefawmfu awmif;yefNyD; aemufwpfESpfxm;zkdY

ajymygonf/ oabmwlvkdufonf/

uRefawmf 0rf;omoGm;&onfrSm taMumif;&Sdyg\/ pmar;yGJajzNyD; 0dÓP0g'

(Spiritualism)0goemygol rdwfaqGwpfa,muf ac:oGm;í 0dÓP0g'avhvmyGJ Seance

udk oGm;yg\/ xkdyGJa&mufaomtcg bD;av;bD;wyf ysOfjym;(Planchette)ay: vufwifNyD;

0dnmOfudk pmar;yGJ atmifratmif ar;&m ysOfjym;uav; bD;awGu [dka&GU'Da&GUESifh pm

a&;jyyg\/ pmu ratmifbl;wJh/ uRefawmfvnf; pdwfnpfvkdufwm aocsifapmfeHoGm;

wmyJ/ atmifpm&if;ESifh wpfvGJpD jzpfaeNyD/

4-2/ yxrESpf0dZÆm? 'kwd,ESpfESifhwwd,ESpf *kPfxl;wef;? 1933-36

pmar;yGJudk wpfbmomrSmrS *kPfxl;r&bJ atmifonf/ yxrESpf0dZÆmwef;odkY

a&mufvmNyD/ t*Fvdyf? jrefrmpmESifhyx0D0if,lonf/ twef;awGvkdufwufaewkef; jzKef;

qkd tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJYrS pmwpfapmif&onf/ paumvm;&Spf &olawGtm;vkH; *kPfxl;wef;

wuf&rnf[laom Oya'&Sdonf/ rwufygu paumvm;&Spf jyeftyf&rnf[l\/ uRef

awmf &wufrat; jzpf&ygawmhonf/ *kPfxl;wef;wufvQif aemuf wpfESpf ae&rnf/

a':a':wkdYu qufxm;csifyg\/ odkYaomf aemifa&;udk awG;ylrdonf/ xkdYaMumifh &kd;&kd;0dZÆm

bGJYyJ ,l&ef qkH;jzwfNyD; pmawmfNyD; qif;&Jolrsm;tm; axmufyHhaMu; wpfv usyf 40 ay;

onfhpwkdifyif;(Stipend)&&ef avQmufvTmwifvkdufonf/

wpfaeYaomf pwkdifyif;bkwfu ac:awGYyg\/ bkwfobmywdu ta&SUwkdif;yg

armu©rpöwm*sD? tdwf(csf)? vk(pf)(G.H.Luce)? tzGJY0ifESpfOD;teuf wpfOD;rSm q&mOD;um?

usefwpfOD;um; ocsFmuxduOD;zkd;okH[k xifygonf/ aumif;aumif; rrSwfrdawmhyg/

olYpm;yGJwGif rsufESmcsif;qkdifxkdifrdonfhtcg tvkdrusaom rsufESmESifhq&mBuD;

vk(pf)u uRefawmhfudk Munfhonf/ u&kPm a'gaomtMunfh[k aemufrS od&onf/ NyD;

aemuf avQmufvTmudk vuf0g;ESpfzufjzifh vkH;um trIdufykH;xJ ypfxnfhvkdufonf/ uRef

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awmf aMumuf'l;awG wqwfqwf wkef? &ifu ckefESifh/ q&mBuD;uawmh bmrQrajym/ wk

PSdabmvkyfae\/ ESpfrdepfcefY Mumrnfxifygonf/ q&mOD;umu raeEkdifvkdY oGm;EkdifNyD[k

ajymí okwfajcwifNyD; tcef;xJrS ajy;xGufvmonf/ cef;jyif&Sd olwkdYtvSnfhudk apmifh

aeaomausmif;om;wpfpk uRefawmfhudk MunfhaeMu\/

xkdaeY nae 8 em&DtcsdefavmufwGif tcef;xJ aemifa&;udk pOf;pm;aeckduf q

&mOD;um\ajcoHudk Mum;&onf/ tcef;jyifbufü &yfoGm;ojzifh jywif;cef;pD;udk qGJNyD;

tjyifbufMunfhonf/ olYudk rjrif/ wHcg;cef;pD; qGJMunfhrS jrifí wHcg;zGifhum xGufvm\/

jrifjrifcsif; q&mu ]ygarmu©vk(pf) rifhudk tifrwef pdwfqkd;aew,f/ olykdYcswJhta&SU

wkdif;&mZ0ifbmomrSm rif; awmfw,fwJh/ wpfbmomomrSm *kPfxl;,lapcsifowJh}}[kqkd

onf/ uRefawmfu ]aemufwpfESpf xyfaezkdY wwfEdkifrS wwfEkdifr,fq&m? pD;yGm;a&; us

qif;aevkdYyg}[k jyefajym&m? q&mu ]eufjzefcg q&mBuD;eJYoGm;awGYvkduf? rifhudk ol awGY

csifowJh}qkdNyD; xGufcGmoGm;onf/

aemufwpfaeY eHeufydkif; q&mBuD;tcef;qD oGm;onf/ ausmif;tkyfBuD; cGifhokH;

vESifhNAdwdefjyefoGm;ojzihf acwåausmif;tkyfBuD;jzpfae\/ olu ]xkdifyg? xkdifyg}[krsuf

ESmcsKdcsKdESifhajymí pdwfoufom&m &oGm;onf/ NyD;aemuf q&mBuD;u ]jrefrmpm? &mZ0if

eJYyx0D0if bmomawGrSm *kPfxl;,lEkdifwJhtrSwfawGeJYatmifw,f? tdrfu b,favmufydkY

ay;aeovJ}[kar;í ]25 usyf usyf 30 ygq&mBuD;}[k ajz&m ]'Dvkdqkd ausmif;vc 12

usyfray;eJYawmh b,fbmom *kPfxl;,lcsifovJ}[kqufar;\/ uRefawmfu bmaMumifh

rSef;rod ]jrefrmpmygq&mBuD;}[k ajymaomf t*Fvdyfvkd]Splendid, Splendid }(odyfaumif;

wmyJ? odyfaumif;wmyJ)[katmfajymvkdufyg\/

þ0pDuH\tusKd;qufonf 0dZÆm*kPfxl;ESifhr[m0dZÆmwef;wkdYwGif jrefrm? rGef?

ysLausmufpmrsm;udk oifjyay;aom q&mBuD;ESifhaemifav;ESpftwGif; qkHpnf;&NyD; tod

ynmwkd;yGm;&onf/ xkdYxufrSmrl MuHBuD;pnf&m rarQmfvifh0HhonfhBuD;rm;vSonfhtajct

aea&mufatmif wmplay;rIwpfck[k qkd&ygrnf/

aomu uif;a0;í at;at;aq;aq; yxrESpf 0dZÆmwef;qufwufcJhonf/

avQmavQm&I&IatmifjrifoGm;&mü jrefrmpmwGif trSwftawmfrsm;rsm;&ojzifh 1934-

35 ckESpfü 'kwd,ESpf *kPfxl;wef;om;tjzpf ygarmu©OD;azarmifwifu todtrSwfjyK

vkdufygonf/ uRefawmfESifhtwl udkvSarmif(£E´eDEG,f)ESifh*syfqifaumvdyfrS rpdk;jrifhwkdY

twef;wufMu\/ tcsKdUoifwef;rsm;ü jy|mef;xm;aom pmtkyftcsKdU wkdufqkdifaeí

wwd,ESpf*kPfxl;wef;om;rsm;jzpfonfhudkcsrf;jr(jrauwk)? udk'kd;? udkat;jrifh? udkouf

wifwkdYESifhqkHawGY&onf/

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OD;0ef? OD;wkd;atmifESifha':cifapmrlwkdYum; 1934 ckESpf pmar;yGJatmifjrifoGm;

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aomtcg olYudk tm;usrd\/ wuúodkvforkdif;ü jrefrmpmwGif xkduJhodkY xl;cRefpGmatmif

jrifoGm;cJhol OD;pdefwif(odyÜHarmif0)wpfOD;om &SdcJhzl;\/ olwkdYESpfOD;ESifhajc&mwkdif;zkdY

r[kwf olwkdYajc&m eif;Ekdif&ef ÓPf 0D&d, pdkufxkwfrnf[k oEéd|mefcsvkdufyg\/

pmBudK;pm;rnf[k oEéd|mefcsNyD;onfESifhyk*Hausmif;aqmif abmfvkH;toif;uyÜ

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ay:vm\/ oxkHoHvufoD;wJh? yk*Hudk aqmfr,f[k atmfolatmf? &mZ0ifudk Munfh yk*Hu

oxkHudk b,fvkdvkyfvkdufovJ[k qkdolu qkdMuonf/ tawmfMurf;onfhyGJ/ ausmif;tkyf

BuD;rpöwmpavmh(pf)(Sloss)udk,fwkdif olYudk,fxnfBuD;udk rí [dkajy;onfajy;ESifh 'kdifvl

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oxkHaqmifom;wkdYudk tkyfxdfef;xm;onf/ uRefawmfhaygifESifhajcovkH;awG 'Pf&mrsm;ESifh

yGJtNyD; awGY&yg\/ yxrwpfcsD oa&yGJ? 'kwd,tcsDvnf; xkdenf;ESifESif/ ausmif;tkyf

BuD;u 'kdif;qkBuD;udk ajcmufvpD ,lMu&ef qkH;jzwfay;vkduf\/

'kwd,ESpf oifwef;wGif jrefrmpmtwGuf pmar;yGJ r&Sdyg/ odkYaomf jrefrmpm*kPf

xl;,lolwkdif; t*Fvdyfbmomü pmar;yGJatmifrS bGJY&yg\/ xkdpmar;yGJudk 'kwd,ESpfrSmjzpf

jzpf? wwd,ESpfrSmjzpfjzpf ajzEkdif\/ uRefawmfu xkdESpftukefü ajz&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufyg

\/

uRefawmfonf yxrESpf 0dZÆmwef;rSpí t*Fvdyfbmomü oifwef;(Tutorial

class) wpfywfwpfcg wuf&\/ t*FvdyfpmpDpmukH;a&;NyD; t*FvdyfpmXmerS oufqkdif&m

q&mwpfOD;udk ay;&\/ q&mu jyifqifNyD;aemuf wpfywfjyefay;onf/ twef;xJü 10

a,mufcefY &Sdonf/ yxrESpfü tdE´d,trsKd;om;q&m? 'kwd,ESpfwGif tkdif,mvefrSt*F

vdyfpmyg&*lbGJY,lvmol a'gufwmxifatmif vufatmufwynfcH&\/ uHaumif;onf[k

qkd&rnf/ a&;onfhtufaq;wkdif; 10 rSwfteuf 6 rSwfxufrenf; &yg\/ olvnf;jyKH;

jyKH;ESifhtm;ay;pum;ajymyg\/ q&mhaus;Zl;aMumifh t*Fvdyfpm pmar;yGJatmif&kHru

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aemiftcg t*Fvdyfpmu uRefawmfhaumif;pm;a&;udk zefwD;ay;\/

'kwd,ESpfwGif oufowfvGwfpm;ol udktkef;ESifhrdwfaqGjzpfvmonf/ oluJhokdYyif

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bk&m;rSm &Spfyg;oDv,lNyD; R.E.T.(Rangoon Electric and Tramway Co.)bwfpfum;BuD;

ESifh ausmif;aqmifodkYjyefvmMuonf/ olonf jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&atmif BudK;yrf;

aeolwpfOD; jzpfyg\/ aemifaomf t*FvefwGif ynmawmfoiftjzpfESifhqkHpnf;&? jrefrm

oHtrwftjzpfESifh awGYqkHcJh&onf/

1935-36 ckESpfü wwd,ESpfBuD;orm; jzpfvmNyD/ 'kwd,ESpfjrefrmpm*kPfxl;t

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csKdUoifwef;rsm;ü awGYqkH&onf/ 1927 ckESpfrS 1934 ckESpftxd xkdckepfESpftwGif; odyÜH

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r MumrD ,leDbmpDwDaumvdyfr*¾Zif;tzGJYrS xkdu@t,f'Dwmtjzpf vufcH&ef qkdvmí

vufcHvkdufygonf/

uRefawmf\aemifa&; taumif;tqkd;ukd qkH;jzwfay;rnfhpmar;yGJudk 1936 ck

ESpf rwfvü usif;yygawmhrnf/ acgif;at;at;xm; pdwfryleJY? jzpforQ taMumif; t

aumif;csnf;yJ[k ukd,fhudk,fudk w&m;csonf/ w&m;rus wusyif/ &moDOwkuyl? pdwfu

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onf/ tkd;a0r*¾Zif;xGufvmNyD/ i&JacG;BuD; vGwfoGm;NyD[lonfhaqmif;yg; ygvm\/ udk

,fykdifpmMunfhcGifhudk azaz:0g&Dvv,fü &onf/

aumvdyfausmif;tajctae vIyfvIyf&G&G jzpfpjyKvmygNyD/ xkdaemuf ]ausmif;

tkyfBuD;u tkd;a0r*¾Zif;t,f'Dwmudkatmifqef;tm; aqmif;yg;a&;oltrnfudk ar;

w,f? rajzbl;/ udkatmifqef;udk ausmif;xkwfvkdufNyD}[laom owif;Mum;&yg\/ az

az:0g&Dv 26 &ufaeY naeapmif;ü ausmif;om;or*¾toif;wkdufü ta&;ay:tpnf;

ta0;ac:NyD; b,fvkdta&;,lrvJqkdonfudk aqG;aEG;onf/

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aqmif&Guf\/ rSwfrdorQ ajymjyygrnf/ &Sdwf(uf)pyD;,m;(Shakespeare)a&;onfh*sL;vd

&(pf)qD;Zm(Julius Caesar)jyZmwfrS rwf(uf)tef;awmfeD;(Mark Antony)\y&d,m,fa0

0kpfpum;udk oGm;owd&rd\/ olu ]'D {&mrta&;udk acgif;at;at;xm;pOf;pm;NyD; qkH;

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ausmif;aqmifodkY jyefNyD;,l&ygonf/

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&NyD/ aemif bmjzpfvmOD;rvJ/

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'ktzGJY0if/ /rpöwmuifbJ(vf)&JUtpD&ifcHpmudk zwfNyD;yvm;? b,fvkdoabm&o

vJ/ &J&Jomajzyg/ olrJay;ykdifcGifh r&Sdbl;/

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atmif ajzr,f[k pdwful;rdNyD;)ta&;BuD;wJhtuGufuav;awGom zwfNyD;ygao;w,f/

uRefawmf rajzyg&apeJY/ A little learning is a dangerous thing (rodwod udpöudkajz&if

'ku©a&mufwwfygw,f)/ rpöwmuifbJ(vf)u jyKH;aeonf/

OD;azarmifwif/ /&mZ0wf0efaxmuf(Deput Superintendant)&mxl;ay;r,fqkd&if ,lr

vm;/

uRefawmf/ /r,lcsifygbl;/ (bmjzpfvkdYvJ[kar;&m)aoewfudk tifrwefaMumuf

w,f/ rudkifcsifygbl;q&mBuD;/

OD;azarmifwif/ /tjrwfawmfaMu; 0efaxmuf&mxl;aum/

uRefawmf/ /r,lyg&apeJY(bmaMumifhvJ)/ uRefawmfu [moykHjyifwpfck zwfrdvkdY

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rsm;ykH ESpfykHudk awGYowJh/ wpfykHrSm yk&GufqdwfawGtkHaeNyD; wpfykHrSmawmh yk&GufawG uif;

aew,f/ 'geJY vlwpfa,muf olYtem;a&mufvmwJhtcg MuHzwfESpfykHudk vufnd§K;xkd;jyNyD;

qef;w,fvkdY olu ajymawmh xkdvl rqef;ygbl;Asm/ yxrtykHu &kd;&kd;vl pkyfxm;wm/ 'k

wd,tykHu tjrwfawmfaMu; 0efaxmufwpfa,mufpkyfxm;wmygvkdY ajymowJh/ tzGJY0if

awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u &,fMu\/ wpfOD;ESpfOD;u qufNyD; ar;cGef;xkwfygao;\/

paumvm;&Spf &ESifhr& tajz wGJavmif;&SdaeonfhumvtawmtwGif; qwf

wiHhiHh cHpm;rIonf pdwfylwwfoltm; pdwf'ku©ay;wwfonf/ ESpfywfcefY Mumonfudk ESpf

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ESpf[k xif&\/ aemufqkH; paumvm;&Spf ay;tyfonfhpmudk ynma&;0efBuD;XmetwGif;

0eftuf(zf)bD? tm;Ekd;(F.B. Arnold)xHrS &&Sdygonf/ 0efxkyfBuD;usoGm;ygNyD/ teEÅol&d

,trwfa&;onfqkdaom trsufajzvuFmudk twkckd;um ]olwnf;wpfOD;? atmifyef;cl;

aomf? olwpfOD;rSm r&umom? "r®wmwnf;}}[k pyfqkdrdyg\/

jzpfysufukefpif jyefqifjcifvkdufaomtcg EIwfar;cGef; ajzqkdol uRefawmfwkdYokH;

a,mufteuf rpöwmrl;eD&zkdY tav;omaeonf/ olu t*FvdyfpmrSm yxrwef;ESifh8kPf

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\/ udkat;armifum; r&xkdufyg/ paumvm;&SpftwGuf xkwfxm;onfhOya'ESifhrnDbJ

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bmomü *kPfxl;ESifh&kd;&kd;0dZÆmbGJYom &yg\/ FRGS um; trSefqkdaomf wuúokdvfwpfckckrS

tyfESif;aom'D*&Dr[kwfyg/ *kPfxl;aqmifbGJY[kqkd&ygrnf/ &Sif;jyygrnf/

FRGS onf Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society (awmf0ifyx0D0iftoif;

vlBuD;)[kteuft"dyÜg,f &onf/ þbGYJonmvkdcsifolonf xkdtoif;vlBuD;wpfOD;u t

qkdwifoGif;? wpfOD;u axmufcHonfhavQmufvTmESifhtwl t*FvdyfaiG ig;*Ded(,ckig;aygif

ig;yJed)udk toif;BuD;odkYydkYvkdufvQif FRGS jzpfvmyg\/ xkdenf;wl FRHS ac:(Fellow of

the Royal Horticultural Society)awmf0ifO,smOfpdkufysKd;a&;toif;vlBuD;bGJY cH,lvkdol

onf tqkdygvkyf&kd;vkyfpOftwkdif; oufqkdif&mtoif;vlBuD;wpfOD;u tqkdwifoGif;? wpf

OD;u axmufcHonfhavQmufvTmESifhtwl toif;BuD;odkY aiGydkYvkdufygu xkdbGJYonm&yg\/

1956-57 ckESpftwGif; uRefawmfwkdYausmif; a&mufvmol rdwfaqGwpfa,mufu jrefrm

jynfudk tNrD;wyfNyD; jyefcsifonf[kajymojzifh ausmif;rSq&mokH;OD;ESifhuRefawmfu olY

qE´jynfh0atmif aqmif&Gufay;vkdufaomaMumifh FRGS, FRHS bGJYonmrsm;ESifhjrefrm

jynf jyefoGm;ygonf/

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oif paumvm;&Spf&&SdolwkdYteuf bmomt&yf&yfü xkdESpfrSbGJY&olwkdY EkdifiHjcm;wGif ynm

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uRefawmf ta&mufaemufusoGm;&yg\/

5/ ynmawmfoif

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apmifxyfa&mufvmyg\/ uRefawmfhtwGufvef'efwuúokdvfynma&;aumvdyf(Institute

of Education)wGif ae&m&NyD/ pufwifbmv wwd,tywfü ausmif;pzGifhrnfrkdY tjcm;

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jyef,lvmyg\/

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&efukefjrpf0rS yifv,fxJ a&mufvmonf/ a&Twd*kHbk&m;udk ta0;rSvSrf;uefawmhyg\/

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wpfa,mufwnf; a,mifvnfvnfESifhukef;ywfay: avQmufonf/ {nfhcef;xJ0ifoGm;

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rS bifc&mtzGJYu 0rf;enf;zG,f&m wD;vkH;rsm;jzifh EIwfqufonf/ aMuuGJrdí rsuf&nfrsm;

pkdYvmonf/ crf;em;vSonfhbkHbkdifoabFmqdyfBuD;udk rsufpdwpfqkH;MunfhNyD; tcef;odkYjyef

vm\/ þoabFmBuD;onf cHhnm;xnf0gvSonfESifhtrQ toGm;vnf;jrefvSygonf/ xdkY

aMumifh 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;twGif;u twfvefwdwf(Atlantic)ork'´&mxJ *smrefa&ikyf

oabFmawGudk ESdrfeif;aeaomNAdwdoQppfoabFmrsm;tm; taxmuftyHhay;aewkef; a&

ikyfoabFmvufcsufjzifh jrKyfoGm;&&Sm\/ xkdowif;Mum;&aomtcg pdwfraumif;jzpfrd

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ygonf/

aeYv,fpmudk us,fjyefYcrf;em;aompm;aomufcef;wGif pm;onf/ pm;p&mtrnf

pm&if;onf wpfayeD;yg;t&Snf? &SpfvufrcefYtus,f puúLuwfjym;ESpfzufjynfhESufae

\/ aqm;,m;ba&;udk rawGY&í ra&G;wwfyg/ xrif;[if;om rSmpm;onf/ jrefrm-td

E´d,[if;r[kwf/ tdE´d,-t*Fvdyfujym;jzpfaeonf/ 0dkift&uftrsKd;rsKd; &onf/ [kdt

cgu raomufwwfyg/ tcsKdyGJawG? bDpuGwfaxmywf 'defcJawGvnf; auR;\/ pm;NyD;

{nfhcef;ü oGm;xkdifonf/

{nfhcef;xJü tdE´d,trsKd;om; vli,fvl&G,f 10 a,muf 15 a,mufwkdYESifhawGY

onf/ pum;vufqkHusoGm;onfhtcg trsKd;om; ESpfa,mufESifhtrsKd;orD; wpfa,mufwkdY

u uRefawmfhuJhodkY vef'efwuúokdvfynma&;aumvdyfwGif ynmqnf;yl;rnf[kod&\/

aeYv,f 4 em&Dxkd;onfhtcsdefxd wdwfqdwfae\/ tem;,lMuí jzpfyg\/ xkdtcsdefrS 5

em&Dtxd ukef;ywfay: upm;rsKd;pkH upm;ol upm;? vrf;avQmufol avQmufMuonf/

npmudk 6 em&DtcsdefrSm pauR;ygonf/ taemufEkdifiHol EkdifiHom;rsm;u 0wf

pkHESifhta&SUwdkif;om;rsm;u yGJxkdift0wftpm;rsKd;rsm;ESifhvmpm;Muonf/ uRefawmfu

awmh ykd;vkHcsnf? wkdufyHkESifh/ aqm,m;ba&;ESifhawGYonf/ olYtem; oGm;xkdifpm;\/ aeY

v,fpmxuf [if;rnfrsm;\/ tcsKdUrSm uRefawmfrwwfonfhjyifopfbmomjzifh/ aemif

udktusifhygoGm;atmif t*Fvdyftpm;tpmudkaqm,m;ba&;tultnDjzifhrSmpm;onf/

OD;qkH; tjrnf;(Hors d'oeuvres)? 'kwd, qGwfjyKwf(Soup)? wwd, ig;aMumf/ pwkw¬ t

uif? tjyKwf? taMumf tom;trsKd;rsKd;ukd tm;vl;aMumf^jyKwfESifhtjcm;[if;oD;[if;

&GufESpfrsKd;/ yOör tcsKdyGJ/ q|r bDpuGwfESifh'defcJtrsKd;rsKd;/ aemufqkH; umzD? vufzuf

&nf BudKuf&m aomufEkdifonf/ [if;rnfwpfrsKd;qkd 0dkifwpfrsKd;ay;\/

yxrü vQmrawGYvSyg/ 4-5 &uf qufpm;Munfhonfhtcg t&nfvnfoGm;onf/

aeYv,fpmudkawmh xrif;ESifh[if;om pm;yg\/

yifv,fvIdif;wpfBudrfrl;onf/ rl;onhftcg tefNyD; igawmh aoawmhr,f[kxif

&avmufatmif rcsdrqHh cH&\/ tpm;wpfeyfESpfeyf vGwfoGm;onf/ oabFmq&m0efvm

Munfh\/ aq;ay;onf/ vufzuf&nf? umzD&nfom aomufonf/ trl;ajyoGm;aomt

cg arhaysmufoGm;onf/ vef;qef;vmNyD; tpm;taomuf aumif;vmonf/

wpfaeYwpfaeYESifh yifv,feD(Red Sea)xJ oabFmBuD;0ifvm\/ vIdif;avNidrfouf

vmonf/ npmpm;NyD; oabFmyJhykdif;wGif xkdifonf/ rkd;ay:u vudkMunfh? atmufa&jyif

udk &IESifhbmudk arQmfrSef;? b,fudk wrf;&rod/ vIdif;wtdtdMum; ckwfarmif;oGm;aomo

abFmay:ygoGm;onf/

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tcsdefrMumrD yifv,feD«&uf('f)qD;Red Sea»ESifhajrxJyifv,f(r,f'Dwm&def;ed

,if;qD;The Meditterranean Sea)Mum; qufoG,fxm;aom pl;tuf(Suez)wl;ajrmif;BuD;

udk jzwfvm\/ oabFmESpfpif; ra&SmifomonfhtuGufrsm;wGif yxra&mufonfhoabFm

apmifhqkdif;ay;&ef wl;ajrmif;auGYBuD;awG &Sdonf/ xkdtcg uif;0efrif;BuD; vef'efoGm;aeY

pOfrSwfwrf;yg ]rjzpfawmif; jzpfykH/ &ufwpD;-rpf'D;wma&ESifhurf;ESpfaxG tajcqufvkdY?

0ifxGufum EkdifiHyGm;ap[k? &Snfvsm;ajrmfac:wwfygbd? rkd;ewfuRef,kH}[laompmESpfykd'fudk

&Gwfqkdrdyg\/ odkYESifh jyifopfjynfawmifbuf oabFmqdyfNrdKU rm;aq;(vf)odkYa&muf\/

uRefawmfESifhtwl tdE´d,ausmif;ol ausmif;om;tm;vkH;vkdvkdyif qif;vmMu

onf/ bkHbkdifoabFmqdyfrSmuJhodkY aomrwf(pf)uGwfrS udk,fpm;vS,fvmBudK\/ rvSrf;r

urf;&Sd blwm&kHü qkdufxm;aom rD;&xm;qDac:oGm;NyD; wpfa,mufpD; yxrwef;wGJt

cef;xJ ykdYay;onf/ jyifopfwGJapmifhwpfa,muf 0ifvmNyD; jyifopfvkd EIwfqufonf/ olu

t*Fvdyfvkd rwwfwwwf? uRefawmfu jyifopfpum; 4-5-6 vkH;wwfESifhESpfa,mufom;

pcef;oGm;Muonf/ wGJcef;xJ tdyf&mrjrifí ajcESifhvufESifht&dyfjyNyD; ar;\/ olu vpf

(Lit)tdyf&m[kajym&m uRefawmfacgif;ndwfjyonf/ eH&H&Sd cvkwfwpfck ESdyfvdkufaomtcg

eH&HxJjrKyfaeaom tdyf&m a'gifvkdufusvmygonf/

tdyfzkdYudpö NyD;oGm;ygNyD/ pm;zkdYta&; usefonf/ uRefawmfu Dinner(npm)[k

ajym&m t*Fvdyf-jyifopf ESpfbmomü toHqifwl,dk;rSm;jzpfaeojzifh 0D;0D;(Wee, Wee)

[kwfuJh [kwfuJhqkdum vufckepfacsmif;axmifjyNyD; pm;aomufwGJ&Sd&m vufnd§K;nTefjy

onf/ uRefawmfu aus;Zl;wifygw,fqkdaom jyifopfpum;(Mercie)[k ajymaomtcg

uRefawmf em;rvnfonfhpum;vkH;awG ajymNyD; jyKH;íxGufcGmoGm;\/ xkdwpfvkH;p ESpfvkH;

p jyifopfpum;rsm;udk bkef;awmfBuD;aqm,m;ba&;xHrS oif,lcJhyg\/

7 em&D xkd;onfhtcg pm;aomuf&mwGJodkY tcef;udk aomhcwfNyD; oGm;onf/ uH

tm;avsmfpGm ynmwwfNAdwdoQtrsKd;om;BuD;wpfOD;udk awGYí olYpm;yGJrSm xkdifcGifhawmif;

NyD; xkdif\/ oabmaumif;NyD; &nfrGefoljzpfonf/ olYtMuHÓPfawmif;í BudKuf&mtpm;

tpmrsm; rSmNyD;pm;ygonf/ olonf NAdwdefjynfwuúokdvf ausmif;wpfausmif;rSq&mwpf

a,mufjzpfaMumif; pum;ajym&if; od&\/

tcef;wHcg;aomhcwfNyD; wpfnvkH; tdyfonf/ eHeuf 6 em&Davmuftcsdef yg&D

(Paris)blwm&kHodkYqkdufvmonf/ wGJjyLwif;aygufudk zGifhMunfhonf/ pmtkyfawGxJomzwf

zl;onfhyg&DNrdKU[m 'gyguvm;[kqkdrdonf/ eHeufpmoGm;pm;NyD; wpfvrf;vkH; rsufpdpm;yGJ

xdkifvkdufcJh\/ uJav;odkYem&Djyefwpfcsufavmuf xifyg&JU a&mufvmonf/ ukd,fpm;vS,f

vmBudKNyD; ul;wkdYoabFmay:odkY ydkYay;onf/ a&mufESifhaeaom tdE´d,trsKd;om;tkyfpk

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em; 0ifxkdif\/ 'kd;Am;qdyfurf;qDodkY pufwifbmv 26 &uf 3 em&Davmuf qkdufa&muf

\/

uRefawmfwkdY ukef;ywfay:wufMuonf/ vl0ifvlxGuf ppfaq;&mü wef;pDaeMu

&m uRefawmhfEkdifiHul;vufrSwf &SmrawGYojzifh aMumuftm;vefYtm;ESifh a&SUwpfvSrf;wkd;

NyD; ajrjyifay: &Sm\/ t*FvdyfvlBuD;wpfOD;u ]ausmfrwufeJY? rifhae&m rif;jyefoGm;}[k

Budrf;aewkef; a&SUem;&Sd vlwpfa,muf\ajcaxmuftem; oGm;awGYonf/ aumuf,lNyD;

]'DrSm 'DrSm 'gudk vkduf&Smwmyg}[k jyvkduf&m &Sufudk;&Sufuef;ESifhrsufESmydk;owfí aevkduf

\/

'kd;Am;rSwpfqifh vef'efodkYrD;&xm;ESifhoGm;onf/ tdE´d,trsKd;om;wkdYESifhwpfwGJ

wnf;pD;oGm;\/ vef'ef0dwkd&d,(Victoria)blwm&kHBuD;odkY qkdufa&mufvmonf/ uRefawmf

rxGufcGmvmrD wuúokdvfarmfuGef;xdef; rpöwmxif;pDu vef'efa&mufvQif vef'ef&Sd jref

rmtoif;opf«New Burma(Myanmar)Club»rStrIaqmifwpfOD;OD;vmBudKrnf[kajymcJho

jzifh pBuøwGif vkdufMunfh&m wpfa,mufudkrS rawGY&í acgif;BuD;oGm;onf/ 'ku©yJ? igbm

vkyf&rvJqkd&if; rvSrf;rurf;&SdonfhuRefawmfESifhwpfausmif;wnf;aernfhtdE´d,trsKd;

om;qD om;a&aowåmESpfvkH;qGJNyD; ]cifAsm; b,fukdoGm;rvkdYvJ}[kar;\/ ]a*gif0gvrf;

(Gower Street)&SdtdE´d,toif;(Indian Club)qDoGm;r,f? vkdufrvm;}[kajym&m ]vkdufr,f}

[kqkdNyD; wuúpDwpfpD;iSm;í oGm;\/

toif;&SdonfhtaqmufttkHBuD;odkYa&mufoGm;onf/ uRefawmfu wuúpDcxkwf

ay;vkdufNyD; tcef;BuD;wpfckxJ 0ifoGm;Muonf/ uRefawmf,lvmaom o&ufoD;oeyfESifh

ig;ydaMumfykvif;awG oabFmay: usef&pfcJhí ESajrmrdygonf/ tcef;xJa&mufonfhtcg

olYudk vufrvTwfbJ arQmhvkdwG,fxm;\/ ]uRefawmf w,fvDzkef; rqufwwfbl;? jrefrm

toif;opfqD w,fvDzkef; qufay;ygvm;}[k awmif;yef\/ ol w,fvDzkef; tnTef;pm

tkyfBuD;xJ MunfhNyD;qufay;ygonf/ uRefawmf jrefrmjynfü wpfcgrS w,fvDzkef; rquf

zl;yg/

rMumrD ]&NyD}[kajymNyD; uRefawmhfhtm; w,fvDzkef; vSrf;ay;\/ wpfzufrS ][J

vkd;? jrefrmtoif;opfuyg}[laomjrefrmtoHMum;&í ]jrefrmjynfu ckwifyJa&mufvm

wJhvSabyg}[kajym&m ajymaeolu ]udkvSab? uRefawmf udkav;yg}[kajymvkdufaomt

cg ]ukdav;? 0rf;omvkdufwm}[k0rf;yef;womESifhatmfajymvdkufonf/ xkdtcg udkav;u

]atmifr,fav;? em;tkH uGJoGm;NyDvm; rodbl;}[k &,foHESifhajymNyD; ]ck b,fu qufae

ovJ? b,frSroGm;eJY? uRefawmfvmBudKr,f}ar;&m ]tdE´d,toif;BuD;u}[kajzaomtcg

]b,frS roGm;eJY/ uRefawmfvmBudKr,f}[kqdk\/

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ukdav;ESifhuRefawmf yk*Hausmif;aqmifwGif twlaecJhzl;ygonf/ ynmawmfoif

qkukd 1936 ckESpfü &í a&mufae\/ wuúpDwpfpD;jzifh vmNyD; reD;ra0;&Sd ab;vD(Bailey)

vrf;ay:&Sdtoif;wkdufodkY ac:oGm;onf/ olu twGif;a&;rSL;jzpfaeaMumif;? aezkdYt

cef;ukdvnf; iSm;ay;rnfjzpfaMumif; ajymygonf/

toif;taqmufttkHodkY a&mufvmonhftcg udkuHBuD;qkdolu qif;BudK\/

]rpöwmxif;pDxHu aMu;eef;&ygw,f/ udkvSab 27 &ufaeY(eufjzef)vef'efa&mufr,fvkdY

ygwmrkdY 0dwkd;&d,m; blwm&kHrSm oGm;rBudKwmyg}[k&Sif;jyonf/ NyD;aemuf teD;tem;&Sd t

*Fvdyfpm;aomufqkdifwpfqkdifodkY okH;a,mufom; npmoGm;pm;Mu\/ odk;om;qDjyefuif

(Roast Lamb)? tmvl;aMumf? aumfzDyef;? yJawmifhjyKwfwkdYpm;\/ tcsKdyGJvufzuf&nfjzifh

tqkH;owfonf/ 0rf;0\/ tqmrajy/

uRefawmfaernfhausmif;trnfudk ar;onf/ ynma&;aumvdyf(Institue of Ed-

ucation) [kajym&m bm;em'fvrf;(Bernard Street)&Sd eHygwf 45 tdrfodkYac:oGm;ygonf/

uHaumif;csifawmh yxrxyfvrf;bufrsufESmrlaeaom wpfa,muftdyftcef; &ygonf/

tkdif,mveftrsKd;orD;nDtpfrESpfa,muf\abmf'gaqmifjzpfygonf/ reufpmESifhtcef;

cwpfywfrSm 1 aygif 5 oQdvifay;&\/ uRefawmfwkdY paumvm;&Spf wpfvudk 18 aygif&

\/ xkdumvu 1 aygifvQif jrefrmaiG 15 usyfEIef;ESifhvJvS,fEkdifonf/ xkdtcef;rsKd; ,ck

tcg wpfywf aygif 50 avmuf ay;&ygvdrfhrnf/

uRefawmhfae&monf tbufbufrSMunfhvQif tqifajyaMumif; awGY&yg\/ 10

rdepfavQmufvQif ausmif;a&mufonf/ aetdrfa&SUwnfhwnfhwGif ajratmuf&xm;blwm

&kH? 3-4 rdepfavQmufvQif bwfpfum;rSwfwkdifrsm; awGY&\/

ntdyf&m0if\/ jrefrmjynfrS rxGufcGmvmrD ygarmu©vk(pf)rSmMum;vdkufonfht

wkdif; tdyf&may: rtdyfbJ tkdif'ga'gif;(eider down)iSufarG;zkHatmuf *Grf;apmifESifharGY&m

Mum; wkd;0iftdyf&\/ Muyfwnf;ovkdvkdjzpfrdonf/ igb,fa&mufaeygvdrfh[k t*Fvefjynf

yxrOD;qkH;nü awG;rd\/ eHeuf 7 em&D Ekd;onf/ n0wf&kHcRwf? aeY0wf&kH &SyftusÐ?

abmif;bD? ajcpGyf? zdeyf0wfNyD; xrif;pm;cef;xJ qif;oGm;onf/

tcef;xJü yk*Hausmif;aqmifae oufowfvGwfpm;? Oykofapmifhzufudktkef;? udk

xifvif;jr? udkwufxG#fESifhudkpHzkd;oif;wkdYudk awGY&í 0rf;omtm;& EIwfqufpum;ajymyg

\/ udktkef;ESifhukdxifvif;jrwkdYu ynma&;oifwef; wufaeolrsm;? udkwufxG#fu yg&*l

bGJYpmwrf;a&;aeolwkdY jzpfMuonf/ udkpHzkd; oif;bmtwGufvmonfudk arhoGm;ygNyD? udk

tkef;um; oufowfvGwf pm;NrJpm;aewkef;yif/

uRefawmfhpm;yGJwGif ajymif;zl;aphukd pufjzifh tjym;uav; vkyfxm;onfhaumef;

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zvdwf(Corn flake)vmay;í EGm;EkdYavmif;? oMum;jzL;pm;\/ xkdaemuf MuufOESifh0uf

aygifajcmufaMumf &ygonf/ aemufqkH; aygifrkefYuif axmywfokwfESpfcsyfokH;csyfudk

vdar®mf,kdESifhpm;? vufzuf&nfacsm ESpfcGufaomuf\/ eHeufpm NyD;oGm;\/

6/ vef'efwuúodkvf ynma&;aumvdyfausmif;? 1938-39

aemufwpfaeY pufwifbmv 27 &ufaeY eHeufwGif ynma&;aumvdyfausmif;

odkY oGm;yg\/ vef'efwuúokdvftkyfcsKyfa&;taqmufttkH\tykdif;wpfydkif;wGif &Sdonf/

0if;BuD;wpf0if;xJrSmyif taqmufttkHopfwpfaqmifudk jrif&í tem;&Sdvlrsm;udk ar;

Munfh&m ta&SUwkdif;ynm&yfrsm;ausmif; jzpfaMumif; od&onf/

'kwd,urÇmppfBuD; NyD;onfhtcg ta&SUwkdif;ESifhtmz&duynm&yfrsm;ausmif;[k

trnfajymif;NyD; uRefawmf xkdausmif;om;jzpfvmrnfudk rarQmfrSef;rdyg/

ynma&;aumvdyfausmif;xJ a&mufvmaomtcg ausmif;om;opfrSwfykHwif

cef;&Sdonfhae&mudk tapmifhwpfOD;tm; ar;\/ nTefjy&mokdY oGm;NyD; tcef;wHcg;acguf

onf/ 0ifvmyg[laomtrsKd;orD;oHMum;&í 0ifoGm;onf/ ausmif;rS 'ktwGif;a&;rSL;

(Deputy Secretary)trsKd;orD;rpf(pf)um;(Carr)u azmfazmfa&Ga&G EIwfqufpum;ajym&

ygonf/ jrefrmjynf [kdufukwftNidrf;pm;w&m;olBuD; qm0DvD,Hum; (Sir William Carr)

\'kwd,orD; jzpfaewmudk;/ uHaumif;csifawmh uRefawmf tcef;xJrSmomxkdifaeNyD;

udpötm;vkH;udk pum;ajym&if; aqmif&Gufay;ygonf/ ol\tpfronf &efukefwuúokdvf

wGif xdktcsdefu t*Fvdyfpm'kuxduvnf;jzpf? pmMunfhwkdufrSL;OD;cifaZmf\ZeD;vnf;jzpf

ae\/

aemufwpfaeY pufwifbmv 28 &uf(Ak'¨[l;aeY)ü oifwef;zGifh\/ oufqkdif&m

ygarmu©rsm;ESifh'kygarmu©? uxdursm;u rdefYcGef;ajymNyD; jy|mef;onfhpmtkyfESifhtnTef;

pmtkyfwkdY\pm&if;ay;onf/ wuf&rnfhoifwef;rsm;rSm ynma&;oabmw&m;? BudKuf

ESpfouf&m bmomoifjyenf;? tajccHpdwfynm? ynma&;pdwfynm? vuf&Sdt*Fvefynm

a&;pepfESifh&mZ0iftjyif usef;rma&;wkdYyif/ acgif;em;yef;BuD;oGm;onf/

qnf;yl;cJhaom ynm&yfrsm;ESifhyufyif;yg &ifqkdifae&aombmom&yfrsm;onf

bkef;BuD;ESifhbD;yrm/ odkYaomf twef;awGrwufrD qkdif&mpmtkyfawGudk BudKwifzwfxm;?

twef;xJ vufcsmem;axmif&if; rSwfpkawGa&;cs/ twef;qif;onfhtcg pmtkyfESifh,SOf

NyD; jyefa&;? xkdYaemuf tnTef;pmtkyfawG avhvmum tqkdygbmom&yftwGuf a&;xm;

onfhtcsufrsm;udk xyfjznfhpGufxnhf\/ tm;onfhtcgwkdif; pmMunfhwkdufxJüom tcsdef

ukefcJhonf/ ESpfvavmufMumaomf t&nfvnf tenfusp jyKvm\/

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wefzkd;&SdvSonfhtcsdefESifhaiGudk okH;usKd;eyf&atmif aeYv,fpmudk ausmif;pm;

aomufcef;rü twef;ol twef;om;rsm;ESifhpm;onf/ pm;&if;Mum;cJh&onhfvufcsmESifh

ywfoufí olwkdYESifhaqG;aEG;onf/ olwkdYudk ar;jref;\/ wpfcsufckwf ESpfcsufjywf[kqkd&

ygrnf/ NyD;aemuf þuJhokdY awGYzefrsm;í rdwfaqGaumif;rsm;&onf/ aeYv,fpmtwGuf

1 oQDvif 6 yJedom ukefusygonf/ 1 aygifrSm oQdvif 20? 1 oQdvifrSm 12 yJed/ jrefrmaiG

ESifhvJvS,fEIef;onf 1 aygifudk 15 usyf&ojzifh pm;aomufconf jrefrmaiG wpfusyfywf

0ef;usifom usonf/ &onhftpm;tpmum; qGwfjyKwf? om; ig;ESifhtcsKdyGJwkdYjzpfyg\/

,cktcg þtpm;tpmrsKd; ESpfaygifESifh&vQif uHaumif;yif/

&cJhonfhrdwfaqGaumif;rsm;teuf ESpfOD;wkdYtaMumif;om ajymjyvdkygonf/

wpfOD;u rpöwm[J&pfqifcswf(csf)? (Harrison Church)? wpfOD;uawmh rpöwm*GwfzJvkd

(Goodfellow)/ cswf(csf)onf pmtvGefawmfonf/ ESpfukefpmar;yGJü *kPfxl;jzifh atmif

onf/ 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;twGif; ausmif;wpfausmif;wGif txufwef;jyq&mtjzpfESifh

toufarG;onf/ ppfBuD;NyD;aomtcg vef'efwuúokdvfpD;yGm;a&;ESifhEkdifiHa&;ynmaum

vdyfausmif;(School of Economics and Political Science)rSm uRefawmfu ta&SUwkdif;ESifh

tmz&duynm&yfrsm; aumvdyfausmif;(School Oriental and African Studies)rSmtoD;

oD; trIxrf;onf/ uxdu? 'kygarmu©? ygarmu©&mxl;rsm;udk wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; ra&S;r

aESmif; &onfhtjyif 0Jvif;yef;jcHNrdKU(Welwyn Garden City)wGif rvSrf;rurf;ü tdrf0,f

NyD;aeMuonf/

*GwfzJvkdrSm Nidrf;csrf;a&;orm;? ppfudk rESpfoufyg/ ppftwGif; ppf0ifrwkdufbJ

&efolYAkH;awG y,f&Sif;a&;wyfxJ 0if trIxrf;rnf[k uRefawmhfudk ajymoGm;onf/ aemif

tcg olESifhrawGY&awmhyg/

uRefawmfonf yx0D0ifudk txl;jyKoifjyenf;bmomtjzpf ,lonf/ uRefawmf

ESifhtwl þtwef;wufonfhausmif;om;ausmif;ol 30 cefY&dSygonf/ olwkdYtxJ txuf

ygrdwfaqGESpfa,mufwkdYvnf; yg0ifonf/ uRefawmfwkdY usLwmonf rpöwmtef(ef)pD p

uyf(zf)(N.C. Scarfe)jzpfyg\/ jrefrmjynfwuúodkvfrsm;rSmuJhodkY enf;jyq&momru u

xdu[kvnf;ac:Ekdifygonf/ pmar;yGJü t&m0ifonf/ oabmaumif;onf/ vlrsKd;jcm;

ausmif;olausmif;om;wkdYESifhcifrif&if;ESD;pGm qufqH\/ uRefawmf uHaumif;ygonf/

wuúokdvfoifwef; okH;ywftwGif; wpfywfvQif wpfBudrf tufaq;a&;&onf/

þtufaq;rsm;onf pmar;yGJcsdefcGifwGif tatmif? t&IH;ay;onfhtav;wpfckjzpfyg

onf/ yxrtufaq;udk a&;NyD; usLwmudk ay;vkdufonf/ jyef&aompmtkyfxJ atmuf

ygrSwfcsufESifhwuG trSwf B (60-65)ay;xm;\/Your written English is splendid. No

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one would know you wern't English. Why is spoken not good? (rif; t*Fvdyfpm[m

aumif;vkdufwm? rif;udk vlrsKd;jcm;vkdY b,folurS ,lqr,fr[kwfbl;/ tajympum;us

awmh bmjzpfvkdY raumif;&ovJwJh)

ukd,fhudk,fudk txifBuD;rdonf/ aemufwpfBudrf tpGrf;jyNyD; tufaq;a&;onf/

pmtkyfxJ trSwf C (50-55)ay;NyD; aumufEkwfcsuf þuJhodkY ay;xm;\/ Rather alot of

trite sayings and quotations. Too many precepts (&kd;aeonfhtqkdtrdefYawG? pmtkyfrSt

udk;tum;awGeJY jynfhESufaew,f/ w&m;a[mwmawG rsm;vGef;w,fwJh/)

wwd,tufaq; a&;onfhtcg usLwm\axmufjycsufrsm;udk a&SmifNyD; yif

ukd,ftjrifÓPfokH;um tcsuftvufawGudk wifjyygonf/ þtBudrfü Good (aumif;

w,f)vkdYa&;NyD; B+(70)ay;vkdufyg\/

ESpfywfokH;ywf wpfBudrfqkdovkd yx0D0ifESifhqkdifonfhtaMumif;t&mwpf&yfudk

a&G;cs,fNyD; ajyma[myGJ aqG;aEG;yGJ vkyfygonf/ tzGJYom;trsm;pku yg0ifqifETJ&onf/

wpfaeYaomf uRefawmf jrefrmjynftaMumif; ajyma[m&ef tvSnfha&mufvmonf/

rprD usLwmrpöwmpuyf(zf)u w&kwfbmomESifha&;xm;onfhum;csyfuav;wpfcsyfudk

ausmufoifykef;BuD;ay: qGJxm;\/ olu jyKH;jyKH;ESifhw&kwfpmxJ bmygovJqkdwm odMu

ovm;[kar;\/ xkdtcg w&kwftwef;om;rpöwm0rf(Wang)u ]q&mBuD;? q&mBuD;?

pmawG[m apmufxkd;jzpfaeygw,f}[kajym&m ]at; at; 'gudk igowdrxm;rdbl;uG,f?

onf;cHyg}[kqkdNyD; jyifcsdwfxm;vkdufonf/ pmxJygonfrSm ]pum;wpf&m? pmwpfvkH;}jzpf

yg\/

uRefawmfonf BudKwifavhvmxm;aom jrefrmjynftaMumif;udk rdepf 40 cefY

ajyma[myg\/ yxrqkH;tBudrf ynmwwfNAdwdoQtrsKd;om;trsm;pk yg0ifonfhausmif;

om;a&SUarSmuf t*Fvdyfvkd xajym&onfrSm cyfaMumufaMumuf cyf&GHU&GHUjzpfrdonf/ NyD;

onfhtcg ar;olu ar;? aqG;aEG;olu aqG;aEG;onf/ yx0D0ifuRrf;usifMuolrsm;rkdY ol

wkdYpum; tom;ygyg\/ usLwmu aemufqkH;a0zefajymqkdum ed*kH;csKyfvkdufygonf/

yxrtufaq;atmufü ]tajympum;usawmh bmjzpfvkdY raumif;&ovJ}[l

onfhusLwm\rSwfcsuf acgif;xJpGJaeonfu wpfaMumif;? wuúokdvf'kwd,tywfoif

wef;twGif; vef'efNrdKU&Sd pmoifausmif;wpfausmif;wGif ausmif;om;awGudk oifjy&rnfh

wm0ef&SdíwpfaMumif;wkdYaMumifh vlykHMum; pum;ajymtwwf(elocution)oifonfhn

ausmif;wufonf/ ]ig;ydoHeJYajymvkdYrjzpfbl;? ausmif;om;awG em;rvnf&kHru 0dkif;&,f

Mur,f}qkdNyD; ESpfí oif,lygonf/ aemufqkH; xkdausmif;enf;jyq&mwkdYu av,lavodrf;

vnf;aumif;? toHvnf; yDovmNyDrkdY wpfzufom; NAdwdoQvlrsKd;rsm; tcuftcJr&Sdem;

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vnfrnfhtqifhtwef; a&mufNyD[kajymí oifwef;rwufawmhyg/

wuúokdvfyxroifwef; tywf 10 ywfMumaomf ausmif;av;ywf ydwfvkduf

\/ wpfaeYaomf atmufpzkYd wuúodkvfwGif bDvpfbGJYpmwrf;a&;aeolOD;0efonf uRef

awmfhxH vmvnfonf/ olYpmwrf;? pmwrf;BuD;Muyfolrpöwm*sD? tD? [m;aA(G.E.Harvey)

ESifhwuúokdvftaMumif;rsm;udk ajymjyygonf/ em;axmifí aumif;vSyg\/ xkdaemuf n

pmoGm;pm;Muonf/

vufpwm;puGJ,m;(Lececester Square)odkY ajratmuf&xm;ESifhoGm;NyD; blwm

&kHESifhra0;vSonfhrufupif;(Maxim)w&kwfpm;aomufqkdifü pm;Muonf/ [if;csKd? [if;

oD;[if;&GufaMumf? tom;aMumfcsufwpfcGufpDESifhxrif; vkdoavmuf&onfhtxJ a&aEG;

Murf;aomufcsifoavmuf aomuf&onf/ wpfa,mufvQif 2 oQDvif 9 yJedESifhpm;yGJxkd;

ukd ay;onfh 3 yJed? aygif; okH;oQDvifom usonf/ ,cktcg wpfOD;vQif 3-4 aygifay;&

aumif; ay;&ayvdrfhrnf/ aMomf a&S;acwfa[mif;? a&S;acwfa[mif;/ tjyefwGif qkdif

wpfqkdifa&SUcef;rSeftdrfxJ acG;om;uav;awG jrif&onf/ OD;0efu ]uRefawmfwkdY a&S;b0

u 'DvkdacG;uav;awG rdom;pkrS cGJNyD;a&mif;pm;cJhvkdY ckvkdwkdif;wpfyg;rSm rdbrsm;eJYuGJae&

wm}[kqkdonf/ uRefawmfu ]aumif;wJhacwåuGJjcif; r[kwfbl;vm;}[kajym&m olujyKH;

aeonf/

1939 ckESpf 'kwd,oifwef;tywf Zefe0g&DvwGif pygonf/ uRefawmfwkdY vef

'efNrdKU ausmif;wpfausmif;odkYoGm;NyD; t*FgESifhMumoyaw;aeYrsm;wGif pmoifjyMu&\/

uRefawmfonf vef'efta&SUykdif; tv,fwef;ausmif;wpfausmif;wGif wm0efusonf/

qif;&Jonfh&yfuGuf jzpfyg\/ yxraeYü ausmif;tkyfBuD;ESifhoGm;awGY&onf/ tvGefo

abmaumif;\/ pum;nifnifomomESifhuRefawmfoif&rnfhyx0D0ifbmomESifhpyfvsOf;

íajymjyonf/ jy|mef;aompmtkyfrsm;udkjyNyD; twef;jyq&mESifhrdwfqufay;ygonf/

oifjyrnfhykH oifjyenf;rsm;udk acgif;pOfawGwyfNyD; Ak'¨[l;aeYwGif BudKa&;csxm;NyD; t

BudrfBudrfzwfonf/

Mumoyaw;aeY oGm;onfhtcg twef;jyq&mESifh 9 em&Drxdk;rD q&mawG em;

aecef;wGif oGm;awGYonf/ tcef;xJ&Sd q&mawGESifhrdwfqufay;NyD; 9 em&Dtcsdef olYt

wef;odkYoGm;Muonf/ 12 ESpf 13 ESpf ausmif;olausmif;om; 25 a,mufavmufu xNyD;

EIwfquf\/ q&mu uRefawmfhtrnfESifhtrsKd;Zmwdukd ajymjy\/ yxrtcsdefwGif q&m

ukd,fwkdif &mZ0ifoifjyonf/ wpfqufwnf; roifyg/ oifvkduf ar;cGef;awG ar;vkduf?

vufnd§K;axmifonfhausmif;om;ausmif;oludk ar;vkdufESifhNrdKifNrdKifqkdifqkdif NyD;oGm;\/

45 rdepfcefY MumonfhtwGif; uRefawmf em;pkdufaxmifaeonf/ ynmwkd;yGm;vm\/

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aemufwpfcsdef q&mwpfOD; bmomwpfbmom vmoif\/ twef;jyq&mxGuf

oGm;\/ uRefawmfu em;axmifonf/ olYtwef; NyD;oGm;aomtcg twef;jyq&m0ifvm

NyD; uRefawmf a[mfvefjynfyx0DoifjyykHudk tuJcwfonf/ NyD;onfhtcg olu apwem

ESifha0zefajymqkd\/ em&Djyefwpfcsufü olESifhuRefawmf aeYv,fpm ausmif;pm;aomuf

cef;oGm;pm;Muonf/ ausmif;tkyfBuD;ESifhqkHonf/ qGwfjyKwf? ig;ESifhtmvl;aMumf? tcsKd

yGJpm;? vufzuf&nfaomufMuonf/ nae ol ESpfcsdef? uRefawmf wpfcsdef oifNyD; 4 em&D

ausmif;vTwfaomtcg tdrfjyefMuyg\/

aemuf t*FgaeYü usLwmrpöwmpuyf(zf)ESifhtjcm;usLwmwpfOD;wkdY uRefawmf

oifjyykHudk vmí em;axmifonf/ NyD;onfhtcg oabmusonfhrsufESmESifh twef;q&mudk

a&m uRefawmhfudkyg EIwfquf xGufoGm;onf/ q&mu ]rif; toiftjy aumif;w,f?

aemif tusifh&wJhtcg ydkaumif;zdkY tvm;tvm igjrifw,f}[kajymyg\/ xkdaemuf uRef

awmfu q&mhtm; ]uRefawmf jyóemwufwJhausmif;om;wpfa,muf(Problem Child)

taMumif; pmwrf;a&;&r,f/ qmvDAif(Sullivan)udk rlwnfNyD;a&;&&if raumif;bl;vm;}

[k tMuHÓPfawmif;&m ]a&;yg? a&;NyD; ighukdvJ jyOD;aemf}[kqkdyg\/

qmvDAifonf tifrwefqif;&Jyg\/ olESifhwpfywfwpfBudrf pum;pjrnfajym?

rdbrsm;taMumif; wD;acgufMunfhonf/ wpfcgwpfcg olYaeYv,fpmpm;zkdY wpfoQdvifay;

vkdufonfhtcg aus;Zl;wifírqkH;yg/ olYtdrfokdYvnf; uRefawmfhudk ac:oGm;NyD; tarrdb

rsm;ESifhawGYaponf/ tcef;BuD;wpfcef;xJ rdom;pk tdyfvnf;tdyf? xkdifvnf;xkdif? ae

vnf;ae? pm;vnf;pm;&onfudkjrif&í &ifxkremjzpfrd&yg\/ a&;NyD;onfhpmwrf;udk q

&mtm; yxrjyNyD; usLwmvufxJ pmar;yGJ rusif;yrD tyfvdkufygonf/

onfvkdESifh'kwd,oifwef;tywfukefcJh\/ rwfv tDpwm(Easter)yGJawmftwGuf

ausmif;av;ywfydwf\/ rydwfrD usLwmu yx0Dynm vufawGYpl;prf;zkdY c&D;ESpfywfxGuf

NyD; uGif;qif;avhvmr,f/ t*FvefeJYqGpfZmvefjynf ESpfjynf b,fjynfrSm avhvmrvJ[k

ar;\/ trsm;pku qGpfZmvefajymojzifh qGpfZmvefjynfokdY yx0D0iftzGJYom; 30 wkdYt

euf oGm;rnfhausmif;om; 20 ausmfukd usLwmESifhZeD;wkdYacgif;aqmifvsuf c&D;pxGuf

Muonf/ þuGif;qif;avhvma&;taMumif;udk a'gufwmvSab ynmyg&rDpmtkyf(1993

ckESpf pufwifbmvxkwf)pmrsufESm 214 rS 218 txd tjynfhtpkHa&;cJhNyDrkdY þae&mwGif

a&;jy&ef rvkdawmhNyD/ vef'efNrdKUodkY {NyDv 30 &ufaeYü jyefa&mufvmMuyg\/

ZGefv 28 &ufaeYü a&;ajzpmar;yGJ pwifusif;yygawmhrnf/ aeYrod? nrod

qkdif&mpmtkyfawGzwf? rSwfpkawGMunfh? tcsuftvufawG jyefaEG;onf/ wpfaeYaomf

ausmif;pmMunfhwkdufrStxGuf oabFmay:ü odcJh&aom tdE´d,ausmif;om;ESifhawGY\/

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ol\usLwmtaMumif;udk ajymjyonf/ olYpum;Mum;&onhftcg uRefawmhfusLwm uRef

awmhftay: rnfrQaumif;onfudk odvm&onf/ uHudk aus;Zl;wifyg\/

a&;ajzpmar;yGJudk ajzonf/ 10 wef;ESifhjrefrmpm*kPfxl;wef;pmar;yGJrsm;rSmuJh

okdY tm;r&yg/ &ufrMumrD uRefawmfhausmif;ü vufawGYtoiftjy pmar;yGJvkyfyg\/ xkd

aeYeHeuf jrefrm0wfpkH(acgif;aygif;ryg)udk vufqGJtdwfxJ ,loGm;onf/ q&mrsm; em;ae

cef;ü t0wftpm;vJonf/ rMumrD usLwmrpöwmpuyf(zf)ESifhygarmu©wpfOD;a&mufvm

\/ twef;om;rsm; rodwmudk odatmif olwkdYodwmu poif&m\[lonhfoabmw&m;

vufudkifxm;NyD; jrefrmjynf&moDOwktaMumif;udk oifjyygonf/

twef;xJ jrefrmt0wftpm;jzifh0ifvmonf/ twef;om;wkdYu tm;? tl;ponfh

toHrsm;jyKum xíEIwfqufonf/ jrefrmjynfatmufydkif;a'o &moDOwktaMumifoif

jyr,f/ tJ'DrSm aEG? rkd;? aqmif; &,fvkdY OwkokH;yg; &Sdw,f/ t*FvefrSm b,fESpfrsKd;&SdovJ

av;rsKd;&Sdygw,fvkdY ajzMuonf/ aEGrSm tylcsdef 100 txd wufw,f[kqkdvkduf&m tkd;?

tm;[katmfMujyefonf/ t*Fveftylcsdef b,favmuf&SdovJ/ tjrifhqkH; 80 'D*&D 85 'D

*&DygyJ/ 'gayr,fh wpfcgwpfcgrS 'Davmufylwmyg[k wpfa,mufu xajzonf/

rkd;wGif;av;vrSm rkd;vufr 200 txd &Gmwwfw,f[kajym&m rsufvkH;jyL;oljyL;

oGm;onf/ t*FvefrSm 'Davmuf r&Gmbl;[kwpfa,muf xajymonf/ aqmif;wGif;rSm rkd;

r&Gm ESif;usonfudk olwkdYod\/ aqmif;wGif; atmufjrefrmjynfrSm tedrfhqkH; 60-65 'D*

&Dtxdom tat;"mwfusqif;w,f? t*FvefrSm b,ftxd usqif;ovJ[kar;\/ vuf

nd§K;axmifonfhtwef;oluav;u okn? wpfcgwav tEkwfvu©Pm 4-5-6 txd us

qif;wwfw,f[kajz\/ 'Dt0wftpm;rsKd; 0wfvkdY&rvm;[kjrefrmt0wftpm;udk vuf

nd§K;xkd;jyNyD; ar;&m r&yg[kajzMuonf/

t*FvefrSm *sKH b,fvkdpdkufovJ[kar;&m wpfa,mufu xajz\/ uRefawmfu

&THUxJ pyg;pdkufzkdYudk x,fxkd;? xGef,uf? pufwkH;ckwfonfrStp aumufpkduf? pyg;&dwf? avSY

onftxd "mwfykHum;csyfBuD;rsm;ESifh&Sif;vif;ajymjy\/ xkdYaemuf uRefawmfuar; ol

wkdY uajz? olwkdYuar; uRefawmfuajz&if; rdepf 40 jynfhoGm;\/ tawmfNrdKifonf/ usL

wm u raemawGY? ygarmu©u oabmacGYoGm;ykHay:NyD; uRefawmfhudkEIwfqufumxGufcGm

oGm;Muygonf/ em;axmifaeaom twef;jyq&mu Congratulations (uRefawmf o

abmusw,f)[kvmajym\/ twef;om;tcsKdUu tusÐESifhvkHcsnfudk vmudkifMunfhNyD;ar;

Muonf/ q&mu rpöwmab armaeNyDuG,fh? oGm;MuawmhqkdrS xGufcGmoGm;Muonf/

pmar;yGJatmifpm&if; xGufaomtcg Pe, Hla(abç vS)trnfudk awGY&aom

aMumifh aMomf tHhzG,f&mwpfyg; avmurSm jzpfcJhNyDuvm;[k &Gwfqkdrdygonf/ ÓPf0D&d,

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pGrf;tm;xuf uHwGef;tm;aMumifh atmifjrif&onf[k ,lqrdyg\/

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&Tif pm;aomuf&if; pmar;yGJusolrsm;twGuf acwåESpfrdepfcefY NidrfoufpGm aeMuonf/

þrQavmuf cspfcif&if;ESD;olrsm;jzpfMuonf/ NyD;aemuf wpfa,mufvdyfpm wpfa,muf

,laewkef; ausmif;olwpfOD;u ]wkdYrsm;[m wpfpif;ESifhwpfpif; qkHrdNyD; cGmxGufoGm;wJhyif

v,fxJrS oabFmawGeJYwlw,f? b,fawmh jyefawGYMuOD;rvJ rodbl;aemf}[k0rf;enf;oH

jzifh ajymonfhpum;udk ckxd rSwfrdaeygao;\/

uRefawmfhxH wuúodkvft"dywdESifhausmif;tkyfBuD;wkdY xkd;xm;aomvufrSwfyg

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oGm;awGYonf/ uRefawmfhtm; axmufcHpmwpfapmifudk a&;ay;onf/ pmapmifatmuf

wGif olYvufrSwfESifhynma&;aumvdyfausmif;tkyfBuD; rpöwmtuf(zf)uvyf(F.Clarke)

vufrSwfrsm; xkd;xm;\/

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udk xrf;aqmifcJhao;onf/

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pnf;tzkHzkHwkdYudk avhvmcJhonf/ oufqkdfifonfhynm&yfudk qnf;yl;cJh\/ t*FvdyfpmESifht

*Fvdyfynma&;tawG;tac:wkdYudk ukHvkHem;vnfEkdifeif;aMumif;udk ol\ta&;tom;rsm;

u oufaojyxm;onf/ jrefrmjynfodkY jyefvmonfhtcg <u,f0wdusrSefuefaomtod

ÓPf? tzkd;wefonfhtjrifÓPfrsm;onf olESifhwpfygwnf; ygoGm;rnf/ þt&nftcsif;

rsKd;jzifh jynfh0aeoltm; 0efxrf;cefYrdonfhrnfonfhtmPmydkifrsKd;rqkd olrnfrQBuD;rm;

onfhtusKd;udk o,fykd;rnfhta&;udk rvGJraoG awGY&ayrnf}}[lí yg&Sdyg\/

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7/ ta&SUwkdif;ESifhtmz&duynm&yfrsm; aumvdyfausmif;? 1939-44

pmar;yGJ atmifNyD;onfhaemuf txkyfBuD;usoGm;onf/ ukd,fpdwfayghyg;oGm;\/

pm;0iftdyfaysmfonf/ ZlvkdifvtwGif; acgif;at;at;xm;NyD; aemufquf bDtD;'D(B.

Ed)? trf(rf)tD;'D(M.Ed)bGJYESifhynma&;r[m0dZÆm(M.A)bGJYwkdYteuf b,fbGJY,l&rnfudk

pOf;pm;onf/ a0cGJír&yg/ ewfnTef;ydkYí xifyg&JU OD;0ef(rif;ok0Pf)aygufvmygonf/

atmufpzkdYwuúokdvfrS bDvpf(B.Litt)&NyDjzpfí jrefrmjynfodkY vykdif;twGif; jyefygawmh

rnf/ olu uRefawmfhtaMumif;udk a'gufwma*sat pwl;0wf(J.A. Stewart)tm;ajymjy

í uRefawmhfudk awGYcsifaMumif;? uRefawmfoGm;rnfqkdvQif olac:oGm;rnfjzpfaMumif;

ajymyg\/ uRefawmfvnf; awGYcsifygonf[kajzvkdufygonf/

ESpf&ufavmuftMum OD;0efESifhtwl vef'efrS rkdif 30 cefYa0;aom a'gufwmp

wl;0wfaexkdif&m bda&Smh(zf)pawmhzkdY(Bishop's Stortford)NrdKUokdY &xm;jzifh oGm;ygonf/ rd

epf 30 tMumwGif a&mufoGm;Muonf/ q&mBuD;onf jrefrmjynfwGif tkdifpDtuf0efxrf;

tjzpf tESpf 30 eD;yg;trIxrf;cJhonf/ 1933-34 ckESpfü yifpif,lNyD; jrefrmtrsKd;orD;

ZeD;a':cifav;ESifhtwl t*FvefodkYjyefvmonf/ jrefrmpm jrefrmESifhrGefpum;wwfonf/

,cktcg vef'efwuúokdvfta&SUwkdif;ynm&yfrsm;ausmif;ü jrefrmpm 'kygarmu©jzpfae

onf/ jrefrmjynfwGif vkyfazmfudkifzuf b0wl rpöwm qD? 'AÁvsL? 'ef;(C.W. Dunn)ESifh

vufwGJNyD; jrefrm-t*Fvdyf tbd"mefBuD;udk jyKpkaeyg\/

q&mBuD;u awGYawGYcsif; &if;ESD;pGmjzifh bmqufvkyfzkdY tpDtpOf&SdaMumif; ar; \/

uRefawmfu ynma&;txufwef;'D*&Dwpfckckudk ,l&ef MuHpnfaeaMumif;ajymaom tcg

]jrefrmjynf ynma&;twGuf 'DyvkdrmeJYvkHavmufygNyD/ jrefrmpmay wkd;wufatmifpepf

wus oifMum;zkdYoufqkdif&m jrefrmbmompmay yg&*lbGJYpmwrf;a&;ygvm;}[kjrefrmvkd

wkdufwGef;ygonf/ rkwfqdwfysm;pGJudef;ESifhrarQmfvifhbJ jzKef;ceJ MuKHawGY&í tHhtm;oifh

oGm;NyD;aemuf ]tcGifh&&ifawmh pmwrf;a&;csifwmaygh}[kajzvkdufyg\/ q&mBuD;u ol

oufqkdif&mqD pma&;tcGifhawmif;rnf}[kajymygonf/ a':cifav;u jrefrmxrif;[if;

rsm; auR;arG;NyD; jyefvTwfvkdufonf/

uRefawmf yg&*lbGJY,l&ef Mo*kwfvtwGif; jrefrmtpkd;&xHrStrdefYusvmaMumif;

udk Mum;od&yg\/ 0rf;omtm;& &SdaepOf udkvSausmfa&mufvm\/ yk*Hausmif;aqmifae

azmfaezufjzpfonf/ wpfESpfESpfESpfavmufu wd&pämefaq;uk ynmawmfoifpaumvm;

&Spf&í t*Fvefa&mufaeonf/ avmavmq,fwGif t*Fvefta&SUbuf yifv,furf;ajc

NrdKU *&dwf,m;armuf(of)(Great Yarmouth)wGif wd&pämefaq;ukq&m0efBuD;xHü vuf awGY

twwfynmoif,lae\/ olaeonfhNrdKUodkY tyef;ajzvmvnf&ef ajymyg\/ a&mufzl;

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w,f&dSatmif oleJYoGm;r,fvkdY0efcHvkdufonf/ xdktcsdefu *smreDtmPm&Sif [pfwvm

(Hitler) \ya,m*aMumifh Oa&mywkdufwGif ppf&dyfppfaiGY oef;ESifhaeNyD/

pufwifbmv 2 &ufaeYwGif udkvSausmfESifhtwl rD;&xm;jzifh oGm;onf/ vrf;

wpf0uf tpfy(pf)0pf(csf)(Ipswitch)NrdKU blwm&kHodkY qkdufonfhtcg t*FvdyftrsKd;om;u

av;wpfa,muf wufvmNyD; [pfwvm ykdvef(Poland)udk 0ifwkdufNyD[kajymygawmh\/

NAdwdoQESifhjyifopftpkd;&wkdYu ykdvefr[mrdwf jzpfaeojzifh olwkdYESpfOD;pvkH; 0ifulvQif ppf

jzpfrSm rkcs[laomtawG;onf acgif;xJ aqmifh0ifvm\/ udk,fhpdwfudk,fajzqkdovkd olwkdY

0ifulcsifrS ulrSmyJav[laomtawG;ESifh ajzvkdufonf/ udkvSausmfuvnf; ]ppfjzpfcsifrS

jzpfrSmyg}[kqkd\/ qufvufoGm;Muonf/

,m;armuf(of)wGif tcef;wpfcef; iSm;aeonf/ yifv,furf;ajcoJjyifodkYoGm;

onf/ pdwfxJ ckd;vdk;ckvkjzpfaeonf/ aemufwpfaeY eHeuf 11 em&DavmuftcsdefwGif a&

'D,kdem;axmifaewkef; NAdwdoQeef;&if;0efBuD; rpöwmcsdefbm;vdef(Chamberlain)u jyif

opftpkd;&ESifhtwl ydkvefudk ulrnf[k tyGifhtvif; aMunm\/ ppfpjzpfNyD/

,m;armuf(of)wGif wpfywfae\/ udkvSausmfu teD;tem;&Sd yifv,furf;ajc

NrdKUrsm;qD vkdufykdYygonf/ odkYaomf aomuNidrf;aq; &SmrawGYí aysmfoifhoavmuf r

aysmfcJh&yg/ vef'efodkY jyefvmonf/ þjzpf&yfonf uRefawmf\b0vrf;aMumif; rnfrQ

twkdif;twmtxd ajymif;vJoGm;aponfudk aemiftcgrS od&ygawmh\/

jrefrmynmawmfoifawGteuf jyefcsifolrsm;udk jyefydkYay;rnf/ ynmqufvuf

oifMum;vkdolwkdYtm; oifcGifhjyKrnf[kjrefrmtpkd;&u aMunmyg\/ tcsKdUjyefoGm;Mu

onf/ OD;0ef? q&mOD;odef;[efwkdYu bGJY&NyD;NyDrkdY uRefawmfwkdYESifhcGJcGmoGm;Muonf/ ukdom

vS? ukdvSjrifh? udkvSausmf? ukdarmifarmifc? uRefawmfESifhtcsKdUwkdYu ynmqufvufoif

Mum;&ef ae&pfMuonf/

rjyefjzpfonfrSmvnf; uRefawmfwkdY uHaumif;onf[kqkd&ygrnf/ jyefygu *syef

vufatmuf okH;ESpfokH;rkd; i&Ja&muf&rnf/ bGJYvnf; vufvGwfoGm;rnf/ q&mBuD;a'guf

wmpwl;0wfu vef'efwGif *smrefAkH;tEÅ&m,f rsm;rnf/ bda&Smh(zf)pawmhzkdYrSm vmaezdkY

ajymí xkdNrdKUwGif oGm;ae\/

q&mBuD;u uRefawmfhudk t*Fvdyfpum; ykdwwfap&efESifht*Fvdyf"avhxkH;pH ykdod

em;vnfap&ef t*FvdyfZeD;armifESHtdrfwGif xm;ygonf/ tdrf&Sifa,musfm;onf touf

70 cefY&Sd ynmwwft*FvdyftrsKd;om;yifpifpm;ausmif;q&mBuD;? ZeD;onfu ynmwwf

jyifopftrsKd;orD;BuD;/ q&mBuD;ESifhrpöwm'ef;wkdYudk uRefawmfra&mufrD ESpfESpftawm

twGif; tbd"mefjyKpk&mü vma&mufulnDcJhonfhOD;cifarmifvwf aeoGm;onfhtdrfjzpfyg

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onf/ q&mBuD;tdrfESifhtvSrf;ra0;yg/ 10 rdepf ausmfausmf avQmufvQifa&mufonf/

atmufwkdbmvqef;wGif q&mBuD;wkdY\ta&SUwkdif;ynm&yfrsm;ausmif;(aemif

tcg emrnfausmfta&SUwkdif;ESifhtmz&duynm&yfrsm;ausmif;)wGif ausmif;om;tjzpf

rSwfykHwifonf/ xkdtcgu q&mOD;a& 25 a,mufavmufESifhausmif;om; 100-200

avmufom &Sdygao;\/ 3-4 &ufMumaomtcg wpfNrdKUwnf;aeaomausmif;tkyfBuD;yg

armu©&yf(zf)wm;em(Ralph Turner)tdrfodkY uRefawmfhudk ac:oGm;ygonf/ rdwfqufay;

onf/ oabmoum, aumif;onfha&jynfhtkd;BuD;ESifhwlaom? ouúwESifhtjcm;tdE´d,

bmomrsm; uRrf;usifaom ynm&SifBuD;udk jrifrdrdcsif; MunfndKpdwf wzGm;zGm;ay:vmyg

awmhonf/ q&mBuD;u uRefawmf jrefrmbmompmayESifhywfoufwJhyg&*lbGJYpmwrf;a&;

r,f[k ajymjyaomtcg ]aumif;w,f? aumif;w,f? aemif wkdYausmif;rSm jrefrmu@wkd;

yGm;a&;&awmhrSmaygh}[k aq;wHaomuf&if; ajymyg\/

trSwfrxif þawGYqkHrItaMumif;rS ay:xGufvmonfhaumif;usKd;qufrsm;

wpfqifhNyD;wpfqifh uRefawmfcHpm;&ykHudk þaqmif;yg;aemufydkif;wGif pmzwfy&dowfwkdY

MuKHawGYMu&ayvdrfhrnf/ ausmif;tkyfBuD;onf 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;NyD;onfhtcg ]qm}bGJY&

onf/

q&mBuD;ESifhrnfonfhtaMumif;udk rnfodkYrnfykHESifh pmwrf;jyKpk&rnfhta&;aqG;

aEG;onf/ 1879 ckESpfwGif OD;ykwfeD a&;onfhjynfolYjyZmwfjzpfonfhukr®m&jyZmwf t

aMumif; wifjy&ef tMuHay;\/ yxrykdif;rSm ed'gef;? 'kwd,ykdif;rSm #Dum[k tMurf;zsif;

tm;jzifh owfrSwfay;onf/ ]ed'gef;ykdif;yg bmomjyefudk yxrpwifjyKvkyf? NyD;awmh#Dum

a&;? 'Dvkdvkyf&if;eJY pmwrf;&kyfvkH;ay:vmr,f}[kqkd\/ rSefygonf/ ay:vmonfh&kyfvkH;

um; tydkif;(1)ykHESdyfpufjrefrmjynfwGif;odkY a&mufvmNyD; wGifus,fvmykH/ 2/ jyZmwfq&m

ESifhjyZmwfrsm;/ 3/ jyZmwfrsm;yg(1) tajympum;ESifh(2)tqkdpum; um&efenf;pepf

rsm;/ 4/ jynfolYjyZmwfrsm;rS a&mifjyef[yfonhfvlrIa&;&mtajctae/

tcef; 2 ukr®m&jyZmwf? 1/ OD;ykwfeDtaMumif;? 2/ OD;ykwfeDpmayta&;tom;

edósnf;? 3/ ukr®m&jyZmwf tusOf;csKyf? 4/ Zmwfaqmifrsm;/

tykdif; 2 bmomjyef? tydkif; 3 #DumwkdYjzpfMuygonf/

wpfzufrS þokdYvkH;yef;aewkef; q&mBuD;wkdY\tbd"meftwGuf jyKpkxm;aomrl

Murf;rsm;udk zwfNyD; 0kdif;ulay;aeonf/ ppftwGif; pmwrf;ESifhtbd"mefjyKpkykHrsm;udk t

awG;tjrifpmapmifawGxJwGif ygESifhNyD/ NyD;aemuf þaqmif;yg;acgif;pOfESifhvnf;rouf

qkdifonfrkdY csefvSyfxm;yg\/

ppfjzpfNyD; rMumrD bDbDpDu jrefrmjynfodkY toHvTifhay;&ef ajymvmonf/ jiif;

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qkdvkdufonf/ 1941 ckESpf *syefawG ppfxJ0ifvmonfhtcg wpfzefvmajymjyef\/ w&kwf

jynfudk 1936 ckESpfavmufuwnf;u pNyD; tEkdifusifhESdyfpufuvljyKcJhonfhvlrqefonfh

olwkdYtm; rkef;wD;&GH&SmvSojzifh vufcHvkdufyg\/ xkdtcg uRefawmfESifhudktkef;wkdYcGmNyJMu

\/ olESifhuRefawmfwkYd wuúokdvfausmif;om;b0u yk*Hausmif;aqmifwGif oufowf

vGwfpm;? a&Twd*kHbk&m;odkY we*FaEGeHeufapmapmBuD;oGm;? Oykofapmifh? yifeDtusÐ0wf?

tcsKdUtaqmifom;rsm;ESifhjrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;vkyfukdifcJhMuonf/

xkdYaMumifh þowif;udk olMum;onfhtcg uRefawmfhtm; opömazmuf[kac:yg\/ uRef

awmfu I would rather trust the devil I know than the devil don't (uRefawmfrodwJho&J

xuf odwJho&Judk ,kHw,f/)edrSaomif aemifrSodr,f[kajymvkdufygonf/

yxrwpfywfvQif wpfBudrf? aemufawmh ESpfBudrf? yg&*lpmwrf;NyD;onfhtcg wpf

ywf ig;BudrftoHvTifhygonf/ 1940 jynfhESpfwGif q&mBuD;wkdYtbd"mef twGJ(1)xGufvm

onf/ uRefawmf qufvufulnDjyKpk\/ 1944 ckESpfü q&mBuD;u ygarmu©jzpf? uRef

awmfu yg&*lbGJY,l? *smrefwkdYu vufeufcs? vmbfr[mBuD;wkdYudk &Muonf/ uRefawmfbGJY

&NyDrkdY ynmawmfoif paumvm;&Spf r&awmhyg/ bDbDpDrS &onfhaiGESifhae&ygonf/

1945 ckESpf Zlvkdifvü *syefawG vufeufcsonf/ urÇmwpf0ef;vkH; owå&EÅuyf

rS xGufajrmufvm\/ tdE´d,jynf qif;rvm;NrdKUwGif ppftwGif; &kH;pkdufaeaom jrefrm

tpkd;&u jrefrm-t*Fvdyftbd"mefBuD; pDrHudef;a&;qGJonf/ aygif pwmvif wpfaomif;

ay;rnf/ t,f'DwmESpfOD;wkdYtm; ulnD&ef pmjyKokH;OD;cefYay;rnf/ wpfESpfwpfwGJxkwfvkyf

&ef &nfrSef;xm;onf[kqkd\/ q&mBuD;u uRefawmhfudk ]ab wwfxm;wJhynmeJYtoHvTifh

tvkyf[m jy'g;wpfvrf; oHwpfvrf; jzpfaew,f? tbd"mef&kH;rSm vmvkyfyg}[kajymonf/

uRefawmfu oabmwlonf/ odkYaomf bDbDpDu ]jrefrmjynfrS vlpm;&rS EkwfxGufcGifhjyK

r,f}[k wnfqJppfOya't& wm;qD;xm;\/ uRefawmfum; tcsdef&wkdif; vma&mufjyK

pkyg\/

8/ tbd"mefjyKpkol? 1946-48

1946 ckESpf jrefrmjynfrS OD;wifarmif a&mufvmrS tbd"mefavmuxJ ajcpkHypf

0ifvmEkdif\/ q&mBuD;onf wpf{u us,f0ef;onfholYjcH0if;xJ tbd"mef&kH;aqmufonf/

udef;b&pf&Sm;e,fxJ&Sd rJ&'uf(of)&Gmuav;wGif aecJhaom rpöwm'ef;onfvnf; bda&Smh

(zf)pawmhzkdYwGif tdrfBuD;wpfaqmif0,fNyD;ajymif;vmonf/ vpfvyfaeaomwpfae&mwGif

q&mawmfOD;ao|dvtm; cefYonf/ usefwpfae&mü q&mBuD;wkdYausmif;wGif yg&*lbGJYpm

wrf;a&;aeol OD;wufxG#fu vcr,lbJ wpfywfvQif okH;&uf vkyftm; vmay;onf/

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wufnDvufnDvkyfí t&Sdef&um &Sdao; 1946 ck 'DZifbmvwGif tbd"mefukd

jrefrmjynfü jyKpkygu ydkjrefjrefNyD;pD;rnf/ xkdYaMumifh jyefydkYay;yg&ef &efukefwuúokdvftkyf

csKyfa&;tzGJYopfu awmif;qkdaompm a&mufvmyg\/ t,f'DwmwkdYu rvkdufavsmyg/

vdyfcJwif;vif; jzpfaewkef; q&mawmfOD;ao|dvu ,lEkdufwufuif;'rf;wGif tcsdefjynfh

omoemjyKzkdY 1947 ckESpf Zlvkdifvü xGufcGm<uoGm;onf/ 1948 ckESpf azaz:0g&DvwGif

OD;wufxG#f tbd"mef&kH;odkYrvmawmhyg/ xkdYxuf qkd;&Gm;aomtysufw&m;um; 1947 ck

ESpfu ESvkH;a&m*guRrf;aeaMumif;odcJh&onfhq&mBuD;pwl;0wfonf 1948 ckESpf arv 1

&ufaeY oef;acgifausmfwGif tedpöa&mufoGm;&jcif;yif/

MuHMuHzefzef q&mBuD;tedpöa&mufrnfhn rwkdifrD naecif; em&Djyef 3 csuf-

wGif &efukefwuúokdvf ygarmu©csKyfa'gufwmxifatmif q&mBuD;tdrfodkYa&muf

vmonf/ uRefawmhfudk jrefrmjynf jyefac:oGm;vkdaMumif; ajym\/ q&mBuD;u vS-

abudk bm&mxl; ay;rvJ[kar;onf/ jrefrmpm'kygarmu©[kajzonf/ q&mBuD;u

tdyf&mxJrSaeNyD; pdwf qkd;rmefqkd;ESifhDamn it, Pe has every prospect of becoming Profes-

sor of Burmese(Myanmar)in the University of London (bmajymvkdufovJ? ab[m vef

'efwuúokdvfrSm jrefrmpmygarmu©jzpfzkdY tvm;tvm&Sdw,f)[kajymvdkufonf/

aemufwpfaeY eHeuf 10 em&Davmuftcsdef a'gufwmxifatmif udef;b&pfNrdKU

rSaeNyD; q&mBuD;tdrf zkef;qufonf/ uRefawmf xl;onf/ q&mu ]q&mBuD; tedpöa&muf

oGm;aMumif; Mum;&vkdY 0rf;enf;ygw,f}[k pum;OD;oef;NyD; jrefrmjynfjyefvm&ef ajym

jyefonf/ uRefawmfu vuf&Sdtbd"meftwGJ 2 udk rpöwm'ef;ESifhtwl NyD;atmifvkyfr,f

vkdYq&mBuD;udk uwdjyKxm;aMumif; ajymygonf/

uRefawmf &mxl;BuD;BuD; rufí vufrcHjcif; r[kwfyg/ uRefawmfESifhtwl t*F

vefwGif ynmawmfoiftjzpfaeNyD; jrefrmjynfokdY jyefoGm;Muol udkomvS? ukdvSjrifh? udkvS

ausmf? udkarmifarmifcwkdYonf qkdif&mXmersm;ü ygarmu©awGjzpfESifhaeMuygNyD/ 1957 ck

ESpfwGif jrefrmjynfodkY 10 vcefYjyefNyD; jrefrmbmompmay,Ofaus;rIudk avhvmonfhtcg

udktkef;ESifh0efBuD;tcsKdUu ygarmu©csKyf&mxl;ay;urf;onf/ r,lbJ t*FvefodkYjyefvmyg

\/

15 &uf? t&uf 20 Mumonfhtcg jrefrmtpkd;&u uRefawmfhvcudk &yfpJvkduf

onf/ emrnf&if;jzifhvnf;aumif;? aumif;pm;apvkdol? jynfcspfolponfh emrnf0Sufrsm;

jzifhvnf;aumif; jyefvm&ef aMu;eef;pmawG ydkYyg\/ xkdumvu udef;b&pfwGif uRef

awmftcef;iSm;aeonfhtdrfykdif&Siftm; olYqkdifü tcsdefydkif;ESifhtvkyfvkyf&ef ajymMunfh

onfhtcg uRefawmfhudk oem;cifrifojzifh vkyfEkdifonf[kajymonf/ rpöwm'ef;uvnf;

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aygifpwmvif 30 ay;onf/ r,lí twif;tdwfxJxnfhay;\/ ZGefvwGif ta&SUwkdif;

ESifh tmz&duynm&yfrsm;ausmif;[kemrnfajymif;xm;onfhuRefawmfhausmif;u jrefrm

pmuxdu&mxl; urf;vSrf;vmonf/ pufwifbmvü vufcHvkduf\/ atmufwkdbmv

qef;wGif tvkyf0ifonf/

9/ uxdu? 1948-54

uxducefYpmxJ uxdu0wå&m;ukd aqmif&Guf&if; qkdif&mbmomwkd;wufBuD;yGg;

atmif okawoevkyfzkdYvnf;yg&dS\/ ppfBuD;NyD;uwnf;u þausmif;wGif XmeawG wkd;

csJUvkdufonfESifhtrQ q&mOD;a&vnf; wkd;yGm;vm\/ Xmetopfwpfcku ta&SUawmif

tm&SESifhuRef;rsm; bmompmayjzpfygonf/ þtyifBuD;\tukdif;wpfukdif;onf jrefrm

bmompmayyif/ ae&muvnf; y#d&lya'o? pmtkyfpmwrf;awGuvnf; jynfhpkH? ywf0ef;

usifynm&SifawGuvnf; tm;usp&maumif;vSqkdawmh tm;usrcH BudK;ukwfvkyfcJh&m

32 ESpfMumMum yifpif,lawmhrS ausmif;u xGufcGmvmyg\/

tvkyfp0ifNyD;onfaemuf jrefrmbmompmayESifhjrefrmtbd"mefpef;yGifhvmzkdY

tajctaeokH;&yf ay:xGef;vmyg\/ 1949 ckESpf atmufwkdbmvü ygarmu© 'D? *sD? tD?

a[m(vf)(D.G.E. Hall)tm; ausmif;u ta&SUawmiftm&SXmerSL;ESifhorkdif;ygarmu©&m

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"mefjyKpkrIudk ausmif;okdYvTJtyfay;vkdufjcif;rsm; jzpfyg\/

ygarmu©a[m(vf)onf &efukefaumvdyfudk wuúokdvftqifhtwef;odkY jr§ifhwif

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ESpfü ukd,fa&; ukd,fwmtwGufaMumifh t*Fvef jyefvmNyD; aux&rf;(Caterham)NrdKU&Sd

ausmif;BuD;ü ausmif;tkyfBuD;vkyfcJhonf/ odkYaomf jrefrmjynfoHa,mZOfudk rjzwfEkdifyg/

jrefrmjynforkdif; tapmifapmifa&;cJh\/

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a&;udk q&mBuD;pwl;0wfESifhtwl jrefrmjynfwGif&SdaepOf pdkif;jyif;cJh\/ tbd"mefukd

ausmif;odkY &efukefwuúokdvfu vTJajymif;ay;cJhonfhtcg tbd"mef&kH;udk bda&Smh(zf)pawmh

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qm;(vf)? uRefawmfESifhtwl jyKpkyg\/ tbd"meftwGJ 2 udk rpöwm'ef;ESifhuRefawmfu

1950 jynfhESpfü ykHESdyfxkwfa0ygonf/

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1954 ckESpfwGif uHZmwmjrifhvmívm;rod? uRefawmfhtm; csD;jr§ifhay;olrsm;

ay:vmyg\/ XmerSL;ygarmu©a[mvfonf uRefawmfhudk 'kjrefrmpmygarmu©&mxl; ay;

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&mxl;tyfESif;yg&ef wuúokdvftmPmykdiftzGJYokdY pmwifvkdufygonf/ qD;edwf(Senate)o

abmwlnDrIt& 1955 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvrSpí uRefawmfhtm; jrefrmpm'kygarmu©bGJYtyf

ESif;vkdufaMumif;udk 'DZifbm 8 &ufaeYü wuúokdvfausmif;tkyfBuD;xHü pm&cJhyg\/ cefY

tyfykH cefYtyfenf;rsm;udk ]]a'gufwmvSab-ynmyg&rD}}pmrsufESm 34-36 rsm;ü wifjy

NyD;jzpfyg\/

10/ 'kygarmu©? 1955-65

1944 ckESpfü yg&*lbGJY&NyD;onfaemuf q&mBuD;pwl;0wfxH cGifhyefum ynmya'

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vdyfausmif;awGudk vkdufavQmufMunfhonf/ ouúwbmomESifhtjcm;bmomrsm;ü uRrf;

usifolygarmu©qm[J&kd;ab;vD(Sir Harold Bailey)ESifhoduRrf;vmonf/ &mrZmwfBuD;t

aMumif;aqG;aEG;\/ ol\aumvdyfausmif;ü q&mawGESifhtwl npmpm;&ef tBudrfBudrf

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vkdufyg\/

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vmonfhtcg vef'efwuúokdvfu xkwfxm;onfhOya'wpf&yfrSm wuúokdvfq&mrsm;onf

vef'efESifhrkdif 30 twGif;üom aexkdif&rnf[kqkdxm;ojzifh rkdif 60 eD;yg;a0;onfhudef;b

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&pfNrdKUrS cGmcJh&ygawmh\/ uRefawmf 1948 rS 1954 ckESpftwGif; aumvdyfausmif;q&m

uxdutjzpfjzifh udef;b&pfrS vef'efodkY wevFmaeYrS aomMumaeYtxd aeYpOfvmNyD;pm

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awmfrsm;rsm;onf vef'efjyifbuf rdkif 30 twGif;&Sd NrdKUrsm;rS rD;&xm; armfawmfum;rsm;

jzifh ausmif;vmwufMuonf/

rkdif 30 twGif;&Sd ajccif;vufcif; omonfhNrdKUrsm;vkdufMunfh&m rkdif 20 cefYa0;

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0if;twGif; opfyifyef;yif oD;yifjrufcif;rsm;ESifhrkdY omaomifhom,m&SdvSyg\/

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vSyoifhoavmuf rvSybJ&Sd&m uRefawmf pDrHudef;wpfckqGJNyD; jcHudk &kyfoGif;wjznf;jznf;

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4-5 yifcefY tjrpfygwl;ypfay;yg[k pnfyifom,ma&;&kH;udk pmwif\/ okH;yifom z,f&Sm;

ay;\/ yef;aph? yef;yif? opfawmf? yef;oD;yifrsm; rSmNyD;pkduf? jrufcif;udk jyefcif;? jruf

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ol uRefawmfonf BudK;yrf;cJh&m usufoa&&SdonfhtoGiftjyifaqmifvm\/ rmvD&Sdonf/

vkyfcBuD;ojzifh riSm;yg/

uRefawmfhtdrfodkY a&mufzl;onfhausmif;om;rsm; 20 ausmf 30 wkdYESifhjrefrm{nfh

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vnf; 'DvkdtajctaersKd; qkdufvmykHudk r,kHEkdifí tHhMoawGa0rdonf/ trSefajym&vQif

xkdtdrfESifhyef;jcHudk vufiif;0,fEkdif&ef aiGr&Sdyg/ uRefawmf aiGtyfxm;onfhbPfwkdufrS

aiGacs;0,f&onf/ wpfvvQif uRefawmfhvc rnfrQ&aMumif; odaeonfhbPfwkdufu &m

jzwfwpfOD;apvTwfNyD; tdrf\wefzkd;ukd jzwfaponf/ xkdaemuf tdrfwefzkd; okH;ykHESpfykHxkwf

ay;rnf/ twkd;ESifhwuG wpfv wpfBudrf rSefrSef 25 ESpftwGif; ausatmif zJhqyfay;ygh

rnfhpmcsKyf csKyfqkd\/ aiGxkwfay;í 0,fEkdifyg\/

ausmif;wGif jrefrmpm*kPfxl;wef;om;wpfOD;udk oifjy/ tbd"mefwpfaeukef

wpfaecef; jyKpkívm&m twGJ 3 udk rpöwm'ef;? uRefawmfESifhrpöwmqm;(vf)wkdY 1955 ck

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ESpfü xkwfa0cJhonf/ twGJ 4 udk qufvufjyKpkaecdkuf *kPfxl;,lonfh'kwd,ausmif;ol

onf 1956 ckESpfwGif atmifjrifoGm;ojzifh 1957 ckESpf pufwifbmvü ausmif;u ukef

usp&dwfcHNyD; jrefrmjynfü jyefavhvm&ef uRefawmfhudk wpfESpftcGifhay;vkduf\/ oabFm

jzifh oGm;&ojzifh wpfvMumrS a&mufonf/ vrf;wGif udkvHbkdü okH;av;&ufqkdufojzifh

pG,fawmf&Sd&m uE´D(Kandy)odkY wuúpDiSm;NyD; pG,fawmfukd zl;yg\/

19 ESpfuGJuGmcJhaom jrefrmjynfajrreif;rdrD &efukefodkY oabFmcsOf;uyfvmonfh

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&kH;ü tm;wkdif;oGm;NyD; avhvmyg\/

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yg&ap[k rwifrus ajymcJh&yg\/

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olYwynfhrsm;ESifhvmNyD; "mwfykHawG &kduf? owif;pmxJ xnhf\/ aemufwpfBudrf acwfopf

jrefrmpmaytaMumif; t*Fvdyfvkd a[majymygqkdí vkdufavsmnDaxG usifh&jyefayonf/

yd#uwfokH;ykHtm*kHaqmifaom rif;uGef;q&mawmfOD;0dpdwåom&udkvnf; oGm;zl;\/ q&m

awmfESifhpum;pjrnfajym\/ pdwfxJ ig tvGwfusufxm;wJht*Fvdyfvkd pmykd'fawG? *kPf

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xl;wef;wufaewkef; t&usufxm;wJhjrefrmpmykd'fawGeJYpm&if jrifhrkd&fawmifeJYqD;aph

avmufuGmyguvm;[k awG;awmNyD; q&mawmf\ynmyg&rDudk tm;uscsD;usL;aewkef;

q&mawmfu olY"mwfykHudk ay;oem;awmfrlojzifh vufcHum ,ckxufwkdif bk&m;pifwpf

ae&mü qGJxm;yg\/

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jzpfaewkef; pD;om pD;vmyg[kqkdjyefí pD;wufoGm;&ygonf/

q&mawmfonf ygVdrS jrefrmjyef&mü jrefrmqefqef jrefrmrsm; em;vnfatmif

jywfom;MunfvifvSí txl;MunfndKrdyg\/ ausmif;wkdufBuD;ür[kwf/ taqmifu

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onf/ ol rac:oGm;yg/ olESifhuRefawmf twloGm;onfhtcg olYudk ta&;ay;cJhzl;onfhol

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uH\upm;p&mawGvm;/

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ESifhqkdif&m tcsuftvufawG &orQ pkaqmif;yg\/

wpfaeYaomf OD;tkef;ESifh0efBuD;tcsKdUu uRefawmhfudk jrefrmjynfjyefvm&ef em;cs

onf/ &efukefwuúokdvf ygarmu©csKyf&mxl; urf;vSrf;vm\/ uRefawmfu ]vuf&Sdygarm

u©csKyfudk b,frSmoGm;xm;rvJ}[k ar;&m wpfOD;u t*Fvdyfvkd ]We'll Kick him upstairs}

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awmfhudk oabmruswJhtcg ]Will you kick me downstaris}(atmufxyfqD uefcsvkdufr

vm;)[kar;&m rjzpfap&ygbl;[k uwday;Muonf/

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uRefawmfonf ynmyg&rDjznfhvkdol pmay0goem&Sif? tkyfcsKyfa&;ü pdwfrygyg/

ausmif;om;axmifaomif;wkdY\ynma&; pm;aomufaexkdifrIponfwkdYESifhtcsdefukefae

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wmqm;(vf)ESifh 1954 ckESpfu uxducefYvkdufonfhrpöpfat? tJavmh(A.Allott)wkdYu

t bd"mefqufvufjyKpkae\/ 1958 ckESpfü rpöwm'ef;tem;,loGm;onf/ twGJ 4 udk

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rsm;wGif toD;oD; tedpöa&mufoGm;Muyg\/

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wl oGm;a&mufajyma[myg\/1 1964 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif tdE´d,jynf a'vDNrdKUopfwGif

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q&mckepfa,mufwkdY wufa&mufMuNyD; ukd,fESifhqkdif&m bmom&yfrsm;udk ajyma[maqG;

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2/ ,if; rsufESm 269-273/ 3/ ,if;rsufESm 274-284/ 4/ ,if;rsufESm 285-295/ 5/ ,if;rsufESm 296-306/

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uRefawmfatmifoGm;vkdY rw&m;bl;vkdY b,folrS pGyfpGJp&m oufao&Smr&wmrkdY 0rf;omrd

wmaygh/

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uRefawmhfqD ykdYvkdufvkdY uRefawmf q&mBuD;a'gufwmpwl;0wfxH a&mufoGm;&yga&m/ q

&mBuD;vufatmufrSm yg&*lbGJYpmwrf;a&;? jrefrmt8Fvdyftbd"mefjyKpkvkdY yg&*lbGJY&? t

bd"mefjyKpkenf;wwf? aemufqkH; q&mBuD;tedpöa&mufwJhtcg ol&JUausmif;rSm jrefrmpm

uxdujzpfvm&w,f/ a&S;ukokdvfuH tusKd;ay;rIaMumifh aus;Zl;&Sif ausmif;tkyfBuD;qm

&yfzfwef;em? ta&SUawmiftm&SXmerSL; ygarmu©a'gufwm'D? *sD? tD? a[mvf? ol&JUt&kduf

t&m qufcHol ygarmu©q&mrrpötD? a*s? [if'gqifwkdYESifhqkHpnf;&ygw,f/

uxdujzpfNyD; ckepfESpftMumrSm XmerSL;u axmufcH? ausmif;tkyfBuD;u o

abmwlvkdY wuúokdvfqD pmwifvkdufwJhtcg wuúokdvfu uRefawmfhudk jrefrmpm'kygarmu©bGJY

tyfESif;vkdufyga&m/ 1957-58 ckESpftwGif; uRefawmf 10 vcefY bk&m;vnf;zl; vdyfO

vnf;wl;qkdovkd trdjrefrmjynfudk jyefvmNyD; jrefrmpmayynm qufvufqnf;yl;w,f/

t*FvefudkjyefrvmrD zqyv0efBuD;tcsKdUu uRefawmhfudktxifBuD;NyD; &efukefwuúokdvf

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vm;vkdYxifyg&JU/

1958 ckESpf ZGefvrSm t*Fvefjyefvmw,f/ ckepfESpftwGif; jrefrmbmompmay

wkd;yGm;vmzkdYom &nfpl;NyD; vkyfaqmifaew,f/ ygarmu©&mxl;udk rarQmfrSef;0Hhyg/ jrefrm

bmom[m ausmif;rSm ydkYcsaewJhw&kwf *syef? ta&AD? ouúwbmomwkdYESifhpm&if i,fvS

wmrkdY ynm&Siftrsm;pku ravhvmMu? jrefrmjynfuvnf; vGwfvyfa&; &oGm;NyD; "eo

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[m,EkdifiHr[kwfqkdawmh ygarmu©&mxl; Munfhav a0;av qkdovkd jrif&vkdYjzpfygw,f/

'gay,fh uHxrf;vmwmudk rjrif&bl;aemf/

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rSL;jzpfvmw,f/ uRefawmfhZmwm xGef;awmufvmvkdY 'Dq&mBuD;[m 1963 ckESpfusawmh

ygarmu©&mxl;ESifhwjcm;XmewpfckrSm XmerSL;cefYcHcJh&w,f/ olYae&mudk ygarmu©q&mr

BuD;rpötD? a*s? [if'gqifu qufcHvkdufw,f/ csD;ajr§mufoifhol csD;ajr§muf&m\qkdwJh cH

,lcsufESifhuRefawmfhukd &mxl;wkd;ay;zkdY wuúokdvfudk 1965 ckESpfrSm axmufcHpma&;ykdYvkduf

w,f/ 1966 ckESpfrSm 'kv’b &cJwJhygarmu©&mxl; &vmw,f/

uRefawmf 1980 jynfhESpf jrefrmjynfudk jyefvmNyD;wJhaemuf uRefawmfhae&mrSm

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uRefawmfhwynfhausmf rpöwm*ReftkduJvf wpfa,mufudkawmifrS jrefrmpm'kygarmu©bGJY

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aemufqkH; jrefrmpmygarmu©&,fvkdY O'gef;wGifawmhrayghwJh/

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yghr,f/

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pufurS r&Sdyg/ q&mjzpfvmwJhtcgvnf; odorQ wwforQ tdwfoGefzmarSmuf oifjycJh

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xuf ausmoGm;r,fvkdYajymMuw,f/ uRefawmfu uRefawmfhxuf ynmyg&rD&ifhvkdY ausm

oGm;csif ausmygap? q&m tNidrf;pm;,loGm;wJhtcg q&mhae&mrSm oifjyoGm;&r,fholawG

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'efwuúokdvf&JUausmif;aqmif wpfaqmifjzpfwJh International Hall (vlrsKd;pkausmif;

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ausmif;om;awGudk vufcHw,f/ tcsdeftawmfMumvmwJhtcg 'ktaqmifrSL;u ]vSab?

wkdYtaqmifrSm jrefrmausmif;om;awG rsm;oxuf rsm;vmNyD? wpfaeYus ausmif;aqmif

udk tydkifpD;rSm pkd;&drfrdw,f}vkdY &,fp&m ajymvmw,f/

wpfaeYrSm jrefrmtrsKd;orD; q&m0efwpfOD; uRefawmfhudk ausmif;rSm vmawGY

w,f/ ol Y.W.C.A (0kdif'AÁvsLpDat)rSm aeae&wm raysmfbl;/ jrefrmjynfrSm usefaewJh

olYcifyGef; tedpöa&mufoGm;w,fvkdY nu tdyfrufrufw,f/ bGJYvGefausmif;olausmif;

om;awGaewJh Lillian Penson Hall (vDvsifyifpif)ausmif;aqmifrSm aecsifygw,fvkdYrsuf

&nfpufvufESifhajym&Smw,f/ ausmif;aqmifrSm tcef;&atmif pDpOfay;vkdufw,f/ NyD;

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aumvm;&SpftrsKd;rsKd; &Muw,f/ ,ltifef(U.N)? 'AÁvsLtdwfcsftkd(W.H.O)? ukdvHbkdy

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olwkdY ykdt&enf;vkdYaygh/

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oGm;/ jyefay;EkdifwJhtcg ay;? ray;Ekdif&if q&m edAÁme ypöa,m a[mwk vkyfvkdufr,fvkdY

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r&bJ olwkdYtvkd vkdufcJh&if tpkd;& tNidKtjiif cH&rSmpkd;vkdYaygh/ yxrtwGJ r*Fvmaqmif

yGJrSm uRefawmfu vufxyfay;? ezl;pm qkHykHudk ajym? qkH;rMo0g'pum;ESifhqkawmif;r*F

vmrsm;udk t*Fvdyfvkd ajymw,f/ bDbDpD OD;wifarmifu jrefrmvkd >rufMum;ygw,f/ <u

a&mufvmMuwJhjrefrmESifhEkdifiHjcm;{nfhonfawmfawGudk vufzuf&nf rkefYrsKd;pkHESifh{nfhcH

auR;arG;w,f/

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awG 50-60 avmuf txJrSm vlrsKd;jcm; ygarmu©awGESifhynm&Sifrsm; ygw,f/ yxrvuf

xyfyGJrSmvkd r*Fvmtcrf;tem;jyKay;w,f/ 'gayr,fh olpdrf;wpf&HqH ESpfOD;nm;&wm Ak'¨

bmomt,l0g't&qkd&if a&S;b0u cszl;wJha&pufyEéufcJhwJhopömaMumifh? [dE´Lbmom

t&qkd&if ezl;pmygwmaMumifhvkdY csJUxGifajymjyvkdufw,f/ tcrf;tem;tNyD;rSm aeYv,f

pmESifh{nfhcHauR;arG;w,f/ MopaMw;vsm;vlrsKd; ygarmu©u ajymwJhpum;[m pdwf0ifpm;

p&m aumif;w,fvkdYqkdNyD; ]cszl;wJha&puf? yEéufcJhwJhopöm}taMumif;ar;vkdY BudK;pm;NyD;

&Sif;jyvdkuf&ao;&JU/ wpfESpfcGJausmfausmf MumwJhtcg 'kwd,twGJu ZeD;onfu orD;u

av;ESifh0rf;bJuif wpfuif ausmif;udk ,lvmNyD; uefawmhwmudk jrifrdaeygao;/

ynma&;rSm ausmif;om;awG uRefawmfhudk OD;aESmufajcmufapw,f/ 'gayr,fh

olwkdYta&; ajz&Sif;ay;vkdY uRefawmf yg&rDjznfhEkdifw,f/ trsm;BuD;teuf wcsKdUukdom

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a&;jyygr,f/1

&efukefwuúokdvfu q&mwpfa,muf yg&*lbGJYpmwrf;vmjyKpkw,f/ uRefawmfu

wGJzufpmwrf; BuD;MuyfoltaeESifholESifh wpfcgwpfcg aqG;aEG;w,f/ wpfaeY olESifhaqG;

aEG;aeckduf 1936 ckESpfu bDat yxrwef; *kPfxl;atmifvufrSwfudk a&SUpOfaemufquf

t"dywdxHrS vufcH&,lcJhwJhOD;bausmf MuHMuHzefzef uRefawmfhtcef;xJ 0ifvmyga&m/ OD;

bausmf[m tkdifpDtuf pmar;yGJatmifNyD; ynma&;0efBuD;XmerSm yxrtwGif;0efjzpfae

wmudk;/ ol 'Dausmif;om;udk awGYw,f/ pl;pkdufMunfhw,f/ uRefawmfESifhaxG&mav;yg;

ajymNyD;xGufoGm;w,f/ twefMumawmh ol jyef0ifvmNyD; ]uGefjrLepfausmif;om; b,fh

ES,f 'Dausmif;a&mufaeovJ}vkdYar;&if; jyefykdYrSjzpfr,fvkdY qkdyga&m/ uRefawmfu olYudk

ppfaq;ar;jref;NyD;ygNyD? uGefjrLepfvlxGuf jzpfaeNyDvkdY &Sif;jyvdkufw,f/

'Dausmif;om; yg&*lbGJY&oGm;w,f/ jrefrmjynfjyefa&mufawmh ygarmu©rMumcif

jzpfoGm;wJhtcg pmwrf;pmtkyfawG a&;NyD; ynm&Siftaygif;udk todynma&at;wkduf

auR;w,f/ uRefawmf ESpfaxmif;tm;&jzpfrdwmaygh/

bmom&yfwpf&yfrSm &efukefwuúokdvfu q&mwpfa,muf vef'efwuúokdvfaum

vdyfausmif;wpfausmif;rSm bGJYvGef'D*&DtwGuf oifwef;vmwufw,f/ pmar;yGJusw,f/

pmar;yGJ cef;rBuD;xJ ar;cGef;pm&Gufay;wm aemufusNyD; tajzpm&Gufodrf;wmapmw,f

vkdY uRefawmfhudk vmwkdifw,f/ uRefawmfwkdYausmif;rS ol,lwJhbmomESifhqkdifwJhuRefawmfh

rdwfaqGygarmu©wpfOD;udk ajymjyvkdY oGm;pkHprf;wJhtcg tajzpm&Gufrsm;udk olawGYNyD;NyD/

atmifrSwf&zkdY tqifhrwef;rrDbl;vkdYajymjyw,f/ aemufwpfBudrf ajzw,f/ atmifoGm;

NyD; &efukefwuúokdvfrSm tcsdefwefawmh ygarmu©jzpfoGm;w,f/

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awmfu oufqkdif&mXmerSL;xH olwkdYESpfOD;ukd jrermjynf &efukefNrdKU&Sd NAdwdoQoH&kH;rSmaemuf

xyfwpfBudrf ajzqkdcGifhjyKzkdY toem;cHygw,f/ tcGifhjyKvkdY olwkdYajzMuw,f/ wpfa,muf

atmif wpfa,mufusoGm;ygw,f/ olwkdY 'DvkdajzEkdifzkdY tcGifh&atmif pDpOfay;wJhyk*¾Kdvfu

awmh wjcm;r[kwf/ bmomaA'ESifho'´aA'XmerSL; ygarmu©rpf(pf)tD? a*s? [if'gqif

ygyJ/

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uRefawmfhudk ygarmu©&mxl; &atmif axmufcHNyD; aemufESpfESpfMumawmh olESifhqkdifwJht

1/ a'gufwmvSab? ynmyg&rD? pmrsufESm 164-166&I(1993 pufwifbmv yxrESdyf)

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qkdygbmomESifho'´aA'XmerSL;jzpfoGm;ygw,f/ jrefrmjynfudk 1954 ckESpfrSm vmw,f/

jrefrmtpkd;& tcGifhjyKcsuft& q&mBuD;ygarmu©*sD? tdwf(csf)vk(pf)? tar&duefq&mBuD;

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um;udk avhvmw,f/ 10 ESpfMumwJhtcg avhvmcJhwJhykHjyifESpfckudk trSDjyKum o'´aA'

enf;ESifhcsif;bmompum;wpfuGufudk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm o&kyfazmfxm;wJhpmtkyfudk 1965 ck

ESpfrSm a&;om;xkwfa0cJhygw,f/ jrefrmausmif;olausmif;om;wkdYudk cifrifwJhq&mrBuD;

r&SdawmhNyD/

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w,f/ ratmifvkdY uRefawmfESifhbmvkyf&rvJvkdYvmwkdifyifw,f/ ol jrif;aumif;cGmvdyf

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oifausmif;om;wpfa,mufudk u,fq,frIwpfck vkyfay;cJhygw,f/

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vkduf&onf/ xkdjynfoljynfom;rsm;onf om;ig;tjyKwf? tmvl;aMumf? tuif? tcsuf

wkdYudk tmvl;jyKwf? tmvl;aMumfESifh[if;oD;[if;&Guf 2 rsKd;udk yef;uefjym; 1 csyfxJxnfh

um "m;cuf&if;rsm;jzifh pm;íjzpfyg\/ 1980 jynfhESpf jrefrmjynfodkY jyefa&mufvmaom

tcg 'kH&if;odkYjyefvnfvm\/ þtcsufudk awG;rdwkdif; tufaq;ponfta&;tom;t

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pDtukH;wkdYwGif txda&mufqkH;tcsufjzifh tqkH;owfonfudk owd&rdyg\/

2/ &Gmausmif;om; (1918-21)

&kd;&kd;vlom; rSeforQ &SpfESpf udk;ESpfom;t&G,fxd ywf0ef;usifjc,fvS,frItrsm;

pkudk vufcHwwfonf[kpdwfynm&SifwkdYu qkdMu\/ xkdYaMumifhvnf; a*s;Zk,pf(Jesuit)c&pf

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&if jyef,lMuyg}[kqdkaMumif; pdwfynmpmtkyfwpftkyfxJ zwfzl;ygonf/ uRefawmf\udk;

ESpf q,fESpftxd aemifpm&dwåudk jyKjyifajymif;vJoifhoavmuf jyKjyifonf[kqkd&rnfht

awGYtMuKHtcsKdUudk rSwfrdorQ a&;jycJhNyD; ckvnf; quftpD&ifcHygOD;rnf/

ig;ESpfom;t&G,f &Gmausmif;wGif pNyD;aeonf/ eHeuf&Spfem&DrS udk;em&Dtxd?

aeYv,f q,fem&DrS wpfem&Dtxd? nae ESpfem&DrS av;em&Dtxd ausmif;wufonf/ Mo

umotp ig;yg;oDvtqkH; ausmif;qif;csdefü twef;BuD;orm; av;wef;ausmif;om;

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rsm;udk &Sif;jyonf/ wjznf;jznf; teufawGudk odvm\/ bmoma&;ESifhpvkH;a&pí awGY

xdcgpüyifvQif ausmif;&uf&Snfydwfonfh&ufrsm; tawmtwGif; arG;pm;onfha':a':

av;a,mufteuf okH;a,muf? tpfudkwpf0rf;uGJwpfa,muf? aqGrsKd;awmfpyfolarmfv

NrdKifrS tysKdBuD;wpfa,mufESifhuRefawmfyg aygif;ajcmufa,mufwkdY usKdufxD;&kd;bk&m;oGm;

zl;Muygonf/

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tvG,fwul 0,fí&onf/ Zif;usKdufawmif? ukvm;rawmifrsm;udk vlBuD;rsm;jyí yxr

tBudrf jrif&onf/ yx0D0if pmtkyfxJ zwf&onfhtcg ydkíodcsifvmonf/ aemifvnf;

1931 ckESpfrS 1938 ckESpftxd &efukefwuúodkvfausmif;om;tjzpfESifhwpfESpfvQif av;

ig;ajcmufBudrf jrif&\/ ukvm;rawmifonf ukvm;rBuD; yufvuftdyfaeykHESifhwl

onf[k xifrdyg\/ usKdufxkdblwmodkY naeapmif;wGif a&mufonf/ vufrSwfppfu uRef

awmfhvufrSwfudk awmif;&m tysKdBuD;u 'Doli,f ig;ESpfrjynfhao;bl;[kajymonf/ uRef

awmfu ig;ESpfausmfNyD[k Mum;u 0ifawm&m tysKdBuD;u uRefawmhfem;udk vdrfvkduf\/

rkom0g'a&SmifcsifvkdYvm;? toufBuD;aMumif; jycsifvkdYvm; rodyg/ trSeftwkdif; ajym

vkdufí 'Pf&kdufcH&ygonf/

blwm&kHrS uifyGef;csKHpcef;odkY bwfpfum;jzifh oGm;Muonf/ ae0if&Dwa&mü

ukef;awmfay: pwufMuonf/ rsm;vSonfhbk&m;zl;rnfholawG/ oufBuD;olawG xrf;pif

ESifhwcsKdU? awmifa0S;ESifhwcsKdU? vli,fvl&G,fawGu aysmfaysmfyg;yg;? vlvwfykdif;u £a`E´

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&&/ uRefawmfvnf; bmrodnmrodESifh pdwftm;wuf<upGmjzifh a&SUuajy;vkduf? avQmuf

vkdufESifh/ xkdpOftcguom &Sifr[m&|om&\a&TpufoGm; awmvm;udkom odrnfqkdvQif

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ausmftcsdefavmuf xifyg\/ ukef;awmfay: ajccsrdonf/ Z&yfwpfaqmifwGif pwnf;

cs? bk&m;udk oGm;uefawmhMuyg\/

aemufwpfaeYeHeuf bk&m;udk oGm;zl;í qGrf;uyfMuonf/ vltcsKdU apwDwnf&Sd

&m ausmufwkH;BuD;udk Budrfjzifh wpfae&mü axmufum wGef;Munfhonf/ BudrfvkH;av;u

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txyfxyf jcKHvnf; raEG;yg/ a&aEG; ylylaomufcsrS acwåtcsrf;oufom&m &\/ a&mf

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yg/ jrefrmjynfodkY jyefa&mufvmonfhtcg armfvNrdKifwGif tajcpkdufae&m olpdrf;wpf&HqH

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a&m oduRrf;olrsm;yg iSufzsm;a&m*gjzifh toufaysmufoGm;MuaMumif; od& awGY&íaq;

&kHü ZD0dw'gejyK&ef oEéd|mefcsvkdufyg\/

rESpfNrdKU rESpfvkdYonfh0efudk i,fi,fuwnf;u ZGwfESpfí xrf;aqmifcJh&ojzifh

BuD;vmaomtcg aumif;usKd;cHpm;vm&onfudk owdrlrdyg\/ tbGm;xHü EGm;taumif

50 cefY&dSonfhteuf EkdYpm;EGm;r tawmfrsm;rsm;yg&Sdonf/ tdE´d,trsKd;om;BuD; OD;ajy;

qkdolu EGm;EkdYn§pf? uRefawmfu ausmif;rwufrD 50d om;EkdYykvif;okH;av;ykvif;ukd vuf

qGJjcif;ESpfjcif;xJxnfhNyD; &Gm&kd;wpfavQmuf vnfa&mif;onf/ azmufonfawG &Sdí ukef

onfom rsm;yg\/ usefvQif a':a':wkdYu csufNyD; uRefawmf aomufEkdifoavmuf wkduf

ygonf/ &Gmol&Gmom;tcsKdUu EGm;EkdYukvm;av;[kac:aomtcg pdwfqkd;rdonf/ ra&mif;

bJ xm;onfhEGm;EkdYokH;av;ydómudk OD;ajy;u axmywfcsufonf/ axmywfrjzpfrD 'def

csOftqifh a&mufonhftcg OD;ajy; ay;í oMum;ESifhpm;Munfh&m cHwGif; awGYyg\/ aemif

ESpfaygif; 20 ausmfcefY Mumaomf uHxajrmufí t*Fvef a&mufonfhtcg ,dk;,uf

(Yoghurt)ac: 'defcsOfwpfrsKd; pm;&onf/ c&J&Gmjzpf 'defcsOfukd owd&rdyg\/

rvkyfcsifaom tvkyf ZGwfESpfvkyfí udk,fcHpdwfonf pnf;urf;aovmonf/

BuD;jyif;vmaomtcg yxr rzwfcsif rusufvkdaom pmvkH;? pmykd'fawG ESpfNyD; zwfusuf

ojzifh zwfusufcsifpdwf ay:vmaomaMumifh ynma&;avmuü atmifyef;rsm; qGwfcl;

vm\/

pyg;rsm; &dwfodrf;? usDoGif;NyD;aemuf t0,fawmfawGudk a&mif;onfhtcg uRef

awmfu *&kdUcsKd;&onf/ pmom zwfcsif\/ *&kdUrcsKd;vkdyg/ 10 xpf xpfxm;aom 0g;wkwf

acsmif;ao;uav;rsm;udk wpfacsmif;pD udkifxm;&onf/ pyg;jcifolu wpfwif;[katmf

vkdufonfhtcgwkdif; wpfxpfudk tomusKd;&kHcsKd;NyD; wpfcsKd;[k jyefatmf&\/ odkYESifh ESpf

csKd; okH;csKd;rS 1 csKd;&vQif wpfwkdifusKd;NyD[katmfí *&kdUwkwfacsmif;udk csxm;vkdufonf/

aEGOwk ylonfh&moDwGif wif;aygif; &mESifhcsDNyD; jcif&ojzifh tdyfridkuf&atmif renf;BudK;

pm;ae&onf/ rSm;vQif jyefjyifjcifí r&yg/ tm&kHpkdufjcif;ESifhonf;cHjcif; usifhom;&kduf

oGif;ay;rI jzpf\/

*g&a0gp ed0gawmp[lonfh ]p} ESpf ]p}udkvnf; usifhokH;cJh&ao;onf/ tdrfwGif

a&m ausmif;rSmyg vlBuD;rsm;a&SU jzwfavQmufonfhtcg ukef;oGm;? wpfckckudk vufESpf

zufESifheJYay;? vufESpfzufESifh,l? ta':t&G,f ta':? OD; t&G,f OD;? t&G,ftvkduf BuD;

awmf bBuD; pojzifh ac:yg/ vlBuD;wpfa,mufu ac:vQif cifAsm;? AsmvkdYxl;? bmvJvkdY

rxl;eJY/ ajzwJhtcg [kwfuJhvkdYajym? tif;vkdY rajymeJY ponfwkdY oifay;onf/ atmifaom

tESHrsm;&Sdaom pyg;yifrsm;onf ukdif;nTwfaeNyD; okefzsif;aomtESHawG &SdonfhtyifwkdY

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rSm axmifrwfaeonfhpmykd'fudk zwf&onfhtcg teufom i,fi,fu od\/ BuD;rSoabm

w&m; odvmí oifcef;pmtjzpf acgif;xJ oGif;xm;ygonf/

]raumif;jrpfwm? aumif;&mnTefvwf}qkdovkd uRefawmf 0pDuHusL;vGefrdí wpf

cgom t&kdufcH&zl;yg\/ tpoefaom wpf0rf;uGJtpfudkwpfa,mufu rBudKufonfhp

um; vmvmajymzefrsm;í rcH&yfEkdifvGef;ojzifh tremypum;wpfcGef; xGufoGm;rdonf/

uHqkd;csifawmh reD;ra0;&Sd tbGm; Mum;oGm;ojzifh aemufudk 'Dpum;rsKd; b,fawmhrS r

okH;&bl;qkdNyD; ]ajymOD;rvm;} ]rajymawmhygbl;} okH;cgar; okH;Budrfajzí BudrfvkH;jzifh wif

yg;udk okH;csuf ESufvkdufonf/ xkdtcgrSpNyD; z&ko0gpm &kdif;jywkdif;xGmaompum;rsKd; r

okH;rdatmif owdorÜZOfw&m; vufukdifxm;ygonf/ &efukefwuúokdvfa&mufonfhtcg

pdwfqkd;vGef;rSom acG;rom; pum;vHk;rsKd; okH;wwfonf/ t*FvefrS jrefrmjynfodkY 1957

-58 ckESpf acwåjyefvmonfhtcg nDi,ftm; pdwfqkd;vGef;vSojzifh acG;rom;[kqkdrdonf/

&kwfjcnf; ightarudk igapmfum;rdNyDwum;[k qkdum tedpöa&mufoGm;ESifhaom rdciftm;

&nfpl;awmif;yefum tBudrfBudrf uefawmhvkdufygonf/

&Gmausmif;om;tjzpf aemufqkH; ESpfESpftwGif; 0rf;enf;p&m? tonf;zkdp&mjzpf

cJhonfhtjzpfESpfjzpfudk tusOf;csKH; tpD&ifcHyg&ap/

uRefawmf\tazü tpfrwpfOD;ESifhtpfudkwpfa,muf &dSonf/ tBuD;awmfol

onf bm;tHNrdKU aemifvkH&GmrS trsKd;om;wpfOD;ESifhtdrfaxmifusonf/ tvGefodu©morm

"dESifhjynfhpkHojzifh tpdk;&u c&J&GmolBuD; cefYonf/ bBuD;onf rGwfqvifrsm; 0ufom;&GH

oavmuf t&ufudk rkef;wD;onf/ olonf &Gm\awmifbuf&Sd awmifuwkef;ay:ü bk&m;

wpfqlwnfonf/ uRefawmfwkdYtkwfawG? oJawG o,fay;onfudk rSwfrdaeygao;onf/

bk&m;wnfí xD;awmfwifNyD;onfhtcg MunfhcsifyGJESpfncHay;\/ &Gmom;awG aysmfMu

onf/ þyGJawmftwGif; t&ufaomufol b,folrqkd xdyfwkH;xJ 24 em&D xnfhxm;rnf

[kowday;xm;ojzifh rnfolrS raomuf0HhMuyg/

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bJ xdyfwkH;xJ 24 em&D xnfhcsKyfxm;yg\/ &Gmol&Gmom;wkdY jrifojzifh t&SufwuGJ tusKd;

enf;jzpf&aom armifuav;onf tcsKyfrSvGwfvmaomtcg ]a[h olBuD; eifxrif; 00

ompm;xm;awmh}[kqkdNyD; xGufoGm;onf/ rMumrD olBuD; tedpö a&mufoGm;&onf/ &Gmol

&Gmom;awGu ]armifuav; tyif;xnfhvkdY aow,f/ 0rf;xJrSm tvkH;BuD; awGYw,f}[k

ajymolajymMu/ tcsKdUu ]bkef;uH rBuD;bJ bk&m;wnfvkdY bkef;ydaow,f}[kajymolajym

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Muonf/

tyif; &Sd r&Sd azazudk touf twefi,f BuD;vmonfhtcg ar;Munfhonf/ az

azu olMuKHawGYcJh&onfhtjzpfwpfckudk ajymjy\/ rdwfaqGwpfa,mufu tyif;xnhfwwf

onfhu&iftbkd;BuD;udk tyif;xnfhenf; oifay;&ef tBudrfBudrfawmif;yefonf/ wpfaeY

aomf xkdtbkd;BuD;u ]igoifay;r,f}[kqkdNyD; olYudk "m;&Snfwpfvufay;um xlxyfonfh

awmBuD;wpfawmxJ ac:oGm;onf/ xkdvludk a&SUu oGm;apNyD; olu aemufrSvkdufonf/

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oifhtcg tbdk;BuD;u ]oli,fcsif;? eifhudk ig roifay;awmhbl;}[kajymygawmhonf/

tyif;ynmwwfol[m pdwf rvsif vufrjref&bl;/ xpfceJjzpfwkdif; tyif;r

xnfh&bl;/ rsuf&nfBuD;i,f us&wJhtcgrsKd;rSom ynmudk okH;&w,f/ vrf;rSm opfudkif;

awG EG,fawGudk vufeJYz,froGm;bJ "m;eJY&Sif;oGm;wm axmufawmh oli,fcsif;[m pdwf

jrefol vufjrefol jzpfw,f/ 'DynmrsKd;eJY rawmfbl;}[k &Sif;jyaMumif; azazu ajymjy

onf/ þonfvnf; oifcef;pmwpf&yf/

olBuD; tedpöa&mufoGm;NyD; twefi,fMumaomf olBuD;uawmf armif\ZeD;onf

uav;zGm;&if; rD;wGif;orD;ESifhtwl nwGif;csif; qkH;oGm;onf/ tpdrf;jzpfonf[k,lqNyD;

nOfhrul;rD jr§Kyfvkduf&onf/ atmufvrf;q&mawG wl;azmfum vkd&mtokH;csrnhfta&;

awG;NyD; ocsKØif;ü ntcg ckepf&uf tapmifhta&Smuf xm;&onf/ uRefawmfvnf; vli,f

yDyD aMumufpdwfawG trsKd;rsKd;ay:vmNyD; bBuD;jzpfoltdrfodkYroGm;&Jyg/ toufBuD;vm

onfhtcg xyfrHMuKHawGY&? em;a&0vmonf/ MuHMuHzefzef ESpfaygif; 20 ausmfMumvm

aomf t*FvefodkY ynmawmfoiftjzpf oGm;&í 1939 ckESpfrStp jrefrmt*Fvdyftbd"mef

jyKpkonfhtcg ]tpdrf;} ]tyif;}ponfhyk'frsm;\teufESifhoabmw&m;rsm;udk &Sif;jy&

onf/Ä xkdtcg wdwdusus oabmaygufvmygawmhonf/

3/ armfvNrdKifNrdKU tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif; 1923-31

c&J&GmrS armfvNrdKifNrdKU tpkd;&txufwef;ausmif; abmf'gaqmifodkY 1923 ck?

ZGefvtpavmufwGif a&mufvmonf/ xkdtcgwGif ae&majymif;a&TUpkdufay;vkdufaom opf

yifysKduav;ESifhwlyg\/ ywf0ef;usifvnf; uGJjym;? taetxkdif tpm;taomufvnf;

jcm;em;/ odkYaomf i,f&G,fao;olrkdY p&kduf"avh vkdufemusifhokH;ojzifh wjznf;jznf;&Sif

oefxGm;usKdif;vmcJhonf[k qkd&ygrnf/

Ä A Burmese English Dictionary., pt II 87; pt IV 226-27.

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NAdwdoQvlrsKd;ausmif;tkyfBuD;jzpfol Mr. E.W.Buttress(tD? 'AÁvsL? bwfx&uf

(pf)ESifhZeD;wkdY ausmif;aqmifü aeMuonf/ xkdacwftwGif; &efukeftpdk;&ausmif;? armf

vNrdKiftpdk;&ausmif;ESifhawmifBuD; &Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;ausmif;? okH;ausmif;wGif NAdwdoQt

rsKd;om;wkdYudkom ausmif;tkyfBuD; cefYonf[kod&ygonf/ uRefawmf &SpfESpftwGif; aecJh

wkef; Mr. Buttress, Mr(?)(zSifav;qif)? Mr. W.G.F. Wedderspoon ('AÁvsL? *sD? tuf(zf)?

0uf'gpyGef;)? Mr. W.H.Eva('AÁvsL? tdwf(csf)tDAm;)aygif;av;OD; ausmif;tkyfBuD;tjzpf

wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhMuonf/ xkdyk*¾KdvfwkdYteuf Mr. Wedderspoon uvGJí tm;vkH;ausmif;

aqmifü aeMuonf/ Mr. Wedderspoon u oHvGifyef;jcHxJ&Sd olYtaztdrfü ae\/

abmf'gaqmiftkyfcsKyfa&;onf pepfusonf/ tc&mum; ausmif;tkyfBuD;/ olY

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vQif av;&ufcefY Mumaomtcg &wemokH;yg; t&dyfckdí oGm;ojzifh cvkwfrxd ql;rNid a

emifvkH&GmodkYqkdufa&mufvmonf/ &GmolBuD;\zcif Zmwdcsufa<u arG;&yfajrjzpfygonf/

xl;qef;pGm aoqkH;&onfhzciftaMumif;udk oufqkdif&mtuGufü a&;jyxm;yg\/

aemufwpfaeY eHeufapmapm ZGJuyifawmifqDodkY vSnf;rsm;jzifh c&D;ESifMuonf/

pm;p&mrsm; vG,fí ay 3000 jrifhaom awmifxdyf&Sd apwD&Sd&modkY tm;oGefcGefpkdufwuf

Mu\/ 2 em&Dausmf 3 em&DavmufwGif xifyg\/ awmifxdyfqDa&muf? bk&m;udk zl;ajrmf

&onfhtcg tarmajyoGm;ovkdvkd xifrd\/ rkefY? opfoD;? trsKd;rsKd;wkdYESifhqGrf;awmfwif?

za,mif;wkdifrsm;xGef;? &Sdckd;ylaZmfMuonf/ awmifBuD;z0g;atmuf[laompum;ukd owd

&rd\/ awmifxdyfrS&Icif;rsm;um; tHhrcef;yif/ aemifvkHrS vltcsKdUu bk&m;udk wpfywf

vSnfhvQif qkawmif;jynfhonf[k ajymí uRefawmfvSnfhMunfhyg\/

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oHvGifjrpfbuf rsufESmrlaom acsmufurf;yg;ESifhapwDMum;wpfa,mufom oGm;

Ekdifonfhvrf;usOf;uav;odkY a&mufvmaomtcgÄ tonf;,m;vm\/ pma&;aewkef;yif

,m;wufvmonf/ apwDypö,Hudk NrJNrJudkif? ausmbufvSnfhrMunfhbJ *kPfawmfudk;yg;&Gwf?

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usKd;qufaMumifhvm; rodyg/ rwfv q,fwef;pmar;yGJwGif ig;bmom*kPfxl;&avo

vm;[k awG;rdygawmhonf/

aemufwpfaeY q'´ef*lodkYoGm;Muonf/ *lxJ0if&ef twefi,fwufoGm;&onf/

rD;&SL;rD;wkdif vufESdyf"mwfrD;rsm;ESifh0if&onf/ rD;&SL;rD;u vufESdyf"mwfrD;xuf ydkvif;ykH

&\/ q'´efqifrif;udk &nfpl;NyD; zefwD;xm;onfh*lBuD;onf uRefawmfhtxif ukduf 200

avmuf &Snfrvm; rodyg/ qif;wkawmfapwDuav;rsm;jzifh jynfhESufaeonf/ *lxJtrkd;

ay:rStqufrjywfqkdovkdusaeonfha&pufrsm;wefckd;aMumifh ausmufqGJyef;(Staloctite)

ESifhausmufqGJrkd;arQmf(Stalagmite)wkdYudk yxrqkH; awGY&ojzifh tHhrcef; jzpfrdyg\/ tqkd

yg t*Fvdyfpum;ESpfvkH;udk ausmif;jyefa&mufonfhtcg q&mt&if; OD;pHxGef;atmifxHrS

Mum;od&yg\/ arharhaysmufaysmufESifhae&m &efukefwuúodkvf wwd,ESpf jrefrmpm*kPf

xl;wef; wufaewkef; ygarmu©*sD? tdwf(csf)? vk(pf)xHrS wpfzef Mum;od&rS rSwfrdygawmh

\/

ta&;ygonfhpum;vkH;opf? pum;yk'fopfwpfvkH; wpfyk'fudk yxrMum;NyD;aemuf

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ay;rS udk,fydkifjzpfvmaMumif; odvm&yg\/

c&J&Gm jyefa&mufvmonf/ tdrfwGif tjcm;aqGrsKd;wkdYESifhae&pfcJhaom tbGm;ESifh

a':a':wpfa,mufwkdYtm; trQa0&m tbGm;u om"kokH;Budrfac:í tm;&ESpfaxmif;

jzpfrdyg\/

t*Fvdyfausmif;wGif 8 ESpfcefYaecJh&mu aeom;usvmNyD/ pm;onfhtcg ZGef;cuf

&if;ESifh? a&csKd;onfhtcg bkHbkdifrSm pmusufonfhtcg "mwfrD;a&mifatmuf? oGm;vmonfh

tcg bwfpfum;? &xm;vkH;? vefcsm;ESifhae&mwum awm&GmESifhuGmjcm;jcif;BuD; uGmjcm;

aeojzifh b0ifjrifhcsifovkdvkdjzpfvm\/ &Gmjyefa&mufawmh a[ma[m'kdif;'kdif;qufqH?

&kd;&kd;om;om;aexkdifykHwkdYudk jrifawGY&onfhtcg omraPe omraPm qkdovkd b0udkjyef

owd&NyD; awm"avhudk ESpfoufvmrdjyef\/ Oyrm ESpfckom jyyg&ap/

uRefawmhfudk tvGefcspfonfhOD;zkd;azqkdolonf ESpfpOf oDwif;uRwfvwkdif; usif;

yonfhavSNydKifyGJrsm;udk &GmeD;csKyfpyf*sKdif;&GmwGif MunfhNyD;tjyefwGif a&cJrkefYESpfwkH;udkiSufÄ ,cktcg xkdae&mwGif tkwfwHwkdif; umxm;NyD[k od&ygonf/

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aysmzufESifhvkHatmifxkyfí cg;ykdufxJ xnfhvm\/ uRefawmhfqD vmNyD; ajzauR;&m a&cJ

rkefYb0rS a&b0odkY a&mufaeojzifh pdwfraumif; jzpf&&Sm\/ uRefawmf,lNyD; aomufjy

vkdufrS &,fEkdifawmh\/

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rkd;OD;usü tbGm;xHrS aiGacs;? uRJrsm; iSm;NyD; v,fvkyfonf/ aEGayguf pyg;&dwfodrf;í

wvif;ay: a&mufonfhtcg ta<u;udk pyg;jzifhacsonf/ uRefawmf a':av;ESifhpyg;

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atmif uRefawmf renf;rsKdcs&onf/ trsKd;om;u ]wkdYrsm; em;wpfzufxJ azmuf? "m;

wpfzufxJ aoG;? pum;wpfcGef;xJ ajymw,f}[k ajzmifhrwfaMumif;ajymjyonf/ trsKd;

orD;u a':av;tm; ]oli,fcsif; rapmwif? eifhwludk igBudKufw,f/ ighorD;eJYrsKd;xkd;yg

vm;}[kqkd\/ uRefawmfvnf; rsufESmb,fvkdxm;&rSef; rod/ a':av;u ]i,fygao;

w,f? aemufawmh ajymMuwmaygh}[k a&vkdufig;vkduf ajymyg\/

'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;twGif; tqkdygrdom;pkygonf rygonfrodyg/ xkdAk'¨bmom

&GmrS u&iftrsm;tjym;u &kd;om;onfqkdaomfvnf; jrpfwpfzufurf; ul;NyD; awmrD;

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awmftm; upm;yGJrS &xm;aom qkawG? ynma&;xl;cRefí qkawGESifhpmtkyfawGygoGm;

onf/ ppfBuD;NyD;í rNidrfrouf jzpfaewkef; armfvNrdKifodkY ajymif;a&TUaexkdifvkyfudkifpm;

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oifMum;cGifh&Muonf/ ynmt&nftcsif;tavsmuf vcpm; 0efxrf;tvkyfrsm;ESifht

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&aomaMumifh 0rf;omrdyg\/ tqkd;xJrS taumif;&v'fwpfckyif/

4/ &efukefwuúokdvf aumvdyfausmif;om;/ 1931-38

1931 ckESpf rwfvwGif 10 wef; pmar;yGJajzNyD;aemuf ZGefvqef;ü xkdtcgu

a&yef;pm;aeaom tac:ta0:t& aumvdyf*sif(Collegian)aumvdyfausmif;om;jz

pf vmonf/ pdwful;pdwfoef; twefi,f&ifhusufvmonf[kqkd&ygrnf/ 10 wef;wkef;u

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a0;&rnfhudef; ay:vm\/ wuúokdvfq&m0efavmif;rsm; oifwef;ü zm;wkdY bmwkdYcGJpdwf

&ojzifh aoG;xGufoH,kd rjrifvkdaom uRefawmfrSm q&mtvkyfom tm;xm;&m&Sdygawmh

onf/

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onf/ aemufqkH;ywf0ef;usifü tjrifrsm;rS xkdacwfu txufwef;q&mrsm; olwkdYvpm

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xufwef;q&mtjzpfESifhwpfvvQif 175 usyf? 180 usyf p&onf/ pm;zkdYaomufzkdY 0wfzkdY

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vkyfudk wpfv 400 ESifhvkyf&onfxuf pdwfcsrf;om\/ ywf0ef;usifcHpm;rI(atmosphere)

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qufquf&ygrnf/ q&m rjzpf jzpfatmif BudK;yrf;awmhrnf[k xkdtcgrSpí ,wdjywfqkH;

jzwfvkduf\/

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pm;MuHKawGYvm&ygawmh\/

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ay;aom wuúokdvfZmwfckHay:rS jrifuGif;tcsKdUudk wifjyyg&ap/

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,ifxm;onfhjrefrmausmif;om;rsm;udk aeYpOfESifhtrQ jrifMu&yg\/ xkdenf;wl wpfzuf

rSvnf; bD;qHywf(a'gufcsm)qHxkH; xkH;í &ifaph&ifzkH;tusÐESifhxbDrsm; ususee0wfqif

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yg\/ 0wfpm;qif,if xkH;zGJYrIwGifom r[kwfbJ trlt&mESifhtajymtqkd ponfwkdYwGif

wuúokdvfausmif;om; ausmif;olESifh&kd;&kd;t&yfol t&yfom;rsm; uGJjym;jcm;em;yg\/

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av;pm;onfhteuf wpfckwnf; rxGufyg/ t0wfu jr§ifhwifay;aom*kPfudk um,uH&Sif

ukd,fwkdifu owdrlNyD; tajymtqkd trlt&mwkdYüvnf; odu©mapmifhpnf; vmwwf\/

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&THUawG? zkwfawGxJ xkdifrcsouJhokdYyif/ tcsif;csif; aemufajymifcsifaemufajymifMurnf/

vlykHMum;xJ igonf wuúokdvfausmif;om;[laom tawG;0ifvmojzifh £a`E´odu©mapmifh

pnf;MuNyD; tajymtqkd a0g[m&tokH;tEIef;wkdYudk *&kpkdufavh&SdMu\/ pnf;urf;ysufol

Ä aumfvmr[kwf vnfcGefomjzpfonf/

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rsm; enf;oavmuf pnf;urf;apmifholawG rsm;yg\/ xl;jcm;olrsm;vnf; &Sdygao;onf

rSm "r®wmyif/

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jzpfESifh tcsKdUtwef;awG twlwlwuf&onf/ uRefawmfhudk ol MunfndKovkd olYudkvnf;

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eyfpD;xm;onfudk oifwef;xJ awGY&yg\/ olwkdY owådAswådudk csD;rGrf;rd\/ trSefqkdaomf

tjyifAef;ü wpfrsKd;jzpfaeaomfvnf; tZöswåtwGif;oP²mefwGifum; tjcm;wuúokdvf

ausmif;om; ausmif;olwkdYESifhrjcm;em;yg/

ausmif;om;rsm;teuf ynmvkdvm; BuD;yGm;csifolrsm; &SdouJhodkY wuúokdvf

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yGm;aeolwpfOD;rSm xl;qef;vGef;vSí owdxm;rdyg\/ &mcdkifEIef; 30 ausmfausmf ywf0ef;

usif OD;a&omatmifonfh'kwd,ESpfOypm0dZÆm(Intermediate of Arts)wef; pmar;yGJü ig;

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awmfarmif rDvmí ausmif; rxGufcsif xGufcsifESifh xGufoGm;&\/

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tcef;udk ed*kH;csKyfygrnf/

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\/ yxrwpfOD;u oda,mifum;[k qkd&ygrnf/ uRefawmfESifhajymrem qkdrem/ paeaeY

wpfaeYü ol tygt0if uRefawmfwkdYav;a,muf paumh rwfuuf(,ck AkdvfcsKyfatmif

qef;aps;)odkYoGm;Muum udpötoD;oD; tou tou aqmif&GufMuonf/ Zmwfaqmif

um qHyifoGm;n§yfonf/ csdef;xm;aom ae&mü aemufqkH; jyefqkHMuonf/ rsufESmysuf

ysufESifh ol aygufvmonf/ ]ukdvSab? uRefawmfhudk vG,f&if ig;usyf acs;yg/ ausmif;

aqmif jyefa&mufawmh jyefay;yghr,f}[kajym&m bmaMumifh aiGvkd&ovJ[k ar;onfhtcg

atmufygtwkdif; od&yg\/

paumhrwfuuf qHyifn§yfqkdifrsm;ü ,cifu n§yfcwpfrwf(,ck 25 jym;)omay;

&onf/ xkdaemuf acwfqefqef wkd;wufajymif;vJvm&m qHyifn§yfc wpfusyfay;vm&

\/ NyD;aemuf qHorIrsm; xGifvmonfESifhtrQ oçorQ tcay;&onf/ olYqHyif n§yfNyD;

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onfhtcg qHn§yform;acwfopf qwåmonfu singe vkyfrvm;? shampoo vkyfrvm;?

massage vkyfrvm;? manicure vkyfrvm;[k t*Fvdyfvkdar;wkdif; bmrod nmrodeJYar;

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wpfcGuf wpfyJ(ajcmufjym;),ck wpfq,fusojzifh (,ck ESpfq,fusyfjzpfaeygonf/)ig;

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onf/ t*Fvdyfpum;vkH; okH;vkH;omwwfxm;onfhvlwpfa,muf[m vlrsm; bmajymajym

Yes, No, Very Good pum;vkH;wkdY&JUteufrsm;udk rodbJ jyefajzowJh/ wpfaeYusawmh ol

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&owJhuG,fhvkdY ajymjyvdkufw,f/ qHool\pum;av;vkH;wkdYudk Mum;aeus r[kwfojzifh

ol odpGrf;ykH ray:yg/ wuúokdvfausmif;om;jzpfaeí rodonfudk jyefar;vQif txif

ao;cH&rnfpkd;í em;vnfa,mif? oda,mif? wwfa,mifum; vkyfcJh[ef wlyg\/

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yif &if;ESD;onfholi,fcsif; twef;om;/ ÓPfaumif;oavmuf 0D&d,csKdUwJhyg\/ jzpfcsif

awmh wuúokdvfa&mufonfhyxrESpfwGif ayghayghqqaeol ESpfBuD;orm; olaX;om;rsm;

ESifhaygif;oif;qufqHNyD; tjyifxGufvnfum pmudk Oayu©mjyKxm;\/ yxrESpfOypm0d

ZÆmwef;(First Intermediate of Arts)pmar;yGJwGif qefumusJusJESifhcscJhí atmifonf/ 'kwd

,ESpf Oypmwef; a&mufonhftcg uRefawmfESifhtuRrf;0ifvm\/ ayghayghpm; ayghaygh

oGm; tusifhwG,faeaomtjrpfonf ckdifNrJaeavNyD/ wpfOD;wnf;aom om;uav;ukd

qkH;ray;yg[kpma&;vkdufonfholYtaz tarwkdY\arwåm&yfcHcsufaMumifh em;csygonf/

aemufwpfESpf pmar;yGJ ajzrnf[kajym\/

olonf t*FvdyfESifhjrefrm yifwkdifbmomrsm;tjyif orkdif;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh,kwåd

aA'bmom&yfrsm; ,lxm;onf/ ,kwådaA'ESifhpD;yGm;a&;wGif usonf/ aemufwpfESpfü

,kwådaA'tpm; pdwfBudKufjrefrmpm ,lap\/ pmar;yGJeD;onfhtcg uRefawmfu rSwfpk

awG a&;ay;onf/ þbmomü atmifonf/ pD;yGm;a&;ü usjyef\/ aemufwpfESpf pD;yGg;

a&;bmomtpm; yx0D0ifbmomodkY ajymif;,lap\/ uRefawmf rSwfpkawG a&;ay;\/

odkYaomf ajrykHawGqGJ&? pm&if;Z,m;awG jyK&onfrkdY ol us&IH;jyef\/ uRefawmf 1936 ck

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ESpfwGif jrefrmpm*kPfxl;wef; atmifonfhESpfü taztarwkdYu rEÅav;rSolaX;orD;wpf

a,mufESifhae&mcsay;vkdufonf/ wpfESpfom aygif;&onf/ ZeD;qkH;oGm;í rkqkd;zkdjzpf&&Sm

\/ 1957-58 ckESpf t*FvefrSjrefrmjynfodkY acwåjyefvmonfhtcg olYaemuftdrfaxmif

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uRefawmfhudkom ta&;,lMuí &ifusKd;&ygawmh\/

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*¾d&wf? txufvrf;ESifhtjcm;avmuDynm&yfrsm;udkvkdufpm;aomaMumifh tazhtdrfacwå

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r,kHMunfaMumif; ajymí q&mwpfOD;u vufzGJYwpfck uRefawmfhvufxJ qkyfxm;apNyD;

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pdwf tifrwefckdifw,f}[k qifjcifay;onf/

wuúokdvfausmif; ESpfvydwfí &GmodkY uRefawmf jyefvm\/ rdpäm'd|d,kHMunfrIwpf

ckESifhvmwkd;ae&jyefygonf/ oBuFeftawmtwGif; olpdrf;wpfa,muf acgif;ydwfawm0uf

pG,f[kqkdonfh 0ufpG,fwpfck olBuD;xH ,lvm\/ ]olBuD;rif;? 'D0ufpG,f[m aoewfyD;

w,f/ uRefawmfhvnfyif;rSm csnfqGJxm;r,f/ olBuD; aoewfeJYypfyg}[k qkdvmonf/ ,kH

wrf;pum; ajymaeonf[koabm&aomolBuD;u ]ig vlowfrIeJY pufwkdifrwufcsifbl;?

0ufpG,fudkom opfom;wpfwkH;rSm csnfqGJxm;}[kajym\/ ypfrSwfudk ay 20? 30 avmuf

u ESpfvkH;jyL;aoewfjzifh ypfvkduf&m 0ufpG,fa&m opfwkH;yg vGifhpifoGm;ygawmh\/

þolBuD;um; tjcm;ol r[kwfyg/ uRefawmf &Gmausmif;om;b0u acsmif;zsm;

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rS armifuav; tyif;xnfhí tedpöa&mufoGm;&onf[kqkdaom uRefawmfhbBuD;awmfol

\om;? t*Fvdyfausmif;om;b0u ZGJuyif? q'´ef*lwkdYqD c&D;acgif;aqmifNyD; ac:oGm;ol

uRefawmfhwpf0rf;uGJ tpfukdyif/

ya,m*trsKd;rsKd;ESifhpyfvsOf;í uRefawmfhazazxHrS Mum;zl;í em;0aeygNyD/

wpfcgrS rMuKHzl;yg/ 1957 ckESpf t*FvefrS acwåjyefvm&m awmifBuD;ESifhuavmodkY {NyD

vtwGif; oGm;vnfygonf/ uavmNrdKUykdif tdrfü acwåwnf;ckdaeckduf nwpfnü npm p

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vmygonf/ ol\rdef;r wufaeonf/ vma&mufukoay;yg&ef wkefvIyfacsmufcsm;pGmESifh

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tm; &kd;&mewfzrf;pm;onf/ yojzpfatmif yovkdufyg[krSmMum;NyD;tdrfodkYjyefvmonf/

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0ifyg\/

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rsm;tjyif aMumuf'l;wkefp&mtjzpfrsKd;ESifhvnf; qkHpnf;cJh&ygao;\/ tenf;i,fom

wifjyygrnf/ rkd;wGif;umv c&J&GmrSm armfvNrdKifNrdKU tpkd;&ausmif;odkYvmonfhtcg armf

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&onf/ oabFmvufrSwfppfu &kd;aeNyDjzpfí ul;wkdYcawG ikHxm;Mu[kajym&m c&D;onf

rsm; vefYzsyfoGm;Mu\/ tcsKdUrdef;rBuD;awGu ]eifom ikHxm;NyD; ao&GmoGm;}[katmf[pf

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xkdrSwpfqifh t*FvefodkY 1938 ckESpfwGif oabFmc&D;wGif vIdif;wHydk;rdonfhtcg

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'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;twGif; *smrefawG AkH;vmBuJonfhtcg? ppfNyD;oGm;í jyifopf? *smreD p

onfwkdYrSzdwfMum;í av,mOfjzifh oGm;onfhtcg jrefrmEkdifiHjyefa&mufNyD; taemufEkdifiH

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jzifh oGm;onfhtcgwkdif; *kPfawmfukd;yg;? "m&Py&dwfawmfrS ]Ak'¨geH ZD0dwó? eouúmau

epd. . . }ESifhorÁKa'¨ bk&m;&Sdckd;pmrsm; ponfwkdYudk &Gwfqkdonf/ ukodkvfvnf;&? pdwfvnf;cs

&yg\/

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&mü t,ltq tawG;tac: qkHpnf;aygif;pyfrIrSvnf;aumif;? a[majymyGJ? tacst

wifajymyGJrsm; wufa&muf&müvnf;aumif; ÓPfopf ÓPfqef; aygufzGm;vmonf/

q&mawmfq&maumif;wkdY\cGJjcm;pdwfjzma0zef qef;ppfenf;pepfrsm;jzifh oifjyMu&mrS

ukd,fykdifÓPfrsm; wkd;yGm;xufjrufvmyg\/

1935-36 ckESpftwGif; jrefrm-tdE´d,cGJa&;wGJa&;twGuf NAdwdoQtpkd;&ESifhaqG;

aEG;NyD; jrefrmjynfodkY jyefa&mufvmaom jrefrmukd,fpm;vS,fwkdYonf wuúokdvfausmif;

om;or*¾cef;rBuD;ü tacstwif ajymqkdMu\/ wGJa&;acgif;aqmif a'gufwmbarmfESifh

cGJa&;acgif;aqmifOD;bazwkdY yg0ifMuygonf/ tjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;teuf a':jrpdefudkom

aumif;aumif; rSwfrdygawmhonf/

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ajym&mü 'dk;vkdarT a&vkdaESmufEkdifpGrf;onf/ tajymXmefu&kdPf;usNyD; acsmarGYoGufvuf

onf/ t*FvdyfoH0JvGef;í OD;baz\trnfudk ]OD;b-zfat}[kac:\/ OD;bazum; t

*Fvdyfpum;udk a&vJjzifh okH;Ekdif\/ odkYaomf bGJY&NyD;uwnf;u ajymcJhonfhjrefrmqefqef

0oDygvmojzifh government udk gaw-ver-min (a*gAm;rif;)[lívnf;aumif;? practical

udk prac-ti-kel (y&wDu,f)[kvnf;aumif; toHxGufygonf/

a':jrpdefonf emrnfausmfOD;aratmif\orD;/uGefAifh(Convent)ausmif;xGuf?

orkdif;bmomjzifh &efukefwuúokdvfrS r[m0dZÆmbGJYESifhatmufpzkdYwuúokdvfrS B.Litt (bD

vpf)bGJYrsm; &onf/ &kyfacsm tajymvnf;yDo? aumif;vnf; aumif;vSyg\/ &efukefw

uúokdvfausmif;olb0u jrefrmtrsKd;om;q&mwpfOD; cspfBudKufa&; ratmifjrifojzifh

&l;oGm;onf[kod&ygonf/ wGJa&;bufrS EkdifoGm;onf[kxifyg\/ rrSwfrdawmhyg/ or*¾

taqmufttkHrS jyefvmonhftcg xkdyk*¾KdvfBuD;okH;OD;wkdYvkd ajymwwfcsifygbd[laomqE´

jyif;jyvmygonf/

wuúokdvfynma&;\obm0,kwådoifcef;pmwpf&yfESifhwuúokdvfausmif;om;

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tcef;udk ed*kH;csKyfyg&ap/ uRefawmfwkdYacwfu "mwkaA'Xmeü NAdwdoQygarmu©wpfOD;&Sd

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xufwef;ausmif;rS wuúodkvfpmoifcef;odkY jzKef;ceJ a&mufvmaom olYwynfhopftcsKdU

twGuf apwemonf a0'emjzpfvmyg\/ wpfaeYwGif vufcsmay;aepOf H2O tmaygudk

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yif/

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aemifumv vef'efwuúokdvfü q&mb0ESifhaqmif;yg;? pmwrf;? pmtkyfawG a&;&rnfh

udef;udk awG;rjrifrdao;yg/

5/ vef'efwuúokdvf ynma&; aumvdyfausmif;om;/ 1938-39

ynma&;bGJYwpfbGJY,l&ef ynmawmfoif paumvm;&Spfqk&í 1938 ckESpf puf

wifbmvqef;avmufwGif t*FvefodkYoGm;&ygrnf/ xkdESpfwGif t*FvefokdY oabFmjzifh

oGm;Murnfhynmawmfoifrsm;ESifhtwl vkdufoGm;&rnf[k,lqxm;ygonf/ jzpfcsifawmh

uRefawmf oifwef;wuf&rnfhaumvdyfausmif;onf olwkdYtoD;oD; oGm;aeMu&rnfhaum

vdyfausmif;rsm;xuf wpfywfapmapmzGifhrnfjzpfí olwkdYESifhwpfoabFmwnf; oGm;ygu

wpfywf aemufusoGm;rnf/ xkdYaMumifh tpdk;&u uRefawmfhtm; jrefrmjynfrS tdE´d,? td

E´d,rS jyifopf? jyifopfrSt*FvefodkY a&wpfwef ukef;wpfwefvTwfvkduf&m 18 &uftwGif;

t8FvefokdY a&mufoGm;ojzifh tcsdefrD oifwef;wufEkdifygawmhonf/

jrefrmjynfü rkdif okH;ç av;&mom a0;aom rEÅav;? a&TbkdwkdYqDodkY ac:oGm;aom

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usyftwnf;rsm;ESifhqkHcJh&um aemufqkH;tm;vkH;udk ausmfvTm;EkdifcJhNyD; vkd&mokdY a&mufcJh&

ygonf/ ]twåm[d twåaem emaxm} rdrdomvQif rdrdukd;uG,f tm;xm;&maywnf;qkd

aom pum;vkH;rsm; teuft"dyÜg,fudk ,kHMunfvufcHvmNyD; tqkdtrdefYtwkdif; usifhokH;

vmygawmhonf/ aemifvnf; wpfukd,fwnf; &kef;uefum usifhokH;oGm;ojzifh jrefrmESifhr

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wl wpfrlxl;jcm;uGJjym;onfhtaetxkdif tpm;taomuf? tajymtqkd? "avhtusifh?

,Ofaus;rIrsm;tjyif &moDOwkESifhynma&;ponfwkdYudk ajz&Sif;ausmfeif;oGm;Ekdifonfht

jzpfrsKd; a&mufcJh&yg\/

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ESpftxd bda&Smh(zf)pawmhzkdY(Bishop's Stortford)? 1944 ckESpfrS 54 ckESpfrsm;twGif; udef;

b&pf(Cambridge)? 1954 ckESpfrSpNyD; 1980 jynfhESpfwkdifwkdif 0Jvif;yef;jcHNrdKU(Welwyn

Garden City)toD;oD;wkdYwGif aexkdifcJhyg\/Ä aexkdifrIrStp ynma&;txd awGYqkHMuKHcJh

&onfhtjzpftysuf tcuftcJ jyóemponfrsm;rS &cJhaom oifcef;pm? Oya'oESifhA

[kokwt00wkdYudk aumufEkwfí qkdif&m tuGufuGufwkdYü wifjyoGm;ygrnf/

ynma&;aumvdyfausmif;om;tjzpfESifh 10 rdepfcefY avQmufvQif ausmif;a&muf

onfh&yfq,fyef;jcH(Russell Square)&yfuGuf&Sd trSwf 45? bm;e'fvrf;(Bernard Street)

wGif tcef;iSm;aeonfhtaMumif;udk ]uHESifhuRefawmf}aqmif;yg;xJü azmfjyNyD;ygNyD/ ESpf

xyf taqmufttkHuav;? iSm;aeol q,fa,mufteuf ig;a,mufrSm jrefrmausmif;

om;rsm; jzpfMuyg\/

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twef;wuf? aeYv,fpm ausmif;üpm;? tm;vyfonfhtcsdef ausmif;om;rsm; em;aecef;

wGif ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;ESifhpum;ajymvkdajym? pmMunfhwkdufxJ pmoGm;zwfvkdzwf?

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rnf/ rrSefyg/

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rsm;ESifhvkH;yef;ae&wkef; pm;a&;aomufa&;? aea&;xkdifa&;rsm;ü qkHpnf;&aomjyóem

tjzmjzmudk ajz&Sif;&\/ Oyrm-a&csKd;onf qkdMuygpkdY/ jrefrmjynfrSmuJhodkY a&at;ESifhr

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xnfh? a&ykdufzGifh? *uf(pf)rD;aygufudk rD;Nid§? a&yef;rS yef;xGufvmonfha&aEG;udk tavm

awmf jzpfatmif a&at;ydkufrS a&at;ESifha&mpyf csKd;&\/ tdyfcef;xJ csrf;at;onfht

cg rDwmaowåmxJ wpfoQDvifxnfh? *uf(pf)rD;zkdrD;Nid§? taEG;"mwf&\/ t*FvefrSm 'Dvkdyg

Ä þtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk ]uHESifhuRefawmf}aqmif;yg;xJ qkdcJhygNyD/

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tdrfü wnf;yg\/ olESifhtwl vufatmufi,fom;tjyif pm;awmfcsuf tdE´d,vlrsKd;wpf

a,muf ygvmavh&Sd\/ olYwynfhrsm;udk olBuD;tdrfu Muufom;? 0ufom;ponfh[if;rsm;

csufauR;onf/ e,fydkifu t*Fvdyfvkd olYpm;awmfcsuf pDrHay;onfhpGyfjyKwf? Muufom;

odkYr[kwf 0ufom;? tcsKdyGJESifhnpmpm;onfudk awGY&yg\/ xkdtcgu vli,fyDyDt*Fvdyf

qefonf[k tjypfwifonfudk tckrS rSm;rSef;od\/ uRefawmf 1980 jynfhESpfu jrefrmjynf

jyefvmonfhtcg xdkyifpifpm; tkdifpDtuft&m&Sdtm; oGm;awGYyg\/ npmukd t*Fvdyfvkdom

pm;aeonfudkjrif&onf/ touft&G,f tawmftkdrS tedpöa&mufoGm;ygonf/

t*Fvdyfvkdpm;wwfí tusKd;wpfck &cJhykHudk ajymjyygOD;rnf/ uRefawmfwnf;tdrf

rS wpfcgwpfcg xGufNyD; qkdifBuD; qkdifi,fawGESifhjynfhESufaeaom apmuforf;wrf;vrf;

(Southampton Row)ac: vrf;rBuD;ay: avQmufNyD; qkdifawGudk Munfhonf/ wpfcgaomf

vufywfem&DwpfvkH;udk qkdifwpfqkdifü jrifrdí qkdif&Siftm; tzdk;pm;em; ar;&m 7 aygif

oQDvif[kajym\/ em&Dudk BudKufvGef;í 0,fcsifonf/ wpfv 18 aygifom &onfhpaum

vm;&SpfaiGxJrS 7 aygif 7 oQDvifokH;vkdufvQif 10 &uf AkdufarSmufae&rnfudk pkd;í pdwf

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roufompGmESifhxGufvm\/ aemufwpfywf xkdqkdifokdYoGm;onf/ vlrsm; 0,f,lloGm;rnf

pdk;í jzpfcsif&mjzpf[kqdkNyD; vufywfem&Dukd 0,fvkdufygonf/

em&DywfNyD; tcef;odkYjyefvm\/ uHtm;avsmfpGm uRefawmfESifhnpm twlpm;&ef

vmapmifhaeonfhjrefrmjynfzGm; w&kwftrsKd;om;t[defESifhawGYyg\/ olYtm; uRefawmhf

jzpfpOfudkajymjyonf/ acRwma&;bk&ifu ]ukdvSab? bmrS pdwfryleJY? wpfvESpfvtwGif;

7 aygif 7 oDQvif jyefpkrdatmif uRefawmf vrf;jyay;r,f}[kqkdNyD; w&kwf? tdE´d,? t*F

vdyfpm;aomufqkdifBuD;awGqD rac:oGm;bJ ig;aMumfESifhtmvl;aMumfqkdifuav;wpfqkdif

odkY oGm;onf/ ig;wkH;BuD; wpfwkH; 3 yJeD? tmvl;aMumf vufwpftkyfpm 3 yJeD? aygif; 6 yJ

eDay;NyD; npmpm;\/ wpfcg wpfcg tom;rkefY(Pie)wpfck/ wpfcg wpfcg tom;n§yfaygif

rkefY (Sandwich)ESpfcsyfESifhvufzuf&nf cGufBuD;wpfcGuf aygif; 1 oQDvif tukefcHNyD;NcdK;jcH

cJh&m wpfvausmfausmfwGif 6 aygifcefY (120 oQDvif)pkrdí pdwfat;oGm;ygonf/ þvuf

ywfem&Dudk av;ç ig;ESpfywfNyD; odrf;xm;&m ckxd &Sdygao;onf/

pm;aomuf&mü jrefrmjynfü vkyfavhvkyfx&Sdaom tusifhtcsKdUukd rjyKvkyf&ef

owdxm;&yg\/ touft&G,f twefi,fBuD;í p&kduftcsKdUykHoGif;xm;ESifhNyDjzpfaom

ukd,fhaiGESifhudk,f'D*&Dvm,lonfhjrefrmtrsKd;om;BuD;wpfOD;onf uRefawmfESifhtwl tdE´d

,pm;aomufqkdifwpfqkdifü xrif;[if;pm;NyD;onhfaemuf a&cGufudk ukdifNyD; qkdifjyifbuf

xGuf? vrf;ay:&yfum yvkwfusif;í a&awG axG;ypfonf/ vrf;avQmufoGm;olrsm;u

wtHhwMo MunfhaeMuonf/

uRefawmfwkdY pum;tajymtqkdrSmvnf; tcuftcJ awGYwwfonf/ uRefawmf

wkdYajymonfudk em;vnfolrsm;yg\/ uRefawmfhrSm 'kwd,ESifhwwd,oifwef; tywfESpf

ywfü vef'efNrdKU&Sd ausmif;rsm;ü pmoifjy&rnf/ ausmif;olausmif;om;uav;wkdY em;

vnfatmif Xmefu&kdPf;usus ajymwwf&ef nausmif;wuf oif&yg\/ wpfaeY uRef

awmf vrf;avQmufoGm;aepOf a&SUu avQmufoGm;aom jyifopfvlrsKd;wpfa,mufu cyf

xlxl t*Fvdyfwpfa,muftm; ]What o'clock?}[k ar;\/ t*Fvdyfu acgif;cgNyD;]usKyf

em;rvnfbl;}[kqkdum jyefajymí a&SUqufavQmufoGm;onf/ trSefrSm ]What time is

it?}[kar;&m\/ uRefawmfu raeEkdifbJ ]em&Djyefwpfcsuf}[kajymonfhtcg olu ]aus;

Zl;wifygw,f/ olwkdYpum; olwkdY em;rvnfbl;}[k jypfwifajymqkdum oGm;ygawmhonf/

wpfnaewGif uRefawmfwkdYausmif;ü aumef;qwf(Concert)wD;qkdyGJ usif;yyg

onf/ tdE´d,ausmif;om;wpfa,muf a&mufvmNyD; tcef; wHcg;apmifhtm; b,ftcsdef

uGef;qwf prvJ[k toH0J0JESifhar;onf/ wHcg;apmifhu em;rvnfí acgif;cgjy\/ ESpf

Budrf okH;Budrfar;onf/ ESpfBudrf okH;Budrf acgif;cgjyonf/ olwkdYtem;&Sd uRefawmfu

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]aumef;qwf(xf)}[kajymrS ]]7 em&D}}[kjyefajzygawmh\/

uRefawmfwkdY a&mufcgpu t*Fvefü ta&SUwkdif;om;rsm; enf;yg;ygonf/ &Sd

onfhteuf tdE´d,? *syef? w&kwfvlrsKd;wkdYom rsm;yg\/ uRefawmfwkdY jrefrmrsm;ESifhqkH

onfhtcg txl;ojzifh vli,fvl&G,fESifhA[kokwenf;yg;olrsm;u ]csifcsif}(w&kwf)? okdYr

[kwftdE´d,? odkYr[kwf *syef[kac:vkdac: ajymifvkdajymifwwfonf/ Oayu©m&I *&krpkduf

bJaevQif aumif;yg\/ raevQif ydkqkd;vm\/ ]wpfcgaomf xrif;pm;NyD; yvkwfusif;

aom jrefrmtrsKd;om;BuD;onf vef'efNrdKUESifhrkdif 60 a0;aom yifv,furf;ajc&Sd [kdw,f

wpfckü tyef;ajz oGm;wnf;ygonf/ naeapmif;ü urf;yg;vrf;ay: avQmufaewkef;

vli,fvl&G,fwpfpku aemufuvkdufNyD; ]*syef? w&kwf? tdE´d,}[ktcsif;csif; tjiif;yGm;

oHudk rcHr&yfEkdifojzifh ig ArmjzpfaMumif; jyr,fqkdNyD; [dkw,fodkYjyefum acgif;aygif;?

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rsKd;orD;[kqkdum aemufu aumufaumufygatmif vkdufygawmhonf/ csufcsif;[kdw,f

jyefNyD; t0wftpm; vJypfvkduf&\/

toufBuD;vmí "avhp&dkuf ajymif;vJ&ef cufoavmuf toufi,fi,fu

ajymif;vJ&ef vG,fwwfonf/ jrefrmjynfrS 16 ESpf 17 ESpft&G,f&Sd olaX;om;uav;wpf

a,mufonf txdef;tuGyfrJh vef'efodkYvmNyD; udk,fhaiGESifhudk,f vQyfppftif*sifeD,mt

wwfudk emrnfausmf ausmif;BuD;wpfausmif;ü vmqnf;yl;\/ ynmroifbJ yvTm;aom

twwf twkckd;\/ av;ç ig;v Mumonhftcg tzkd"mwf(positive)ESifhtr(negative)wkdYudk

cGJjcm;rwwf/ t0wftpm;ü avmfvnf wwf? *kdufxkwfwwfvmonf/ ]wpfESpf 52 ywf&Sd

ovkd olYqDrSm 0wfpkH 52 pkH &Sdw,f/ &SyftusÐeJYvkdufwJhvnfpnf;awGvnf; &Sdao;w,f}[k

olESifhwpftdrfwnf;aeol ausmif;om;wpfa,mufu ajymyg\/ um;onf[k xifyg\/

wpfnae olESifhtwl w&kwfpm;aomufqkdifü npm oGm;pm;&ef csdef;xm;í olY

qD uRefawmfoGm;yg\/ tawmfMumMum apmifh&í uRefawmf atmfaiguf&m olESifhwpf

tdrfwnf;aeolu ]b,f0wfpkH 0wf&rvJ/ 0wfpkHeJYvkdufwJh&SyftusÐ? &SyftusÐeJYyem&r,fh

vnfpnf;vkduf&SmaevkdYyg}[kajymonf/ uRefawmfu &Sifbk&if wpfcgxGuf yJBuD;wpfavS

csuf[katmfrS xGufvm\/ npm pm;NyD; qkdifxJ aq;jyif;vdyf n§dNyD; aomufawmh\/ jref

rmjynfrSmuJhodkY wpfjym;wef ESpfjym;wefrsm; r[kwfyg/ aps;tvGefBuD;onf/ <u,f0ol

rsm;ESifhaeYv,fpm npm pm;yGJtcrf;tem;rsm;üom aomufavh&Sd\/ uRefawmfvnf;

yg;pyf ,m;onf/ rajymyg/ aemufqkH; jrefrmjynf jyefvmonfhtcg trsKd;tdrfwpftdrfü

aeae&onf/ tvGJokH;pm;vkyfonfhb0ESifhaiGudk ESajrmrdyg\/

aumvdyfausmif;ü yxroifwef;tywf 'DZifbmvwGif NyD;qkH;oGm;NyD;aemuf

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'kwd,tywftwGif; &ufowåwpfywfvQif t*FgESifhMumoyaw;aeYrsm;ü vef'efNrdKU&Sd

ausmif;wpfausmif;wGif q&mavmif;tjzpfjzifh pmoGm;oifjy&aMumif;udk ]uHESifhuRef

awmf}aqmif;yg;ü a&;jycJhNyD;ygNyD/ yxrqkH;tBudrf ausmif;oGm;onfhaeYü ausmif;tkyf

BuD;ESifhawGY&onf/ touf 50 ausmf t&G,f&SdNyD; oabmtvGefaumif;onf/ tajymt

qkd nifomonfht*FvdyfvlrsKd;jzpfyg\/ odvkd&mrsm; wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; ar;jref;ajymqkdNyD;

aemuf aemuftywf t*FgaeY n 6 em&Dtcsdef npm pm;&ef zdwfac:yg\/

aqmif;wGif;tcg c&D;oGm;&onfrSm u&duxEkdifvSyg\/ ESif;awG wzGm;zGm;us

vkdus? rusvQif parmh(*f)(smog)Ä ac: rD;ckd;(Smoke)ESifhjrLarSmifwkdufBuD;ac:(fog)zkH;

vTrf;aeojzifh a&SUudk okH; av; ayyifvQif rjrif&onfhtajctaewGif oGm;vm&yg\/

wpfcgaomf uRefawmfwkdYausmif;rS tdE´d,trsKd;om;ausmif;om;ESifhuRefawmf oufqkdif

&mausmif;rsm;ü pmoGm;oifjy&ef bwfpfum;udk apmifhae&m olu olYvufudkify0gxJ ESyf

n§pfxkwfvkduf\/ y0gxJMuyfckd;ESifhwlaom trnf;uGufBuD; jrif&aomtcg ]tmavav;

uRefawmhf0rf;xJ 'D[mawG b,favmufrsm; 0ifaeNyDvJ rodbl;aemf/ uRefawmf t*Fvef

a&mufwmrS okH; av;vyJ &Sdao;w,f/ aemufESpfESpfavmufae&ifawmh tqkwfawG zkH;

oGm;awmhrSmyJ}[k nnf;nLyg\/ xkdacwfu t*FvefjynfwGif rD;ckd;uif;onfhausmufrD;

aoG;awG ray:ao;í þ'ku©rsKd; MuKH&yg\/

ausmif;tkyfBuD;tdrfodkY nae 6 em&D 45 rdepfwGif a&mufoGm;onf/ uRefawmf

tdrfa&SUwHcg;&Sd vufESdyfacgif;avmif;uav;udk ESdyfvkdufonf/ oludk,fwkdifvmí wHcg;zGifh

ay;NyD; {nfhcef;odkY ac:oGm;onf/ aumfaZmcef;vkH;jynfh? wpfa,mufxkdif zkHukvm;xkdifESpf

vkH;? okH;a,mufxkdif zkHukvm;xkdifBuD;wpfvkH;? pm;yGJykwpfvkH;ESifhqGJxkwfvkdufvQif pm;yGJokH;

vkH;jzpfvmonfhokH;xyfpm;yGJwpfvkH; &Sdonf/ uRefawmf Ak'¨bmomjzpfí t&ufrwkduf? t

csKd&nfom ay;onf/ xdktcguvnf; uRefawmf t&ufraomufwwfao;yg/ olYorD;udk

ac:NyD; uRefawmfESifhrdwfqufay;\/ rMumrD orD; r*FvmaqmifrnfhtaMumif;ajym

onf/ ZeD;u npmpm;yGJ pDrHaeí acwåom xGufvmNyD; uRefawmfhudk EIwfqufonf/ uRef

awmfwkdY t*Fvefjynf &moDOwktaMumif;? jrefrmjynftaMumif; ajymMu\/

ZeD;vmac:í xrif;pm;cef;xJ oGm;Muonf/ axmifhrSefpwk*Hpm;yGJwGif cifyGef;

onfu xdyfbuf? ZeD;onfu rsufESmcsif;qkdifbuf? uRefawmfu ausmif;tkyfBuD;vuf

,m? orD;u vuf0JbuftoD;oD; xkdifMuonf/ tdrfazmftrsKd;orD;u yxrpGyfjyKwf,l

vmonf/ pGyfjyKwfaomuf? bef;aygifrkefY(bun)udk axmywfokwfpm;\/ aemufyGJu ig;

aMumfjzpfonf/ ig;aMumf &Spfaumifudk MuufOykH yef;uefjym;BuD;xJ ,lvm\/ NyD;aemuf

Ä smoke a&SUrS sm pmvkH;ESifh fog aemufrS og pmvkH;ESpfvkH;aygif;pyfí smog jzpfvmonf/

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tmvl;aMumf? a8:zDyef;jyKwf? rkefvmOeDjyKwf wpfyef;uefpD xnfh,lvm\/ ig;ESifhpm;&ef

aqmh(pf)tjyif qm;? i&kwfaumif;rkefY? rwfpwwf(mustard)zefcGufuav;awG &Sd\/

ausmif;tkyfBuD;u yxr ig;aMumfwpfaumifudk oHrPd a8:jym;ESifhrNyD; xnfhay;onf/

yef;uefudk tdrfazmfu ZeD;onfqD ,loGm;\/ ZeD;u aus;Zl;wifw,f[kqkd\/ xkdenf;

twkdif;yif xnhfay;onfhig;aMumfyef;uefudk uRefawmfhqD? aemuf wpfyef;uefudk orD;qD

toD;oD;ay;onfhtcg aus;Zl;wifonf[kajymMuonf/ aemufqkH;rS ausmif;tkyfBuD;u

olYtwGuf ol,l\/

rNyD;ao;yg/ tdrfazmfu [if;oD;[if;&Guf yef;uefrsm;udk wpfOD;xJ ,lvmay;&m

vkdoavmuf ZGef;BuD;jzifh cyf,lMu\/ NyD;aemuf pm;Mu\/ ausmif;tkyfBuD;u trJom;?

okd;om; auR;csifonf/ uRefawmf Ak'¨bmomjzpfí ig;aMumfawmh pm;acs&JUoabm&NyD;

auR;&aMumif; ajymyg\/ NAdwdoQynm&Siftrsm;pkwkdYonf {nfhonfudk vufzuf&nf

aomuf? aeYv,fpm npm pm;aomufyGJ zdwfauR;onhftcg {nfhonfaeom;usap&ef?

pm;&if; t&dyfMunfhí pum;ajymavh&Sd\/ pm;a&;aomufa&;? aerIxkdifrI? oGm;rIvmrI

ESifh ynma&;taMumif;udk pyfpkonfhtaeESifhrar;? apwema&SUxm;NyD; ar;\/ uRef

awmfu ajymjyonf/

ausmif;tkyfBuD;u ynmoifMum;a&;udk pdwfyg0ifpm;pGm ar;onf/ NyD;aemuf

olu ]armif t*Fvdyfpum;ajymwm racygbl;/ b,fESpfESpfrsm; oifcJhovJ}[kar;\/

uRefawmfu ]15 ESpfausmfausmf MumygNyD/ jrefrmjynfrSm 'DrSmvkd aeYwkdif; ajymcGifhr&Sdyg

bl;/ 'Da&mufawmhvJ q&mBuD;ausmif;rSm pmvmroifjycif nausmif;rSm wpfvausmf

ausmf tajymoif,lcJhvkdY 'Davmufajymwwfygw,f}[kajymjy&m olu 'You'll go along

way in life'(armif aemifudk BuD;yGm;r,fhtvm;tvm &Sdw,f)[krSwfcsufcsvkdufonf/

xkdtawmtwGif; ig;aMumfwpfyef;uef ukefoGm;í tdrfazmfu vmay;onf/

uRefawmfu ]awmfygNyD/ aus;Zl;wifygw,f}ajymyg\/ NyD;aemuf tcsKdyGJ? bDpuGwf? axm

ywf? 'defcJudk auR;onf/ NyD;onfhtcg {nfhcef;xJ oGm;Mu\/ aumfzD,lvmay;í aomuf

Mu? pum; qufvufajymMuESifh 9 em&Dxkd;cgeD;wGif aus;Zl;wifpum; ajymMum;onf/

jrefrmjynfrS,lvmaom vG,ftdwfvSvSuav;wpfvkH;udk ausmif;tkyfBuD;tm; trSwfw&

vufaqmifay;&m olu ]tawmfyJ? usKyforD; r*FvmaqmifyGJrSm vufaqmifay;r,f}[k

ajym\/ orD;u ]tkd vSvkdufwJhtdwfyJaemf}[kqkdyg\/ tdrfa&SUwHcg;txd uRefawmhfudk

okH;OD;pvkH; vkdufydkY\/ uHaumif;csifawmh tjyifbufwGif parmh(*f)vnf; rzkH;vTrf;? ESif;

vnf;rusaeí aetdrfodkY acsmacsmarmarmjyefa&mufvm\/ ausmif;tkyfBuD;tdrfrS{nfh

cef;ESifhpm;aomufcef;rsm;rSmuJhodkY ausmufrD;aoG;rD;zkdrsm; r&Sdaomtdyfcef;ü *uf(pf)rD;

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zkdc wpfoQDvifxnhf? t0wftpm;vJ? rD;vIHNyD; tdyf&m0if\/ NAdwdoQvlrsKd;wkdY\,Ofaus;

rIwpfckudk jrnf;cJh&NyD[kpOf;pm;&if; tdyfaysmfoGm;ygonf/

ynma&;aumvdyfausmif; 'kwd,oifwef;tywf ukefqkH;onfhtcg uRefawmfwkdY

yx0D0if oifMum;enf;udk txl;bmomtjzpf ,lonfhausmif;om;ausmif;ol 20 ausmf

wkdY qGpfZmvefjynfodkYoGm;NyD; uGif;qif;avhvmykHrsm;udk a'gufwmvSab ynmyg&rDpmtkyf

(1993 ckESpfxkwf)pmrsufESm 214 rS 218 txdwGif tpD&ifcHcJhygNyD/ awGYMuKHcJh&aoma'

oEÅ&A[kokwwkdYonf rsm;oavmuf tusKd;&cJhyg\/ Oa&mywkdufom;wkdYaea&; xkdif

rI tajymtqkd qufqHa&;wkdYtwGuf ed'gef;ysKd;cJhjcif; jzpfyg\/ aemiftcg ppfBuD;NyD;í

1952 ckESpfrS 84? 86 ckESpftwGif; zl;pmygí 'if;rwf? jyifopf? *smreDjynfwkdYodkY tacguf

tacguftcgcg oGm;&onfhtcg a&SUqufvlvkyf&ef todÓPfESifhynmrsm; wkd;yGm;vmyg

\/

aemufqkH; oifwef;tywfukefaomtcg pmar;yGJatmifoGm;í ynma&;'Dyvkd

rmbGJY &cJhyg\/ 1938 ckESpf? pufwifbm wwd,tywfrSpí 1939 ckESpf? ZGefv wwd,

tywftxd NAdwdoQvlrsKd;ausmif;olausmif;om; trsm;pkMum; ajymufwdajymufMum;

tdE´d,? w&kwfvlenf;pkawGeJYtwl twef;wuf? aqG;aEG;zvS,fyGJwufum ynma&;t

wwf qnf;yl;cJhonf/ yxrawmh cyfvefYvefY cyfaMumufaMumufyif/ NAdwdoQawGavmuf

t*Fvdyfpum; rajymwwf? olwkdYvkd pma&;rydkifbl;/ 'Dvkdwpfyef;&IH;ayr,fh edrfhuspdwfxm;

rI(inferiority complex)acgif;xJ wpfcgrS r0ifcJhyg/ BudK;ukwfNyD; ÓPfn§pfxkwfvkdY uHu

vkdufvmNyD; pmar;yGJ atmifcJh&onf[k,lqrdyg\/

atmifyGJcH&jcif; taMumif;&if;xJ wpfck&Sdao;onf[k qdkcsifyg\/ þonfu

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wuf&onfhvufcsmawGxJu t"dutcsufBuD;awGukdom ygarmu©rsm;u ajyma[moGm;

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vmonfhtcsuftvufawGudk pepfwus wifjyenf;udk usLwmu axmufjyonf/ usL

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csD;jr§ifhvkdufygao;\/ uHESifhuRefawmf aqmif;yg;xJ wpfae&mwGif azmjfyxm;ygonf/

oifwef;wufaeolrsm;txJ txl;oifjyenf; bmomtjzpf uRefawmfu yx0D

0if? uRefawmfodonfh tdE´d,ausmif;om;ESpfa,mufteuf wpfa,mufu orkdif;? wpf

a,mufu ocsFmudk toD;oD;,lMu\/ yxrausmif;om; usLwmu olESifhrif;wkdif;aus

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qufqHaMumif;? 'kwd,ausmif;om;u olYudk usLwmu txifao;ykH&aMumif; ajymjy

aomtcg uRefawmfonf rpöwmpuwf(zf)tm; twkdif;xuftvGef aus;Zl;wifrdyg\/

jrefrmjynfwGif tdE´d,trsKd;om;aA'ifq&mu ]qm[pf(Sahib)a&mufr,fhjynfrSm qm

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awmfhusLwmvnf; wpfa,muf ygavovm;[k ckxufxd awG;rdaeygonf/

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apmifrEkdif&ef jzpfonf[kod&í vlYtusKd; onfykd;vkdaomqE´ay:vm\/ onfykd;cJhonf/

touf&Snfoa&GU onfydk;ygOD;rnf/

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,Ofaus;rItcsKdUwkdYudk em;vnfvmí vlt0g;0NyD; vlYabmift0ifqHhvmonf/ vlwpfOD;

OD;u wpfckckudk udk,fEIwfESpfyg;jzifh ulnDrçpay;urf;onfhtcg aus;Zl;wifygonfqkdonfh

"avh&vmonf/ taemufEkdifiHwGif ajym&kd;ajympOfjzpfaomfvnf; jrefrmjynfjyefa&muf

vmonfhtcg þtokH;tEIef;jyKygu tcsKdUvlwkdYu trf;wrf;wrf;jzpfaeonfudk jrif&í

uRefawmfvnf; bmajymvkd ajym&rSef;ukd rodawmhyg/ uRefawmf\ÓPESifhpdwåwkdYonf

toGifwpfrsKd; aqmifvmNyD/

6/ vef'efwuúokdvfta&SUwkdif;ynm&yf aumvdyfausmif;om;/

1939-44

uRefawmf ynma&;aumvdyfausmif;(Institute of Education)rS þta&SUwkdif;

ynm&yfrsm;ausmif;1odkY bmaMumifh ajymif;oGm;onfudk ]a'gufwmvSab ynmyg&rD}pm

tkyf (1993 ckESpf)rsufESm 149-150 rsm;wGif a&;jycJhygNyD/ 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD; 1939 ck?

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rSwfykHwifonf/ touf 50 ausmft&G,f oabmvnf;aumif;? El;nHhodrfarGYaom armfuGef;

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&ef cJ,Of;yg\/ 1/þausmif;(School of Oriental Studies)onf 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;NyD;oGm;aomtcgta&SUwkdif;ESifhtmz&duynm&yfrsm;ausmif;

(School of Oriental and African Studies)jzpfvmonf/

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uRefawmf pmwrf; BuD;Muyfonfhq&mBuD; a'gufwma*s? at? pwl;0wf(J.A.

Stewart)tMuHay;csuft& vef'efrS rkdif 30 a0;onfhq&mBuD;aexkdif&m bda&Smh(zf)pawmh

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q&mBuD;onf wuúokdvfwGif jrefrmpm'kygarmu©jzpfaeonf/ aumvdyfausmif;

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\/ odkYaomf uHaumif;csifawmh 1941 ckESpf ZGefvwGif *smreDu &k&Sm;udk 0ifwkduf? 'DZif

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oGm;aMumif;owif;&onf/ rMumaomumvwGifNAdwdoQavwyfAkH;BuJ av,mOfysHrSom;Ä Department of India, Burma(Myanmar) and Ceylon (Srilanker). aemifwGif Department of the languages and cultures of South East Asia and

the Islands jzpfvmonf/

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rsm; NAdwdefwGif yGm;rsm;vm\/ taumif;tqkd; tusKd;qufudk orkdif;u qkH;jzwfay;yg

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uRefawmf pdwf"mwfrusqif;yg/ wpfckckvkyfvQif aeYrod nrod pm;csdef tdyfcsdef

rod? rNyD;rcsif; vkyfonfhtusifhygvmojzifh vdyfacgif;a&m*gpGJuyfvmyg\/ q&m0eft

uktocH,l&if; qufvkyfonf/ 1944 ckESpfwGif ]bk&m;vnf;NyD;? NrdKUBuD;vnf;ywf? uef

jrwfvnf; jzpf? rl;jrpfvnf;ayguf. . . }qkdouJhodkY q&mBuD;u ygarmu©? uRefawmfu yg&*l

bGJY&? 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD; Oa&mywkdufü arvü NyD;qkH;oGm;yg\/

uRefawmfonf bda&Smh(zf)pawmhzkdYwGif aepOfuwnf;u udef;b&pfrS jrefrmrdwf

aqGwpfa,mufac:í olYtcef;iSm;aeonfhtdrfwGif aomMumaeYnaerS wevFmaeYeHeuf

txdaeNyD; bda&Smh(zf)pawmhzkdYodkY jyefvmonf/ þodkYtem;,lonfhtcg acgif;&Sif;oGm;NyD;

tvkyfykdvkyfaponfhpdwf ay:vm\/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif udef;b&pfNrdKU\teHYt&om

(atmosphere)udk BudKufESpfoufvmonf/ xkdYaMumifh 1944 ckESpfwGif bGJY&NyD;aomtcg q

&mBuD;tm; uRefawmf bDbDpD0wå&m;tm;onfhaeYwkdif; tbd"mefvmjyKpkygr,f/ udef;b

&pfrSm aeyg&ap[kajymNyD; udef;b&pfodkYajymif;oGm;yg\/

1945 ckESpf Zlvkdifvü *syefawG vufeufcsonf/ bDbDpDu wpfywf ESpf&uf? okH;

&uftpm; ig;&uf jrefrmjynfodkY toHvTifh&ef ajymyg\/ vufcHvkdufNyD; rMumrD jrefrmt

pkd;&u jrefrm-t*Fvdyftbd"mefBuD;twGuf wpfESpfvQif aygif 10000 axmufyHhrnf/ pm

jyKokH;a,mufcefYNyD; wpfESpf tbd"mef wpfwGJxkwfEkdif&ef pDrHxm;onf[laom pmudk &yg

\/ q&mBuD;u uRefawmfhudk wpfae&mü cefYonf/ ]ab wwfxm;wJhynmeJYtoHvTifhwJh

tvkyf[m jy'g;wpfvrf; oHwpfvrf;vkd jzpfaew,f/ bDbDpDrSmxuf vcwpf0ufavmuf

yJ &r,f/ 'gayr,fh bmompmaybufrSm ynmwkd;yGm;r,f}[kajym\/ uRefawmfvnf; bD

bDpDrS EkwfxGufcGifh awmif;onf/ jrefrmjynfrS vlpm;&rS xGufcGifhjyKrnf[kppftwGif;xkwf

xm;onfhOya't& wm;xm;yg\/

vlwpfOD;onf wwfxm;onfhynmjzifh ol0goemygaom toufarG;rIwpfckckü

pdwfvnf;csrf;om xkdufoifhonfhvpmvnf;&ygu olvnf; aumif;pm;? tvkyfXmevnf;

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BuD;yGm;? wkdif;jynf*kPfowif;vnf; xGef;vif;vm&ef tcGifhtvrf; ay:vmonf/ rvTJ

omí 0goemrygaomtvkyfudk vkyfae&ygu pm;zkdYaea&;om&NyD; tbufbufürnfodkY

rS aus;Zl;rxGef;um;bJ okOf;oGm;Ekdif\/ b0udk þuJhodkY tvGJokH;pm; vkyfaeolawG b,f

avmufrsm; &SdMuygovJ/

1946 ckESpfwGif tbd"mefvkyfief;xJ ajcpkHypf0ifvmEkdifyg\/ pmjyKyk*¾KdvfESpf

a,mufESifhvkyftm;ay;wpfa,mufwkdY t,f'DwmESpfOD;wkdYtm; ulnDMuonf/ odkYaomf

1946-47 ckESpftwGif; pmjyKyk*¾KdvfESpfOD;xGufoGm;Mu? 48 ckESpf arv 1 &ufaeYnwGif

q&mBuD; ESvkH;a&m*gjzifh tedpöa&muf? uRefawmfvnf; jrefrmtpkd;&xHrS vpmr&awmhyg?

Mur®mqkd;ab;wpfBudrfESifhrat;[lonfht*Fvdyfpum;ykHudk owd&rdyg\/

rpöwm'ef;ESifhuRefawmfom usef&pfawmhonf/ odkYaomf tbd"meftwGJ 2 udk

xkwfjzpfatmif xkwfrnf[laomZGJESifhqufvufjyKpkaeonf/ uRefawmfaecJhaom vef'ef

wuúokdvfta&SUwkdif;ESifhtmz&duynm&yfrsm;ausmif;u uRefawmhfudk 1948ckESpfatmuf

wkdbmvqef;wGif jrefrmpmuxdu &mxl;urf;vSrf;vmí vufcHvkdufonf/ &efukefwuú

okdvfwGif 1922 ckESpfrS 1934 ckESpftxd &mZ0ifygarmu©jzpfcJhonfhjrefrmjynfESifhjrefrm

vlrsKd;wkdYudk cspfcifonfhygarmu©a'gufwm'D? *sD? tD? a[m(vf)(D.G.E.Hall)tm; 1949

ckESpfü tm&Sta&SUawmiforkdif;ygarmu©? ta&SUawmiftm&SESifhuRef;rsm; bmompmay

XmerSL;? xkd&mxl;ESpfckay;tyfvkdufonf/ jrefrmt*Fvdyftbd"mefjzpfajrmufa&;BudK;

yrf;cJhol tkdifpDtuf0efxrf;a[mif; rpöwmtdwf(csf)? tuf(zf)qm;(vf)(H.F.Searle)tm;

vnf; jrefrmpm,m,Duxdutjzpf cefYvkdufonf/ tbd"mefESifhjrefrmpmay wnfNrJckdifcHh

oGm;\/

1940 jynfhESpfü Oa&myppfajrjyifwGif wpfudk,fwnf; txD;usefaeaomfvnf;

avScGufcsnf;usef tvHrvSJbl;[k MuHhMuHhckdifcdkif &yfwnfaeaom NAdwdefjynfonf 1944

ckESpfü tar&du &k&Sm;wkdY\tultnD&ojzifh 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;wGif *smreDudk tEkdif&

onfhxkH;udk ESvkH;oGif;rdyg\/

7/ udef;b&pfNrdKU(Cambridge) 1944-54

*dkPf;csKyfydkifqkdifonfhpawmhjrpf jzwful;&mNrdKU[kteuf&aom Bishop's Srort-

ford NrdKUrS udef;(Cam)jrpf wHwm;[laom Cambridge NrdKUodkY vmNyD; t*FvdyftrsKd;orD;

BuD; nDtpfrESpfa,mufaetdrfü tcef;iSm;aeonfrSm wpfESpfcefY MumcJhNyD/ ESpfaygif; 700

avmufuwnf;u aumvdyfausmif;wpfausmif;NyD;wpfausmif; bk&ifawG bkef;awmfBuD;

awG olaX;ol<u,fawG wnfaxmifcJh&m uRefawmf a&mufonfhESpfwGif trsKd;om;aum

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(112)


vdyf 18 ausmif;? trsKd;orD; aumvdyfokH;ausmif;? aygif; 21 ausmif;&SdESifhaeNyD/ pmar;

yGJusif;yrI? bGJY'D*&DtyfESif;rIq&mrsm; cefYxm;rIponfhtrIwkdYwGif wuúokdvfu udkifxm;yg

onf/

NAdwdoQacwfu &efukefwuúokdvf&Sd aumvdyfausmif;awGuJhodkY wpfpkwnf;r[kwf

yg/ wpfNrdKUvkH; jyefYusJaeyg\/ aumvdyfausmif;wkdif; ausmif;tkyfBuD;? ygarmu©? q&m

rsm;ESifhcefYxm;onfhzJvkd(Fellow)ac:ynm&Sifrsm; &Sdonf/ aumvdyfausmif;wkdif; udk,f

ydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; &&Sd\/

udef;b&pfa&mufcgpu todrdwfaqG ausmif;om;rsm;? olwkdY\q&mrsm;ESifh

aygif;oif;qufqHygonf/ we*FaEGaeYrsm;wGif naeapmif; 4 em&Dtcsdef vufzuf&nf

qkdifBuD;wpfqkdifü uAsmzwfyGJ usif;yavh&Sdonf/ oGm;a&mufem;axmifonf/ y&dowfu

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udef;jrpfonf ay 50 rS ay 70 ausmfom us,fonf/ jrefrmjynfwGif acsmif;[komac:yg

rnf/

&uftm;rsm;ü rdwfaqGrsm;u zdwfojzifh olwkdYaexkdifonfhaumvdyfausmif;rsm;

odkY oGm;onf/ olwkdYonf tdyfcef;ESifhxkdifcef; ESpfcef;&onf/ vufzuf&nfaomuf rkefYpm;

&if; olwkdY,lonfhbmom? arQmfrSef;xm;onfhtvkyftukdifrsm;udk ajymjyonf/ ausmif;

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yg\/ &onfhbGJYtm;vkH;rSm 0dZÆm(B.A)8kPfxl;csnf; jzpfonf/ odyÜH(B.Sc)bGJYr&Sdyg/

umvtwefi,fMumaomtcg ausmif;om;wpfpku udef;b&pfwuúokdvfAk'¨bm

omtoif; zGJYygonf/ uRefawmhfudk Ouú|tjzpf twif;wifajr§mufvkdufonf/ a[majym

yGJwkdif;rSm obmywdvkyf&\/ wpfcgaomf emrnfausmf t*FvdyfAk'¨bmom0if 0wfvkHawmf

&BuD;rpöwmc&pfprwf[rf;z&D(Christmas Humphrey)udk zdwfac:onf/ olu Ak'¨bmom

qkdwm bmvJtaMumif;udk tusOf;csKH; ajyma[monf/ em;axmifí aumif;vSyg\/

]Ak'¨bmom}qkdaompmtkyfa&;ol jzpfygonf/ ajyma[myGJtNyD;wGif oD[kdVf(oD&dvuFm)rS

ausmif;om;u xNyD; ]vlBuD;rif;[m 0wfvkHawmf&? tpkd;&a&SUaecsKyfwpfOD; jzpfw,f/

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wpfcgwpfcg w&m;cHtcsKdUudk axmifydkY&atmif avQmufvJ&rSmaygh/ Ak'¨bmomwpfa,muf

[m 'Dvkdvkyf&wm b,fvkdtajzay;rvJ}[kar;\/ ol BudK;pm;NyD; ajzonf/ rajyyg/ o

bmywdvkyfol uRefawmfvnf; ru,fEkdifyg/

udef;b&pfNrdKUwGif ta&SUwkdif; tjynfjynfqkdif&m pmtkyfawG &Ekdifaom urÇm

ausmf [ufzm;(Heffers)ac: pmtkyfqkdifBuD; &Sdygonf/ NrdKUxJ a&mufwkdif; 0ifMunfh\/

awGY&onfhjrefrmjynftaMumif; pmtkyfa[mif;pmtkyfopfrsm;? jrefrmbmomxJrS arG;

pm;pum;vkH;rsm;ESifhqkdifaompmtkyf? Ak'¨bmom? [dE´L? rlqvifbmompmtkyfrsm;? rEk

óaA'? bmomaA'? o'´aA'paom pmtkyfrsm;udk 0,fonf/ Mumaomtcg xkdXmetkyf

csKyfolrpöwm&Syf(Sharp)ESifhcifrif&if;ESD;vmojzifh uRefawmfvkdcsifonf[koabm&aom

pmtkyfrsm;udk odrf;xm;um uRefawmfhtm; jyNyD; rvkdcsifrS olwpfyg;udk a&mif;onf/

wpfaeY tbd"mef&kH;ü uRefawmftbd"mefjyKpkae&m q&mBuD;u ]ab? [ufzm;

pmtkyfqkdifu jrefrmjynfeJYqkdifwJhpmtkyfawG b,fol0,f0,f oGm;ovJqkdwm OD;odNyD}[k

ajymygonf/ q&mBuD;onf wpfaeYwGif udef;b&pfa&mufoGm;onf/ [ufzm;pmtkyfqkdif

0ifMunfhNyD; rpöwm&Syfudk jrefrmjynftaMumif; pmtkyfawG 0,fvkdaMumif; ajymonf/ rpö

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\/ &orQpmtkyfawG 0,fygonf/ xkdtcsdefu pNyD; pmtkyfaiGwefzkd;r[kwf ynmwefzkd;

odvmyg\/ ,cktcg uRefawmfhxHü pmtkyfokdufBuD; wpfodkuf &SdaeygNyD/ aoonfhtcg

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[ufzm;qkdifodkY wpfcgu oGm;&if; udef;b&pfwuúokdvfrSygarmu©wpfOD;ESifht

rSwfrxif awGYqkHcJh&onf/ MopaMw;vd,ef;(Australian)vlrsKd; udef;b&pfwuúokdvfrS

ta&SUwkdif;bmomrsm;ygarmu©(aemiftcg ]qm})[J&kd;ab;vD(Harold Bailey)jzpfyg\/

uRefawmfhtaMumif; ar;NyD; q&mBuD;u b,faeYb,f&ufrSm bk&ifr\aumvdyf(Queen's

College)&Sd ol\tcef;odkY nae 5 em&Dtcsdefvm&ef zdwfac:yg\/ uRefawmfoGm;onf/

cHhnm;aom ae&mxkdifcif;jzpfonf/ pmMunfhcef;? tdyfcef;? a&csKd;cef;ESifhtdrfomcef;wGJ

xm;onf/ vufzuf&nf wkduf rkefYauR;onf/ &mrZmwfawmfBuD; taMumif; ar;onf/

uRefawmf odoavmuf ajymjy\/ ouúwpmayrS r&Sif;vif;aomtaMumif;t&mtcsKdU

ESifhygVdbmomrS tjiif;yGm;aeaom tcsuftcsKdUudk ar;onf/ ol &Sif;jyonf/ xkdtcg igh

ynmonf oli,fwef;? olYynmonf 0dZÆmwef;xuf jrifhaeyguvm;[k awG;aewkef; av;

&uftMum wpfnaewGif olESifhnpm vmpm;&ef zdwfojzifh vufcHvkduf\/

roGm;rD wuúodkvfrS uRefawmfhrdwfaqG q&mwpfOD;tm; ygarmu©taMumif;udk

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ar;onf/ q&mu ]'D ygarmu©[m ynm&Sdya*;BuD;yJ/ wpfcgu *syefjynfudk oabFmeJY

tvnfoGm;w,f/ oabFmay:rSm rD;jcpfwpfzm awGYvkdYrD;jcpfay: yg&SdwJh*syefpmawG zwf

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owJh}[kajym\/ ,kH&rSmvnf; cufcuf? r,kH&rSmvnf; cufcuf/

csdef;xm;onfhnaewGif ygarmu©tcef;odkY 5 em&DcGJtcsdef a&mufoGm;onf/ 6

em&Dü aumvdyfausmif; xrif;pm;cef;BuD;xJ qif;oGm;NyD; pifjrifhay:odkY ygarmu©u ac:

oGm;um ausmif;tkyfBuD;? ygarmu©tcsKdUESifhrdwfqufay;\/ npm rpm;rD bk&m;ocif

tm; aus;Zl;wifpum; vufwifbmomjzifh &GwfqkdMuonf/ pifjrifhatmuf ab;em;tm;

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paumvm;&Spf&olwkdYu a*gif;cyf&Snf&Snf 0wfNyD; pm;&if; cyfwkd;wkd; ajymMu aqG;aEG;Mu

[efudk cyfvSrf;vSrf;rS jrif&onf/

q&mrsm;um; cHhnm;onfhopfom;pm;yGJ&SnfBuD;udk 0kdif;xkdifNyD; tzdk;wefa<uyef;

uefrsm;xJ pm;yGJxkd;awG xnfhay;aom pm;p&mwpfrsKd;vmvQif 0kdifwpfrsKd;aomufum

pm;onf/ aemufqkH; pm;yGJxkd;wpfa,mufu ausmif;tkyfBuD;xH ydkY(port)0kdift&ufykvif;

,lvmNyD; 0dkifcGufxJ avmif;xnhfay;onf/ olu aomufMunfhNyD; q&mrsm; aomuf&ef

ykvif;ukd vuf,m&pf urf;vSrf;apyg\/ ygarmu©abvDu olYvuf0Jbuf&Sd ygarmu©wpf

a,mufESifhajymvkduf? uRefawmfhudk ajymvkdufESifh/ uRefawmfvnf; ab;em;xkdifaeaom

t*Fvdyfpmygarmu©ESifhpum;vufqkHusaeonf/ olYausmif;om;wcsKdUu tufaq;a&;

NyD; vmjyw,f/ o'´gtaMumif;ajymw,f/ usKyfu ]ig t*Fvdyfo'´g rwwfbl;/ rif;a&;

wm pum;zGmw,f/ tcsufrusbl;vkdY ajymvkdufw,f}[kajymjyygonf/ olESifhtawmf&if;

ESD;oGm;ygonf/

aemifvnf; ygarmu©u npmpm;yGJ zdwfygao;onf/ t*Fvdyfpmygarmu©u

uRefawmfhem;vmxkdifonf/ ausmif;om;wcsKdU t*Fvdyfpm ra&;wwf[k Mum;&í yxr

tHhMordonf/ aemufrS a&;wJhae&mrSm wkdwkd&Sif;&Sif; vkd&if;a&mufatmif a&;rjyEkdifrIudk

qkdvkdaMumif; od&\/ þygarmu© pum;ajymaumif;oavmuf tpm;vnf;aumif;onf/

ygarmu©abvDu tpm;taomuf NcdK;jcHonf/ ig;aMumf? tmvl;aMumf? pm;onf/ trJ

om;? okd;om;? 0ufom;? Muufom; ponf yGJrsm;vmvQif tom;tenf;i,fudk tmvl;?

[if;oD;[if;&Gufcyfrsm;rsm;ESifhpm;onf/ t&ufvnf; wpfcGufwavom aomufonf/

tcsKdyGJudkvnf; wkdYueef; qdwfueef;/ &aohESifhwlvSyg\/

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wkdY tcrJhnpm pm;&onf/ ausmif;om;rsm;u pm;aomufc ay;&onf/ ausmif;om;

rsm;onf vufcsmwuf? qkdif&musLwmESifhtufaq;jy&ef vmawGYonfhtcg NrdKUxJ nt

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vnfapmifhMuyf pnf;urf;xdef;odrf;ol ya&mhuwm(Proctor)qkdolu emrnfESifhaumvdyf

ausmif;trnfar;NyD; pmtkyfxJ rSwfxm;onf/ xkdaemuf xkdufoifhaom 'Pfcwfonf/

xkdenf;wl ntcg tjyifbufü a*gif;rygbJ oGm;vmaeonfhausmif;om;udk ya&mhuwm

jrifvQif 'PfcwfcH&ygonf/ a*gif;onf wuúokdvfodu©myk'f\trSwfonmwpfckyif/

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oGm;&ef rD;&xm;xJ xkdifaewkef; touf 28-29 ESpft&G,favmuf&Sd NAdwdoQtrsKd;om;

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onf/ ol vef'efodkYqufvufoGm;\/

tbd"mef&kH;wGif q&mBuD;tm; a'gufwmbvyf(zf)(Bulff)taMumif; ajymjy

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rwef;ESifhatmifonfhjyif ouúwbmomü yg&*lbGJY&xm;ol [l\/ pmtkyfpmwrf;awGvnf;

xkwfa0cJhNyD/

q&mBuD;wkdYausmif;ü ouúwbmomygarmu©&mxl; vpfvyfaeí owif;pmxJ

aMumfjimxnhfxm;onfudk a'gufwmb&yf(zf)awGY&ojzifh q&mBuD;ESifhawGYvkd[ef wlyg

onf/ wuúokdvfu avQmufvTmawG ac:onf/ olESifhtwl ausmif;rS touf 50 ausmf

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uúokdvfu Oya't& bkwfwpfzGJYzGJYNyD; avQmufolrsm;\t&nftcsif;? a&;om;xkwfa0

onfhpmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk ppfaq;NyD; aemufqkH; a'gufwmb&yf(zf)udk cefYvkdufonf/ t

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MumaeYtxd pmayykdYcs? pae we8FaEGaeYrsm;ESifhausmif;&uf&Snfydwf&ufrsm;ü rpöwm'ef;

ESifhtwl tbd"mefjyKpkonf/ okawoevkyfonf/ tbd"mefESifhokawoe ewfrsm;zrf;

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armu©wpfOD; zdwfí bk&ifhpmMunfhwkduf(The Royal Danish Library)wGif jrefrmpmayyk&

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yif/

8/ 0Jvif;yef;jcHNrdKU(Welwyn Garden City) 1954-80

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zGifhay;onf/ av;ig;ajcmufBudrf þuJhodkYjyKvkyfcJh&m q&mBuD; uRefawmfhudk txifBuD;

vmonf/ uRefawmhfaemifa&; aumif;pm;zkdY yEéuf&kdufay;onfESifhwl\/

tbd"mef&kH;okdY vmvnfMuonfhjrefrmausmif;om;tcsKdUudk q&mBuD;u wpfcg

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rsufESm xm;&cufvSyg\/ tvdr®mÓPf okH;um rSefw,fvkdYxifygw,f[k ajzygonf/

ausmif;om;awG jyefawmhrS rSefonf rrSefonfrsm;udk ajymjyyg\/ wpfaeYaomf olYZeD;

a':cifav;tm; ]abudk jrefrmjynf rjyefbJ wkdYausmif;rSm tvkyfvkyfzkdY wkdufwGef;r,f}[k

ajymoHudk em;pGefem;zsm; Mum;&\/ q&mBuD;tedpöa&mufNyD; av;ig;vtMum ausmif;

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u uRefawmfhudk tvkyfurf;vSrf;vmonfrSm q&mBuD; b0rajymif;rD BudKwifpma&;xm;

aomaMumifh[k wGufrdyg\/ 0efZif;rif;&mZmtjzpfudk ,ck oGm;owd&rdyg\/

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BuD;wpfaqmifudk 0,fyg\/

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ay;xm;onf/ aeonhftdrfESifhvlawG\wefzkd;udk &nfnTef;NyD; [moaESmaomtac:t

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