Urban Regeneration: Tools, Catalyzors and the Outcomes

26 REGENERATING URBAN CORE

Urban Regeneration: Tools, Catalyzors and the Outcomes

Demet Mutman

Introduction

Urban development has always been affected by regeneration processes, especially after the World War II. After several decades’ experiences of urban regeneration, urban image, quality of life, and urban environment are now recognized as prerequisites and catalysts for the economic development of cities1. Today we face changes in needs, technology, spatial texture, life quality and the economy especially in the urban settlements on a daily basis. The economic development, the push of the urbanization and the capitalist approaches towards the land uses are often debated. The gates and cores of the cities such as the waterfronts, riverbanks, harbors and squares have been involved in urban regeneration projects with the intention to make them the symbols of the city. The aim of this article is to investigate the transformation processes of today and discuss the new methods of regeneration. The main focus will be on the use of titles, events, and activations as a promoting element and a tool of the regeneration.

“Regenerating” or “transforming” could be defined as bringing new and more vigorous life to a spatial environment especially in economic terms. In this sense of the term regenerating the urban cores, old town centers, brings about various positive and negative outcomes. Since the living environment and the requirements of the daily uses have changed thoroughly, the transformation of the spatial environment is fast. Either mixed-use residential areas or business zones can easily become gentrified spaces, which is to say that they are designed for pre-specified inhabitants, preserved, but turned into theme parks. Old town centers serve for the main tourist attraction, and the waterfronts are turned into modern gates of the cities2. The projects are targeted to boost the economy and to help cities compete internationally. These changes re-create the environment. Thus one can surely say that the economics brings about the rapid urbanization as well as the transformation processes.

27ARTICLES AND ESSAYS

On the other hand, from the point of view of the inhabitants this kind of development makes urban space fragmented. This might also be called “social fragmentation”. The city of the late 19th and early 20th century was in a process of rapid transformation. Industrialization had destroyed the traditional craft works and brought immense amount of workers into urban areas. At the same time the automobile assailed historic street patterns by causing the equivalent of gridlock and a dangerous environment for pedestrians. In sum, the industrial capitalism was destroying the historic city. Urban theorists have been grappling since that time with how to reinvent the city in ways that would benefit humankind and nature3.

Urban population in 1996 was 2.6 billion, 1.7 billion in developing countries. Urban population is growing faster than world population as a whole. Some cities are experiencing the fastest rates of population growth ever seen. Within ten years, more than half of the people in the world will be living in cities, 3.3 billion of the 6.59 billion people4. A century ago 10% of the people of the planet were living in cities but according to the United Nations this number will increase up to 75% by 2050. The impacts of this rapid growth underlined by Richard Burdett in the 10th international Architecture Exhibition of the Venice Biennale, have to be taken into account if we wish to analyze the links between architecture and society5. Designers, architects and planners have been important in all time periods in determining our responses to the environment.

Transformation

The process of regeneration is important in understanding the “re-charging” process. The re-charged environments are often questioned for creating “showroom” living spaces. However, some transformation projects are achieving great successes by involving users in the processes of developing creative environments for public uses. The question in transformation of cities today is how to deal with the created “make-up” zones within cities. The tools of transformation and their suitability to the social and physical environment ought to be discussed. How the transformation could create good-quality environment?

Urban transformation is a process of land re-development. Transformations have played an important role in the history and demographics of cities around the world including Beijing, Melbourne, Glasgow, Boston, San Francisco, Bilbao and Barcelona. The redevelopment process is envisioned as a way to redevelop residential slums, from the blighted industrial areas, redesigning the city centers


for an upgraded quality, for implementing a specified design onto a previously built environment for creating a city identity or for a use of special purpose.

A key element of Barcelona's bid at 1992 Olympic games was that it was used as the driver for major redevelopment of the urban docklands by the local government. The project re-established a connection between the city and its oceanfront. Following Barcelona's example, cities like Sydney, Salt Lake City and Athens have all taken advantage of the "Regeneration Games" to push through massive infrastructural development. It has also become clear however, that a key issue for any host city revolves around the issue of sustainability after the event. Too often huge sums are spent on developing and then maintaining the Olympic Parks with only little long-term benefit to the city. This helps to explain why Sydney touted its desire to be the "first green Games". In fact they have used the Sydney Olympic Park as a foundation for a new master planned "sustainable" suburb on the site of a former industrial park at Homebush Bay6.

Objectives of Urban Regeneration

The objectives of urban regeneration vary from place to place, from time to time and between the major stakeholders concerned. We can distinguish four main

La Barceloneta dates back to 18th century known as the old fishermans quarter,. It is located around the Port Vell harbour near city centre. In preparation for the 1992 Barcelona Olympics the area La Barceloneta experienced wide scale regeneration of many of the city’s sea front zones. This saw the city opened up to the sea, with the Port Vell harbour transformed, & La Barceloneta turned into a neighbourhood of beaches including many landmark buildings such as the copper fish sculpture by Frank Gehry.

Figure 1: Barcelona Olympics 1992, a push effect to the city’s waterfront regeneration7


strands in the types of objectives of urban regeneration programmes: economic, social, political and cultural. These strands in turn can be divided into a number of sub-objectives8.

One such formulation is proposed in Figure 1, illustrating the way in which each of these higher-level objectives might be “de-composed” into a hierarchy of objectives. This approach has been used in many different contexts to demonstrate the inter-relationship between objectives at different levels and to increase the transparency of performance management (Bovaird, 1995).

Bovaird adds that it is conventional wisdom to suggest that the cultural assets of an area will be an important factor in attracting investment from the private sector, especially international investment. Again, the quality of social interactions in the city may be dependent upon a set of cultural facilities which would have to be «inclusive» in their appeal rather than «exclusive», i.e. welcoming to different ethnic groups, to different social classes, to people of different educational backgrounds. Each of these relationships cuts across the main relationships modeled in the figure9.

Concerning the city itself, movements, forms, outcomes and processes define the meaning of the city today. When we look at the brochures, marketing advertisements and the official documents of the regeneration projects, we recognize similar attempts and strategic targets that had been listed before the projects applied.

Figure 2: Objectives of Urban Regeneration (scheme by Tony Bovaird)


Regeneration aims at maximized urban land use, sustainability of proposals, and economic and social change. By providing the infrastructures and utilities, the projects are aiming to backbone the futuristic developments, the foreseen transformation. The projections also aim to improve the economical conditions by increasing the attractiveness of the area by providing new and diverse job opportunities and commercial activities. Thus, transforming the quality of area brings about inhabitants, work opportunities and leisure activities: The process would strengthen local cohesion, bringing people through celebrating socio-economic cultural and ethnic diversity and thereby establish sustainable communities at the very end. However the holistic approach seems very optimistic with the whole process for a better place to live in. Thus the transformation processes in regeneration projects of different scales should be analyzed according to their tools.

“If you want to find out how various cultures understand the natural world, go to their cities, locate the leading edge of new construction, and observe the strategic transformations taking place . . .. The urban horizon. . .is where the world comes into being and is thereafter systematically redefined.” Albert Pope, “Last Horizon” Re-Envisioning landscape/architecture. Ed. by Catherine Spellman. (Barcelona: Actar, 2003).

An important element of the regeneration process is the socio-cultural background of the society. The users and their traditions are playing an important role for defining the uses of the space as well as forming-transforming the spatial environment. “Culture” refers to the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement and to a refined understanding of them. From a spatial point of view we define the term as involving the customs, the attitudes and behavior

Figure 3:San Francisco has got the Golden Gate, France has the Millau Viaduct and now the Gloucester has a new bridge, St Ann’s bridge over the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal… It will also connect two key English partnerships projects in the city, the Greyfriars scheme, which will include 400 eco friendly homes, employment opportunities and community space with the new Gloucestershire College campus. English Partnerships’ Southwest Area Directore D. Warburton said: “When complete the new bridge will become another landmark for Gloucester. It will improve the transportation infrastructure, providing access to major redevelopment projects and spearhead the regeneration of the whole city” 10.


characteristic and achievements of a particular nation, people or other social group. The cultural appreciation brings about intellectual/artistic awareness, education, cultivation, enlightenment, discernment, discrimination, good taste, taste, refinement, polish, sophistication to the society. It reflects the civilization, society, way of life, lifestyle, customs, traditions, heritage, habits, ways, mores, values of the inhabitants and the specified population. This means within the toolbox of the transformation of an urban space, that the social practices are important to take into account if we are to achieve sustainable regeneration processes and good-quality living environment.

Methods of Transforming the Space

According to Gerhard Bruyns and Stephen Read11 (2006) it is very important to claim our primary space of the city, which is not objective in the sense of natural reality but is rather a mental space and a product of our individual and collective creative imaginations. Our understanding of the city is characterized by a separation between the inside and the outside such as the center and the periphery12. The city is defined with its borders, the fact of which pushes us to think about the idea of movement. The shift of time and the ongoing changes of the living environment also bring about the shift in understanding the space.

The city with all the preserved history, tradition and the culture within starts to get refreshed. The fresh look comes with the investment to the society, to functions and to services, or by creating new labels, or by re-using the traditional themes with a different concept. It is either formatting the whole like a tabula rasa, or using a new title or label for the ongoing changes. One of the numerous ways to regenerate space is a method called "Tabula Rasa". It literally denotes a space from which the previous data is erased. This refers to the destruction and clearance of the zone for a new injection. Another way of upgrading the environment is rehabilitation and renovation of the environment This way of regeneration has more potential for a more sustained and diverse environment.

Events for Regeneration

Cities have long used mega events such as World Fairs, Expos and sporting events as a means of revitalizing their economies, creating infrastructure and improving their image13. Recent studies of city marketing and tourism have pointed to


the increasing use of events as a means to market places and major cities in particular14.

This phenomenon can be linked to a general increase in competition between cities for the attention of important stakeholders, including consumers, investors and policy-makers. That’s why, as Paddison (1993) points out, city marketing is often directed at the levering of private capital to support infrastructural developments. For example, signature buildings are frequently featured in urban strategies to develop an image or ‘brand’ and create competitive advantage, often at great financial cost. The most significant examples are the Bilbao Guggenheim museum, the Tate Modern gallery in London and the Baltic Flour Mills in Gateshead. However, Paddison (1993) also underlines the relative inflexibility of such infrastructure-based strategies. The cost of building such landmarks is perhaps one of the most important reasons why events have become an increasingly important aspect of interurban competition in recent years15.

Cities and their hinterlands have become stages for a continual stream of events, which lead eventually to the ‘festivalisation’ of the city and ‘festival marketplaces’ (Harvey, 1991). With the growth of the ‘symbolic economy’ (Lash and Urry, 1994; Zukin, 1995) and the ‘experience economy’ (Pine and Gilmore, 1999), culture has become increasingly important as a means of consuming the city (Ritzer, 1999). Indeed, Harvey (1989) maintains that the growth of ‘blockbuster16’ events is a feature of the increasingly rapid turnover of consumption. In such a climate, cultural events in particular have emerged as a means of improving the image of cities, adding life to city streets and giving citizens renewed pride in their home city17.

Big Scale Events

Thus the methods of attracting inhabitants and visitors are becoming key factors for the transformation. As seen on many manifestations and claims for a new development, the points are laid one after another and they are all about the new identities, new inhabitants, sustainable environments and upgraded quality of spaces as well as the increased possibility of cultural and economic inputs on the newly redeveloped area. Using the big events and actions, games, repetitive labels or actions at the location can do this. For example the creation of Olympic park in London is promoted in following way: "regenerate the Lower Lea Valley providing new homes, work space, schools, health and other community facilities - and of course world class sporting facilities. We want the Olympic Park to provide


the benchmark for the regeneration of the Lea Valley with high quality, well-planned and comprehensive development"18. Or Sibiu, the European Capital of Culture for a year (2007), is described in this way: "the town opened its gates to the world and became home for people of many cultures, speaking different languages and practicing different forms of religious life. Sibiu/Hermannstadt with its different ethnic communities developed a unique multicultural life...They welcome with open arms the visitors, whether they come on business or as tourists looking for the rich experience at the contact with our cultural heritage, or in search of fun, sports or nature"19.

The mega events or small attractive actions are all aiming at economic stability, attraction for visitors and a better reputation for the city's further growth. The representation methods lead the cities to create their own advertising logos as names or titles. As an example the book New Design Cities (2005) claims that some cities are becoming, or have become, design metropolises, due to the fame of their designers, their design events and institutions as well as their commitment to creative redevelopment based on consultation with all the stakeholders. Antwerp, Glasgow, Lisbon, Montreal, Saint-Etienne, London Times Square briefly overlaid as exemplary cases of being attractive in a specific manner that has to do with "design". The cities have pushed their identities and created labels for themselves20. As we know Paris is “the city of light”, New York the City “that never sleeps”, Las Vegas “the Sin City”. Sibiu defined itself in 2007 as the “City of Culture”

Events and their titles are the catalyzing elements for transformation. This means that the event or the activation develops in this process a transformation, rehabilitation or a renewal in the urban space. With the name of the event or by getting a label, the urban environment can increase the ability of attracting tourists, increasing the economy level and shortly promote itself. There are several examples of this such as, Glasgow (Scotland) as European Capital of Culture in 1990 and Barcelona (Spain) with two major events, the 1992 Olympic games and the Universal Forum of Cultures 2004. Both cities underwent a radical urban transformation. Eighteen years after, Glasgow is still remembered for its achievements as 1990 European City of Culture. The city has been praised for its pioneering approach to culture-led regeneration but also criticized by what some see as an inherently unfair, elitist and instrumental approach to managing culture.21


Small Scale Activations and Temporary Uses

Interventions and “possessions” of urban space include the performative occupation of public space, political street theatre, rebellious changes to urban furniture or advertising placards, graffiti and tagging. Municipal policy and planning share an understanding that art is not exclusively autonomous “art for art’s sake”, but rather as a part of social negotiation and critical, reflexive thinking. Therefore art, which is motivated by these concerns, is not restricted to the traditional locations of artistic production and dissemination, such as studio, gallery and museum, but a part of production of everyday urban and public spheres22.

Understanding temporary use as a tool can lead to alternative ways of operating within urban space, ways which can supplant gaps left by developers. The importance of these temporary spaces does not rely exclusively on their timeframe but on the idea of temporality inherent to them. As the architectural critic Robert Temel states, “When viewed from a sufficient distance, any use is temporary”23. Given that these appropriations predominantly don’t have a permanent intention, they present very specific qualities: the use of local resources, the use of imagination, recycling etc. – these are just some of the aspects that can produce new typologies of spaces24.

Having these definitions in mind, the understanding of the process of temporary appropriations becomes richer and wider: “Temporary uses are those that planned from the outset to be impermanent. We understand the idea of temporality to be determined not, as its literal meaning would suggest, by the duration of use: temporary uses are those that seek to derive unique qualities from the idea of temporality”25.

The surge of temporary spaces can derive from a specific community’s desire to have a place in the city. It can be a neighborhood group that demands some common area, a start-up business that pursues a spot in the market, or so forth. They often reflect the wish of creative people to engage within urban space. Normally, the propitious stages for temporary uses are gaps in the city that are results of land that is not yet profitable: “temporary uses are uses for which a society does not usually provide space, and they use spaces that, for whatever reason stand vacant, and hence lie in the shadow of social or private attention”26.

In urban areas some spaces are left aside from investments and public care and their experiential quality changes fast. Understanding this situation could be


facilitated by the term “flow.” As stated in the book “Spaces of uncertainty” the term flow refers to the way in which societies are organized today: “Society can be understood as an organism which is increasingly constructed around flows: flow of people, flow of money, information, technology, flows of interaction and organization, flows of images, sounds and symbols. Flows are the dynamic expression of the processes dominating the economical, political and symbolical life of today”27. Some spaces in the city are ignored by the “flow”. A recurrent term to refer to these places is “Terrain Vague”28. This French term, used by the Spanish architect and critic Ignasi de Solà-Morales, points to the ambiguous, unresolved, and marginalized spaces in the urban landscape. Terrain vague refers to sites that are ignored in the mainstream discourse on architecture and design, such as industrial wastelands and suburban developments. Solà-Morales notes that photographers and architects address terrain vague in differing ways. The photographer understands these spaces as places that are imbued with some intrinsic value. Architects, however, approach these spaces as problems to be solved through design.

The processes of temporary generation in small-scale are completely in opposition to the ones conceived through a Master Plan. On the one hand, master planning approaches urban situations with a long-term proposal and a distant goal. Normally, local resources are not accounted and “urbanists’” sketches are models to be followed. One of the basic problems of this kind of design is that within a culture of fast change it is hard to predict what will happen when the final design should be achieved. Temporary urban spaces, on the other hand, react in a more effective way to a society in fast change. Spaces are rapidly consolidated since resources in-site are utilized. As opposed to Master plans, temporary uses are born from local specifics. They take into account communities’ needs and local resources29.

Examples of Soft Regeneration

The land transformation that has been developed by a small-scale, temporary catalyzing project - in contrast to master planning - has a chance of serving the society directly, creating usable environments, taking inputs of the users and the uses and re-creating the daily practices. Some specific examples can be mentioned such as Cellula Urbana – Rio de Janeiro – Brazil, a collaboration project between the Bauhaus Dessau Foundation and the municipal authority of Rio de Janeiro


to develop a model project for one of the 500 favelas in the Brazilian metropolis. The proposal from the municipal authorities brought to the German foundation for a creation of a bridge between the favela community and the authorities. This aimed to be a soft tool to improve the relations and the quality of space in the favela. The integration process, started by realizing experimental interventions and actions, aimed to open the Favela up for further communication. An extensive set of tools of possible measurements, methods and principles, applied prototypically in the first project phase the “Block”, allowed the inhabitants, business people and institutions during a process of self organization to make punctual interventions for the re-evaluation of the residential environment and for the development of their own life perspectives. The suggested interferences in building structure and property organization gradually stimulated an economic, social, building-climatic and ecological development of Jacarezinho into an open and equal quarter of Rio de Janeiro30.

Figures 4 & 5: Toolbox for the regeneration process and Aerial photo from Jacarezinho

Figures 6 & 7: The workshop view of the “cell” and The “cell”


The cellula urbana model project has a very specific approach to urban development. The socio-spatial structures that have evolved in the favela, and the favela architecture itself, are seen as harboring development potential and they serve as a point of departure for town planning schemes that take account of the individual life perspectives of the inhabitants. The project forms an "urban cell", at a model district where prototype solutions are put forward and can then be applied throughout the favela. These allow residents and tradesmen to undertake interventions that they organize themselves31. The authorities have a possibility to bring into design and the artistic and humanitarian tools of regeneration and upgrading. The project still needs analyzing, but in any case it represents the possibilities of an approach of creating a bridge and the building collaboration.

Another case is the Badeschiff – Berlin – Germany. Especially in the last years the capital of Germany has been a propitious stage for the surge of temporary uses, a laboratory for interim appropriations. The surplus of space, deindustrialization and the impact of youth culture have stimulated creative spatial appropriations. The way “Berliners” managed to create new meanings for spaces and promote urban development by colonizing abandoned sites, appropriating old buildings and so forth is really fascinating 32.

When translated from German the Badeschiff is a “swimming ship”, which is anchored just off the riverbank. Beached on the shoreline in the East harbor section of the River Spree, the Badeschiff allows citizens to swim in a safe environment in their river, at least in a figurative sense. Badeschiff was opened in the summer of 2004 as an art project organized by the City Art Project Society of Berlin33. A local artist, Susanne Lorenz created it to enliven city life along the long-neglected Spree. The pool was converted from the hull of a vessel measuring eight by thirty-two meters34. Architect Gil Wilk’s prize-winning design for the Winter Badeschiff includes two saunas, an outdoor cooling platform, a heated pool, a bar and relaxing areas35. This place provided Berliners of all ages a chance to enjoy the closest thing to dipping in the mighty but polluted River Spree that runs through the city with many activity opportunities inside as well as possible uses in different seasons. Badeschiff is just one example of countless creative re-adaptive uses of existing things and spaces in the city of Berlin, writes Chin Mui Yoon in April 2008 in his article "Berlin reinvents itself"36. As being one of the most important representative examples of art and activation process, the Badeschiff is highly significant in Berlin’s daily life and cultural route. Not only bringing an active, safe use to the river but also, a new tool of communication, sharing an experience, bringing culture, wellness and relaxation into the center


of the city life. The Badeschiff under the Arena Berlin Network, is only one of the proposed elements in the whole system. The whole Arena area covers leisure and culture as a package with music, art, restaurant, and the Badeschiff. As a project of city and art collaboration, the outcome clearly overlays the art, transformation and urban planning can do work together for a longer term effects on the space, economy, and for the inhabitants.

The following example underlines the need of having a label or a theme. Lutherstadt Eisleben is the birth and death place of the Christian reformer Martin Luther, in Germany. Through this concrete reference to history, Eisleben provides a unique example of how a profile may be created for a small city. Eisleben, a UNESCO World Heritage site since 1996, participated in IBA STADTUMBAU 2010 project due to the economic and demographic slowdown. From 2007 to 2010 the aim of the overall concept is to become the backbone of the urban redevelopment process and to bring in a tourist attraction with international appeal, which also brings economic rewards.

Through architectural-spatial or artistic interventions and temporary actions, the issue of local history is broached in an international context. In this way the city gains a new identity. Projects, which are selected including the architectonic extension of the Luther’s Birthplace Ensemble in 2007 (part of the UNESCO

Figures 8 & 9: Badeschiff in summer37 and winter38 use


World Heritage) and the newly created Luther Path, present historical aspects of the Reformation on various levels for today. On the other hand, by this approach the city of Eisleben with the specific reference to the part of history and religion, chose to profile the small town, and to fight especially against the current conditions of demographic changes and shrinkage in the region.

By using spatial and artistic interventions coordinated by the Bauhaus Dessau Foundation under the motto of Shrinking Cities, the temporary actions for preserving the history of the place within an international context took place. The theme aimed to bring a new identity in the city. With intervention of two points in the city the whole manifestation represented as the recovery of Lutherstadt Eisleben.

The architectural extension of the birthplace of Luther takes place within the Unesco zone. The Berlin based office Springer Architects designed a visitor center and a new exhibition building. The construction shows a subtle city repair, in which the materials are respecting both the scales of the place and the urban area which clearly requires an architectural accent. Another activation strategy was based on the idea of a Luther path that opened up into design level with a competition at summer 2007, developing at different levels of the historical

Figures 10 & 11: Historic locations within the path. Additions for infilling the path


aspects of the Reformation. Under the slogan "With Luther we go – from Eisleben into the world" the installation went through the urban. The Luther path fits into two narratives. The first level takes the visitor to the historical places in the city. At the second level, historic “Luther topics” were created through artistic and architectural additions. It proposed different uses and experiences through the city, such as the speaking garden that reads the texts and quotes of the reformer designed by Atelier Le Balto from Berlin.

By the newly given name to the area, the rapid urban transformation starts to occur with many investments. According to the label, the city or the region surely gains a cultural attraction; thus the main task becomes how to keep the attracted public in the region for an economic sustainability. Therefore the strategic injections, actions and activations for an ongoing regeneration are necessary. Today the temporary interventions / activations / events are taking place to attract the development at the labeled environment.

Learning from Transformation Experiences

To sum up, regeneration is a process that needs to take an act of reforming the space. Instead of a top down process, a bottom up approach is needed to create valuable inputs to the environment. Development processes and strategies should include the inhabitants, their practices and needs, positive and negative

Figures 12: The garden within the Luther path.


values of the space in use plus the identities of the area, the history and the future expectations. Participation of man, woman, young generation, media, universities, and different administrative units could make a great difference for a spatial transformation. The use of space should underline all the time the meaning that the citizens have given to that specific environment. As a general method of regeneration cleaning up the devastated areas and shifting the population within is only a short-term solution.

Sensitivity towards inhabitants’ daily routes and practices would create an incredibly positive input, and this is possible if the democratic participation process occurs in decision-making, designing and construction. As learnt from the examples described above, the regenerated environment brings new characteristics onto the environment and creates a new atmosphere at the location. The new environment is targeted to attract new and different social classes as well as to bring economic investment and to increase the income. Thus the regenerated space should be developed with the system of collaboration by being open to the new ideas, new inputs and taking into consideration the actors of the spatial transformation process. The strategy behind the regeneration process should be based on futuristic expectations, but still include a deep analysis of the area, uses and the practices of the inhabitants as well as the developments foreseen around the environment. In this manner a transformation would lead into a long-term solution.


References and footnotes

1 Mimi Li , Urban Regeneration Through Public Space: A Case Study in Squares in Dalian, China, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 20032 http://www.clydewaterfront.com/Such as the Clyde Waterfront in Scotland aims a better opportunity for future development by installing rapid development of housing, business premises and leisure facilities along the river that would bring investment opportunities.3 Kennedy, Rachel, Le Corbusier and the Radiant City Contra True Urbanity an the Earth, UKY Class notes4 United Nations. 1995. World Urbanization Prospects: The 1994 Revision (ST/ESA/SER.A/150). New York: Population Division, Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, United Nations.5 Burdett, R., Introduction, Cities Architecture and Society, La Biennale Di Venezia 10. Mostra Internazionale di Architettura, Offset Print Veneta Verona, 20066 namhenderson on Aug 24, 08 | 8:48 pm, http://archinect.com/news/article.php?id=78771_0_24_0_C7 http://farm1.static.flickr.com/178/376066455_436b4d65ea_o.jpg8 Bovaird, T. (1995), Monitoring and review of programmes», in Communities and their Countryside, Proceedings of Countryside Recreation Network Annual Conference, September 1994, University of York; Bovaird, T, Public Art in Urban Regeneration : An Economic Assessment, Urban Regeneration A Challenge For Public Art, A. Remesar (ed), p:116-117, Monografies Psico-Socio-Ambientals, Publicacions De La Unviersitat De Barcelona9 Bovaird, T. (1995), Monitoring and review of programmes», in Communities and their Countryside, Proceedings of Countryside Recreation Network Annual Conference, September 1994, University of York; Bovaird, T, Public Art in Urban Regeneration : An Economic Assessment, Urban Regeneration A Challenge For Public Art, A. Remesar (ed), p:116-117, Monografies Psico-Socio-Ambientals, Publicacions De La Unviersitat De Barcelona10 http://www.dmuk-ltd.com/Documents/EP_Citizen_Article.jpg11 Read, S., 2006, Visualizing the Invisible towards an urban space, Towards an Urban Space by Stephen Read, Techne Press, Netherlands, p:53-6712 Read, S., 2006, Visualizing the Invisible towards an urban space, Towards an Urban Space by Stephen Read, Techne Press, Netherlands, p:53-6713 Getz, D., Festivals, Special Events, and Tourism, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991, ISBN 0442237448, 978044223744814 Robertson, M and Guerrier, Y (1999) Events as entrepreneurial displays: Seville, Barcelona and Madrid. In Tyler, D, Guerrier, Y and Robertson, M (eds), Managing tourism in cities: policy, process and practice. Chichester: Wiley15 Greg Richards and Julie Wilson, The Impact of Cultural Events on City Image: Rotterdam, Cultural Capital of Europe 2001, Urban Studies, Vol. 41, No. 10, 1931–1951, September 2004, Carfax Publishing, 0042-0980 Print/1360-063X On-line/04/101931–2116 Blockbuster, denotes a very popular and/or successful production17 Greg Richards and Julie Wilson, The Impact of Cultural Events on City Image: Rotterdam, Cultural Capital of Europe 2001, Urban Studies, Vol. 41, No. 10, 1931–1951, September 2004, Carfax Publishing, 0042-0980 Print/1360-063X On-line/04/101931–2118 Commitment to sustainable regeneration, Olympic, paralympic & legacy transformation Planning applications for the olympic park, co-authored by the olympic delivery authority & the london development agency, oly/glb/acc/doc/csr/01, Volume 3, February 200719 http://www.sibiu2007.ro/en3/about.htm20 Marie-Josée Lacroix, Laetitia Wolff, Josyane Franc, New design cities = Nouvelles villes de


design, Published by Pyramyd, ISBN 2980204641, 9782980204647, 200521 Garcia, B. (2007) ‘Building on the European Culture Capital as impulse for cultural and creative development’, in: Change through the Cultural Economy. Perspectives of a Sunrise Industry, The State Government of North Rhine-Westphalia, Essen, Germany22 Art and Culture as Urban Interventions – Other Cities for Another Life, Yvonne P. Doderer23 Temel, Robert, and Floryan Haydn, Temporary urban spaces: concepts for the use of cityspaces. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2006, p.60; Nisenbaum, M, Temporary Uses & Creativity: A study on interim appropriations of urban space in Berlin, Masters Thesis, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences Dessau Institute of Architecture, 200824 Nisenbaum, M, Temporary Uses & Creativity: A study on interim appropriations of urban space in Berlin, Masters Thesis, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences Dessau Institute of Architecture, 200825 Temel, Robert, and Floryan Haydn, Temporary urban spaces: concepts for the use of cityspaces. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2006, p.17; . Nisenbaum, M, Temporary Uses & Creativity: A study on interim appropriations of urban space in Berlin, Masters Thesis, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences Dessau Institute of Architecture, 200826 Temel, Robert, and Floryan Haydn, Temporary urban spaces: concepts for the use of cityspaces. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2006, p.31; Nisenbaum, M, Temporary Uses & Creativity: A study on interim appropriations of urban space in Berlin, Masters Thesis, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences Dessau Institute of Architecture, 200827 see “Alongised de flow” in Cupers, Kenny and Markus Miessen. Spaces of Uncertainty.Wuppertal: Verlag Muller + Bussman KG, 2002, p.111.28 http://www.field-journal.org/uploads/file/2007_Volume_1/d%20sheridan.pdf29 Nisenbaum, M, Temporary Uses & Creativity: A study on interim appropriations of urban space in Berlin, Masters Thesis, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences Dessau Institute of Architecture, 2008, p:2930 Cellula Urbana, 2000-2004. (Direction of the project: Prof. Dr. Omar Akbar Architects: Silvan Linden, Rainer Weisbach, René Weiszbarth, Bernhard von Oppeln), Model Project of Bauhaus Dessau Foundation: Favela Jacarecino, Rio de Janeiro.31 http://www.bauhaus-dessau.de/index.php?CELULA-URBANA-JACAREZINHO-RIO-DE-JANEIRO-1, interview with Rainer Weisbach, Dessau in 200732 Nisenbaum, M, Temporary Uses & Creativity: A study on interim appropriations of urban space in Berlin, Masters Thesis, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences Dessau Institute of Architecture, 2008 33 Lange, B., Misselwitz, P., Oswalt, P., Overmeyer, K., Rudolph, I., Stevens, M., Voigt, C., 2007. Urban Pioneers, Temporary use and Urban Development in Berlin, Jovis Verlag, Berlin. ISBN 978-3-939633-28-0.34 http://berlin.unlike.net/guides/1-GRAFT-Architectural-Highlights35 http://berlin.unlike.net/guides/15-Long-hot-summer/locations/237-Badeschiff36 http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2008/4/6/lifetravel/20845086&sec=lifetravel37 http://betagreg.wordpress.com/2008/04/01/heure-dete-y-a-pudeur/38 http://lh6.ggpht.com/_7UujxbS9xFc/R3sBg2I7SZI/AAAAAAAAKOM/5l__Q4UONKY/IMG_2869.jpg

Urban Regeneration: Tools, Catalyzors and the Outcomes

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