1

Table S1. Sample informationSample ID Known AgeTaxon Part Tissue Geographic Locati lat long Collection CollectorFMNH-20754 Nov, 1905Taurotragus oryxtail hair keratinTana River Distri -1.0 40.0 FMNH T. CerlingMAM-3528 Dec, 1930Gazella granti body hair keratinS of Lake Turkana 2.0 36.0 KNM-MAM T. CerlingMAM-3559 1932 Tragelaphus scripbody hair keratinElburgon, Kenya -0.3 36.4 KNM-MAM T. CerlingLP878 Aug, 1953Colobus badius body hair keratinShabunda, DRC -2.7 27.3 CRNS-Lwiro T. CerlingLP2989 Dec, 1956Cercocebus albigbody hair keratinIrangi, DRC -1.9 28.5 CRNS-Lwiro T. CerlingL3791 Jun, 1982Colobus angolensbody hair keratinBunyakiri, DRC -2.2 28.6 CRNS-Lwiro T. CerlingL10335 Aug, 1960Cercopithecus mitbody hair keratinIrangi, DRC -1.9 28.5 CRNS-Lwiro T. CerlingL10830 1962 C. mitis body hair keratinKuwinka, Rwanda -2.5 29.2 CRNS-Lwiro T. CerlingL13873 Jul, 1964C. mitis body hair keratinButare, Rwanda -2.6 29.7 CRNS-Lwiro T. CerlingL15346 Mar, 1966C. mitis body hair keratinMusenge/Idambo DR -1.6 28.1 CRNS-Lwiro T. CerlingL16286 Feb, 1967Cephalophus nigebody hair keratinBwaniba/Kahuzi, D -1.5 28.3 CRNS-Lwiro T. CerlingOHORN-1974 1974 Oryx beisa basal hornkeratinIleret, Kenya 4.2 36.3 U Utah T. CerlingMAM-8759 1988 Sylicapra gimmiabody hair keratin40km S of Nairobi -1.7 36.8 KNM-MAM T. CerlingTSV-171-Prox-KJuly, 1998Loxodonta africatail hair keratinTWNP, Kenya -3.0 38.5 U Utah T. CerlingTSV-171-Dist-K unknown L. africana tail hair keratinTWNP, Kenya -3.0 38.5 U Utah T. CerlingR37-Dist-K May, 2005L. africana tail hair keratinSNR, Kenya 0.6 37.6 KWS T. CerlingR37-Prox-K Sep, 2006L. africana tail hair keratinSNR, Kenya 0.6 37.6 KWS T. CerlingR37-PC-C Sep, 2006L. africana tusk denticollageSNR, Kenya 0.6 37.6 U Utah T. CerlingMisha-PC-C Sep, 2008L. africana tusk denticollageSalt Lake City, U 40.8 ### Hogle Zoo K. UnoMisha-MID1-C unknown L. africana tusk denticollageSalt Lake City, U 40.8 ### Hogle Zoo K. UnoMisha-MID2-C unknown L. africana tusk denticollageSalt Lake City, U 40.8 ### Hogle Zoo K. UnoMisha-TIP-C unknown L. africana tusk denticollageSalt Lake City, U 40.8 ### Hogle Zoo K. UnoR37-MID1-C unknown L. africana tusk denticollageSNR, Kenya 0.6 37.6 U Utah T. CerlingR37-MID2-C unknown L. africana tusk denticollageSNR, Kenya 0.6 37.6 U Utah T. CerlingR37-MID3-C unknown L. africana tusk denticollageSNR, Kenya 0.6 37.6 U Utah T. CerlingR37-TIP-C unknown L. africana tusk denticollageSNR, Kenya 0.6 37.6 U Utah T. CerlingTE-95 Rm6-ROOT unknown L. africana molar dentcollageTWNP, Kenya -3.0 38.5 TENP T. CerlingTE-95 Rm6.7-1. unknown L. africana molar dentcollageTWNP, Kenya -3.0 38.5 TENP T. CerlingTE-95 Rm6.7-10 unknown L. africana molar dentcollageTWNP, Kenya -3.0 38.5 TENP T. CerlingTE-95 Rm6.7-10 unknown L. africana molar dentcollageTWNP, Kenya -3.0 38.5 TENP T. Cerling

2

Sample ID Known AgeTaxon Part Tissue Geographic Locati lat long Collection Collector

R37-PC-tissue Sep, 2006L. africana soft tissuPC tissSNR, Kenya 0.6 37.6 U Utah T. CerlingKL-1-E 1971 Hippopotamus amcanine enabioapatLake Edward, Ugan -0.2 29.9 U Utah H. KlingelTSV-291-(2-3) 1996 H. amphibius canine enabioapatTWNP, Kenya -3.0 38.0 TWNP T. CerlingR37-PC-DEN Sep, 2006L. africana tusk dentibioapatSNR, Kenya 0.6 37.6 U Utah T. CerlingR37-PC-DEN(T) Sep, 2006L. africana tusk denti SNR, Kenya 0.6 37.6 U Utah T. CerlingK08-201 2-3 cmOct, 2007H. amphibius canine enabioapatTWNP, Kenya -3.0 38.0 TWNP T. CerlingMisha-PC-DEN Sep, 2008L. africana tusk dentibioapatSalt Lake City, U 40.8 ### Hogle Zoo K. UnoMisha-PC-DEN(TSep, 2008L. africana tusk denti Salt Lake City, U 40.8 ### Hogle Zoo K. UnoKL-8-E unknown H. amphibius canine enabioapatLake Edward, Ugan -0.2 30.0 U Utah H. KlingelKL-15.5-E unknown H. amphibius canine enabioapatLake Edward, Ugan -0.2 30.0 U Utah H. KlingelKL-17-E unknown H. amphibius canine enabioapatLake Edward, Ugan -0.2 30.0 U Utah H. KlingelKL-24-E unknown H. amphibius canine enabioapatLake Edward, Ugan -0.2 30.0 U Utah H. KlingelKL-31.5-E unknown H. amphibius canine enabioapatLake Edward, Ugan -0.2 30.0 U Utah H. Klingel2KL-43-E unknown H. amphibius canine enabioapatLake Edward, Ugan -0.2 30.0 U Utah H. Klingel2KL-95-E unknown H. amphibius canine enabioapatLake Edward, Ugan -0.2 30.0 U Utah H. Klingel2KL-145-E unknown H. amphibius canine enabioapatLake Edward, Ugan -0.2 30.0 U Utah H. KlingelK11-KF-340/350 unknown H. amphibius canine enabioapatKoobi Fora, Kenya -0.2 30.0 Koobi Fora T. CerlingK11-KF-40/50 unknown H. amphibius canine enabioapatKoobi Fora, Kenya 4.0 36.0 Koobi Fora T. CerlingK08-201-(49-50 unknown H. amphibius canine enabioapatTWNP, Kenya -3.0 38.0 TWNP T. CerlingTSV-291-(56-57 unknown H. amphibius canine enabioapatTWNP, Kenya -3.0 38.0 TWNP T. CerlingTE-95 Rm5.7-1. unknown L. africana molar enambioapatTENP, Kenya -3.0 38.5 TENP T. CerlingTE-95 Rm6.2-1. unknown L. africana molar enambioapatTENP, Kenya -3.0 38.5 TENP T. CerlingTE-95 Rm6.2-7. unknown L. africana molar enambioapatTENP, Kenya -3.0 38.5 TENP T. CerlingTE-95 Rm6.7-1. unknown L. africana molar enambioapatTENP, Kenya -3.0 38.5 TENP T. CerlingTE-95 Rm6.7-10 unknown L. africana molar enambioapatTENP, Kenya -3.0 38.5 TENP T. CerlingTE-95 Rm6.4-1. unknown L. africana molar enambioapatTENP, Kenya -3.0 38.5 TENP T. CerlingTE-95 Rm6.4-6. unknown L. africana molar enambioapatTENP, Kenya -3.0 38.5 TENP T. CerlingTE-95 Rm6.4-9. unknown L. africana molar enambioapatTENP, Kenya -3.0 38.5 TENP T. CerlingTE-95 Rm6.9-2. unknown L. africana molar enambioapatTENP, Kenya -3.0 38.5 TENP T. CerlingTE-95 Rm6.9-4. unknown L. africana molar enambioapatTENP, Kenya -3.0 38.5 TENP T. CerlingTE-95 Rm6.9-5. unknown L. africana molar enambioapatTENP, Kenya -3.0 38.5 TENP T. CerlingTE-95 Rm6.9-8. unknown L. africana molar enambioapatTENP, Kenya -3.0 38.5 TENP T. CerlingTE-95 Rm6.9-10 unknown L. africana molar enambioapatTENP, Kenya -3.0 38.5 TENP T. CerlingTE-95 Rm6.11-2 unknown L. africana molar enambioapatTENP, Kenya -3.0 38.5 TENP T. CerlingR37 Lm6.3-0.7 unknown L. africana molar enambioapatSNR, Kenya 0.6 37.6 U Utah T. CerlingR37 Lm6.7-1.0 unknown L. africana molar enambioapatSNR, Kenya 0.6 37.6 U Utah T. CerlingR37 Lm6.7-7.3 unknown L. africana molar enambioapatSNR, Kenya 0.6 37.6 U Utah T. CerlingR37 Lm6.10-5.0 unknown L. africana molar enambioapatSNR, Kenya 0.6 37.6 U Utah T. CerlingR37 Lm6.10-1.6 unknown L. africana molar enambioapatSNR, Kenya 0.6 37.6 U Utah T. Cerling

bioapatite

bioapatite

3

Sample ID Known AgeTaxon Part Tissue Geographic Locati lat long Collection CollectorT.triandra_051May, 1964T .triandra grass bulk tiTWNP, Kenya -3.0 38.5 KNM-H T. CerlingT.triandra_071July, 1962T .triandra grass bulk tinear Narok, Kenya -1.0 35.9 KNM-H T. CerlingH.nyassae_0119Jan, 1964Hyparrhenia nyasgrass bulk tiMt. Thika, Kenya -1.1 37.2 KNM-H T. CerlingAbbreviations and symbols: CRNS-Lwiro: Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles, Lwiro, Democratic Republic of Congo DRC: Democratic Republic of Congo; FMNH: Field Museum of Natural History; KNM-H: Kenya National Museums Herbarium; KNM-OM: Kenya National Museums Mammalogy Collection; PC: pulp cavity; SNR: Samburu National Reserve; TWNP: Tsavo West National Park; TENP: Tsavo East National Park; §: treated with 3% NaOCl.

4

5

AA # Sample ID TissueAA84418 KL-1-E bioapati ### ### 502.6 1.2 1970.59 0.5 0.89 ### 0.5 -0.9AA84407 TSV-291-(2-3)bioapati ### ### 92.7 1.2 1996.86 0.6 0.87 ### 2.0 0.4AA84403 R37-PC-DEN bioapati ### ### 50.0 3.3 2005.67 0.9 0.76 ### 0.0 -1.1AA84415 K08-201-(2-3)bioapati ### ### 57.1 1.2 2006.47 0.1 0.05 ### 2.0 -0.8AA84405 Misha-PC-DEN bioapati ### ### 30.8 1.2 NA 0.0 NA ### -- --AA84404 R37-PC-DEN(T) ### ### 55.6 3.3 2005.33 1.3 0.85 ### 0.0 -1.4AA84406 Misha-PC-DEN(bioapati ### ### 31.1 1.2 NA 0.0 0.00 ### -- --AA95534 T. triandra_0bulk pla ### ### 208.6 2.2 1962.20 0.3 0.14 ### 0.2 -0.3AA95536 H. nyassae_01bulk pla ### ### 606.6 2.7 1964.85 0.1 0.05 ### 0.2 0.8AA95533 T. triandra_0bulk pla ### ### 574.6 2.6 1964.75 0.3 0.24 ### 0.2 0.4AA84421 R37-PC-tissuePC tissu ### ### 43.7 1.2 2006.04 0.0 0.01 ### 0.0 -0.7AA84400 R37-PC-C collagen ### ### 51.5 3.7 2005.52 1.1 0.80 ### 0.0 -1.2AA84410 Misha-PC-C collagen ### ### 33.8 1.2 NA 0.0 NA ### -- --AA90775 FMNH-20754 keratin ### ### -33.7 2.2 1800.74 ### 1.00 ### 2.0 -105.2AA90764 MAM-3528 keratin ### ### -17.8 2.8 1865.35 54.1 0.89 ### 2.0 -65.6AA90765 MAM-3559 keratin ### ### -21.9 3.8 1849.84 49.9 0.49 ### 2.0 -82.6AA90766 LP878 keratin ### ### -37.0 2.2 1722.94 72.9 1.00 ### 2.0 -230.7AA90767 LP2989 keratin ### ### -8.2 2.3 1954.66 2.0 0.98 ### 2.0 -2.3AA90768 L10335 keratin ### ### 146.9 2.5 1959.60 0.2 0.10 ### 2.0 -1.0AA90769 L10830 keratin ### ### -32.1 2.3 1944.49 7.5 0.18 ### 2.0 -17.9AA90770 L13873 keratin ### ### 350.5 2.7 1963.59 0.1 0.09 ### 2.0 -0.9AA90771 L15346 keratin ### ### 559.9 3.1 1966.50 2.1 1.00 ### 2.0 0.3AA90772 L16286 keratin ### ### 565.9 3.0 1968.04 0.3 0.78 ### 2.0 0.9AA84413 OHORN-1974 keratin ### ### 393.1 1.2 1975.02 0.7 0.89 ### 1.0 0.5AA90773 L3791 keratin ### ### 282.3 2.6 1980.17 0.8 0.87 ### 2.0 -2.3AA90774 MAM-8759 keratin ### ### 163.2 2.5 1989.22 1.1 0.75 ### 2.0 0.7AA84412 TSV-171-Prox-keratin ### ### 102.7 1.2 1996.71 0.1 0.30 ### 2.0 -1.8AA84423 R37-DIST-K keratin ### ### 72.5 1.2 2002.46 0.6 0.79 ### 0.2 -2.9AA84422 R37-prox-K keratin ### ### 74.3 1.2 2001.93 0.9 0.79 ### 0.0 -4.8AA84411 TSV-171-Dist-keratin ### ### 110.7 1.2 1995.99 0.8 0.93 -- -- --

AA84402 Misha-MID1-C collagen ### ### 53.6 3.3 2005.45 1.1 0.84 -- -- --AA84401 Misha-MID2-C collagen ### ### 71.1 3.7 2002.54 1.5 0.82 -- -- --AA84409 Misha-Tip-c collagen ### ### 119.9 1.2 1994.04 1.0 0.88 -- -- --AA84399 R37-MID1-C collagen ### ### 77.7 3.8 2001.42 1.5 0.81 -- -- --AA84398 R37-MID2-C collagen ### ### 99.7 3.8 1996.54 1.0 0.93 -- -- --AA84397 R37-MID3-C collagen ### ### 193.0 4.1 1985.54 1.3 0.71 -- -- --AA84396 R37-Tip-C collagen ### ### 316.6 4.3 1978.13 0.8 0.96 -- -- --AA95535 TE-95 Rm6-Roocollagen ### ### 494.7 2.5 1964.24 0.1 0.06 -- -- --AA95559 TE-95 Rm6.7-1collagen ### ### 193.7 2.2 1961.49 0.8 0.40 -- -- --

AA95139 2KL-145-E bioapati ### ### 491.1 3.4 1964.23 0.1 0.05 -- -- --AA90778 2KL-43-E bioapati ### ### 527.6 2.9 1969.47 0.7 0.92 -- -- --AA90777 2KL-95-E bioapati ### ### 600.3 3.1 1967.07 0.5 0.71 -- -- --AA95133 K11-KF-190/20bioapati ### ### 431.4 3.3 1973.55 0.7 0.93 -- -- --

Table S2. Radiocarbon, stable isotope, and age calibration data for all samples. 14C results for all samples given in F14C and Δ14C notations with 2σ uncertainty. AA# is the University of Arizona AMS number. Certainty, given as a fraction of 1, is based on age calibration from Calibomb software.

F14C 2sD14C (‰)

2s (‰)

14C Age (yr)

2s (yr)

certainty

Known Age (yr)

uncert. (yr)

14C-Known age

(yrs)

bioapatite

6

AA # Sample ID Tissue F14C 2sD14C (‰)

2s (‰)

14C Age (yr)

2s (yr)

certainty

Known Age (yr)

uncert. (yr)

14C-Known age

(yrs)AA95136 K11-KF-40/50 bioapati ### ### 299.8 3.1 1979.01 0.4 0.87 -- -- --AA95138 KL-15.5-E bioapati ### ### 596.4 3.6 1964.99 0.4 0.26 -- -- --AA95134 KL-17-E bioapati ### ### 552.5 3.5 1964.58 0.2 0.19 -- -- --AA95137 KL-24-E bioapati ### ### 226.5 3.0 1962.49 0.2 0.12 -- -- --AA84419 KL-31.5-E bioapati ### ### 169.7 1.2 1959.95 0.2 0.08 -- -- --AA95132 KL-8-E bioapati ### ### 564.6 3.5 1968.07 0.3 0.77 -- -- --AA95532 R37-Lm6.10-1.bioapati ### ### 175.4 2.1 1987.28 1.0 0.92 -- -- --AA95524 R37-Lm6.10-5.bioapati ### ### 188.5 2.2 1986.29 1.2 0.86 -- -- --AA95528 R37-Lm6.3-0.7bioapati ### ### 263.4 2.2 1980.54 0.6 0.80 -- -- --AA95531 R37-Lm6.7-1.0bioapati ### ### 215.8 2.2 1984.15 0.8 0.45 -- -- --AA95529 R37-Lm6.7-7.3bioapati ### ### 282.3 2.2 1979.63 0.4 0.80 -- -- --AA93955 TE-95 Rm5.7-1bioapati ### ### -24.3 2.5 1952.46 1.9 0.01 -- -- --AA95381 TE-95 Rm6.11-bioapati ### ### 329.8 2.2 1963.51 0.1 0.03 -- -- --AA93956 TE-95 Rm6.2-1bioapati ### ### 129.9 2.7 1959.34 0.3 0.18 -- -- --AA93957 TE-95 Rm6.2-7bioapati ### ### -6.5 2.5 1954.99 1.5 1.00 -- -- --AA95527 TE-95 Rm6.4-1bioapati ### ### 155.0 2.1 1959.73 0.2 0.10 -- -- --AA95525 TE-95 Rm6.4-6bioapati ### ### 33.6 2.0 1956.39 0.2 0.14 -- -- --AA95526 TE-95 Rm6.4-9bioapati ### ### -13.0 1.9 1954.26 2.2 0.20 -- -- --AA93958 TE-95 Rm6.7-1bioapati ### ### 267.2 2.9 1963.07 0.3 0.17 -- -- --AA93959 TE-95 Rm6.7-1bioapati ### ### 45.6 2.5 1957.67 0.4 1.00 -- -- --AA95382 TE-95 Rm6.9-1bioapati ### ### 114.8 2.0 1959.07 0.1 0.07 -- -- --AA95386 TE-95 Rm6.9-2bioapati ### ### 421.4 2.5 1963.89 0.1 0.15 -- -- --AA95384 TE-95 Rm6.9-4bioapati ### ### 204.4 2.1 1962.13 0.3 0.15 -- -- --AA95383 TE-95 Rm6.9-5bioapati ### ### 171.6 2.0 1961.65 0.0 0.00 -- -- --AA95385 TE-95 Rm6.9-8bioapati ### ### 132.6 2.0 1959.38 0.2 0.18 -- -- --AA84417 TSV-291-(56-5bioapati ### ### 156.1 1.2 1989.63 0.9 0.74 -- -- --AA84416 K08-201-(49-5bioapati ### ### 95.3 1.2 1996.83 2.0 0.86 -- -- --

7

SH1 -0.9NH3 -5.7

Levin -11.9Levin -4.8Levin -14.1Levin -11.9Levin -14.1SH1 -10.2SH1 -11.1SH1 -9.9

Levin -19.0Levin -19.3Levin -22.7SH1 -20.7NH3 -20.7SH1 -22.5SH1 -21.7SH1 -22.2SH1 -23.2SH1 -21.4SH1 -15.0SH1 -23.5SH1 -23.7NH3 -10.3SH1 -22.5SH1 -23.1SH1 -22.8

Levin -21.6Levin -21.0SH1 -17.9

Levin -21.2Levin -14.7NH1 -19.8

Levin -18.2NH3 -17.9NH3 -20.3NH3 -18.1SH1 -16.9SH1 -17.0

SH1 -1.6SH1 -2.9SH1 -3.1NH3 0.7

Table S2. Radiocarbon, stable isotope, and age calibration data for all samples. C notations with 2σ uncertainty. AA#

is the University of Arizona AMS number. Certainty, given as a fraction of 1, is

Data Set d13C

8

Data Set d13CNH3 0.5SH1 -0.8SH1 -0.8SH1 0.1SH1 -0.2SH1 -0.5NH3 -10.5NH3 -10.8NH3 -10.7NH3 -10.6NH3 -10.9SH1 -8.0SH1 -6.8SH1 -8.1SH1 -7.9SH1 -7.6SH1 -7.4SH1 -7.6SH1 -7.7SH1 -7.9SH1 -7.7SH1 -6.6SH1 -7.5SH1 -7.6SH1 -7.6NH3 -2.9NH3 -4.8

9

Sample ID Part TissueMisha-PC-C tusk collagen ### ### 33.8 1.2 — — — ### —Misha-PC-DEN tuskbioapatite ### ### 30.8 1.2 — — — ### —Misha-PC-DEN tuskbioapatite ### ### 31.1 1.2 — — — ### —

R37-PC-C tusk collagen ### ### 51.5 3.7 ### ###Levin ### -1.2R37-PC-DEN tuskbioapatite ### ### 50.0 3.3 ### ###Levin ### -1.1R37-PC-DEN(T tuskbioapatite ### ### 55.6 3.3 ### ###Levin ### -1.4R37-PC-tissusoft tissuePC tissue### ### 43.7 1.2 ### ###Levin ### -0.7R37-prox-K tail hairkeratin ### ### 74.3 1.2 ### ###Levin ### -4.8

Table S3. Comparison of 14C data from different tissue types collected at death from two elephants. 14C values from treated and untreated apatite and collagen from both individuals show no significant difference between tissues or treatments.

F14C 2s D14C 2s (‰)

14C Age (yr)

2s (yrs)

Data set

Known Age (yr)

14C-Known age

10

Table S4. K11-KF hippo canine increment measurements.

20 to 60 1 0.80 0.802 0.68 1.483 0.78 2.264 0.66 2.925 0.69 3.616 0.69 4.307 0.80 5.108 1.15 6.259 0.89 7.1410 1.40 8.5511 0.89 9.4312 1.18 10.6113 1.52 12.1314 1.41 13.5315 0.90 14.4316 1.23 15.6617 1.20 16.8618 1.61 18.4719 1.16 19.6320 1.32 20.9421 0.95 21.9022 1.48 23.3723 1.22 24.5924 1.14 25.7325 1.39 27.1226 0.98 28.1027 0.83 28.9328 1.13 30.0629 0.84 30.9030 0.90 31.7931 0.87 32.6632 1.37 34.0433 1.30 35.3434 1.27 36.6135 0.72 37.3436 1.13 38.4637 0.70 39.1638 0.67 39.8339 1.19 41.0140 1.39 42.40

50 to 100 1 1.38 1.552 1.99 3.043 1.44 4.514 1.00 5.965 1.05 7.386 1.16 8.777 1.33 10.07

interval (mm from proximal end)

inc #

increment

thickness (mm)

cumulative

dist. (mm)

11

interval (mm from proximal end)

inc #

increment

thickness (mm)

cumulative

dist. (mm)8 1.44 11.37

9 1.27 12.7010 1.00 14.1511 1.83 15.6212 1.49 17.1013 1.38 18.6214 1.38 20.1015 2.21 21.6716 1.38 23.1617 1.38 24.6218 1.83 26.0419 0.94 27.4520 1.83 28.7621 1.13 30.0922 1.15 31.4423 0.94 32.7124 1.31 34.0125 1.24 35.2526 1.55 36.5227 1.57 37.8428 1.05 39.1829 1.22 40.5430 1.28 41.9831 1.39 43.4232 1.72 44.8333 1.05 46.3034 1.50 47.8035 2.11 49.3336 1.44 50.89

1 0.90 1.292 1.12 2.413 1.35 3.764 1.40 5.165 1.40 6.576 1.59 8.167 1.83 9.998 1.36 11.359 2.06 13.4110 1.35 14.7611 1.33 16.0912 1.11 17.2013 1.28 18.4814 1.39 19.8715 1.00 20.8716 1.22 22.1017 1.33 23.4318 2.00 25.4319 2.34 27.7720 1.78 29.55

90 to 1601

12

interval (mm from proximal end)

inc #

increment

thickness (mm)

cumulative

dist. (mm)

140 to 210 1 1.30 1.302 1.17 2.723 0.75 1.354 1.64 2.725 1.49 1.326 1.73 2.647 1.85 1.348 0.89 2.749 1.37 1.3710 1.03 2.6711 1.23 1.2412 1.37 2.3813 0.89 1.3414 1.30 2.6415 1.05 1.2216 1.55 2.4417 1.44 1.2418 1.92 2.5919 0.82 1.3520 0.75 2.6821 1.27 1.2622 1.41 2.4823 1.95 1.1524 1.37 2.3425 0.78 1.3026 0.85 2.6027 1.18 1.2928 1.08 2.4829 1.37 1.1630 1.74 2.41

190 to 260 1 0.82 1.122 1.13 2.253 0.98 3.234 1.38 4.615 1.28 5.896 1.13 7.017 1.57 8.588 1.07 9.659 1.32 10.9710 1.76 12.7211 1.55 14.2712 0.96 15.2313 1.01 16.2414 1.57 17.8115 1.49 19.2916 1.47 20.7617 1.51 22.2618 1.67 23.93

13

interval (mm from proximal end)

inc #

increment

thickness (mm)

cumulative

dist. (mm)19 1.47 25.40

20 1.76 27.1621 1.63 28.7922 1.15 29.9423 0.69 30.6324 1.23 31.8625 1.07 32.9326 1.04 33.9727 0.90 34.8828 0.96 35.8429 0.99 36.8230 0.78 37.6031 0.67 38.2732 0.82 39.0833 0.97 40.0534 1.36 41.4135 2.07 43.4836 0.86 44.3337 0.90 45.2338 0.56 45.8039 1.32 47.1240 1.51 48.6241 1.51 50.13

1) Some intervals in the 90-160 mm range lacked well-defined perikymata and were therefore not included in the dataset.As a result, only 20 increments were included in the analysis from this interval.

14

1) Some intervals in the 90-160 mm range lacked well-defined perikymata and were therefore not included in the dataset.As a result, only 20 increments were included in the analysis from this interval.

15

Slab angle (°) um/day um/week1053 7.41 14.7 102.91053 7.97 15.8 110.71053 7.22 14.3 100.21053 7.57 15.0 105.11053 7.88 15.6 109.51053 7.56 15.0 105.01053 7.62 15.1 105.81053 7.02 13.9 97.4average 7.53 14.94 105stdev 0.3 0.6 11

14C growth rate data41.3 axial mm/yr3.9

Table S5. Measurements of tusk axis angle (θ) from R37 are used to calculate a growth rate from the 14C data in order to enable direct comparison to the histologically determined tusk growth. θ is defined as the angle between the growth increments and the tusk axis (Figure S2A) and was measured along the tusk. The trigonometric relationship between the tusk axis and a line perpendicular to the growth increments is used to calculate an axial 14C growth rate.

Growth rate (um/day) =(TAN(RADIANS(angle))*axial growth rate)/365.25*1000

2s

16

(RADIANS(angle))*axial growth rate)/365.25*1000

17

Table S6. R37 tusk increment measurements from thin section R37-1053inc

inc #um um

1 95.6 95.6 (near tusk axis)2 87.2 182.83 106.9 289.74 53.4 343.25 64.7 407.96 84.4 492.37 95.6 587.98 104.1 692.09 95.6 787.610 61.9 849.511 90.0 939.512 123.8 1063.313 78.8 1142.114 112.5 1254.615 105.5 1360.116 106.9 1466.917 87.2 1554.218 92.8 1647.019 112.5 1759.520 129.4 1888.921 154.7 2043.622 149.1 2192.723 115.3 2308.024 146.3 2454.325 123.8 2578.126 98.5 2676.527 81.6 2758.128 123.8 2881.929 115.3 2997.230 95.6 3092.831 92.8 3185.732 133.6 3319.333 146.3 3465.534 95.6 3561.235 75.9 3637.136 78.8 3715.937 104.1 3820.038 84.4 3904.439 90.0 3994.440 104.1 4098.541 75.9 4174.442 92.8 4267.243 194.1 4461.344 78.8 4540.145 121.0 4661.0

ss dist

18

incinc #

um umss dist

46 87.2 4748.247 64.7 4812.948 95.6 4908.649 73.1 4981.750 106.9 5088.651 119.6 5208.252 81.6 5289.753 75.9 5365.754 70.3 5436.055 47.8 5483.856 70.3 5554.157 118.1 5672.358 73.1 5745.459 59.1 5804.560 73.1 5877.661 67.5 5945.162 104.1 6049.263 84.4 6133.664 115.3 6248.965 111.1 6360.166 106.9 6466.967 90.0 6557.068 87.2 6644.269 87.2 6731.470 101.3 6832.671 84.4 6917.072 149.1 7066.173 61.9 7128.074 73.1 7201.175 90.0 7291.176 81.6 7372.777 101.3 7474.078 163.2 7637.179 104.1 7741.280 104.1 7845.381 78.8 7924.182 112.5 8036.683 126.6 8163.284 101.3 8264.485 143.5 8407.986 106.9 8514.887 84.4 8599.288 98.5 8697.689 92.8 8790.490 121.0 8911.491 118.1 9029.5

19

incinc #

um umss dist

92 146.3 9175.893 126.6 9302.494 149.1 9451.595 121.0 9572.496 70.3 9642.897 59.1 9701.898 115.3 9817.299 140.6 9957.8100 135.0 10092.8101 171.6 10264.4102 143.5 10407.9103 171.6 10579.5104 166.0 10745.4105 160.3 10905.8106 106.9 11012.7107 140.6 11153.3108 84.4 11237.7109 121.0 11358.6110 129.4 11488.0111 84.4 11572.4112 126.6 11699.0113 78.8 11777.8114 98.5 11876.2115 121.0 11997.2116 109.7 12106.9117 112.5 12219.4118 151.9 12371.3119 128.0 12499.3120 81.6 12580.9121 70.3 12651.2122 112.5 12763.7123 149.1 12912.8124 75.9 12988.7125 87.2 13075.9126 118.1 13194.1127 83.0 13277.1128 118.1 13395.2129 157.5 13552.7130 109.7 13662.4131 137.8 13800.3132 83.0 13883.3133 98.5 13981.7134 180.0 14161.7135 123.8 14285.5136 129.4 14414.9137 129.4 14544.3

20

incinc #

um umss dist

138 104.1 14648.4139 92.8 14741.2140 75.9 14817.2141 123.8 14940.9142 157.5 15098.5143 118.1 15216.6144 115.3 15331.9145 121.0 15452.9146 146.3 15599.2147 104.1 15703.2148 109.7 15812.9149 135.0 15948.0150 90.0 16038.0151 95.6 16133.6152 73.1 16206.7153 73.1 16279.9154 92.8 16372.7155 109.7 16482.4156 129.4 16611.8157 106.9 16718.7158 81.6 16800.3159 118.1 16918.4160 123.8 17042.2161 112.5 17154.7162 59.1 17213.8163 90.0 17303.8164 135.0 17438.8165 87.2 17526.0166 112.5 17638.5167 149.1 17787.6168 143.5 17931.1169 143.5 18074.5170 146.3 18220.8171 121.0 18341.8172 149.1 18490.9173 137.8 18628.7174 157.5 18786.2175 109.7 18895.9176 104.1 19000.0177 112.5 19112.5178 146.3 19258.8179 132.2 19391.0180 137.8 19528.8181 132.2 19661.0182 78.8 19739.8183 101.3 19841.1

21

incinc #

um umss dist

184 135.0 19976.1185 112.5 20088.6186 142.1 20230.7187 87.2 20317.9188 95.6 20413.5189 67.5 20481.0190 95.6 20576.7191 163.2 20739.8192 106.9 20846.7193 81.6 20928.3194 109.7 21038.0195 143.5 21181.4196 112.5 21294.0197 154.7 21448.7198 139.2 21587.9199 177.2 21765.1200 166.0 21931.1201 171.6 22102.7202 104.1 22206.8203 106.9 22313.6204 135.0 22448.7205 104.1 22552.7206 166.0 22718.7207 106.9 22825.6208 129.4 22955.0209 140.6 23095.6210 149.1 23244.7211 81.6 23326.3212 132.2 23458.5213 95.6 23554.1214 75.9 23630.1215 115.3 23745.4216 137.8 23883.3217 142.1 24025.3218 90.0 24115.3219 115.3 24230.7220 109.7 24340.4221 118.1 24458.5222 98.5 24557.0223 168.8 24725.7224 129.4 24855.1225 90.0 24945.1226 115.3 25060.5227 90.0 25150.5228 90.0 25240.5229 84.4 25324.9

22

incinc #

um umss dist

230 101.3 25426.2231 81.6 25507.7232 56.3 25564.0233 101.3 25665.3234 56.3 25721.5235 106.9 25828.4236 129.4 25957.8237 101.3 26059.1238 101.3 26160.3239 84.4 26244.7240 73.1 26317.9241 87.2 26405.1242 81.6 26486.6243 92.8 26579.5244 123.8 26703.2245 98.5 26801.7246 84.4 26886.1247 90.0 26976.1248 106.9 27083.0249 95.6 27178.6250 112.5 27291.1251 61.9 27353.0252 101.3 27454.3253 95.6 27549.9254 104.1 27654.0255 92.8 27746.8256 75.9 27822.8257 90.0 27912.8258 101.3 28014.1259 101.3 28115.3260 92.8 28208.2261 112.5 28320.7262 118.1 28438.8263 109.7 28548.5264 70.3 28618.8265 87.2 28706.0266 64.7 28770.7267 64.7 28835.4268 67.5 28903.0269 78.8 28981.7270 98.5 29080.2271 112.5 29192.7272 90.0 29282.7273 90.0 29372.7274 81.6 29454.3275 78.8 29533.1

23

incinc #

um umss dist

276 78.8 29611.8277 84.4 29696.2278 67.5 29763.7279 115.3 29879.0280 154.7 30033.8281 102.7 30136.4282 84.4 30220.8283 101.3 30322.1284 101.3 30423.3285 92.8 30516.2286 106.9 30623.1287 95.6 30718.7288 81.6 30800.3289 95.6 30895.9290 135.0 31030.9291 75.9 31106.9292 92.8 31199.7293 67.5 31267.2294 73.1 31340.4295 59.1 31399.4296 56.3 31455.7297 75.9 31531.6298 61.9 31593.5299 118.1 31711.7300 87.2 31798.9301 81.6 31880.5302 87.2 31967.7303 92.8 32060.5304 98.5 32158.9305 70.3 32229.3306 87.2 32316.5307 98.5 32414.9308 73.1 32488.0309 71.7 32559.8310 84.4 32644.2311 104.1 32748.2312 95.6 32843.9313 160.3 33004.2314 73.1 33077.4315 64.7 33142.1316 112.5 33254.6317 61.9 33316.5318 61.9 33378.3319 81.6 33459.9320 106.9 33566.8321 73.1 33639.9

24

incinc #

um umss dist

322 64.7 33704.6323 53.4 33758.1324 63.3 33821.4325 59.1 33880.5326 81.6 33962.0327 67.5 34029.5328 59.1 34088.6329 50.6 34139.2330 46.4 34185.7331 42.2 34227.9332 50.6 34278.5333 50.6 34329.1334 75.9 34405.1 (near cementum-dentin junction)