Towards a natural classification and backbone treefor Sordariomycetes

Sajeewa S. N. Maharachchikumbura1,4& Kevin D. Hyde2,3,4,5 & E. B. Gareth Jones5 &

Eric H. C. McKenzie6 & Shi-Ke Huang4,7 & Mohamed A. Abdel-Wahab8&

Dinushani A. Daranagama4 & Monika Dayarathne4 & Melvina J. D’souza4 &

Ishani D. Goonasekara4 & Sinang Hongsanan4& Ruvishika S. Jayawardena4,14 &

Paul M. Kirk10& Sirinapa Konta4 & Jian-Kui Liu1,4

& Zuo-Yi Liu1&

Chada Norphanphoun4& Ka-Lai Pang9 & Rekhani H. Perera4 & Indunil C. Senanayake4 &

Qiuju Shang4 & Belle Damodara Shenoy13 & Yuanpin Xiao4,7 & Ali H. Bahkali5 &

Jichuan Kang7 & Sayanh Somrothipol11 & Satinee Suetrong12 & Tingchi Wen7&

Jianchu Xu2,3

Received: 11 February 2015 /Accepted: 7 April 2015# School of Science 2015

AbstractSordariomycetes is one of the largest classes of Ascomycotaand is characterised by perithecial ascomata and inoperculateunitunicate asci. The class includes many important plantpathogens, as well as endophytes, saprobes, epiphytes, andfungicolous, lichenized or lichenicolous taxa. The class in-cludes freshwater, marine and terrestrial taxa and has a

worldwide distribution. This paper provides an updated out-line of the Sordariomycetes and a backbone tree incorporatingasexual and sexual genera in the class. Based on phylogenyand morphology we introduced three subclasses;Diapor thomyce t idae , Lu lwor th iomyce t idae andMeliolomycetidae and five orders; Amplistromatales,Annulatascales , Falcocladiales , Jobellisiales and

* Zuo-Yi Liugzliuzuoyi@163.com

1 Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, GuizhouAcademy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, Guizhou,China

2 Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of EastAsia (KLPB), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy ofScience, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China

3 World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, 132 Lanhei Road,Kunming 650201, China

4 Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research, and School of Science,Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand

5 Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science,King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451,Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

6 Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170,Auckland, New Zealand

7 The Engineering and Research Center for SouthwestBio-Pharmaceutical Resources of National Education Ministry ofChina, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province,People’s Republic of China

8 Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Sohag University,Sohag 82524, Egypt

9 Institute of Marine Biology and Centre of Excellencefor the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University,2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 20224,Taiwan, Republic of China

10 Mycology Section, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,London, UK

11 Microbe Interaction Laboratory (BMIT),National Center for Genetic Engineeringand Biotechnology (BIOTEC),113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng,Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand

12 Fungal Diversity Laboratory (BFBD), National Centerfor Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC),113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road,Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand

13 Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute ofOceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403004, India

14 Institute of Plant and Environment Protection,Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences,No 9 of ShuGuangHuaYuanZhangLu, Haidian District,Beijing 100097, China

Fungal DiversityDOI 10.1007/s13225-015-0331-z

Togniniales. The outline is based on literature to the end of2014 and the backbone tree published in this paper. Notes for397 taxa with information, such as new family and generanovelties, novel molecular data published since the Outlineof Ascomycota 2009, and new links between sexual and asex-ual genera and thus synonymies, are provided. TheSordariomycetes now comprises six subclasses, 28 orders,90 families and 1344 genera. In addition a list of 829 generawith uncertain placement in Sordariomycetes is also provided.

Keywords Boliniales .Calosphaeriales .

Chaetosphaeriales .Coniochaetales .Coronophorales .

Diaporthales .Glomerellales .Hypocreomycetidae .

Hypocreales .Koralionastetales . Lulworthiales .

Magnaporthales .Melanosporales .Meliolales .

Microascales . Molecular identification . Nomenclature .

Ophiostomatales . Phyllachorales . Sordariales .

Sordariomycetidae . Taxonomy . Trichosphaeriales . Typespecies . Xylariales . Xylariomycetidae

Introduction

Sordariomycetes is the largest class of Ascomycota afterDothideomycetes (Kirk et al. 2008; Hyde et al. 2013). Kirket al. (2008) included 15 orders, 64 families, 1119 genera and10,564 species in Sordariomycetes, while Lumbsch andHuhndorf (2010) included 18 orders, 63 families and 947genera. The majority of the species of Sordariomycetes areterrestrial, while some can be found in aquatic habitats(Hyde and Wong 2000; Samuels and Blackwell 2001; Caiet al. 2006a; Jones et al. 2009a, b, Jones and Pang 2012;Pratibha et al. 2014). They are pathogens of plants, arthropodsand mammals (Sung et al. 2007; Prados-Rosale et al. 2012;Hyde et al. 2014) and have been isolated as endophytes fromvarious plants (Keim et al. 2014). Some taxa are fungicolous(PeiGui et al. 2000; Jaklitsch et al. 2013), while many aresaprobes involved in decomposition and nutrient cycling(Jaklitsch and Voglmayr 2012). Some important plant patho-genic genera belong to Sordariomycetes, includingColletotrichum, Diaporthe, Fusarium, Magnaporthe,Pestalotiopsis and Verticillium (Maharachchikumbura et al.2012, 2013a; Udayanga et al. 2012, 2013; Hyde et al. 2014).Also included are mushroom pathogens, such as someHypocrea and Verticillium species (PeiGui et al. 2000, Zareet al. 2007). Some species of Sordariomycetes (ie. Beauveriabassiana, Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum) are economical-ly important biocontrol agents (Wraight et al. 1998; Kaewchaiet al. 2009; Thiruvudainambi et al. 2010) and as well as im-portant in medicinal and other biotechnological industries(Semenova et al. 2012; Debbab et al. 2013; Xu et al. 2014).

Historically, some of the families of Sordariomycetes suchas Amphisphaeriaceae, Diaporthaceae, Diatrypaceae,

Halosphaeriaceae, Hypocreaceae, Polystigmataceae andSordariaceae, were classified under the order Sphaeriales,an order characterized by sphaerical or flask-shaped fruitingbodies (Müller and von Arx 1962). Chadefaud (1960) recog-nized Diaporthales as a separate order based on the character-istic stromatic tissue. Benny and Kimbrough (1980) intro-duced the orders Microascales , Onygenales andOphiostomatales. A comprehensive taxonomic study of fam-ilies and higher taxa of the Sordariomycetes based on mor-phology was that of Barr (1990). Barr (1990) included theorders Calosphaeriales, Coryneliales, Clavicipitales,Diaporthales, Erysiphales, Eurotiales, Halosphaeriales,Hypocreales, Meliolales, Microascales, Onygenales,Sordariales, Spathulosporales and Xylariales in the classnamed Hymenoascomycetes.

Eriksson and Winka (1997) introduced the classSordariomycetes based on morphological (perithecialascomata, hamathecium composed of paraphyses, osti-o l e s w i t h p e r i p h y s e s a n d u n i t u n i c a t e o rpseudoprotunicate asci) and molecular data and accom-modated three subclasses : Hypocreomycet idae ,Sordariomycetidae and Xylariomycetidae. The subclassSordar iomyce t idae inc luded three orders ( i . e .Diaporthales, Ophiostomatales and Sordariales), whileXylariomycetidae was intoduced to accommodate a sin-gle order Xylariales (Eriksson and Winka 1997).Eriksson and Winka (1997) separated Onygenales andEurotiales from Sordariomycetes and placed them inthe class Eurotiomycetes based on morphology andphylogenetic analyses. A comprehensive study ofSordariomycetes based on both morphologicalcharacters and SSU rDNA sequence data was carriedout by Samuels and Blackwell (2001) and Eriksson(2006). In the classification of Eriksson (2006), the sub-class Hypocreomycetidae comprised 4 orders (i.e.Coronophorales, Halosphaeriales, Hypocreales andMicroascales). Coronophorales, Halosphaeriales andHypocreales are recognized as monophyletic andMicroascales as paraphyletic. Samuels and Blackwell(2001) excluded Erysiphales and Coryneliales sensuBarr (1990) from Sordariomycetes, while Eriksson(2006) placed Erysiphales in the Leotiomycetes, a sistertaxon of the Sordariomycetes. Eriksson (2006) also rec-ognized Melanosporales as a distinct order in theHypocreomycetidae.

A large number of species of Sordariomycetes are charac-terized by non-lichenized, perithecial ascomata andinoperculate unitunicate asci (Zhang et al. 2006) or non-fiscitunicate asci (Kirk et al. 2008). Most members of theXylariomycetidae and some of the Sordariomycetidae havedark perithecia, amyloid asci, true paraphyses and periphysateostioles, while most of the taxa of the Hypocreomycetidaehave light coloured perithecia, nonamyloid apical rings in

Fungal Diversity

the asci when apical rings are present and the absence of trueparaphyses (Zhang et al. 2006).

The most widely used gene regions for phylogenetic stud-ies of Sordariomycetes from the early 1990s were SSUnrDNA and LSU nrDNA (Berbee and Taylor 1992;Spatafora and Blackwell 1993; Spatafora 1995). In additionto these ribosomal genes, the phylogenetic relationshipsamong Sordariomycetes were investigated using partial trans-lation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF) and the second largestsubunit of RNA polymerase (RPB2) protein-coding genes(Zhang et al. 2006). Tang et al. (2007) evaluated the phyloge-netic utility of the ß-tubulin gene for resolving evolutionaryrelationships in Sordariomycetes.

Pleomorphism arises from the fact that many ascomycetetaxa including species of Sordariomycetes, occur in eithertheir sexual or asexual morphs alone, or in combination(Wingfield et al. 2012). Asexual and sexual morphs togethermake up a whole fungus called the holomorph (Seifert et al.2011). Some taxa also have more than one asexual morph(synanamorph) often linked to unique ecological niches(Wingfield et al. 2012). Sutton (1980) contributed to summa-rize the established links between coelomycetous asexualmorphs and their sexual morphs. Later Seifert et al. (2011)did the same for genera of hyphomycetes. The asexual andsexual morphs of Sordariomycetes often develop separately,or only one morph is formed, and it is therefore often difficultto develop links between the same species but with differentmorphs (Wijayawardene et al. 2014). This is especially truewhen one or both morphs cannot be cultured or induced toform sporulating structures on artificial media. Observation oftwo morphs on the same substrate was an earlier method usedto link morphs, but this does not prove that the morphs arerelated (Shenoy et al. 2007). DNA sequence-data can irrefut-ably link asexual and sexual morphs and provide phylogeneticplacements for asexual taxa within the sexual morph taxo-nomic classification schemes. It is difficult to place asexualgenera into current classification schemes, when asexual gen-era are in fact polyphyletic and paraphyletic. Their typespecies/ specimens need to be recollected to verify their phy-logenetic position (Schoch et al. 2009). In addition to this, itappears that even some concepts of sexual taxa will requireextensive reconsideration (Schoch et al. 2009). DNA sequenc-ing and analysis have established the natural placements ofmany sexual and asexual genera and have also proven linksbetween the sexual and asexual morphs (e.g. Trichoderma–Hypocrea,Dyrithiopsis–Monochaetiopsis,Cylindrocladiella–Nectricladiella, Fusarium–Gibberella, Colletotrichum–Glomerella; Jeewon et al. 2003a; Jaklitsch et al. 2006; Hydeet al. 2009a, b; Rossman et al. 2013), while some links havebeen not accepted (e.g. Didymostilbe–Peethambara,Discostroma–Seimatosporium, Hypomyces–Cladobotyrum;Subramanian and Bhat 1978; Tanaka et al. 2011; Rossmanet al. 2013). Decisions taken in the XVIIIth International

Botanical Congress, in Melbourne, Australia in 2011(Hawksworth 2012) ruled that separate names for asexualand sexual morphs, was no longer allowed; this became effec-tive from 30 July 2011 (Hawksworth 2012; Wingfield et al.2012). Based on this ruling, mycologists now have the task toclear up the historical confusion of dual nomenclature.

In this paper, we deal with the classification of one of thelargest groups of ascomycetes, the class Sordariomycetes.Some asexual genera in this class have been linked to sexualmorphs and some are discussed in Rossman et al. (2013), andthese are followed in this paper. Several groups have not beendealt with as yet and therefore we generally follow the oldername in this paper. A list of Baccepted/ protected names^,Bsuppressed names^ as published for the Dothideomcyetesby Wijayawardene et al. (2014) is still required. The outlinehere uses Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) as a starting point.We have then scanned the literature and provide datamostly tothe end of 2014. A note is provided for newly introducedgenera and families and where important molecular data isrecently provided we also provide notes. The outline also fol-lows the results of the phylogenetic data generated in thisstudy. A list of genera presently placed in Sordariomycetesin Index Fungorum (2015) is also included. These were notlisted in Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010), but most were listedin Kirk et al. (2013). Their status and placement must still beestablished. There are also numerous synonyms that weresynonymised under various genera, possibly without muchthought and it would be interesting to establish if these arealso distinct genera.

Materials and methods

Phylogenetic analyses

Sequences were obtained from GenBank mostly followingprevious literature (Castlebury et al. 2002; Réblová 2003,2008; 2011a, b, Réblová 2013a, b; García et al. 2006;Boonyuen et al. 2011; Mugambi and Huhndorf 2010;Johnson et al. 2009; Campbell et al. 2005, 2009;Thongkantha et al. 2009; Sung et al. 2007) and are listed inTable 1.

This study used LSU, SSU, TEF and RPB2 sequence datain the analyses. Multiple sequence alignments were generatedwith MAFFT v. 7 (http://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/server/index.html); then manually corrected to ensure alignmentand to minimize the number of uninformative gaps usingMEGA v. 6.06 (Kumar et al. 2012). The datasets wereproduced to show families and order relationships within theclass Sordariomycetes.

The combined alignments were split between the genera toimprove the robustness of the alignment across the four loci.Phylogenies used Bayesian Inference (BI) and Maximum

Fungal Diversity

Table 1 GenBank accession numbers of isolates includes in this study

Species Culture accession no. GenBank accession

LSU SSU TEF RPB2

Acanthonitschkea argentinensis SMH1395 AY695259 – FJ969042 FJ968943

Achaetomium strumarium IMI 082624 AJ312098 – – –

Albertiniella polyporicola CBS 457.88 AF096185 AF096170 – –

Ambrosiella ferruginea CBS 460.82 EU825651 – – –

Amphisphaeria umbrina AFTOL-ID 1229 FJ176863 FJ176809 FJ238394 FJ238348

Amplistroma caroliniana BEO9923 FJ532377 – – –

Amplistroma erinaceum AH 43902 KC907374 – KC907375 –

Anisogramma anomala AA01 EU683066 – – –

Anisogramma virgultorum AV05 EU683065 – – –

Annulatascus velatisporus HKUCC 3701 AF132320 – – –

Annulusmagnus triseptatus CBS 128831 GQ996540 JQ429242 – –

Apiorhynchostoma curreyi UAMH 11088 JX460989 – – –

Apiosordaria verruculosa F-152365 AY346258 – – AY780150

Apiospora bambusae ICMP 6889 DQ368630 DQ368662 – DQ368649

Apiospora montagnei AFTOL-ID 951 DQ471018 FJ190614 DQ842027 DQ842033

Arecophila bambusae HKUCC 4794 AF452038 AY083802 – –

Arthrinium hydei CBS 114990 KF144936 – KF145024 –

Arthrinium phaeospermum HKUCC 3395 AY083832 AY083816 – –

Ascitendus austriacus MR 2936 GQ996539 GQ996542 – –

Ascopolyporus polychrous PC546 AY886546 – DQ118745 DQ127236

Ascotaiwania lignicola NIL00005 HQ446364 HQ446284 HQ446307 HQ446419

Ascothailandia grenadoidia NB-2010a = SS03615 GQ390267 GQ390252 HQ446309 HQ446420

Ascovaginospora stellipala P5-13A U85088 U85087 – –

Asteridiella obesa VIC 31239 JX096809 – – –

Astrocystis cocoes HKUCC 3441 AY083823 – – –

Australiasca queenslandica BRIP 24607 HM237324 – – –

Bambusicularia brunnea INA-B-92-45 KM484948 – – –

Beltraniella endiandrae CPC 22193 KJ869185 – – –

Bertia moriformis SMH4320 AY695260 – – AY780151

Bertia ngongensis GKM1239 FJ968954 – – –

Bertia tropicalis SMH3513 AY695263 – – –

Bionectria ochroleuca AFTOL-ID 187 DQ862027 DQ862044 DQ862029 DQ862013

Bombardia bombarda AFTOL-ID 967 DQ470970 DQ471021 – DQ470923

Botryotinia fuckeliana AFTOL-ID 59 AY544651 AY544695 DQ471045 DQ247786

Buergenerula spartinae ATCC 22848 DQ341492 DQ341471 JX134692 –

Bussabanomyces longisporus CBS 125232 KM009154 – – –

Cainia graminis CBS 136.62 AF431949 – – –

Cainiella johansonii Kruys 727 (UPS) JF701920 – – –

Camaropella pugillus SMH3846 EU481406 – – –

Camarops ustulinoides AFTOL-ID 72 DQ470941 DQ470989 DQ471050 –

Canalisporium caribense SS03839 GQ390268 GQ390253 – HQ446421

Carpoligna pleurothecii CBS 114211 JQ429235 JQ429249 – JQ429267

Catabotrys deciduum SMH3436 AY346268 – – AY780158

Cephalotheca foveolata UAMH11631 KC40839 – KC408410 KC408404

Ceratocystiopsis minuta CBS 116963 EU913655 – – –

Ceratocystis fimbriata C89 CFU17401 CFU32418 – –

Chaetomidium galaicum CBS 113678 FJ666361 – – FJ666392

Fungal Diversity

Table 1 (continued)

Species Culture accession no. GenBank accession

LSU SSU TEF RPB2

Chaetosphaerella fusca GKML124N FJ968967 – FJ969002 –

Chaetosphaerella phaeostroma SMH4257 AY695264 – FJ969004 FJ968940

Chaetosphaeria innumera SMH 2748 AY017375 – – –

Chromendothia citrina AFTOL-ID 2121 – DQ862046 DQ862031 DQ862015

Claviceps purpurea AEG 97-2 AF543789 AF543765 AF543778 –

Clypeosphaeria uniseptata 6349 (HKUCC) DQ810219 DQ810255 – –

Coccodiella melastomatum CMU78543 – U78543 – –

Coccodiella miconiae ppMP 1342 – GU233440 – –

Colletotrichum asianum LC0037 JN940408 JN940347 – –

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides LC0555 JN940412 JN940356 – –

Colletotrichum fructicola LC0032 JN940418 JN940350 – –

Colletotrichum brevisporum LC0600 JN940398 JN940357 – –

Coniocessia anandra Iran 1468C GU553349 – – –

Coniocessia maxima CBS 593.74 GU553344 – – –

Coniocessia nodulisporioides CBS 281.77 GU553352 AJ875185 – –

Coniochaeta ligniaria C8 AY198388 – – –

Conioscypha japonica CBS 387.84 AY484514 JQ437438 – JQ429259

Conioscyphascus varius CBS 113653 AY484512 – – –

Cordana pauciseptata CBS 121804 HE672160 – – –

Cordyceps militaris OSC 93623 AY184966 AY184977 DQ522332 –

Coronophora gregaria ANM1555 – – FJ969007 FJ968938

Cornipulvina ellipsoides SMH1378 DQ231441 – – –

Corynascella inaequalis CBS 284.82 – – HQ871746 HQ871839

Cosmospora coccinea AR2741 AY489734 AY489702 AY489629 –

Crassochaeta nigrita SMH2931 AY695266 – – –

Creosphaeria sassafras CM AT-018 DQ840056 – – DQ631964

Cryptendoxyla hypophloia WM10.89 HQ014708 – – –

Cryphonectria parasitica CMW 7048 JN940858 JN938760 – –

Cryptadelphia groenendalensis SH12 EU528007 – – –

Cryptadelphia groenendalensis SMH3767 EU528001 – – –

Cryptodiaporthe aesculi AFTOL-ID 1238 DQ836905 – DQ836914 DQ836892

Cryptometrion aestuescens CMW18790 HQ730869 – – –

Cryptosphaerella elliptica SMH4722 FJ968974 – FJ969029 FJ968944

Cryptosporella hypodermia AFTOL-ID 2124 DQ862028 DQ862049 DQ862034 DQ862018

Cumulospora marina MF46 GU252135 GU252136 – –

Custingophora cecropiae CCF 3568 – AM267267 – –

Cytospora elaeagni CFCC 89633 KF765693 – – KF765709

Diaporthales sp. BCC00200 EF622231 EF622228 – –

Diaporthe eres AFTOL-ID 935 – DQ471015 – DQ471161

Diatrype disciformis AFTOL-ID 927 DQ470964 DQ471012 DQ471085 –

Discostroma botan – DQ368629 DQ368660 – DQ368648

Doratomyces stemonitis AFTOL-ID 1380 DQ836907 DQ836901 DQ836916 –

Dothidea sambuci DAOM 231303 AY544681 AY544722 DQ497606 DQ522854

Echinosphaeria canescens SMH4791 AY436403 – – –

Elaphocordyceps capitata OSC 71233 AY489721 AY489689 AY489615 DQ522421

Elaphocordyceps japonica OSC 110991 DQ518761 DQ522547 DQ522330 DQ522428

Endomeliola dingleyae PDD:98304 GU138866 – – –

Fungal Diversity

Table 1 (continued)

Species Culture accession no. GenBank accession

LSU SSU TEF RPB2

Etheirophora blepharospora JK5289 EF027724 – – EF027732

Etheirophora unijubata JK5443B EF027725 – – –

Epichloe typhina ATCC 56429 ETU17396 ETU32405 AF543777 DQ522440

Eutypa lata CBS 208.87 = AFTOL-ID 929 DQ836903 – – KF453595

Exophiala dermatitidis AFTOL-ID 668 DQ823107 – DQ840566 DQ840562

Exserticlava vasiformis TAMA 450 AB753846 – – –

Falcocladium multivesiculatum CBS 120386 JF831932 JF831928 – –

Falcocladium sphaeropedunculatum CBS 111292 JF831933 JF831929 – –

Fracchiaea broomeana SMH347 FJ968979 – – FJ968947

Fragosphaeria purpurea CBS 133.34 AB189154 AF096176 – –

Gaillardiella pezizoides GKM1245 FJ968981 – FJ969006 –

Graphostroma platystoma AFTOL-ID 1249 DQ836906 DQ836900 DQ836915 –

Gelasinospora tetrasperma CBS 178.33 DQ470980 DQ471032 DQ471103 DQ470932

Gibellulopsis nigrescens DAOM 226890 GU180648 GU180613 – GU180664

Glomerulispora mangrovis NBRC 105264 GU252149 GU252150 – –

Gnomonia gnomon CBS 199.53 = AFTOL-ID 952 AF408361 DQ471019 DQ471094 DQ470922

Gondwanamyces capensis AFTOL ID 1907 FJ176888 FJ176834 – FJ238373

Graphium fimbriasporum CMW5605 KM495388 – – –

Graphium penicillioides CBS 506.86 = AFTOL-ID 1415 AF027384 – DQ471110 DQ470938

Halosphaeria appendiculata CBS 197.60 HAU46885 HAU46872 – –

Hapalocystis occidentalis WU 24705 AY616231 – – –

Harknessia australiensis CPC 15029 JQ706211 – – –

Harknessia ellipsoidea CPC 17111 JQ706213 – – –

Harknessia eucalypti CBS 342.97 AF408363 – – –

Harknessia pseudohawaiiensis CPC 17379 JQ706234 – – –

Helminthosphaeria hyphodermae SMH4192 AY346284 – – –

Hydea pygmea NBRC 33069 GU252133 GU252134 – –

Hydropisphaera peziza GJS92-101 = BPI802846 AY489730 AY489698 AY489625 –

Hymenostilbe aurantiaca OSC 128578 DQ518770 DQ522556 DQ522345 DQ522445

Hyperdermium pulvinatum PC602 DQ118738 – – –

Hypocrea americana AFTOL-ID 52 AY544649 AY544693 DQ471043 –

Hypocrea rufa DAOM JBT1003 JN938865 JN939042 – –

Hypocrella discoidea BCC 8237 DQ384937 – DQ384977 DQ452461

Hyponectria buxi UME 31430 AY083834 AF130976 – –

Immersidiscosia eucalypti HHUF:29920 AB593722 AB593703 – –

Irenopsis cornuta VIC32058 KC61864 KC618657 – –

Irenopsis vincensii VIC 31751 JX133163 – – –

Jattaea mookgoponga STE-U 6184 EU367458 EU367463 – –

Jobellisia fraterna SMH2863 AY346285 – – –

Jobellisia luteola SMH2753 AY346286 – – –

Jugulospora rotula ATCC 38359 AY346287 – – AY780178

Juncigena adarca JK5548A EF027727 EF027720 – –

Koralionastes ellipticus JK5769 EU863585 EU863581 – –

Kylindria peruamazonensis CBS 838.91 GU180638 GU180609 – GU180656

Lasiosphaeria ovina SMH4605 AY436413 – – AY600284

Lecythophora luteoviridis CBS 206.38 FR691987 – – –

Leotia lubrica OSC 100001 NG_027596 NG_013133 DQ471041 DQ470876

Fungal Diversity

Table 1 (continued)

Species Culture accession no. GenBank accession

LSU SSU TEF RPB2

Lepteutypa cupressi IMI 052255 AF382379 AY083813 – –

Leucostoma niveum AR3413 = BPI 748232 AF362558 NG_013203 EU222015 EU219343

Lignincola laevis JK-5180A U46890 U46873 – –

Lindra thalassiae AFTOL-ID 413 DQ470947 DQ470994 DQ471065 DQ470897

Lopadostoma turgidum LT3 KC774618 – – –

Lulworthia fucicola ATCC 64288 AY878965 AY879007 – –

Luteocirrhus shearii CBS 130776 KC197019 – – –

Magnaporthe salvinii M21 JF414887 – JF710406 –

Marinokulati chaetosa BCRC FU30271 KJ866931 KJ866929 – –

Mazzantia napelli BPI748443 = AR3498 = AFTOL-ID 2126 AF408368 DQ862051 EU222017 EU219345

Melanconis marginalis BPI748446 = AR3442 = AFTOL-ID 2128 AF408373 DQ862053 EU221991 EU219301

Melanconis stilbostoma BPI748447 = AR3501 = CBS 109778 AF408374 NG_013198 EU221886 EU219299

Melanochaeta hemipsila SMH2125 AY346292 – – –

Melanospora tiffanii ATCC15515 AY015630 AY015619 – AY015637

Melanospora zamiae ATCC 12340 AY046579 AY046578 –

Meliola centellae VIC:31244 JQ734545 – – –

Microascus longirostris CBS 267.49 = AFTOL-ID 1237 DQ471172 DQ471026 DQ836913 –

Moheitospora fruticosae EF14 GU252145 GU252146 – –

Monilochaetes infuscans CBS 869.96 GU180639 GU180620 – GU180657

Monosporascus cannonballus FMR6682 – AF340016 – –

Myrothecium roridum ATCC 16297 AY489708 AY489676 AY489603 –

Nectria cinnabarina CBS 114055 = GJS 89-107 NCU00748 NCU32412 AF543785 –

Neofracchiaea callista SMH2689 AY695269 – FJ969020 FJ968941

Neonectria ramulariae CBS 151.29 HM042436 HQ840414 – DQ789792

Neurospora crassa MUCL 19026 AF286411 X04971 – –

Nimbospora effusa JK 5104A NEU46892 NEU46877 – –

Niesslia exilis CBS 560.74 AY489720 AY489688 AY489614 –

Nitschkia tetraspora GKML148N FJ968987 – FJ969011 FJ968936

Ophioceras commune M92 JX134688 JX134662 – –

Ophioceras dolichostomum CBS 114926 JX134689 JX134663 JX134703 –

Ophioceras leptosporum CBS 894.70 JX134690 – – –

Ophiocordyceps sinensis YN09-64 JX968033 JX968028 – JX968013

Ophiodiaporthe cyatheae YMJ 1364 JX570891 JX570890 KC465406 JX570893

Ophiostoma piliferum AFTOL-ID 910 DQ470955 DQ471003 DQ471074 –

Parasarcopodium ceratocaryi CBS 110664 AY425026 – – –

Papulosa amerospora AFTOL-ID 748 DQ470950 DQ470998 DQ471069 –

Peethambara spirostriata CBS 110115 AY489724 AY489692 AY489619 –

Petriella setifera AFTOL-ID 956 DQ470969 DQ471020 DQ836911 –

Phaeoacremonium pallidum STE U 6104 – EU128061 – –

Phialemonium atrogriseum CBS 604.67 HE610470 – – –

Phyllachora graminis UME 31349 – AF064051 – –

Pilidiella diplodiella STE U 3708 AY339284 – – –

Pilidiella wangiensis CPC 19397 JX069857 – – –

Plagiostoma euphorbiae CBS 340.78 = AFTOL-ID 2130 AF408382 DQ862055 GU354016 EU219292

Plectosphaerella cucumerina DAOM 226828 GU180647 GU180612 – GU180663

Pleurostoma ootheca CMU 23858 = CBS 115329 AY761079 AY761074 – HQ878606

Pleurostomophora repens CBS 294.39 AY729813 – – –

Fungal Diversity

Table 1 (continued)

Species Culture accession no. GenBank accession

LSU SSU TEF RPB2

Pleurostomophora richardsiae CBS 270.33 AY249089 – – HQ878607

Conioscyphascus CBS 131271 JQ429240 – – JQ429270

Porosphaerellopsis sporoschismophora ATCC 42528 AY346298 – – –

Pseudohalonectria lignicola M95 JX134691 JX134665 JX134705 –

Pseudomassaria carolinensis 9502 (IFO) DQ810233 DQ810262 – DQ810239

Pseudoneurospora amorphoporcata CBS 626.80 FR774287 – – –

Pseudoplagiostoma eucalypti CBS 124807 GU973606 – – –

Pseudoplagiostoma oldii CBS 124808 GU973609 – – –

Pseudoplagiostoma variabile CBS 113067 GU973611 – – –

Pseudoproboscispora caudae A336-2D AY094192 – – –

Pseudopyricularia kyllingae HYKB202-1-2 KM484992 – – –

Pseudovalsa longipes AR 3541 EU683072 – – –

Pseudovalsa modonia AR 3558 EU683073 – – –

Pyricularia borealis CBS 461.65 DQ341511 – – –

Raffaelea canadensis C2233 = CBS 168.66 EU177458 EU170270 – –

Remispora maritima JPHY-15-038 HQ111012 HQ111002 – HQ111041

Reticulascus clavatus CBS 125296 GU180643 GU180622 – –

Reticulascus clavatus CBS 125239 – GU180615 – –

Rhopalostroma lekae MFLUCC 13-0123 KJ472427 – – KJ472429

Rimaconus coronatus SMH 5212 HM171292 – – –

Rimaconus jamaicensis SMH 4782 HM171293 – – –

Robillarda sessilis BCC13393 FJ825378 FJ825368 – –

Rosellinia necatrix HKUCC 9037 AY083824 – – –

Rossmania ukurunduensis AR 3484 EU683075 – – –

Roumegueriella rufula GJS 91-164 EF469082 EF469129 EF469070 EF469116

Ruzenia spermoides SMH4655 KF765619 – – –

Savoryella lignicola NF00204 HQ446378 HQ446300 HQ446334 –

Schizoparme straminea CBS 149.22 AF362569 – – –

Schizoparme straminea STE-U 3932 AY339296 – – –

Scopinella solani CBS 770.84 AY015632 AY015621 – –

Scortechinia acanthostroma SMH1143 FJ968988 FJ969012 – FJ968948

Scortechiniellopsis leonensis GKM1269 FJ968993 – FJ969021 FJ968933

Seynesia erumpensnew SMH 1291 AF279410 AF279409 – –

Shimizuomyces paradoxus EFCC 6279 EF469084 EF469131 – EF469117

Slopeiomyces cylindrosporus CBS 609.75 KM485040 – – –

Sordaria fimicola CBS 508.50 AY681160 – – –

Sphaerostilbella berkeleyanan CBS 102308 = GJS 82-274 U00756 AF543770 AF543783 DQ522465

Spinulosphaeria nuda SMH1952 FJ968995 – – –

Stachybotrys chlorohalonata UAMH6417 AY489712 AY489680 AY489607 –

Stachylidium bicolor DAOM 226658 GU180651 GU180616 – –

Stegonsporium protopyriforme D30 = CBS 117041 EU039991 – EU040017 –

Stegonsporium pyriforme D2 = CBS 117023 EU039987 – EU040001 –

Stephanonectria keithii GJS92-133 AY489727 AY489695 AY489622 –

Stilbospora macrosperma CBS 121883 JX517299 – – –

Stilbospora longicornuta CBS 122529 KF570164 – KF570232 KF570194

Swampomyces armeniacus JK5325A EF027729 – – –

Swampomyces triseptatus CY2802 AY858953 AY858942 – –

Fungal Diversity

Likelihood (ML) analyses of both the individual data parti-tions as well as the combined aligned dataset. Ambiguouslyaligned regions were excluded from all analyses and gapswere treated as Bmissing data^ in the parsimony analysis.Suitable models for the Bayesian analysis were first selectedusing models of nucleotide substitution for each gene, as de-termined usingMrModeltest v. 2.2 (Nylander et al. 2004), andincluded for each gene partition. The GTR+I+G model withinverse gamma rate were selected for LSU, TEF and RPB2and SYM+I+G model with inverse gamma rate were selectedfor LSU and included for each gene partition. The Bayesiananalyses (MrBayes v. 3.2.1; Ronquist et al. 2012) of foursimultaneous Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) chainswere run from random trees for 100,000,000 generationsand sampled every 1000 generations. The temperature valuewas lowered to 0.15, burn-in was set to 0.25, and the run wasautomatically stopped as soon as the average standard devia-tion of split frequencies reached below 0.01. A Maximum

Likelihood analysis was performed using raxmlGUI v. 1.3(Silvestro and Michalak 2011). The optimal ML tree searchwas conducted with 100 separate runs, using the default algo-rithm of the program from a random starting tree for each run.The final tree was selected among suboptimal trees from eachrun by comparing likelihood scores under the GTR+GAMMA substitution model. The MP analysis was per-formed with MEGA v. 6.06 using a heuristic search option.Bootstrap analyses were performed using 1000 replications.The resulting trees were printed with FigTree v. 1.4.0 (http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk software/figtree/) and the layout was donewith Adobe Illustrator CS v. 6.

Results and discussion

The combined LSU, SSU, TEF, and RPB2 gene data setcomprsied 260 taxa, with Botryotinia fuckeliana, Dothidea

Table 1 (continued)

Species Culture accession no. GenBank accession

LSU SSU TEF RPB2

Sydowiella stellatifolii CBS 119342 EU552156 – – –

Synaptospora plumbea SMH3962 KF765621 – – –

Thailandiomyces bisetulosus BCC00018 EF622230 EF622229 – –

Thielaviopsis thielavioides CBS 130.39 AF222480 – – –

Thyridium sp. Mas 56 – HQ993268 – –

Thyridium vestitum AFTOL ID 172 AY544671 AY544715 DQ471058 DQ470890

Tirisporella beccariana BCC36737 JQ655450 JQ655454 – –

Togninia africana STE U 6177 – EU128060 – –

Togninia griseo olivacea STE U 5966 – EU128058 – –

Togniniella acerosa PDD 81432 AY761076 AY761073 – –

Torpedospora radiata AFTOL-ID 751 DQ470951 DQ470999 DQ471070 DQ470902

Torpedospora radiata PP7763 AY858947 AY858939 – –

Torrubiella wallacei CBS 101237 AY184967 AY184978 EF469073 EF469119

Trichoderma viride GJS89-127 AY489726 – – –

Umbrinosphaeria caesariata CBS 102664 AF261069 – – –

Utrechtiana cibiessia CPC 18916 JF951176 – – –

Valsa ambiens AR3516 = CBS 109491 EU255208 DQ862056 EU222019 EU219347

Valsella salicis AR 3514 EU255210 – EU222018 –

Verticillium dahliae ATCC 16535 AY489737 AY489705 AY489632 DQ522468

Vialaea mangifia MFLUCC 12-0808 KF724975 – – –

Vialaea minutella BRIP 56959 KC181924 – – –

Viridispora diparietispora ATCC MYA 627 AY489735 AY489703 AY489630 –

Vittatispora coorgii BICC 7817 DQ017375 – – –

Wallrothiella congregata SMH1760 FJ532375 – – –

Xylaria hypoxylon CBS 122620 KM186301 – – –

a Note provided in this paperbMolecular data used in this studycNo sequence data in GenBank as at date on submission

Fungal Diversity

sambuci, Exophiala dermatitidis and Leotia lubrica as theoutgroup taxa. The combined dataset comprised 4015 charac-ters including gaps. The best scoring RAxML tress are shownin Figs. 1 and 2. The Maximum Parsimony resulted in a treewith the same topology and clades as the Bayesian analysisresulted tree. Bootstrap support (BS) values of MP and ML(equal to or above 50 %) are shown on the upper branches.Values of Bayesian posterior probabilities (equal to or above90 %) from MCMC analyses are shown under the branches.

In the phylogenetic trees (Figs. 1 and 2), the 260 strainsof Sordariomycetes included in the analysis cluster into sixsubclasses. Sordariomycetidae, Hypocreomycetidae andXylariomycetidae as in the previous treatment of Lumbschand Huhndorf (2010), Meliolomycetidae as suggested byKirk et al. (2001), while Diaporthomycetidae andLulworthiomycetidae are introduced as new subclasses inthis paper. Figure 1 is a reduced tree of Fig. 2. The arrange-ment of orders and genera within the subclasses can be seenin the outline.

Subclasses of Sordariomycetes

Diaporthomycetidae Senan., Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde,subclass novus

Index Fungorum no: IF 551051; Facesoffungi number:FoF 00594

Pathogenic, parasitic, endophytic, or saprobic, associatedwith plants or pathogens of insects, animals or humans.Sexual morph: Stromata immersed to erumpent, composedof orange, brown or black parenchymatous tissues, ascomataembedded in stromatic tissues. Ascomata solitary or aggregat-ed, immersed, erumpent to superficial, globose to subglobose,rarely pyriform, sometimes carbonaceous, brown to black.Asci 8 or multi-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, clavate to ob-long, with a nonamyloid refractive apical apparatus.Ascospores 2–3-seriate, variously shaped, aseptate or septate,sometimes with appendages and sheaths. Asexual morph:ceolomycetous or hypomyceteous, when coelomycetous,Conidiomata acervuli or pycnidial. Conidiogenous cellsphialidic or annellidic. Conidia small to large, unicellular tomultiseptate, hyaline, light brown to dark brown. whenhypomyceteous, Conidiophores arising from hyphae.Conidiogenous cells terminal or lateral, sometimes coloured,mostly hyaline. Conidia mostly unicellular, oval, hyaline.

Type order: Diaporthales Nannf.The subclass Diaporthomycetidae comprises ten main

clades which are represented by six existing orders, four new-ly introduced orders and 26 families. The order Diaporthalescomprises 12 clades represented by Cryphonectriaceae,Diaporthaceae , Gnonomiaceae, Harknessiaceae ,Me lan con i da c ea e , Pseudop l a g i o s t oma t a c ea e ,Pseudovalsaceae, Schizoparmeaceae, Stilbosporaceae,Sydowiellaceae , Tirisporellaceae and Valsaceae.

Calosphaeriales comprises the families Calosphaeriaceaeand Pleurostromataceae. The new orders Jobellisiales andTogniniales are introduced for Jobellisiaceae andTogniniaceae, respectively. Magnaporthales is expanded toincorporate Magnaporthaceae, Ophioceraceae andPyriculariaceae.

Type species: Diaporthe eres NitschkeHypocreomycetidae O.E. Erikss. & Winka, Myconet 1(1):

6 (1997)This subclass was introduced by Eriksson and Winka

(1997) and comprises four existing orders, one new orderintroduced in this paper and 28 families. The orderCoronophorales now includes Coronophoraceae ,C e r a t o s t o m a t a c e a e , C h a e t o s p h a e r e l l a c e a eScortechiniaceae, plus Nitschkiaceae and Bertiaceae. TheMelanosporales comprises the family Ceratostomataceae.The order Microascales is enlarged to include the familiesHalosphaeriaceae, Microascaceae, Gondwanamycetaceae,Ceratocystidaceae and Graphiaceae, but with weak support.The order Glomerellales includes Australiascaceae,Glomerellaceae, Plectosphaerellaceae and Reticulascaceae.The order Hypocreales incorporates Bionectriaceae,Clavicipitaceae , Cordycipitaceae , Hypocreaceae ,Nectriaceae, Niessliaceae, Ophiocordyciptiaceae andStachybotriaceae. The new order Falcocladiales is introduceda n d c omp r i s e s o n e f am i l y Fa l c o c l a d i a c e a e .Torpedosporaceae, Juncigenaceae and Etheirophoraceaeare placed in the subclassHypocreomycetidae family incertaesedis. The recently introduced monotypic order Savoryellalesform a basal clade in the Hypocreomycetidae.

Lulworthiomycetidae Dayar., E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde,subclass novus

Index Fungorum number: IF551131; Facesoffungi No.:FoF 00617

Saprobic on wood, sea grasses and marsh plants or para-sites on algae. Sexual morph: Ascomata subglobose to cylin-drical or ovoid to ellipsoidal, immersed or superficial,ostiolate, papillate or epapillate, periphysate. Hamatheciumcomposed of paraphyses or internal structures absent; centruminitially filled with a hyaline pseudoparenchyma, dissolving atmaturity. Asci eight-spored, cylindrical to fusiform or clavateto ellipsoidal, unitunicate, deliquescent. Ascospores filamen-tous or ellipsoidal to fusiform, septate; multiseptate near theapices, or evenly multiseptate, some are non-septate, hyaline,thick- or thin-walled, with or without apical chambers.Asexual morph: hypomycetous, hyphae hyaline, septatae,

�Fig. 1 The best scoring RAxML Sordariomycetes tree (compressedoverview tree) from 260 taxa based on a combined dataset of LSU,SSU, TEF and RPB2 genes with all lineages collapsed to family levelwhere possible. Subclasses are indicated in coloured blocks and RAxMLbootstrap support values (MLB) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP)are given at the nodes (MLB/PP). The tree is rooted with Botryotiniafuckeliana,Dothidea sambuci, Exophiala dermatitidis and Leotia lubrica

Fungal Diversity

Cryptosporella hypodermia AFTOL-ID 2124

Papulosa amerospora AFTOL-ID 748

Harknessia australiensis CPC 15029

Catabotrys deciduum SMH3436

Cordana pauciseptata CBS 121804

Harknessia ellipsoidea CPC 17111Harknessia pseudohawaiiensis CPC 17379

Harknessia eucalypti CBS 342.97

Apiosordaria verruculosa F-152365

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

78 / 1.0

88 / 1.0

60 / 0.96

84 / -

80 / -

87 / -

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

89 / 1.0

94 / 1.00

75 / 1.0

58 / 0.97

84 / 1.0

53 / -

- / 1.0

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

97 / 1.0

90 / 1.0

52 / 0.9176 / -

99 / 0.98

99 / 0.98

84 / 1.0

89 / 0.91

76 / 0.95

87 / 1.0

69 / 0.97

70 / 0.95

90 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

83 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

60 / -

73 / 1.0

62 / 0.93

93 / 0.98

100 / 1.091 / 1.0

88 / 1.0

83 / 1.0

98 / 1.0

83 / -

73 / 0.99

100 / 1.0

76 / -

100 / 1.0

85 /-

100 / 1.0

66 / -

100 / 1.0

62 / 0.95

92 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

94 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

Schizoparmeaceae

Cryphonectriaceae

Harknessiaceae

Gnomoniaceae

Melanconidaceae

Valsaceae

Diaporthaceae

Stilbosporaceae

Pseudoplagiostomataceae

Sydowiellaceae

Tirisporellaceae

Pseudovalsaceae

Togniniaceae

Jobellisiaceae

Calosphaeriaceae

Pleurostomataceae

Pyriculariaceae

Magnaporthaceae

Ophioceraceae

Ophiostomataceae

Annulatascaceae

ConiochaetaceaeCordanaceae

TrichosphaeriaceaeThyridiaceae

Papulosaceae

Chaetomiaceae

Lasiosphaeriaceae

Sordariaceae

Boliniaceae

Phyllachoraceae

Chaetosphaeriaceae

Helminthosphaeriaceae

Cephalothecaceae

Meliolaceae

Amplistromataceae

Rimaconus

Catabotrydaceae

Diaporthomycetidae Sordariomycetidae

Meliolomycetidae

Anisogramma

50 / -

Fungal Diversity

0.2

Beltraniella endiandrae CPC 22193

Clypeosphaeria uniseptata HKUCC 6349

Niesslia exilis CBS 560.74

Koralionastes ellipticus JK5769

Rhopalostroma lekae

Xylaria hypoxylon CBS122620

Pseudomassaria carolinensis 9502 (IFO)

Graphostroma platystoma AFTO ID1249

Hyponectria buxi UME 31430

Amphisphaeria umbrina AFTO ID 1229

Lopadostoma turgidum LT2Creosphaeria sassafras CM 018

Coronophora gregaria ANM1555

100 / 0.97

64 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

98 / 1.0

70 / -

94 / 1.0

100 / 1.0100 / 1.0

85 / 0.99

100 / 1.0

76 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

63 / 1.0

100 / 0.98

96 / 0.99

96 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

76 / 0.99

61 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

97 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

87 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

99 / 1.0

82 / 0.98

88 / 1.0

90 / 1.0

74 / 0.96

88 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

99 / 1.0

73 / 0.98

100 / 1.0

79 / 1.0

60 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

83 / 0.96

97 / 1.0

99 / 1.0

94 / 0.99

78 / 0.96

93 / 1.0

98 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

58 / 1.0

81 / 1.0

52 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

52 / 0.95

65 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

83 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

99 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

99 / 1.0

Xylariomycetidae Hypocreomycetidae

Lulworthiomycetidae

Cainiaceae

Xylariaceae

Graphostromataceae Diatrypaceae

Coniocessiaceae Vialaeaceae

Hyponectriaceae

Amphisphaeriaceae

Clypeosphaeriaceae

Apiosporaceae

Ceratostomataceae

Scortechiniaceae

Coronophoraceae

Bertiaceae

Nitschkiaceae

Chaetosphaerellaceae

Falcocladiaceae

Etheirophoraceae

Juncigenaceae

Torpedosporaceae

Ophiocordycipitaceae

Clavicipitaceae

Hypocreaceae

Cordycipitaceae

Stachybotriaceae

Nectriaceae

Bionectriaceae

Halosphaeriaceae

Microascaceae

Graphiaceae

Ceratocystidaceae

Gondwanamycetaceae

Glomerellaceae

Reticulascaceae

Australiascaceae

Plectosphaerellaceae

Savoryellaceae

Lulworthiaceae

Koralionastetaceae

Outgroup

Niessliaceae

- / 1.0

- / 1.0

- / 1.0

- / 1.0

Fig. 1 (continued)

Fungal Diversity

branched. Conidiophores micronematous or semimicronematous. Conidia filiform or ellipsoidal, septate ornon septate, some are coiled, when spermatial, spermatia,enteroblastic, subglobose.

Type order: Lulworthiales Kohlm. et al.This new subclass is introduced for a lineage of marine

fungi that are unrelated to Halosphaeriaceae (Microascales,Hypocreomycetidae). It includes the orders Lulworthialeswith the family Lulworthiaceae and Koralionastetales withthe familyKoralionastetaceae. Spatafora et al. (1998) demon-strated that the order Halosphaeriales was polyphyletic andcomprised two distinct l ineages. The first clade,Halosphaeriales including 11 genera, was closely related to,and is now included in the order Microascales, whereas thesecond clade, with Lulworthia and Lindra species, wasassigned to Lulworthiaceae in Lulworthiales (Kohlmeyeret al. 2000). Members of Lulworthiales are saprobes, onwood, sea grasses and marsh plants or parasites on algae(Campbell et al. 2005). Lindra, which is composed of sixspecies, is the only genus in the order Lulworthiales whichdoes not have ascospores with apical chambers filled withmucus. Other genera placed in the Lulworthiales based onmolecular data include Kohlmeyeriella (Campbell et al.2002) and the algicolous genera Spathulospora (Inderbitzinet al . 2004) and Haloguignardia (Harvey 2004).Koralionastes and Pontogeneia are closely related to mem-bers of Lulworthiales, while the differences in morphologicalcharacters are expressed in the ascospores and the presence/absence of periphyses and paraphyses. Phylogenetic studies ofCampbell et al. (2009) showed that some species ofKoralionastes and Pontogeneia that were sequenced groupin a monophyletic clade basal to the clade of Lulworthiales.This clade represents a distinct taxonomic entity at the orderlevel based on both molecular and morphological data. Basedon molecular studies and using morphological characters, thegenera Koralionastes and Pontogeneia were assigned to thenew order Koralionastetales which is a sister group toLu lwor t h i a l e s . Th e o r de r s Lu lwo r t h i a l e s andKoralionastetales clustered together in a well-supported cladebased on combined gene data and a new subclass is introducedhere as Lulworthiomycetidae. The orders in this subclass are,however, well separated.

Type species: Lulworthia fucicola G.K. Sutherl.

Meliolomycetidae P.M. Kirk & K.D. Hyde, subclass novusMeliolomycetidae P.M. Kirk et al., Ainsworth & Bisby’sDictionary of the Fungi, Edn 9 (Wallingford): 314 (2001)[nom. inval.]

This subclass Meliolomycetidae was introduced byKirk et al. (2001) to accomodate the order Meliolales.Justavino et al. (2014) provided a phylogenetic tree(based on analysis of LSU) that included five subclassesin Sordariomycetes, and eight species of Meliolaceae

which were analyzed by neighbor joining analysis. Theresults indicated that the Meliolaceae clade formed themost basal clade in Sordariomycetes with strong support.Hence, they suggested that the order Meliolales whichcomprises Armatellaceae and Meliolaceae should be ac-commodated in a subclass Meliolomycetidae. In ourmulti-gene phylogenetic analysis (Figs. 1 and 2) the sub-class Meliolomycetidae is most closely related toSordariomycetidae as in Justavino et al. (2014). TheMeliolales, clusters as a sister group to the orderChaetosphaeriales, family Cephalothecaceae and genusR i m a c o n u s . T h e p l a c e m e n t o f t h e f a m i l yCephalothecaceae is uncertain during the phylogeneticanalysis and this is probably because the sequences ofCephalothecaceae species are relatively short and do notprovide adequate phylogenetic resolution. The morpholo-gy of taxa of Cephalothecaceae and Meliolales differgreatly. In species of Meliolaceae have a parasitic habitat,forming superficial, web-like, black colonies on leaves,stems or branches, the mycelia are hyphopodiate andspores are mostly brown. Species of Cephalothecaceaeare distinct in having a saprobic habitat, often growingon rotten wood or on other fungi, the mycelia lackhyphopodia and ascomata have a cephalothecoid peridium(von Höhnel 1917c). Hence, we tentatively placeCepha lo thecaceae as fami ly i ncer tae sed i s i nSordariomycetes because of its uncertain phylogeneticplacement and differing morphology. There are few se-quences for species in Meliolomycetidae as they arebiotrophic and cannot presently be isolated into culture.Therefore all sequence data for Meliolales is from DNAextracted from fruiting bodies of taxa on the host.

Sordariomycetidae O.E. Erikss. & Winka, Myconet 1(1): 10(1997)

This subclass was established by Eriksson and Winka(1997) and comprises four orders, eight families and onefamily incertae sedis. The order Chaetosphaerialescomprises the famil ies Chaetosphaer iaceae andHelminthosphaeriaceae. The order Phyllachorales, which ismoved from Sordariomycetes orders incertae sedis toSo rd a r i omy c e t i d a e , c omp r i s e s two f am i l i e s ,Phaeochoraceae and Phyllachoraceae. Hyde et al. (1997)introduced the family Phaeochoraceae in the orderPhyllachorales for a taxon of biotrophic and saprotrophicfungi on palms. The order Boliniales comprises a singlefamily Bolinaceae. The order Sordariales includes threeclades represented by Sordariaceae, Chaetomiaceae andLasiosphaeriaceae, that latter comprises Lasiosphaeriaceaesensu lato and Lasiosphaeriaceae sensu stricto. Batistiaceae,typified by Batistia annulipeswas introduced by Samuels andRodrigues (1989) as a monotypic family. The family wasplaced in the Sordariomycetidae incertae sedis (Kirk et al.

Fungal Diversity

2001). Sequence data published by Huhndorf et al. (2004) hasbeen determined to be contaminated and there is no sequencedata for this family in GenBank.

Xylariomycetidae O.E. Erikss. & Winka, Myconet 1(1): 12(1997)

This subclass was introduced by Eriksson andWinka (1997)and comprises one lagre existing order Xylariales. The orderincludes Amphisphaeriaceae, Apiosporaceae, Cainiaceae,Coniocessiaceae, Diaptrypaceae, Graphostromataceae,Hyponectriaceae, Melanogrammataceae, Vialaeaceae, andXylariaceae.Many species in the subclass may have large stro-mata and are clearly visible and dominating the surface ofdecaying plants.

Orders of SordariomycetesThe phylogenetic trees produced in this study (Figs. 1 and 2)

support several of the existing orders and indicate that severalnew orders should be introduced. Each order is discussed al-phabetically.

Amplistromatales D’souza, Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, ordonovus

Type family: AmplistromataceaeIndex Fungorum number: IF551156; Facesoffungi No.:

FOF 00632An order comprising families Amplistromataceae and

Catabotrydaceae. Sexual morph: Stromatic or non-stromatic.Stromata if present superficial, obovoid to pulvinate, soft orfirm textured. Ascomata perithecial, rarely subiculate, solitaryor gregarious, globose to sub globose, monostichous or polys-tichous with long necks.Paraphyses abundant, persistent, lon-ger than asci. Asci numerous, unitunicate, stipitate, cylindricalto clavate, with a small, J-, apical ring. Ascospores hyaline,globose, aseptate. Asexual morph: Acrodontium-like forAmplistroma.

Type species: Amplistroma carolinianum Huhndorf et al.Notes: Two genera are included in Amplistromatacaeae

namely Amplistroma Huhndorf et al. and Wallrothiella Sacc.The genus Wallrothiella was redescribed by Reblova andSeifert (2004) along with neotypification of its type speciesWallrothiella congregata (Wallr.) Sacc. Amplistroma has beensegregated from Wallrothiella on the basis of presence ofstromatic ascomata. Catabotydaceae is monotypic withCatabotrys as its type genus. However Catabotrys andWallrothiella do not possess stromatic ascomata, whileAmplistroma is stromatic. LSU sequence data analysis showsthat Amplistromataceae has an unsupported relationship withChaetospheriales and Magnaporthaceae (Huhndorf et al.2009). In our phylogenetic analyses Amplistromatales showsa distant relationship with Meliolomycetidae andSordariomycetidae and thus placed in Sordariomycetes orderincertae sedis until further data is available.

Annulatascales D’souza, Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, ordonovus

Type family: AnnulatascaceaeIndex Fungorum number: IF551133; Facesoffungi No.:

FoF 00620A monotypic order within the class Sordariomycetes, sub-

class Diaporthomycetidae. Characterized by a dominantfreshwater lifestyle, although some members have been re-ported from terrestrial habitats. Sexual morph: Ascomata uni-locular, rarely clypeate, perithecial. Necks black or hyaline.Peridium coriaceous or membranous. Hamathecium with ta-pering paraphyses. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, pedicellate,usually with a massive, J-, refractive apical ring. Ascosporesuniseriate, hyaline, sometimes brown, septate or aseptate.Asexual morph: Taeniolella-like for Chaetorostrum.

Type species: Annulatascus velatispora K.D. HydeNotes: This order is characterized by its typical freshwater

habitat, growing on submerged woody substrates, with mostgenera distributed in the tropics. Significant characters of mostgenera in Annulatascales include cylindrical, thin-walled asci,with a massive, J-, refractive, apical apparatus, which assistsin active spore ejection (Tsui et al. 2003). Ascospores areusually equipped with appendages or sheaths. These charac-ters might be important in aquatic habitats where they aid inthe attachment to substrates (Shearer et al. 2007). The orderpresently comprises 18 genera which belong to, or are referredto, the family Annulatascaceae. Many genera lack moleculardata, and it is likely that the family as presently circumscribed ispolyphyletic (Campbell and Shearer 2004; Huhndorf et al. 2004;Vijaykrishna and Hyde 2006; Abdel-Wahab et al. 2011). Theclosest relatives are, Cordanales and Papulosaceae, butAnnulatascales can be easily distinguished by a massive, J-,refractive, apical ring. Ranghoo et al. (1999) analyzed LSUrDNA sequence data to show thatAnnulatascaceae has relation-ships with Sordariales. However, in our phylogenetic analysesthe order Annulatascales is placed in Diaportheomycetidae(Figs. 1 and 2).

Boliniales P.F. Cannon, in Kirk et al., Ainsworth & Bisby’sDictionary of the Fungi, Edn 9 (Wallingford): x (2001)

An order of saprotrophic fungi within the subclassSordariomycetidae, which was introduced by Cannon (Kirket al. 2001). In our phylogenetic analysis (Figs. 1 and 2),Boliniales is closest to Phyllachorales and Sordariales.Boliniales comprises a single family, Boliniaceae, with ninegenera.

�Fig. 2 Maximum likelihood (ML) majority rule combined LSU, SSU,TEF and RPB2 consensus tree for the analyzed Sordariomycetes isolates.Orders are indicated in coloured blocks and RAxML bootstrap supportvalues (MLB) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) are given at thenodes (MLB/PP). The scale bar represents the expected number ofchanges per site. The tree is rooted with Botryotinia fuckeliana,Dothidea sambuci, Exophiala dermatitidis and Leotia lubrica

Fungal Diversity

Stilbospora macrosperma CBS 121883

Pseudovalsa modonia AR 3558

Schizoparme straminea STE-U 3932

Melanconis marginalis AR3442

Thailandiomyces bisetulosus BCC00018

Valsa ambiens AR3516

Chromendothia citrina AFTOL-ID 2121

Ophiodiaporthe cyatheae YMJ 1364

Harknessia australiensis CPC 15029

Togninia africana STE U 6177

Pseudoplagiostoma oldii CBS 124808

Mazzantia napelli AR3498

Melanconis stilbostoma AR3501

Cryptometrion aestuescens CMW18790

Anisogramma virgultorum AV05

Cryptodiaporthe aesculi AFTOL-ID 1238

Pseudoplagiostoma variabile CBS 113067

Rossmania ukurunduensis AR3484

Jobellisia fraterna SMH2863

Togniniella acerosa PDD 81432

Plagiostoma euphorbiae CBS 340.78

Cryptosporella hypodermia AFTOL-ID 2124

Harknessia pseudohawaiiensis CPC 17379

Diaporthe eres AFTOL-ID 935

Pleurostomophora repens CBS 294.39

Pleurostoma ootheca CMU 23858

Jobellisia luteola SMH2753

Stegonsporium protopyriforme CBS 117041

Pseudovalsa longipes AR 3541

Togninia griseo olivacea STE U 5966

Diaporthales sp. BCC00200

Harknessia ellipsoidea CPC 17111

Pilidiella diplodiella STE U 3708

Pleurostomophora richardsiae CBS 270.33

Tirisporella beccariana BCC36737

Pilidiella wangiensis CPC 19397

Sydowiella stellatifolii CBS 119342

Phaeoacremonium pallidum STE U 6104

Jattaea mookgoponga STE-U 6184

Hapalocystis occidentalis WU 24705

Stegonsporium pyriforme CBS 117023

Stilbospora longicornuta CBS 122529

Valsella salicis AR 3514

Pseudoplagiostoma eucalypti CBS 124807

Harknessia eucalypti CBS 342.97

Schizoparme straminea CBS 149.22

Leucostoma niveum AR3413

Cryphonectria parasitica CMW 7048

Gnomonia gnomon CBS 199.53

Cytospora elaeagni CFCC 89633

Anisogramma anomala AA01

Cainiella johansonii Kruys 731 (UPS)

Luteocirrhus shearii CBS 130776

85 /-

98 / 1.0

97 / 1.0

72 / 0.93

77/ 0.99

75 / -

76 / -

73 / 1.0

60 / 0.96

93 / 0.98

68 / -

89 / 0.91

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

62 / 0.93

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

69 / 0.97

62 / 0.95

99 / 1.0

99 / 0.98

100 / 1.0

50 / -

100 / 1.0

94 / 1.00

100 / 1.0

84 / -

83 / 0.97

89 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

99 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

52 / 0.91

100 / 1.0

70 / 0.95

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

Schizoparmeaceae

Cryphonectriaceae

Harknessiaceae

Gnomoniaceae

Melanconidaceae

Valsaceae

Diaporthaceae

Stilbosporaceae

Pseudoplagiostomataceae

Sydowiellaceae

Tirisporellaceae

Pseudovalsaceae

Togniniaceae

Jobellisiaceae

Calosphaeriaceae

Pleurostomataceae

Diaporthales

Togniniales

Jobellisiales

Calosphaeriales

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

- / 1.00

100 / 1.0

Fungal Diversity

Apiorhynchostoma curreyi UAMH 11088

Fragosphaeria purpurea CBS 133.34

Buergenerula spartinae ATCC 22848

Phyllachora graminis UME 31349

Ophiostoma piliferum AFTOL-ID 910

Cryptadelphia groenendalensis SH12

Coniochaeta ligniaria C8

Cornipulvina ellipsoides SMH1378

Ophioceras commune M92

Coccodiella melastomatum CMU78543

Thyridium vestitum AFTOL-ID 172

Cryptadelphia groenendalensis SMH3767

Utrechtiana cibiessia CPC 18916

Lecythophora luteoviridis CBS 206.38

Bambusicularia brunnea INA-B-92-45

Slopeiomyces cylindrosporus CBS 609.75

Jugulospora rotula ATCC 38359

Annulatascus velatisporus HKUCC 3701

Lasiosphaeria ovina SMH4605

Cordana pauciseptata CBS 121804

Corynascella inaequalis CBS 284.82

Ceratocystiopsis minuta CBS 116963

Chaetomidium galaicum CBS 113678

Ophioceras dolichostomum CBS 114926

Coccodiella miconiae ppMP 1342

Ophioceras leptosporum CBS 894.70

Pyricularia borealis CBS 461.65

Pseudohalonectria lignicola M95

Ascovaginospora stellipala P5-13A

Magnaporthe salvinii M21

Achaetomium strumarium IMI 082624

Bussabanomyces longisporus CBS 125232

Raffaelea canadensis C2233

Apiosordaria verruculosa F-152365

Ascitendus austriacus MR 2936

Papulosa amerospora AFTOL-ID 748

Thyridium sp. Mas 56

Neurospora crassa MUCL 19026

Sordaria fimicola CBS 508.50

Camaropella pugillus SMH3846

Pseudopyricularia kyllingae HYKB202-1-2

Camarops ustulinoides AFTOL-ID 72

Pseudoproboscispora caudae A336-2D

Gelasinospora tetrasperma CBS 178.33

Pseudoneurospora amorphoporcata CBS 626.80

Annulusmagnus triseptatus CBS 128831

Bombardia bombarda AFTOL-ID 967

84 / 1.0

83 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

83 / 1.0

79 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

95 / -

100 / 1.0

53 / -

83 / -

87 / 1.0

76 / -

100 / 1.0

67 / -

100 / 1.0

65 / 1.0

63 / 0.96

100 / 1.0

76 / 0.95

100 / 1.0

75 / 1.0

95 / 1.0

88 / 1.090 / 1.0

84 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

74 / 0.94

58 / -

90 / 1.0

70 / -

87 / -

78 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

80 / -

81 / 0.95

88 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

93 / 1.0

66 / -

94 / 1.0

Pyriculariaceae

Magnaporthaceae

Ophioceraceae

Ophiostomataceae

Annulatascaceae

Coniochaetaceae

Cordanaceae

Trichosphaeriaceae

Thyridiaceae

Papulosaceae

Chaetomiaceae

Lasiosphaeriaceae

Sordariaceae

Boliniaceae

Phyllachoraceae

Magnaporthales

Ophiostomatales

Annulatascales

Coniochaetales Cordanales

Sordariales

Boliniales

Phyllachorales

- / 0.99

- / 0.98

Trichosphaeriales

Fig. 2 (continued)

Fungal Diversity

Graphostroma platystoma AFTO ID1249

Eutypa lata CBS 208.87

Coniocessia anandra Iran 1468C

Amplistroma erinaceum AH 43902

Diatrype disciformis AFTOL D 927

Ruzenia spermoides SMH 4655

Melanochaeta hemipsila SMH 2125

Apiospora bambusae ICMP 6889

Immersidiscosia eucalypti HHUF 29920

Clypeosphaeria uniseptata HKUCC 6349

Seynesia erumpensnew SMH 1291

Apiospora montagnei AFTOL D 951

Arthrinium hydei CBS 114990

Irenopsis cornuta VIC 32058

Rosellinia necatrix HKUCC 9037

Creosphaeria sassafras CM 018

Arthrinium phaeospermum HKUCC 3395

Pseudomassaria carolinensis 9502 (IFO)

Echinosphaeria canescens SMH 4791

Wallrothiella congregata SMH 1760

Beltraniella endiandrae CPC 22193

Asteridiella obesa VIC 31239

Rhopalostroma lekae

Arecophila bambusae HKUCC 4794

Vialaea minutella BRIP 56959

Discostroma botan

Chaetosphaeria innumera SMH 2748

Coniocessia nodulisporioides CBS 281.77

Synaptospora plumbea SMH 3962

Umbrinosphaeria caesariata CBS 102664

Amplistroma caroliniana BEO9923

Coniocessia maxima CBS 593.74

Robillarda sessilis BCC13393

Cephalotheca foveolata UAMH11631

Amphisphaeria umbrina AFTO ID 1229

Xylaria hypoxylon CBS 122620

Meliola centellae VIC 31244

Catabotrys deciduum SMH3436

Albertiniella polyporicola CBS 457.88

Cainia graminis CBS 136.62

Rimaconus jamaicensis SMH 4782

Lopadostoma turgidum LT2

Vialaea mangifia MFLUCC 12 0808

Phialemonium atrogriseum CBS 604.67

Cryptendoxyla hypophloia WM10.89

Monosporascus cannonballus FMR6682

Rimaconus coronatus SMH 5212

Helminthosphaeria hyphodermae SMH 4192

Exserticlava vasiformis TAMA 450

Endomeliola dingleyae PDD 98304

Astrocystis cocoes HKUCC 3441

Hyponectria buxi UME 31430

Irenopsis vincensii VIC 31751

Lepteutypa cupressi IMI 052255

85 / 0.99

89 / 1.0

50 / -

100 / 1.0

62 / -

- / 1.0

91 / 1.0

90 / 0.98

100 / 1.0

58 / 0.97

91/ 0.98

100 / 1.0

80 / 1.0

63 / 1.0

73 / 0.98

69 / 0.99

50 / -

83 / 0.96

98 / 1.0

76 / 1.0

73 / 0.99

60 / -

99 / 1.0

99 / 0.98

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

99 / 1.0

100 / 0.98

97 / 1.0

92 / 1.0

76 / 0.94

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

95 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

100 / 0.97

58 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

Chaetosphaeriaceae

Helminthosphaeriaceae

Cephalothecaceae

Meliolaceae

Amplistromataceae

Cainiaceae

Xylariaceae

Graphostromataceae

Diatrypaceae

Coniocessiaceae

Vialaeaceae

Hyponectriaceae

Amphisphaeriaceae

Clypeosphaeriaceae

Apiosporaceae

Chaetosphaeriales

Meliolales

Amplistromatales

Xylariales

100 / 1.0

- / 1.0

- / 1.0

- / 1.0

Catabotrydaceae

Fig. 2 (continued)

Fungal Diversity

Swampomyces triseptatus CY2802

Cryptosphaerella elliptica SMH4722

Melanospora tiffanii ATCC15515

Nectria cinnabarina CBS 114055

Hypocrea americana AFTO ID 52

Niesslia exilis CBS 560.74

Fracchiaea broomeana SMH347

Crassochaeta nigrita SMH2931

Torpedospora radiata AFTO ID 751

Torrubiella wallacei CBS 101237

Swampomyces armeniacus JK5325A

Peethambara spirostriata CBS 110115

Falcocladium multivesiculatum CBS 120386

Claviceps purpurea AEG 97 2

Shimizuomyces paradoxus EFCC 6279

Hymenostilbe aurantiaca OSC 128578

Scortechinia acanthostroma SMH1143

Stachybotrys chlorohalonata UAMH6417

Elaphocordyceps capitata OSC 71233

Hypocrea rufa DAOM JBT1003

Ascopolyporus polychrous PC546

Torpedospora radiata PP7763

Melanospora zamiae ATCC 12340

Trichoderma viride GJS

Gaillardiella pezizoides GKM1245

Neofracchiaea callista SMH2689

Glomerulispora mangrovis NBRC105264

Sphaerostilbella berkeleyanan CBS 102308

Moheitospora fruticosae EF14

Marinokulati chaetosa BCRC FU30271

Hypocrella discoidea BCC 8237

Bertia moriformis SMH4320

Hyperdermium pulvinatum PC602

Nitschkia tetraspora GKML148N

Spinulosphaeria nuda SMH1952

Ophiocordyceps sinensis YN09 64

Bertia ngongensis GKM1239

Parasarcopodium ceratocaryi CBS 110664

Cordyceps militaris OSC 93623

Myrothecium roridum ATCC 16297

Etheirophora blepharospor JK5289

Bertia tropicalis SMH3513

Viridispora diparietispora ATCC MYA 627

Epichloe typhina ATCC 56429

Scopinella solani CBS 770.84

Neonectria ramulariae CBS 151.29

Vittatispora coorgii BICC 7817

Acanthonitschkea argentinensis SMH1395

Falcocladium sphaeropedunculatum CBS 111292

Etheirophora unijubata JK5443B

Scortechiniellopsis leonensis GKM1269

Cosmospora coccinea AR2741

Coronophora gregaria ANM1555

Elaphocordyceps japonica OSC 110991

Chaetosphaerella phaeostroma SMH4257

Chaetosphaerella fusca GKML124N

Juncigena adarca K5548A100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

83 / 1.0

100 / 0.98

81 / 1.0

73 / 0.98

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

68/ -

79 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

87 / 1.0

74 / 0.96

59 / -

94 / 0.99

88 / 1.0

96 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

83 / -

95 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

64 / 1.0

60 / -

100 / 1.0

98 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

66 / -

88 / 1.0

- / 1.0

52 / 1.0

98 / 1.0

88 / 1.0

96 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

76 / 0.99

52 / 0.95

98 / 1.0

93 / 1.0

97 / 1.0

94 / 1.0

94 / 1.0

84/ 1.060 / 1.0

56 / -

- / 1.0

- / 0.98

99 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

65 / 1.0

Ceratostomataceae

Scortechiniaceae

Coronophoraceae

Bertiaceae

Nitschkiaceae

Chaetosphaerellaceae

Falcocladiaceae

Etheirophoraceae

Juncigenaceae

Torpedosporaceae

Ophiocordycipitaceae

Clavicipitaceae

Hypocreaceae

Cordycipitaceae

Stachybotriaceae

Nectriaceae

Niessliaceae

Melanosporales

Coronophorales

Falcocladiales

Hypocreales

Stephanonectria keithii GJS92 133

Bionectria ochroleuca AFTOL D 187

Roumegueriella rufula GJS 91 164

Hydropisphaera peziza GJS92 101100 / 1.0

91 / 1.0

100 / 1.0Bionectriaceae

100 / 1.0

- / 0.97

Fig. 2 (continued)

Fungal Diversity

0.2

Colletotrichum fructicola LC0032

Conioscypha japonica CBS 387.84

Botryotinia fuckeliana AFTOL D 59

Koralionastes ellipticus JK5769

Thielaviopsis thielavioides CBS 130.39

Canalisporium caribense SS038397

Graphium fimbriasporum CMW 5605

Gondwanamyces capensis AFTOL- D 1907

Cumulospora marina MF 46

Monilochaetes infuscans CBS 869.96

Petriella setifera AFTOL D 956

Exophiala dermatitidis AFTOL

Halosphaeria appendiculata CBS 197.60

Porosphaerellopsis sporoschismophora ATCC 42528

Kylindria peruamazonensis CBS 838.91

Pleurothecium semifecundum CBS 131271

Hydea pygmea NBRC 33069

Colletotrichum asianum LC0037

Lindra thalassiae AFTOL D 413

Dothidea sambuci DAOM 231303

Ascothailandia grenadoidia N 2010a

Graphium penicillioides CBS 506.86

Leotia lubrica OSC 100001

Doratomyces stemonitis AFTOL D 1380

Nimbospora effusa JK 5104A

Australiasca queenslandica BR 24607

Carpoligna pleurothecii CBS 114211

Lignincola laevis JK50180

Reticulascus clavatus CBS 125239

Reticulascus clavatus CBS 125296

Remispora maritima

Stachylidium bicolor DAOM 226658

Verticillium dahliae ATCC 16535

Colletotrichum brevisporum LC0600

Microascus longirostris CBS 267.49

Ambrosiella ferruginea CBS 460.82

Custingophora cecropiae CCF 3568

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides LC0555

Plectosphaerella cucumerina DAOM 226828

Ceratocystis fimbriata C89

Savoryella lignicola NF00204

Ascotaiwania lignicola N L00005

Conioscyphascus varius CBS 113653

Gibellulopsis nigrescens DAOM 226890

Lulworthia fucicola ATCC 64288

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

98 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

82 / 1.0

97 / 1.0

99 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

98 / 1.0

82 / 0.98

100 / 1.0

92 / -

100 / 1.0

96 / -

73 / 0.9

100 / 1.0

99 / 1.0

85 / 0.98

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

55 / 0.93

82 / 1.0

68 / -

70 / -

99 / 1.0

61 / 1.0

99 / 1.0

95 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

96 / 0.99

90 / 1.0

78 / 0.96

99 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

93 / 1.0

Halosphaeriaceae

Microascaceae

Graphiaceae

Ceratocystidaceae

Gondwanamycetaceae

Glomerellaceae

Reticulascaceae

Australiascaceae

Plectosphaerellaceae

Savoryellaceae

Lulworthiaceae

Koralionastetaceae

Microascales

Glomerellales

Savoryellales

Lulworthlales

Koralionastetales

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

100 / 1.0

Fig. 2 (continued)

Fungal Diversity

Calosphaeriales M.E. Barr, Mycologia 75(1): 11 (1983)This small order was introduced by Barr (1985). It present-

ly comprises Calosphaeriaceae and Pleurostomataceae(Figs. 1 and 2). The taxa belonging to the order mainly com-prise simple, dark perithecia, unitunicate asci, and hyaline toslightly pigmented, ellipsoid to allantoid ascospores (Réblováet al. 2004). It forms a sister clade to the order Jobellisiales(Figs. 1 and 2).

Chaetosphaeriales Huhndorf et al., Mycologia 96(2): 378(2004)

This order was introduced in Sordariomycetidae based onmolecular analysis of LSU nrDNA sequence data byHuhndorf et al. (2004). In our phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 1),Chaetosphaeriales is close to Boliniales and Phyllachorales.The order comprises Chaetosphaeriaceae with 35 genera andHelminthosphaeriaceae with seven genera.

ConiochaetalesHuhndorf et al., Mycologia 96(2): 378 (2004)This order was introduced by Huhndorf et al. (2004) and

incorporates a single family Coniochaetaceae with three gen-era. Cordanales is a sister order and Papulospora(Papulospoaceae) is basal to Coniochaetiaceae and may alsorequire its own order. Coniochaetaceae differs fromSordariaceae and related families in having ascospores withelongate germ slits (Malloch and Cain 1971).

Cordanales Hernández-Restrepo et al., Phytotaxa (in press)This order was introduced by Hernández-Restrepo et al.

(2015) to accommodate the family Cordanaceaewith a singlegenus Cordana. Morphologically it is easily distinguishedfrom its sister order Coniochaetales (Coniochaetaceae) byhaving a basal stroma, ascospores without germ slits andpolyblastic asexual morphs (Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2015).

Coronophorales Nannf., Nova Acta R. Soc. Scient. upsal.,Ser. 4 8(no. 2): 54 (1932)

The wood inhabiting order Coronophorales comprisesBertiaceae, Ceratostomataceae, Chaetosphaerellaceae,Coronophoraceae, Nitschkiaceae and Scortechiniaceae. Thetaxa in the order are characterised by mostly superficialascomata, sometimes with an extensive hyphal subiculum orwell developed basal stroma that often becomes cupulate orcollapsed, and in some cases the ostiolar opening is eitherindistinct or lacking (Mugambi and Huhndorf 2010).

DiaporthalesNannf., Nova Acta R. Soc. Scient. upsal., Ser. 48(no. 2): 53 (1932)

The order Diaporthales comprises 12 families which areCryphonectriaceae, Diaporthaceae, Gnomoniaceae,Harknessiaceae, Melanconidaceae, Pseudoplagiostomataceae,Pseudovalsaceae, Schizoparmeaceae, Stilbosporaceae,Sydowiellaceae, Tirisporellaceae and Valsaceae. The family

Tirisporellaceae will be introduced by Suetrong et al.(2015) to accommodate a basal clade of Diaporthalescomprising the marine ascomycete geneus Tirisporellaand the freshwater genus Thailandiomyces. Members ofDiaporthales are pathogens, parasites, and endophytesof plants, human-animal pathogens, saprobes and soilinhabi tants (Rossman et a l . 2007) . The orderDiaporthales is characterized by perithecia with an elon-gate beak, often formingwithin stromatic tissues(Rossman et al. 2007). Asci generally deliquesce at thebase when mature and have a characteristic refractiveapical annulus.

Falcocladiales R.H. Perera, Maharachch., S. Somrithipol, S.Suetrong & K.D. Hyde, ordo novus

Type family: FalcocladiaceaeIndex Fungorum number: IF551132; Facesoffungi No.:

FoF 00606This monotypic order in the subclass Hypocreomycetidae

is introduced to accommodate the family Falcocladiaceae.Members of this family are saprobes on leaf litter and leavesincluding Eucalyptus grandis and E. camaldulensis in tropi-cal, terrestrial habitats (Crous et al. 1994; Jones et al. 2014).Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomatahyaline, sporodochial or synnematal, or penicillate, arisingfrom the mycelium or from a stroma or from microsclerotia,thick-walled with non-septate stipe extensions that terminatein thin-walled sphaeropendunculate vesicles. Conidiophoreshyaline, non to multi-septate, branched, forming three seriesof branches per conidioma (primary, secondary and tertiary),subcylindical. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, arranged in 2–6whorls, necks elongate, with minute collarettes. Conidia trans-septate, hyaline, falcate, with short apical and basal append-ages (Jones et al. 2014).

Type species: Falcocladium multivesiculatum S.F.Silveira et al.

Notes: The order presently includes one hyphomycetousasexual genus Falcocladium introduced by Crous et al.(1994). Jones et al. (2014) introduced the monotypic familyFalcocladiaceae based on SSU and LSU sequence data toaccommodate the members of genus Falcocladium and sug-gested further taxon sampling was needed to determine itsordinal status. There is no recorded sexual morph for thisorder. In the molecular analysis (Figs. 1 and 2)Falcocladiales is most closely related to the orderCoronophorales.

Glomerellales Chadef. ex Réblová et al., Stud. Mycol. 68(1):170 (2011a, b)

Chadefaud (1960) had proposed the order BGlomérellales^but without a Latin diagnosis and the name was thus invalid.The order Glomerellales was therefore validly published byRéblová et al. (2011a) in the class Sordariomycetes and

Fungal Diversity

comprised three families Australiascaceae, Reticulascaceaeand Glomerellaceae. The introduction was based on analysisof ITS1, 5.8S rDNA and ITS2 (ITS), nc28S (LSU) rDNA, andnc18S (SSU) rDNA datasets, and a combined data set of LSU-SSU-RPB2.Hypocreales Lindau, in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam.,Teil. I (Leipzig) 1(1): 343 (1897)

Members of the Hypocreales are highly diverse in the tro-pics and subtropics (Põldmaa 2011). This larger order is rep-resent by Bionectriaceae, Clavicipitaceae, Cordycipitaceae,H y p o c r e a c e a e , N e c t r i a c e a e , N i e s s l i a c e a e ,Oph i o co rd y c i p i t a c e a e , S t a c h y bo t r i a c e a e andTilachlidiaceae. In the phylogenetic analysis (Figs. 1 and 2)i t forms a sis ter clade to Trichosphaeriales andFalcocladiales.

Jobellisiales D’souza & K.D. Hyde, ordo novusType family: JobellisiaceaeIndex Fungorum number: IF551134; Facesoffungi No.:

FoF 00621Jobellisiales is a monotypic order in the class

Sordariomycetes, subclass Diaporthomycetidae. It includes asingle family Jobellisiaceae characterized by saprobiclignicolous taxa found in terrestrial and freshwater habitats.Sexual morph: Ascomata superficial, basally immersed,brown to black, or externally with yellowish pigments, papil-late perithecial. Peridium 3-layered, with an orange, middlewall layer. Hamathecium with paraphyses. Asci unitunicate,cylindrical, with a large, refractive, J-, apical ring. Ascosporesuniseriate, 1-septate, coloured, with germ pores. Asexualmorph: Undetermined.

Type species: Jobellisia luteola (Ellis & Everh.) M.E. BarrNotes: This order encompasses taxa that possess relatively

large, superficial ascomata, a three layered, thick peridium,cylindrical asci and one septate ascospores. Ascomata ofJobellisia luteola (Ellis & Everh.) M.E. Barr are peculiar inappearing orange to yellow brown, whereas those of J. barriiHuhndorf et al. and J. viridifuscaK.M. Tsui &K.D. Hyde havea bright orange middle wall layer (Ranghoo et al. 2001, Liuet al. 2012). The family Jobellisiaceae was introduced byRéblová (2008) as a monotypic family and currently includesseven species. Réblová (2008) using LSU rDNA sequenceanalysis showed that the closest relatives to Jobellisiaceae areDiaporthales, Calosphaeriales and Togniniaceae. No asexualmorph is reported for this order. In our phylogenetic analysis(Figs. 1 and 2) this order is closest to Calosphaeriales.

Koralionastetales Kohlm. et al., Mycol. Res. 113(3): 377(2009)

Based on the combined dataset of SSU and LSU rDNAsequences and morphological characters the generaKoralionastes and Pontogeneia were assigned to the new or-de r Kora l ionas t e ta l e s (Campbe l l e t a l . 2009) .

Koralionastetales shows phylogenetic affinities toLulworthiales, but differences in morphology are expressedin the ascospores and the presence/absence of periphysesand paraphyses (Campbell et al. 2009).

Lulworthiales Kohlm. et al., Mycologia 92(3): 456 (2000)Kohlmeyer et al. (2000) assigned two genera Lulworthia

and Lindra, to this new order and the new family(Lulworthiaceae). Abdel-Wahab et al. (2010) showed that anumber of asxual morphs also belong in this family, ieHalazoon, Hydea and Orbimyces. Members of Lulworthialeslack an apical apparatus in the asci and sexual morphs membersof the Lulworthiales have ascospores with apical chambersfrom which mucilage is released (Campbell et al. 2005) andtogether with the order Koralionastes belong to the new sub-class Lulworthiomycetidae introduced in this study.

Magnaportha`les Thongk. et al., Fungal Diversity 34: 166(2009)

A phylogenetic study of Pyricularia and related genera inMagnaporthales by Klaubauf et al. (2014) resulted in the in-troduction of two new families, Ophioceraceae andPyriculariaceae. Ophioceraceae comprises a single genusOphioceras, containing species that mostly occur on woodsubmerged in freshwater. Magnaporthaceae was consideredto include Buergenerula, Bussabanomyces, Endopyricularia,Gaeumannomyces, Harpophora, Magnaporthiopsis,Nakataea, Omnidemptus, Pyriculariopsis and Slopeiomyceswith Nakataea as the correct name for the type of the family.The new genus Kohlmeyeriopsis was introduced based onmolecular data and morphology. Pyriculariaceae was intro-duced and included Deightoniella and Pyricularia, and then ew g e n e r a Bambu s i c u l a r i a , Ba r re t om y c e s ,Macgarvieomyces, Neopyricularia, Proxipyricularia,Pseudopyricularia and Xenopyricularia.

Melanosporales N. Zhang & M. Blackw., in Hibbett et al.,Mycol. Res. 111(5): 531 (2007)

This order was suggested in Zhang et al. (2006) but notvalidly published; it was formaly introduced by Hibbettet al . (2007) to accommodate Melanospora andSphaerodes in Ceratostomataceae. Melanosporales forms asister clade to Coronophorales in the present phylogeneticanalysis (Figs. 1 and 2).

Meliolales Gäum et al., Syst. Ascom. 5(1): 180 (1986)This o rde r was in t roduced by Er iksson and

Hawksworth (1985) and it accommodates a single familyMeliolaceae, which are the black mildews and comprisemore than 26 genera. This group is unique in producingblack web-like colonies on the host, comprising superfi-cial brown to black mycelium with appressoria(Hosagoudar 2004). Until recently the family was thought

Fungal Diversity

to be a member of Dothideomycetes (Huhndorf andLumbsch 2007).

Microascales Luttr. et al., Mycotaxon 12(1): 40 (1980)The order Microascales was introduced by Benny andKimbrough (1980) to accommodate Chadefaudiellaceae,Microascaceae and Pithoascaceae, and later expanded to in-clude Ceratocyst idaceae , Gondwanamycetaceae ,Halosphaeriaceae and Graphiaceae (Réblová et al. 2011a).

Ophiostomatales Benny & Kimbr., Mycotaxon 12(1): 48(1980)

This order was introduced by Benny and Kimbrough(1980) for the family Ophiostomataceae; plus Kathistaceaewas added byMalloch and Blackwell (1990). In present studyOphiostomatales forms a well supported sister clade toMagnaporthales.

Phyllachorales M.E. Barr, Mycologia 75(1): 11 (1983)The order Phyllachorales was introduced by Barr

(1983) comprising two clades, viz. Phaeochoraceae andPhyllachoraceae. This order is distinctive as the speciesare biotrophs on various hosts, where they form bright orblack stroma (Pearce and Hyde 1994). Asci areunitunicate and ascospores are hyaline or lightlypigmented (Barr 1983; Pearce and Hyde 1993a, b, 1994,Pearce et al. 2001). In our phylogenetic study (Figs. 1 and2), molecular data from a species of Phyllachoraceae con-f i rmed that Phyl lachorales can be inc luded inSordariomycetidae with higher support.

Pisorisporiales Réblová & J. Fourn., Persoonia 34: 43 (2015)This monotypic order was introduced by Réblová et al.(2015) based on LSU, SSU and RPB2 sequence data. Itcurrently includes the family Pisorisporiaceae. In theiranalyses, the Pisorisporiales nested in a weakly supportedc l ad e s i s t e r t o t h e o rd e r s Lu lwor t h i a l e s andKo r a l i o n a s t e t a l e s a n d i s i n c l u d e d h e r e i nSordariomycetes subclass incertae sedis.

Sordariales Chadef. ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss., Syst.Ascom. 5(1): 182 (1986)

This order was introduced by Eriksson and Hawksworth(1985) and is well-supported in the phylogenetic tree (Figs. 1and 2). It comprises three families viz. Chaetomiaceae,Sordariaceae and Lasiosphaeriaceae sensu lato. Most specieseither grow on dung or decaying substrata such as wood or areaquatic growing on submerged wood (Zhang et al. 2006). TheSordariales are characterized by membraneous or coriaceousascomata, and hyaline or brown ascospores often with ap-pendages or sheaths (Zhang et al. 2006). Our molecular tree(Figs. 1 and 2) places the order in the subclassSordariomycetidae.

Savoryellales Boonyuen et al., in Boonyuen et al., Mycologia103(6): 1368 (2011)

The taxonomic placement of the genus Savoryella has beenwidely debated and Jones et al. (2009a, b) referred it to theSordariales genera incertae sedis. Boonyuen et al. (2011), in acombined phylogenetic analysis of Savoryella species (LSU,SSU, 5.8S rRNA genes, RPB1, RPB2, TEF), showed thatthey formed a monophyletic group in the Sordariomycetes,but showed no affinities with other accepted orders. The orderSavoryellales was introduced to accommodate Savoryellaspecies, along with the genera Ascotaiwania, Ascothailandia(and its asexual morph Canalisporium), as they formed a dis-tinct lineage in the Sordariomycetes (Boonyuen et al. 2011).

Togniniales Senan., Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, ordo novusType family: Togniniaceae

Index Fungorum no: IF551049; Facesoffungi number: FoF00592

Togniniales is a monotypic order in the classSordariomycetes, subclass Diaporthomycetidae. It includes asingle family Togniniaceae containing species saprobic ondead wood. Sexual morph: Ascomata lacking stromatic tis-sues, perithecial, with 1–3 necks. Hamathecium comprisingparaphyses. Asci 8 or poly-sporous, unitunicate, clavate, withsessile bases, occurring on hyaline and branched ascogenoushyphae. Ascospores hyaline and unicellular. Asexual morph:Conidiophores long or short, branched or unbranched.Conidia hyaline, aseptate.

Type species: Togninia minima (Tul. & C. Tul.) Berl.Notes: This monotypic order is introduced based on its

phylogenetic and morphological distinctiveness to accom-modate a single family, Togniniaceae comprising the sex-ual morph genera Conidiotheca and Togninia and theasexual morph genus Phaeoacremonim (Réblová andMostert 2007). Togniniaceae had been placed inCalosphaeriales based on both unique morphologicalcharacters and phylogeny (Mostert et al. 2003). Mostertet al. (2006) placed Togniniaceae in Diaporthales basedon SSU and LSU rRNA gene analysis. In this studyTogn in iaceae f o rms a d i s t i n c t c l ade ba sa l t oDiaporthales in the subclass Diaportheomycetidae and issister to Diaporthales and Calosphaeriales. Hence, weexclude Togniniaceae from Diaporthales and introduce anew order Togniniales.

Trichosphaeriales M.E. Barr, Mycologia 75(1): 11 (1983)This order was introduced by Barr (1983) based on

Trichosphaeria pilosa (Pers.) Fuckel. The current classifica-tion of Trichosphaeriales recognizes only one family, the ter-restrial Trichosphaeriaceae. Trichosphaeriaceae has affinitieswith Papulosporaceae and Thyridiaceae, however until morecollections and data become available it is better to maintainthese familes.

Fungal Diversity

Xylariales Nannf., Nova Acta R. Soc. Scient. upsal., Ser. 48(no. 2): 66 (1932)

The Xylariales is a large order of perithecial ascomyceteswith eight-spored unitunicate asci, with a J+, apical apparatus(Smith et al. 2003). Presently there are 11 families accepted inXylariales; Amphisphaeriaceae, Apiosporaceae, Cainiaceae,Clypeosphaeriaceae, Coniocessiaceae, Diatrypaceae,Graphostromataceae, Hyponectriaceae, Melogrammataceae,Vialaeaceae and Xylariaceae.

Outline of Sordariomycetes, 31 December 2014

Class SORDARIOMYCETES sensu O.E. Erikss. & WinkaDiaportheomycetidae Senan. et al.

Annulatascales D’souza et al.*Annulatascaceae S.W. Wong et al.

Annulatascus K.D. Hyde$

Annulusmagnus J. Campb. & ShearerAqualignicola V.M. et al.#$

Aquaticola W.H. Ho et al.Ascitendus J. Campb. & ShearerAyria Fryar & K.D. Hyde#

Cataractispora K.D. Hyde et al.$

Chaetorostrum Zelski et al.*#

Clohiesia K.D. Hyde$

Cyanoannulus Raja et al.$

Diluviocola K.D. Hyde et al.#

Fusoidispora D. Vijaykrishna et al.$

Longicollum Zelski et al.*#

Pseudoproboscispora Punith.$

Rhamphoria Niessl.$

Submersisphaeria K.D. Hyde$

Torrentispora K.D. Hyde et al.#

Vertexicola K.D. Hyde et al.$

Calosphaeriales M.E. BarrCalosphaeriaceae Munk

Calosphaeria Tul. & C Tul.*= Calosphaeriophora Réblová et al.

Jattaea Berl*$

= Phragmocalosphaeria Petr.= Wegelina Berl.

Kacosphaeria Speg.#

Sulcatistroma A.W. Ramaley#

Togniniella Réblová et al.*$

= Phaeocrella Réblová et al.Tulipispora Révay & J. Gönczöl, in Révay et al.#

Pleurostomataceae Réblová et al.Pleurostoma Tul. & C. Tul.$

= Pleurostomophora Vijaykr. et al.$

Calosphaeriales genera, incertae sedisEnchnoa Fr.#

Coniochaetales Huhndorf et al.Coniochaetaceae Malloch & Cain

Barrina A.W. RamaleyConiochaeta (Sacc.) Cooke$

Lecythophora Nannf$

Cordanales M. Hern.-Rest. & CrousCordanaceae Nann.

Cordana Preuss$

= Porosphaerella E. Müll. & Samuels

Diaporthales Nannf.Cryphonectriaceae Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.

Amphilogia Gryzenh. et al.Aurantiosacculus Dyko & B. Sutton*Aurapex Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.Aurifilum Begoude et al.Celoporthe Nakab. et al.Chromendothia Lar.N. Vassiljeva$

Chrysocrypta Crous & Summerell*Chrysoporthe Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.*

= Chrysoporthella Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.Cryphonectria (Sacc.) Sacc. & D. Sacc.$

Cryptometrion Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.*$

Diversimorbus S.F. Chen & J. Roux*Endothia Fr.Endothiella Sacc.Foliocryphia Cheewangkoon & CrousHolocryphia Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.Immersiporthe S.F. Chen et al.*Lasmenia Speg.*Latruncellus M. Verm. Et al.Luteocirrhus C.F. Crane & T.I. Burgess*$

Mastigosporella Höhn.Microthia Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.Rostraureum Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.Ursicollum Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf.

Diaporthaceae Höhn. ex Wehm.Allantoporthe Petr.#

Apioporthella Petr.#

Clypeoporthella Petr.*#

Diaporthe Nitschke*$

= Phomopsis (Sacc) Bubák*Diaporthella Petr.Diaporthopsis Fabre#

Leucodiaporthe M.E. Barr & Lar.N. Vassiljeva#

Mazzantia Mont.$

Mazzantiella Höhn. #

Fungal Diversity

Ophiodiaporthe Y.M. Ju et al.*$

Pustulomyces D.Q. Dai et al.*

Gnomoniaceae G. WinterAlnecium Voglmayr & JaklitschAmbarignomonia SogonovAmphiporthe Petr.Anisomyces Theiss. & Syd.#

Apiognomonia Höhn.Apioplagiostoma M.E. BarrAsteroma DCBagcheea E. Müll. & R. Menon#

Clypeoporthe Höhn.#

Cryptosporella Sacc.$

Cylindrosporella Höhn.#

Depazea Fr.#

Diplacella Syd.#

= Discosporium Höhn.#

= Discula Sacc.Ditopella De Not.Ditopellopsis J. Reid & C. BoothGloeosporidina Petr.#

Gnomonia Ces. & De Not.$

Gnomoniella Sacc.Gnomoniopsis Berl.Mamiania Ces & De Not.#

Millerburtonia Cif #

Occultocarpon L.C. Mejía & Zhu L. Yang*Ophiognomonia (Sacc.) Sacc.Phragmoporthe Petr.Phylloporthe Syd.#

Plagiostoma Fuckel*$

= Cryptodiaporthe Petr.= Diplodina Westend

Pleuroceras Riess.= Linospora Fuckel

Skottsbergiella Petr.#

Sirococcus Preuss*Spataporthe Bronson et al.*#

Uniseta Ciccar#

Xenotypa Petr.#

Zythia Fr.

Harknessiaceae Crous*Harknessia Cooke*$

Melanconidaceae G. WinterBotanamphora Nograsek & Scheuer#

Ceratoporthe Petr.#

Cytomelanconis Naumov#

Dicarpella Syd. & P. Syd.Dictyoporthe Petr.#

Fremineavia Nieuwl.#

Gibellia Sacc.#

Hypophloeda K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones*#

Kensinjia J. Reid & C. Booth#

Macrodiaporthe Petr.#

Massariovalsa Sacc.#

Mebarria J. Reid & C. Booth#

Melanamphora Lafl.#

Melanconiella Sacc.*Melanconiopsis Ellis & Everh.#*Melanconis Tul. & C. Tul.$

Melanconium LinkPhragmodiaporthe Wehm.#

Plagiophiale Petr.#

Plagiostigme Syd.#

Prosthecium Fresen.Prostratus Sivan. et al.#

Pseudovalsella Höhn.#

Wehmeyera J. Reid & C. Booth#

Wuestneia Auersw. ex FuckelWuestneiopsis J. Reid & Dowsett#

Pseudoplagiostomataceae Cheew. et al.Pseudoplagiostoma Cheew. et al.$

Pseudovalsaceae M.E. BarrApoharknessia Crous & S.J. LeeCoryneum Nees#

Pseudovalsa Ces. & De Not.$

Schizoparmeaceae RossmanConiella Höhn.

= Baeumleria Petr. & Syd.Pilidiella Petr. & Syd.$

Schizoparme Shear$

Stilbosporaceae Link*Natarajania Pratibha & BhatStilbospora Pers.Stegonsporium Corda

Sydowiellaceae Lar.N. VassiljevaCainiella E. Müll.$

Calosporella J. SchrötChapeckia M.E. BarrHapalocystis Auersw. ex Fuckel$

Lambro Racib.#

Rossmania Lar.N. Vassiljeva$

Sillia P. Karst.Stegophora Syd. & P. Syd.#

Sydowiella Petr.$

Uleoporthe Petr.#

Winterella (Sacc.) Kuntze

Fungal Diversity

Tirisporellaceae Suetrong et al.Tirisporella E.B.G. Jones et al.$

Thailandiomyces Pinruan et al.$

Valsaceae Tul. & C. Tul.Amphicytostroma Petr#

Chadefaudiomyces Kamat et al.#

Cryptascoma Ananthap.#

Cytospora Ehrenb.*$

= Leucostoma (Nitschke) Höhn.$

= Valsa Fr.$

= Valsella Fuckel$

= Valseutypella Höhn.Ditopellina J. Reid & C. Booth#

Durispora K.D. Hyde#

Harpostroma Höhn.*#

Hypospilina (Sacc) Traverso#

Kapooria J. Reid & C. Booth#

Leptosillia Höhn.#

Maculatipalma J. Fröhlich & K.D. HydePachytrype Berl. ex M.E. Barr et al.*Paravalsa Ananthapadm.#

Diaporthales, genera incertae sedisArgentinomyces N.I. Peña & Aramb.*#

Anisogramma Theiss. & Syd.$

Anisomycopsis I. Hino & Katum.#

Apiosporopsis (Traverso) Mariani$

= Sphaerognomonia Potebnia ex Höhn.Apomelasmia Grove#

Auratiopycnidiella Crous & Summerell*Bagadiella Cheew. & Crous*Caudospora Starbäck#

Chaetoconis Clem.*Cryptoleptosphaeria Petr.#

Cryptonectriella (Höhn.) Weese#

Cryptonectriopsis (Höhn.) Weese#

Diatrypoidiella Manohar et al.#

Disculoides Crous et al.*Dwiroopa Subram. & Muthumary#

Erythrogloeum Petr.*Exormatostoma Gray#

Greeneria Scribn. & Viala*Gyrostroma Naumov*Hercospora Fr.Hyalorostratum Raja & Shearer*Hypodermina Höhn.#

Keinstirschia J. Reid & C. Booth#

Lollipopaia InderbitzinMacrohilum H.J. SwartMamianiella Höhn.Pseudocryptosporella J. Reid & C. Booth#

Pseudothis Theiss. & Syd.#

Rabenhorstia Fr.Savulescua Petr.#

Stenocarpella Syd. & P. Syd.$

Sphaerognomoniella Naumov & Kusnezowa#

Stioclettia Dennis#

Trematovalsa Jacobesco#

Tubakia B. SuttonValsalnicola D.M. Walker & Rossman*Vismaya V.V. Sarma & K.D. Hyde#

Jobellisiales D’souza & K.D. Hyde*Jobellisiaceae Réblová

Jobellisia M.E. Barr$

Magnaporthales Thongk. et al.*Magnaporthaceae P.F. Cannon

Buergenerula Syd.$

Bussabanomyces Klaubauf et al.$

Ceratosphaerella Huhndorf et al.Ceratosphaeria Niessl.Clasterosphaeria Sivan.#

Clasterosporium Schwein#

Clavatisporella K.D. Hyde#

Gaeumannomyces Arx & D.L. OlivierHarpophora W. GamsHerbampulla Scheuer & Nograsek#

Kohlmeyeriopsis Klaubauf et al.Magnaporthe R.A. Krause & R.K. Webster$

Magnaporthiopsis J. Luo & N. Zhang*Muraeriata Huhndorf et al.Mycoleptodiscus Ostaz.Nakataea HaraOmnidemptus P.F. Cannon & AlcornPhomatospora Sacc.*Pyriculariopsis M.B. EllisSlopeiomyces Klaubauf et al.$

Ophioceraceae Klaubauf et al.*Ophioceras Sacc.*$

Pyriculariaceae Klaubauf et al.Bambusicularia Klaubauf et al.*$

Barretomyces Klaubauf et al.*Deightoniella S. Hughes*

= Utrechtiana Crous & Quaedvl.*$

Macgarvieomyces Klaubauf et al.*Neopyricularia Klaubauf et al.*Proxipyricularia Klaubauf et al.*Pseudopyricularia Klaubauf et al.*$

Pyricularia Sacc.*$

Xenopyricularia Klaubauf et al.*

Fungal Diversity

Magnaporthales, genera incertae sedisPseudohalonectria Minoura & T. Muroi$

Ophiostomatales Benny & Kimbr.Kathistaceae Malloch & M. Blackw.

Kathistes Malloch & M. Blackw.Mattirolella S. Colla#

Termitariopsis M. Blackw. et al.#

Ophiostomataceae Nannf.Ceratocystiopsis H.P. Upadhyay & W.B. Kendr.$

Fragosphaeria Shear$

Hyalobelemnospora Matsush.#

Hyalorhinocladiella H.P. Upadhyay & W.B. Kendr.Klasterskya Petr.#

Leptographium Lagerb. & MelinOphiostoma Syd. & P. Syd.$

Pesotum JL Crane & Schokn.Phialographium H.P. Upadhyay & W.B. Kendr.Raffaelea Arx & Hennebert$

Spumatoria Massee & E.S. Salmon#

Subbaromyces Hesselt.

Ophiostiomatales, genera incertae sedisLanspora K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones*

Togniniales I.C. Senanayake et al.*Togniniaceae Réblová et al.

Conidiotheca Réblová & L. Mostert#

Phaeoacremonium W. Gams et al.*$

Togninia Berl.$

= Romellia Berl.

Trichosphaeriales M.E. BarrTrichosphaeriaceae G. Winter

Acanthosphaeria Kirschst.#

Brachysporium Sacc.#

Collematospora Jeng & Cain#

Coniobrevicolla Réblová#

CresporhaphisM.B. Aguirre#

Cryptadelphia Réblová & Seifert$

Eriosphaeria Sacc.#

Fluviostroma Samuels & E. Müll.#

Kananascus Nag RajKhuskia H.J. Huds.Koorchaloma Subram.Neorehmia Höhn.#

Oplothecium Syd.#

Rizalia Syd. & P. Syd.#

Schweinitziella Speg.#

Setocampanula Sivan. & W.H. Hsieh#

Trichosphaeria FuckelUnisetosphaeria Pinnoi et al.#

Diaportheomycetidae, families incertae sedisPapulosaceae Winka & O.E. Erikss.

Brunneosporella V.M. Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde#

Fluminicola S.W. Wong et al.#

Papulosa Kohlm & Volkm-Kohlm*$

Thyridiaceae O.E. Erikss & J.Z. YueMattirolia Berl. & Bres.#

= Balzania Speg.*#

=Thyronectroidea Seaver#

Pleurocytospora Petr.#

Thyridium Nitschke$

Diaportheomycetidae, genera incertae sedisPlatytrachelon Réblová*

Subclass Hypocreomycetidae O.E. Erikss. & Winka*$

Coronophorales Nannf.*Bertiaceae Smyk*

Bertia De Not.$

Gaillardiella Pat.*$

Chaetosphaerellaceae Huhndorf et al.*Chaetosphaerella E. Müll. & C. Booth$

Crassochaeta Réblová$

Oedemium Link*#

= Veramycina Subram.Spinulosphaeria Sivan.$

Coronophoraceae Höhn.*Coronophora Fuckel$

Nitschkiaceae (Fitzp) Nannf.*Acanthonitschkea Speg.$

Biciliosporina Subram. & Sekar#

Botryola Bat. & J.L. Bezerra#

Fracchiaea Sacc.$

Groenhiella Jørg. Koch et al.*#

Janannfeldtia Subram. & Sekar#

Lasiosphaeriopsis D. Hawksw. & Sivan.#

Loranitschkia Lar.N. Vasiljeva#

Neochaetosphaerella Lar.N. Vassiljeva et al.*#

Neotrotteria Sacc.Nitschkia G.H. Otth ex P. Karst.$

Rhagadostoma Körb.#

Rhagadostomella Etayo#

Tortulomyces Lar.N. Vassiljeva et al.*#

Fungal Diversity

Scortechiniaceae Huhndorf et al.*Biciliospora Petr.*Coronophorella Höhn.Cryptosphaerella Sacc.*$

Euacanthe Theiss.Neofracchiaea Teng$

Scortechinia Sacc.$

Scortechiniella Arx & E. Müll.Scortechiniellopsis Sivan.$

Tympanopsis Starbäck$

Coronophorales, genera incertae sedisPseudocatenomycopsis Crous & L.A. Shuttlew.*$

Falcocladiales R.H. Perera et al.*Falcocladiaceae Somrithipol et al.*

Falcocladium S.F. Silveira et al.*$

Glomerellales Chadef. ex Réblová et al.Australiascaceae Réblová & W. Gams*

Australiasca Sivan. & Alcorn*$

Hyalocylindrophora J.L. Crane & Dumont#

Monilochaetes Halst. ex Harter*$

= Dischloridium B. Sutton

Glomerellaceae Locq. ex Seifert & W. GamsColletotrichum Corda*$

= Glomerella Spauld. & Schrenk

Plectosphaerellaceae W. Gams et al.*Acrostalagmus Corda$

Gibellulopsis Bat. & H. Maia*$

Lectera P.F. Cannon*$

Musicillium Zare & W Gams*$

Plectosphaerella Kleb.*$

= Plectosporium M.E. Palm et al.= Spermosporina U. Braun

Stachylidium Link*$

Verticillium Nees*$

Reticulascaceae Réblová & W. Gams*Cylindrotrichum Bonord.*

= Reticulascus Réblová & W. Gams*$

Kylindria DiCosmo et al.$

Sporoschismopsis Hol-Jech. & Hennebert*= Porosphaerellopsis Samuels & E. Müll.$

Glomerellales, genera, incertae sedisAscocodinaea Samuels et al.

Hypocreales Lindau*Bionectriaceae Samuels & Rossman*

= Spicariaceae Nann.

Acremonium Link*Anthonectria Döbbeler*#

Aphanotria Döbbeler#

Battarrina (Sacc.) Clem. & Shear#

Clonostachys Corda*= Bionectria Speg.$

Bryocentria Döbbeler*Clibanites (P. Karst.) P. Karst.#

Didymostilbe Henn*Dimerosporiella Speg.#

Gliomastix Guég.*Globonectria Etayo#

Gracilistilbella Seifert#

Halonectria E.B.G. Jones*#

Heleococcum P.M. Jørg.*$

Hydropisphaera Dumort*$

Ijuhya Starbäck*Lasionectria (Sacc) CookeMycocitrus Möller#

Nectriella Nitschke ex Fuckel#

Nectriopsis MaireOchronectria Rossman & SamuelsOvicuculospora EtayoParanectria Sacc.#

Peristomialis (W. Phillips) Boud.Pronectria Clem.#

Protocreopsis Yoshim Doi*$

Rhopalocladium Schroers et al.#

Roumegueriella Speg.$

Selinia P. Karst.Spicellum Nicot & RoquebertStephanonectria Schroers & SamuelsStilbocrea Pat.Stromatocrea W.B. Cooke#

Stromatonectria Jaklitsch & H. Voglmayr*Trichonectria Kirschst.Vesicladiella Crous & M.J. Wingf.Verrucostoma Hirooka et al.*Virgatospora Finley

Clavicipitaceae (Lindau) Earle ex RogersonAciculosporium I. Miyake

= Albomyces I. Miyake#

= Mitosporium Clem. & ShearAmphichorda Fr.#

Atkinsonella Diehl.Balansia Speg.

= Dothichloë G.F. Atk.Cavimalum Yoshim. Doi et al.#

Chamaeleomyces SiglerClaviceps Tul.$

Conoideocrella D. Johnson et al.Corallocytostroma Y.N. Yu & Z.Y. Zhang

Fungal Diversity

Diploöspora Grove#

Dussiella Pat.Ephelis Fr.Epichloë (Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul.$

Epicrea Petr.#

Helminthascus Tranzschel#

Heteroepichloë E. Tanaka et al.Hypocrella Sacc.$

= Aschersonia Mont.Konradia Racib.#

Loculistroma F. Patt & Charles#

Metacordyceps G.H. Sung et al.Metarhiziopsis D.W. Li et al.Metarhizium SorokīnMetapochonia Kepler et al.*Moelleriella Bres.Mycomalus Möller#

Myriogenospora G.F. Atk.Neobarya LowenNeoclaviceps J. White et al.Neocordyceps Kobayasi#

Neotyphodium Glenn et al.Nigrocornus Ryley & LangdonNomuraea Maubl.Orbiocrella D. Johnson et al.Parepichloë F.J. White Jr. & ReddyPeriglandula U. Steineret al.*Pochonia Bat. & O.M. FonsecaPseudogibellula Samson & H.C. EvansPseudomeria G.L. Barron#

Regiocrella Chaverri & K.T. Hodge*Romanoa Thirum.#

Rotiferophthora G.L. BarronSamuelsia Chaverri & K.T. Hodge*Shimizuomyces Kobayasi$

Sphacelia Lév.Sphaerocordyceps Kobayasi#

Stereocrea Syd. & P. Syd.#

Tyrannicordyceps Kepler & SpataforaUstilaginoidea Bref.

= Villosiclava E. Tanaka & C. Tanaka

Cordycipitaceae Kreisel ex G.M. Sung et al.Akanthomyces LebertAscopolyporus Möller$

Beauveria Vuill.*Cordyceps (Fr.) Link$

Gibellula Cavara$

Granulomanus de Hoog & Samson#

Hyperdermium J. White et al.$

Isaria Pers.Lecanicillium W. Gams & ZareMicrohilum H.Y. Yip & A.C. Rath

Simplicillium W. Gams & ZareSyspastospora P.F. Cannon & D. Hawksw.Torrubiella Boud.$

Hypocreaceae De Not.= Trichodermataceae Fr.

Aphysiostroma Barrasa et al.Arachnocrea Z. Moravec.Cladobotryum NeesDialhypocrea Speg.#

Escovopsis J.J. Muchovej & Della Lucia*Escovopsioides H.C. Evans & J.O. Augustin*Hypocreopsis P. Karst.*Hypomyces (Fr.) Tul.*Mycogone LinkPayoshaeria W.F. Leong*Protocrea PetchPseudohypocrea Yoshim. Doi#

Rogersonia Samuels & Lodge#

Sepedonium LinkSibirina G.R.W. Arnold#

Sphaerostilbella (Henn.) Sacc. & D. Sacc*$

= Gliocladium CordaSporophagomyces K. Põldmaa & SamuelsStephanoma WallrTrichoderma Pers.*$

= Hypocrea Fr.$

= Sarawakus Lloyd

Nectriaceae Tul. & C. Tul.*= Tuberculariaceae Fr.

Actinostilbe Petch*= Lanatonectria Samuels & Rossman

Albonectria Rossman & SamuelsAllantonectria Earle*Allonectella Petr.#

Antipodium Piroz.#

Atractium Link*Aquanectria L. Lombard & Crous*Baipadisphaeria Pinruan*$

Bisifusarium L. Lombard et al.*Calonectria De Not.*

= Cylindrocladium MorganCalostilbe Sacc. & Syd.#

= Calostilbella Höhn.Campylocarpon Halleen et al.Chaetonectrioides Matsush.Chaetopsina Rambelli$

Chaetopsinectria J Luo & WY ZhuangCoccinonectria Lombard & CrousCorallomycetella Henn.*Corallonectria C. Herrera & P. Chaverri*

Fungal Diversity

Cosmospora Rabenh.*$

Curvicladiella Decock & Crous#

Curvicladium Decock & CrousCyanochyta Höhn.#

Cyanonectria Samuels & ChaverriCyanophomella Höhn.#

Cylindrocladiella Boesew.*= Nectricladiella Crous & C.L. Schoch

Cylindrodendrum Bonord.*Dacryoma Samuels#

Dematiocladium Allegr. et al.Dialonectria (Sacc.) Cooke*Fusarium Link *

= Gibberella Sacc.Fusicolla Bonord*Geejayessia Schroers et al.*Gliocephalotrichum J.J. Ellis & Hesselt.*

= Leuconectria Rossman et al.Gliocladiopsis S.B. Saksena*Glionectria Crous & C.L. SchochHeliscus Sacc*Ilyonectria P. Chaverri & C. Salgado*Macroconia (Wollenw.) Gräfenhan et al.*Mariannaea G. Arnaud ex Samson*Microcera Desm.Nalanthamala Subram.*

= Rubrinectria Rossman & SamuelsNectria (Fr.) Fr.*$

= Tubercularia TodeNeonectria Wollenw.*$

= Cylindrocarpon Wollenw.Neocosmospora E.F. Sm.*

= Haematonectria Samuels & NirenbergOphionectria Sacc.*Paracremonium L. Lombard & Crous*Penicillifer EmdenPersiciospora P.F. Cannon & D. Hawksw.Pleogibberella Sacc.#

Pleonectria Sacc.*= Zythiostroma Höhn ex Falck

Pleurocolla Petr.Pseudocosmospora C. Herrera & P. ChaverriPseudonectria SeaverRectifusarium Lombard et al.Rodentomyces Doveri et al.*Rugonectria P. Chaverri & Samuels*Stachybotryna Tubaki & T. Yokoy#

Stalagmites Theiss. & Syd.#

Stylonectria Höhn.Thelonectria P. Chaverri & C.G. Salgado*Thyronectria Sacc.Viridispora Samuels & Rossman$

Volutella Fr.

= Chaetodochium Höhn.#

Volutellonectria J. Luo & W.Y. Zhuang*Xenoacremonium Lombard & CrousXenocalonectria Crous & C.L. Schoch

= Xenocylindrocladium Decock et al.XenonectriellaWeese#

Niessliaceae Kirschst.Atronectria Etayo#

Circinoniesslia Samuels & M.E. Barr#

Cryptoniesslia Scheuer#

Eucasphaeria Crous*Hyaloseta A.W. Ramaley#

Malmeomyces Starb.#

Melchioria Penz. & Sacc.#

Miyakeomyces Hara#

Myrmaeciella Lindau*#

Niesslia Auersw.*$

Paraniesslia K.M. Tsui et al.#

Pseudonectriella Petr.#

Pseudorhynchia Höhn.#

Rosasphaeria Jaklitsch & Voglmayr*Taiwanascus Sivan. & H.S. Chang#

Trichosphaerella E. Bommer et al.#

Valetoniella Höhn.#

Ophiocordycipitaceae G.H. Sung et al.DrechmeriaW. Gams & H.B. Jansson

= Haptocillium W. Gams & ZareHarposporium Lohde

= Atricordyceps Samuels= Podocrella Seaver= Polyrhina Sorokin

Ophiocordyceps Petch$

= Cordycepioideus Stifler= Didymobotryopsis Henn= Didymobotrys Clem. & Shear= Hirsutella Pat= Hymenostilbe Petch$

= Mahevia Lagarde= Paraisaria Samson & B.L. Brady= Sorosporella Sorokin= Syngliocladium Petch#

= Synnematium Speare= Trichosterigma Petch= Troglobiomyces Pacioni

Polycephalomyces Kobayasi= Blistum B. Sutton

Purpureocillium Luangsa-ard et al.*Tolypocladium W. Gams

= Chaunopycnis W. Gams= Elaphocordyceps G.H. Sung & Spatafora$

Fungal Diversity

Stachybotriaceae L. Lombard & CrousAlbosynnema E.F. Morris$

Myrothecium Tode*$

Parasarcopodium Melnik et al.$

Peethambara Subram. & Bhat*$

Sarcopodium Ehrenb.Scopinella Lév.*$

Stachybotrys Corda*$

= Memnoniella Höhn.= Ornatispora K.D. Hyde et al.= Melanopsamma Niessl.= Valsonectria Speg.

Tilachlidiaceae Lombard & CrousSeptofusidium W. Gams$

Tilachlidium Preuss$

Hypocreales, genera incertae sedisBerkelella (Sacc.) Sacc.#

Bulbithecium Udagawa & T MuroiEmericellopsis JFH Beyma*Fecundostilbum T.P. Devi & Chowdhry#

Geosmithia J. PittGynonectria Döbbeler*#

Hapsidospora Malloch & CainHaptospora G.L. Barron#

Harzia CostantinIllosporiopsis D. Hawksw.#

Illosporium Mart.Kallichroma Kohlm. & Volkm-Kohlm.*Leucosphaerina ArxMetadothella Henn.#

Munkia Speg.#

Mycoarachis Malloch & CainNeomunkia PetrNigrosabulum Malloch & CainPayosphaeria W.F. Leong*#

Peloronectria Möller#

Pseudoidriella Crous & R.G. Shivas*Pseudomeliola Speg.#

Pseudomicrodochium B. Sutton#

Roselliniella Vain*Sarocladium W. Gams & D. Hawksw.*Sedecimiella K.L. Pang et al.*Septomyrothecium Matsush.#

= Sporothrix Hektoen & C.F. PerkinsStanjemonium W. Gams et al.Stilbella LindauTiconectria Döbbeler#

Tilakidium Vaidya et al.#

Trichothecium LinkValetoniellopsis Samuels & M.E. Barr

Melanosporales N. Zhang & M. Blackw.Ceratostomataceae G. Winter*

Acrospeira Berk & Broome#

Arxiomyces P.F. Cannon & D. Hawksw.#

Erythrocarpon Zukal#

Gonatobotrys Corda#

Melanospora Corda$

= Proteophiala Cif.Pteridiosperma J.C. Krug & Jeng#

Pustulipora P.F. Cannon#

Rhytidospora Jeng & Cain#

Setiferotheca Matsush.#

Vittatispora P. Chaudhary et al.$

Melanosporales genera, incertae sedisSphaerodes Clem.*Papulaspora Preuss

Microascales Luttr. ex Benny & Kimbr.= Halosphaeriales Kohlm.

Chadefaudiellaceae Faurel & Schotter ex Benny & Kimbr.Chadefaudiella Faurel & Schotter#

Faurelina Locq-Lin.

Ceratocystidaceae Locq. ex Réblova et al.*Ambrosiella Brader ex Arx & Hennebert$

Ceratocystis Ellis & Halst.$

Chalaropsis PeyronelDavidsoniella Z.W. de Beer et al.Endoconidiophora MünchGrosmannia Goid.Huntiella Z.W. de Beer et al.Thielaviopsis Went.$

Gondwanamycetaceae Réblová et al.*Custingophora Stolk et al.*$

Gondwanamyces Marais & M.J. Wingf.*$

Graphiaceae De BeerGraphium Corda$

Halosphaeriaceae E. Müll & Arx ex Kohlm.Alisea J. Dupont & E.B.G. Jones*Aniptodera Shearer & M. Miller*Anisostagma K.R.L. Petersen & Jørg. Koch*#

Antennospora Meyers*Appendichordella R.G. Johnson et al.*#

Arenariomyces Höhnk*Ascosacculus J J Campb., J.L. Anderson & Shearer*Bathyascus Kohlm.*#

Carbosphaerella I. Schmidt*Ceriosporopsis Linder*

Fungal Diversity

= Bovicornua Jørg Koch & E.B.G. JonesChadefaudia Feldm.-Maz.#

Cirrenalia Meyers & R.T. Moore*Clavatospora Sv Nilsson ex Marvanová & Sv Nilsson*Corallicola Volkm.-Kohlm. & Kohlm.*#

Corollospora Werderm*= Halosigmoidea Nakagiri et al.

Cucullosporella K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones*Ebullia K.L. Pang*Fluviatispora K.D. Hyde*#

Gesasha Abdel-Wahab & Nagah.*Haiyanga K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones*Haligena Kohlm.*Halosarpheia Kohlm. & E. Kohlm.*Halosphaeria Linder*$

Halosphaeriopsis T.W. Johnson*$

= Culcitalna Meyers & R.T. MooreHavispora K.L. Pang & VrijmoedIwilsoniella EBG Jones*#

Kitesporella Jheng & K.L. Pang*Kochiella Sakay. et al.*Lautisporiopsis E.B.G. Jones et al.Lignincola Höhnk*$

Limacospora Jørg. Koch & E.B.G. Jones*#

Luttrellia Shearer*#

Magnisphaera J. Campb. et al.*= Matsusphaeria K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones

Marinospora A.R. Caval.*= Ceriosporella (Kohlm.) A.R. Caval.

Moana Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.*#

Morakotiella Sakay.*Nais Kohlm.*Natantispora J. Campb. et al.r*Naufragella Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.*Nautosphaeria E.B.G. Jones*Neptunella K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones*Nereiospora EBG Jones et al.*Nimbospora Jørg. Koch*$

Nohea Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.*Oceanitis Kohlm.*

= Ascosalsum J. Campb. et al.= Falcatispora K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones

Ocostaspora E.B.G. Jones et al.*Okeanomyces K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones*Ondiniella E.B.G. Jones et al.*$

Ophiodeira Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.*Panorbis J. Campb. et al. *Phaeonectriella Eaton & E.B.G. Jones*Pileomyces K.L. Pang & Jheng*Pseudolignincola Chatmala & E.B.G. Jones#

Remispora Linder*$

Saagaromyces K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones*= Littispora J. Campb. et al.

Sablicola E B.G. Jones et al.*Thalassogena Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.*Thalespora Chatmala & E.B.G. Jones*Tirispora E.B.G. Jones & Vrijmoed*Toriella Sakay. et al.*Trailia G.K. Sutherl.*#

Trichomaris Hibbits et al.*#

Tubakiella Sakay. et al.*Tunicatispora K.D. Hyde*#

= Buxetroldia K.R.L. Petersen & Jørg KochVaricosporina Meyers & Kohlm.*

Microascaceae Luttr. ex MallochAnekabeeja Udaiyan & Hosag.#

Brachyconidiellopsis Decock et al.Canariomyces ArxCephalotrichum Link#

Doratomyces Corda$

Echinobotryum Corda#

Enterocarpus Locq.-Lin.Kernia Nieuwl.Knoxdaviesia M.J. Wingf. et al.Lophotrichus R.K. Benj.Microascus Zukal$

Parascedosporium Gilgado et al.*Petriella Curzi$

Pseudallescheria Negroni & I. Fisch.= Petriellopsis Gilgado et al.

Scedosporium Sacc. ex Castell. & Chalm.Scopulariopsis BainierWardomyces F.T. Brooks & Hansf.Wardomycopsis Udagawa & Furuya

Microascales, genera incertae sedisBisporostilbella Brandsb. & E.F. Morris#

Cornuvesica C.D. Viljoen et al.Gabarnaudia Samson & W. GamsSphaeronaemella P. Karst.Sporendocladia G. Arnaud ex Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr.Trichurus Clem.Viennotidia Negru & Verona ex Rogerson#

Vermiculariopsiella Bender

Savoryellales Boonyuen et al.*Savoryellaceae Jaklitsch & Réblová

Ascotaiwania Sivan. & H.S. Chang*$

Canalisporium Nawawi & Kuthub.*$

= Ascothailandia Sri-indr. et al.*$

Savoryella E.B.G. Jones & R.A. Eaton*$

Savoryellales, genera incertae sedisCarpoligna F.A. Fernández & Huhndorf$

Conioscypha Höhn.$*= Conioscyphascus Réblová & Seifert$

Fungal Diversity

Flammispora Pinruan et al.Sterigmatobotrys Oudem.*

Hypocreomycetidae, families incertae sedisEtheirophoraceae Rungjindamai et al.*

Etheirophora Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.*$

Swampomyces Kohlm. & Volkm.*$

Juncigenaceae E.B.G. Jones et al.*Juncigena Kohlm et al.*$

Fulvocentrum E.B.G. Jones & Abdel-Wahab*Marinokulati E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang*$

Moheitospora Abdel-Wahab et al.*$

Torpedosporaceae E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang*Glomerulispora Abdel-Wahab & Nagah.*$

Torpedospora Meyers*$

Hypocreomycetidae, genera incertae sedisMyrmecridium Arzanlou et al.Pleurotheciella Réblová et al.* $

Pleurothecium Höhn.*$

Subclass Lulworthiomycetidae Dayarathne et al.

Koralionastetales Kohlm. et al.Koralionastetaceae Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.

Koralionastes Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.$

Lulworthiales Kohlm. et al.Lulworthiaceae Kohlm. et al.

Cumulospora I. Schmidt*$

Equicapillimyces S.S.Y. Wong et al.Halazoon Abdel-Aziz et al.*Haloguignardia A. Cribb & J. Cribb*Hydea K.L. Pang & E.B.G Jones*$

Kohlmeyeriella E B G Jones et al.*Lindra I. Wilson*$

Lulwoana Kohlm. et al.*Lulwoidea Kohlm. et al.*Lulworthia G.K. Sutherl*$

Matsusporium E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang*Moleospora Abdel-Wahab et al.*Moromyces Abdel-Wahab et al.*Orbimyces Linder*Rostrupiella Jørg Koch et al.*

Subclass Meliolomycetidae P.M. Kirk & K.D. Hyde*

Meliolales Gäum. ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.#

Armatellaceae Hosag.Armatella Theiss. & Syd.#

Meliolaceae G.W. Martin ex Hansf.Amazonia Theiss.#

Appendiculella Höhn.

AsteridiellaMcAlpine$

Basavamyces V.B. Hosag.#

Ceratospermopsis Bat.#

Cryptomeliola S. Hughes & Piroz.Ectendomeliola Hosag. & D.K. Agarwal#

Endomeliola S. Hughes & Piroz.$

Haraea Sacc. & P. Syd.#

Hypasteridium Speg.#

Irenopsis F. Stevens$

Laeviomeliola Bat.#

Leptascospora Speg.#

Meliola Fr.$

Metasteridium Speg.#

Ophiociliomyces Bat. & I.H. Lima#

Ophioirenina Sawada & W. Yamam.#

Ophiomeliola Starb.#

Parasteridium Speg.#

Pauahia F. Stevens#

Pleomeliola (Sacc.) Sacc.#

Pleomerium Speg.#

Prataprajella Hosag.#

Ticomyces Toro#

= Dontuzia L.D. GomezUrupe Viégas#

Xenostigme Syd.#

Subclass Sordariomycetidae O.E. Erikss & Winka

Boliniales P.F. CannonBoliniaceae Rick*

Apiocamarops Samuels & J.D. Rogers#

Apiorhynchostoma Petr.$

Camaropella Lar.N. Vassiljeva$

Camarops P. Karst.*$

Cornipulvina Huhndorf et al.$

Endoxyla FuckelMollicamarops Lar.N. Vassiljeva#

Pseudovalsaria Spooner

Chaetosphaeriales Huhndorf et al.Chaetosphaeriaceae Réblová et al.

Ascochalara Réblová#

Brunneodinemasporium Crous & R.F. Castañeda*Catenularia Grove#

Chaetosphaeria Tul. & C. Tul.*$

Chloridium LinkCodinaea MaireCodinaeopsisMorgan-JonesCraspedodidymum Hol-Jech.#

Cryptophiale Piroz.#

Dendrophoma Sacc.Dinemasporium Lév.*Dictyochaeta Speg.

Fungal Diversity

Dictyochaetopsis Aramb. & Cabello#

Exserticlava S. Hughes$

Gonytrichum Nees & T. Nees#

Hemicorynespora M.B. Ellis#

Kionochaeta P.M. Kirk & B. SuttonInfundibulomyces Plaingam et al.*Lecythothecium Réblová & WinkaMelanopsammella Höhn.Menispora Pers.*PhaeostalagmusW. Gams#

Phialogeniculata Matsush.#

Pseudobotrytis Krzemien. & BaduraPseudolachnea Ranoj.Pyrigemmula D. Magyar & R. Shoemaker*Rattania Prabhug. & Bhat$

Miyoshiella Kawam.#

Sporoschisma Berk. & Broome*= Melanochaeta E. Müll. et al.$

Striatosphaeria Samuels & E. Müll.Tainosphaeria F.A. Fernández & HuhndorfThozetella KuntzeUmbrinosphaeria Réblová$

Zanclospora S. Hughes & W.B. Kendr.#

Zignoëlla Sacc.

Helminthosphaeriaceae Samuels et al.Echinosphaeria A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf*$

Endophragmiella B. Sutton#

Helminthosphaeria Fuckel*$

Hilberina Huhndorf & A.N. Mill.*Ruzenia O. Hilber*$

Synaptospora Cain*$

Tengiomyces Réblová#

Pleurotremataceae Walt. WatsonPleurotrema Müll. Arg.*#

Chaetosphaeriales genera incertae sedisCaudatispora J. Fröhl. & K.D. HydeErythromada Huhndorf et al.Lasiosphaeriella Sivan.*Leptosporella Penz. & Sacc.*Nawawia MarvanováRimaconus Huhndorf et al.*$

Phyllachorales M.E. Barr*Phaeochoraceae K.D. Hyde et al.

Cocoicola K.D. Hyde#

Phaeochora Höhn.#

Phaeochoropsis K.D Hyde & P.F. Cannon#

Serenomyces Petr.*

Phyllachoraceae Theiss. & H. Syd.

Acerviclypeatus Hanlin*#

Apiosphaeria Höhn.#

Ascovaginospora Fallah et al.$

Brobdingnagia K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon#

Camarotella Theiss. & Syd.#

Coccodiella Hara$

Cyclodomus Höhn.#

Deshpandiella Kamat & Ullasa#

Diachora Müll. Arg.#

= Diachorella Höhn.Diatractium Syd. & P. Syd.Erikssonia Penz. & Sacc.#

Fremitomyces P.F. Cannon & H.C. Evans#

Geminispora Pat.#

Gibellina Pass. ex Roum.#

Imazekia Tak. Kobay. & Y. Kawabe#

Isothea Fr.#

Lichenochora Hafellner#

Lindauella Rehm#

Linochora Höhn.#

Lohwagia Petr.#

Maculatifrondes K.D. Hyde#

Malthomyces K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon#

Muelleromyces Kamat & Anahosur#

Mycohypallage B. Sutton#

Neoflageoletia J. Reid & C. Booth#

Ophiodothella (Henn.). Höhn.*Orphnodactylis Malloch & Mallik#

Oswaldina Rangel#

Oxodeora K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon#

Parberya C.A. Pearce & K.D. Hyde#

Petrakiella Syd.#

Phaeochorella Theiss. & Syd.#

Phycomelaina Kohlm.#

Phyllachora Nitschke ex Fuckel$

Phylleutypa Petr.#

Phyllocrea Höhn.#

Polystigma DC.= Polystigmina Sacc.#

Pseudothiella Petr.#

Pseudothiopsella Petr.#

Pterosporidium W.H. Ho & K.D. Hyde#

Rehmiodothis Theiss. & Syd.#

Retroa P.F. Cannon#

Rhodosticta Woron.#

Rikatlia P.F. Cannon#

Schizochora Syd. & P. Syd.#

Sphaerodothella C.A. Pearce & K.D. Hyde#

Sphaerodothis (Sacc. & P. Syd.) ShearStigmatula (Sacc.) Syd. & P. Syd.#

Stigmochora Theiss. & Syd.#

Stromaster Höhn.#

Telimena Racib.#

Fungal Diversity

Telimenella Petr.#

Telimenochora Sivan.#

Trabutia Sacc. & Roum.#

Tribulatia J.E. Taylor et al.#

Uropolystigma Maubl.#

Vitreostroma P.F. Cannon#

Zimmermanniella Henn.#

Phyllachorales genera incertae sedisMarinosphaera K.D. Hyde*#

Sordariales Chad. ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.Chaetomiaceae G. Winter

Achaetomium J.N. Rai et al.$

Bommerella Marchal#

Boothiella Lodhi & Mirza#

Botryotrichum Sacc. & MarchalChaetomidium (Zopf) Sacc.$

Corynascella Arx & Hodges$

Chaetomiopsis Mustafa & Abdul-Wahid#

Chaetomium Kunze$

Diplogelasinospora CainEmilmuelleria ArxFarrowia D. Hawksw.GuanomycesM.C. Gonzáles et al.Humicola Traaen*Madurella BrumptMyceliophthora Costantin*

= Corynascus ArxStaphylotrichum J.A. Mey. & Nicot*Subramaniula Arx#

Taifanglania Z.Q. Liang et al.Thielavia ZopfZopfiella G. Winter*

Lasiosphaeriaceae Nannf.*Angulimaya Subram & Lodha#

Anopodium Lundq.*Apiosordaria Arx & W. Gams$

Apodospora Cain & J.H. Mirza*Apodus Malloch & CainArniella Jeng & J.C. Krug#

Arnium Nitschke ex G. Winter*Bellojisia RéblováBiconiosporella Schaumann*#

Bombardia (Fr.) P. Karst.$

Bombardioidea C. Moreau ex N. Lundqv.Camptosphaeria Fuckel#

Cercophora FuckelCladorrhinum Sacc. & MarchalDiffractella Guarro et al.#

Emblemospora Jeng & J.C. Krug#

Eosphaeria Höhn.#

Fimetariella N. Lundq.*Immersiella A.N. Mill. & HuhndorfJugulospora N. Lundq.$

Lacunospora Cailleux#

Lasiosphaeria Ces. & De Not.$

Mammaria Ces. ex Rabenh.Melanocarpus ArxPeriamphispora J.C. Krug#

Podospora Ces.Pseudocercophora Subram. & Sekar#

Schizothecium CordaStrattonia Cif.Thaxteria Sacc.#

Triangularia BoedijnTripterosporella Subram. & Lodha#

Zygopleurage Boedijn$

Zygospermella Cain*

Sordariaceae G. WinterCopromyces N. Lundq.Effetia Bartoli et al.*#

Gelasinospora Dowding$

Guilliermondia Boud.#

Neurospora Shear & B.O. Dodge*$

= Chrysonilia ArxPseudoneurospora Dania García et al.$

Sordaria Ces & De Not. $

Stellatospora T. Ito & A. Nakagiri#

Sordariales, genera incertae sedisAbyssomyces Kohlm*#

Acanthotheciella Höhn.#

Ascolacicola Ranghoo & K.D. HydeAsterosporium KunzeBombardiella Höhn.#

Cancellidium TubakiCoronatomyces Dania García et al.Corylomyces Stchigel et al.Cuspidatispora A. Mill.Globosphaeria D. Hawksw.#

Isia D. Hawksw & Manohar#

Lasiosphaeris Clem.= Lasiadelphia Réblová & W Gams*

Lockerbia K.D. Hyde#

Nitschkiopsis Nannf. & R. Sant.#

Onygenopsis Henn.#

Phaeosporis Clem.#

Ramophialophora M. Calduch et al.Reconditella Matzer & Hafellner#

Rhexodenticula W.A. Baker & Morgan-JonesRhexosporium Udagawa & Furuya#

Roselliniomyces Matzer & Hafellner#

Roselliniopsis Matzer & Hafellner#

Fungal Diversity

Sporidesmiopsis Subram. & BhatUtriascus Réblova#

Ypsilonia Lév.#

Sordariomycetidae, families incertae sedis

Batistiaceae Samuels & K.F. Rodrigues$

Acrostroma Seifert#

Batistia Cif.$

Cephalothecaceae Höhn.*Albertiniella Kirschst.$

Cephalotheca Fuckel$

Cryptendoxyla Malloch & Cain$

Phialemonium W. Gams & McGinnis$

Sordariomycetidae, genera incertae sedisArecacicola Joanne E. Taylor et al.#

Barbatosphaeria Réblová#

Bullimyces A. Ferrer et al.*Brachysporiella Bat.Ceratolenta Réblová*Ceratostomella Sacc.ChaetosphaeridesMatsush.#

Conlarium F. Liu & L. Cai*Garethjonesia K.D. Hyde#

Hanliniomyces Raja & Shearer#

Hydromelitis A. Ferrer et al.*Lentomitella Höhn.Mirannulata Huhndorf et al.Menisporopascus Matsush.*#

Merugia Rogerson & Samuels#

Mycomedusiospora G.C. Carroll & Munk#

Myelosperma Syd. & P. Syd.#

Nigromammilla K.D. Hyde & J. Fröhl.#

Phaeotrichosphaeria Sivan.#

Phragmodiscus Hansf.#

Plagiosphaera Petr.#

Rhodoveronaea Arzanlou et al.Riomyces A. Ferrer et al.Spadicoides S. Hughes*Xylomelasma RéblováWoswasia Jaklitsch et al.

Subclass Xylariomycetidae O.E. Erikss & Winka

Xylariales Nannf.Apiosporaceae K.D. Hyde et al.*$

Appendicospora K.D. HydeArthrinium Kunze*$

= Apiospora Sacc.$

= Cordella Speg.= Pteroconium Sacc. ex Grove

Dictyoarthrinium S. Hughes#

Endocalyx Berk. & Broome#

Scyphospora LA Kantsch#

Spegazzinia Sacc.

Amphisphaeriaceae G. WinterAdisciso Kaz. TanakaAmphisphaerella (Sacc.) Kirschst.#

Amphisphaeria Ces & De Not.*$

Atrotorquata Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.Bartalinia Tassi*Bleptosporium Steyaert*#

Broomella Sacc*Capsulospora K.D. HydeCeratosporium Schwein.#

Ceriophora Höhn.#

Ceriospora Niessl#

Chitonospora E. Bommer et al.#

Clypeophysalospora H.J. Swart#

Discosia Lib.*Discostroma Clem.*$

Distorimula San Martín et al.#

Doliomyces Steyaert#

Dyrithium M.E. Barr#

Dyrithiopsis L. Cai et al.= Monochaetiopsis L. Cai et al.*

Flagellosphaeria Aptroot#

Frondispora K.D. Hyde#

Funiliomyces Aptroot*Griphosphaerioma Höhn.*#

= Labridella BrenckleHyalotiopsis Punith.*

= Ellurema Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr.Immersidiscosia Kaz. Tanaka et al.*$

Iodosphaeria Samuels et al.#

Labridium Vestergr.Lindquistomyces Aramb. et al.#

Manokwaria K.D. Hyde#

Microdochium Syd.Monochaetia (Sacc) Allesch.*MonochaetinulaMuthumary et al.*#

Monographella Petr.$

Morinia Berl. & Bres.*Mukhakesa Udaiyan & Hosag.#

Neobroomella Petr.#

Neohypodiscus J.D. Rogers et al.#

Neopestalotiopsis Maharachch. et al.*Ommatomyces Kohlm et al.#

Paracainiella Lar.N. Vassiljeva#

Pemphidium Mont.#

Pestalotiopsis Steyaert*= PestalosphaeriaM.E. Barr

Phlogicylindrium Crous et al.*PseudopestalotiopsisMaharachch. et al.*$

Fungal Diversity

Reticulosphaeria Sivan. & Bahekar#

Robillarda Sacc.$

Sarcostroma CookeSeimatosporium Corda

= Vermisporium H.J. Swart & M.A. Will.*Seiridium Nees *

= Blogiascospora Shoemaker et al.= Lepteutypa Petr.$

= Pestalotia De Not.Sporocadus Corda#

Synnemapestaloides T. Handa & Y. Harada#

Truncatella SteyaertUrosporella G.F. Atk.#

Urosporellopsis W.H. Hsieh et al.#

Xylochora Arx & E. Müll.#

Zetiasplozna Nag Raj

Cainiaceae J.C. Krug*Arecophila K.D. Hyde*$

Cainia Arx & E. Müll.*$

Seynesia Sacc.$

Clypeosphaeriaceae G. WinterApioclypea K.D. HydeAquasphaeria K.D. Hyde#

Brunneiapiospora K.D. Hyde et al.Clypeosphaeria Fuckel$

Crassoascus Checa et al.#

Palmomyces K.D. Hyde et al.#

Coniocessiaceae Asgari & Zare*Coniocessia Dania García et al.$

Diatrypaceae NitschkeAnthostoma NitschkeCryptosphaeria Ces & De Not.Cryptovalsa Ces & De Not. ex FuckelDiatrype Fr.$

Diatrypella (Ces & De Not.) De Not.Diatrypasimilis J.J. Zhou & Kohlm., in Chalkleyet al*Echinomyces Rappaz#

Eutypa Tul. & C. Tul.$

Eutypella (Nitschke) Sacc.Leptoperidia Rappaz#

Monosporascus Pollack & Uecker$

Pedumispora K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones*Peroneutypa Berl.#

Phaeoisaria Höhn.Quaternaria Tul. & C. Tul.#

Graphostromataceae M.E. Barr et al.*$

Graphostroma Piroz.$

Hyponectriaceae Petr.Apiothyrium Petr.#

Arecomyces K.D. Hyde#

Arwidssonia B. Erikss.#

Cesatiella Sacc.#

Chamaeascus L. Holm et al.#

Charonectria Sacc.#

Discosphaerina Höhn.*Exarmidium P. Karst.#

Frondicola K D Hyde*#

Hyponectria Sacc.$

Micronectria Speg.#

Papilionovela Aptroot#

Pellucida Dulym. et al.#

Physalospora NiesslPhragmitensis M.K.M. Wong et al.*#

Pseudomassaria Jacz*$

Rhachidicola K.D. Hyde & J. Fröhl.#

Xenothecium Höhn.#

Melogrammataceae G. Winter*Melogramma Fr.

Vialaeaceae P.F. Cannon*Vialaea Sacc.*$

Xylariaceae Tul. & C. Tul.*Amphirosellinia Y.M. Ju et al.*Annulohypoxylon Y.M. Ju et al.*Anthocanalis Daranagama et al.*Anthostomella Sacc.*Appendixia B.S. Lu & K.D. Hyde#

Areolospora S.C. Jong & E.E. Davis#

Arthroxylaria Seifert & W Gams*Ascotricha Berk.*

= Dicyma Boulanger= Puciola De Bert.

Astrocystis Berk & Broome*Barrmaelia RappazBiscogniauxia Kuntze*Brunneiperidium Daranagama et al.*Calceomyces Udagawa & S UedaCamillea Fr.*

= Basidiobotrys Höhn.= Masoniomyces JL Crane & Dumont= Xylocladium P. Syd. ex Lindau

Cannonia J.E. Taylor & K.D. Hyde#

Chaenocarpus Rebent.#

Chlorostroma A.N. Mill. et al.*Collodiscula I Hino & Katum.*

= Acanthodochium Samuels et al.Coniolariella Dania García et al.*

= Coniolaria Seigle-Mur et al.

Fungal Diversity

Creosphaeria Theiss.*$

Cyanopulvis J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde#

Daldinia Ces. & De Not.*= Annellosporium M.L. Davey= Versiomyces Whalley & Watling

Durotheca Læssøe et al.*Emarcea Duong et al.Engleromyces Henn.*Entoleuca Syd.Entonaema MöllerEuepixylon FüistingFasciatispora K.D. Hyde*Fassia Dennis#

Gigantospora B.S. Lu & K.D. Hyde#

Guestia G.J.D. Sm. & K.D. Hyde#

Halorosellinia Whalley et al.Helicogermslita Lodha & D. Hawksw.#

Hypocopra (Fr) J. Kickx fHypocreodendron Henn.*

= Discoxylaria J.C. Lindq. & J.E. WrightHypoxylon Bull.*

= Pyrenopolyporus Lloyd= Triplicaria P Karst *

Induratia Samuels, E. Müll. & PetrinJumillera J.D. Rogers et al.#

Kretzschmaria Fr.*= Holttumia Lloyd

Kretzschmariella Viégas#

Leprieuria Laessøe et al.#

Leptomassaria Petr.#

Libertella Desm.Lopadostoma (Nitschke) Traverso*Lunatiannulus Daranagama et al.*Muscodor Worapong et al.*Myconeesia Kirschst.#

Nemania Gray*$

= Geniculisynnema Okane & Nakagiri= Geniculosporium Chesters & Greenh.

Nodulisporium Preuss*= Pleurographium Goid.

Nipicola K.D. Hyde#

Obolarina PouzarOccultitheca J.D. Rogers & Y.M. Ju#

Ophiorosellinia JJ.D. Rogers et al.#

Pandanicola K.D. Hyde#

Paramphisphaeria F.A. Fernández et al.#

Paucithecium Lloyd#

Phylacia Lév.Podosordaria Ellis. & Holw.Poroleprieuria M.C. González et al.#

Poronia Willd.*= Lindquistia Subram. & Chandrash

Pyrenomyxa Morgan

= Pulveria Malloch & RogersonPyriformiascoma Daranagama et al.*Rhopalostroma D. Hawksw.*Rosellinia De Not.*$

= Dematophora R. Hartig= Vrikshopama D. Rao & P.Rag. Rao

Rostrohypoxylon J Fourn & M Stadler*Ruwenzoria J. Fourn. et al.*Sabalicola K.D. Hyde#

Sarcoxylon Cooke#

Sclerodermatopsis Torrens#

Spirodecospora B.S. Lu et al.#

Squamotubera Henn.#

Steganopycnis Syd. & P Syd.#

Stilbohypoxylon Henn.Streblema Chevall.#

Striatodecospora D.Q. Zhou et al.#

Stromatoneurospora S.C. Jong & E.E. DavisThamnomyces Ehrenb.Theissenia Maubl.Thuemenella Penz. & Sacc.Virgaria Nees*

= Ascovirgaria J.D. Rogers & Y.M. JuVivantia J.D. Rogers et al.#

Wawelia Namysl#

Whalleya J.D. Rogers et al.Xylaria Hill ex Schrank*

= Moelleroclavus Henn.= Padixonia Subram.= Pseudoxylaria Boedijn= Xylocoremium J.D. Rogers

Xylocrea Möller#

Xylotumulus J.D. Rogers et al.

Xylariales, genera incertae sedisAdomia S. Schatz#

Ascotrichella Valldos & Guarro#

Beltraniella Subram.$

Diamantinia A.N. Mill. et al.Hadrotrichum FuckelLanceispora Nakagiri et al.*Lasiobertia Sivan.Leiosphaerella Höhn*Linocarpon Syd. & P. Syd.Neolinocarpon K.D. Hyde*Oxydothis Penz. & Sacc.*Palmicola K.D. Hyde#

Pidoplitchkoviella Kiril.Plectosphaera Theiss.Polyancora Voglmayr & YulePulmosphaeria Joanne E. Taylor et al.#

Sporidesmina Subram. & BhatSubramaniomyces Varghese & V.G. Rao

Fungal Diversity

Yuea O.E. Erikss.#

Sordariomycetes, orders incertae sedis

Amplistromatales D’souza et al. *Amplistromataceae Huhndorf et al.

Amplistroma Huhndorf et al.*$

Wallrothiella Sacc.*$

=Pseudogliomastix W. Gams= Zignoina Cooke#

Catabotrydaceae Petr. ex M.E. BarrCatabotrys Theiss. & Syd.$

Pisorisporiales Réblová & J. Fourn.*Pisorisporiaceae Réblová & J. Fourn.*

Achroceratosphaeria Réblová et al.*Pisorisporium Réblová & J. Fourn.*

Spathulosporales Kohlm.Hispidicarpomycetaceae Nakagiri

Hispidicarpomyces Nakagiri*

Spathulosporaceae Kohlm.Retrostium Nakagiri & Tad Ito*Spathulospora A.R. Caval. & T.W. Johnson*

Sordariomycetes, families incertae sedis

Obryzaceae KörbObryzum Wallr.#

Sordariomycetes, genera incertae sedisAcerbiella Sacc.#

Acrospermoides Miller & G.E. Thomps.#

Ameromassaria Hara#

Amphisphaerellula Gucevič#

Amphisphaerina Höhn.#

Amphorulopsis Petr.#

Amylis Speg.#

Anthostomaria (Sacc.) Theiss. & Syd.#

Anthostomellina L.A. Kantsch.#

Apharia Bonord.#

Apodothina Petr.#

Apogaeumannomyces Matsush.#

Aquadulciospora Fallah & Shearer#

Aropsiclus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.#

Ascorhiza Lecht.-Trnka#

Ascoyunnania L. Cai & K.D. Hyde#

Assoa Urries#

Aulospora Speg.#

Azbukinia Lar.N. Vassiljeva#

Bactrosphaeria Penz. & Sacc.#

Biporispora J.D. Rogers et al.#

Bombardiastrum Pat.#

Brenesiella Syd.#

Byrsomyces Cavalc.#

Byssotheciella Petr.#

Caleutypa Petr.#

Calosphaeriopsis Petr.#

Caproniella Berl.#

Chaetoamphisphaeria Hara#

Ciliofusospora Bat. & J.L. Bezerra#

Calcarisporium Preuss#

Clypeoceriospora Sousa da Câmara#

Clypeosphaerulina Sousa da Câmara#

Crinigera SchmidtCryptoascus Petri#

Cryptomycella Höhn.#

Cryptomycina Höhn.#

Cucurbitopsis Bat. & Cif.#

Curvatispora V.V. Sarma & K.D. Hyde#

Dasysphaeria Speg.#

Delpinoëlla Sacc.#

Diacrochordon Petr.#

Dryosphaera Jørg. Koch & E.B.G. Jones#

Duradens Samuels & Rogerson$

Ellisembia Subram.Endoxylina Romell#

Esfandiariomyces Ershad#

Frondisphaera K.D. Hyde#

Glabrotheca Chardόn#

Heliastrum Petr.#

Hyaloderma Speg.#

Hydronectria Kirschst.#

Hypotrachynicola Etayo#

Immersisphaeria Jaklitsch.#

Iraniella Petr.#

Imicles Shoemaker & Hambl.#

Konenia Hara#

Kravtzevia Schwartzman#

Kurssanovia Kravtzev#

Lecythiomyces Doweld#

= Lecythium ZukalLeptosacca Syd.#

Leptosphaerella Speg.#

Leptosporina Chardón#

Liberomyces Pažoutová et al.*Lyonella Syd.#

Mangrovispora K.D.Hyde & Nagakiri#

Melanographium Sacc.#

Melomastia Nitschke ex Sacc.Microcyclephaeria Bat.#

Monotosporella S. Hughes

Fungal Diversity

Naumovela Kravtzev#

Natantiella R blováNeocryptospora Petr.#

Neolamya Theiss. & Syd.#

Neothyridaria Petr.#

Nigrospora Zimm.Ophiomassaria Jacz.#

Orcadia GK Sutherl*#

Paoayensis Cabanela et al.Pareutypella Y.M. Ju & J.D. Rogers#

Phialemoniopsis Perdomo et al.*Phomatosporella Tak. Kobay & K. Sasaki#

Phyllocelis Syd.#

Pleocryptospora J. Reid & C. Booth#

Pleosphaeria Speg.#

Pontogeneia Kohlm.#

Porodiscus Lloyd#

Protocucurbitaria Naumov#

Pulvinaria Bon.#

Pumilus Viala & Marsais#

Rehmiomycella E. Müll.#

Rhamphosphaeria Kirschst.#

Rhizophila K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones#

Rhopographella (Henn.) Sacc. & TrotterRhynchosphaeria (Sacc.) Berl.#

Rivulicola K.D. Hyde#

Romellina Petr.#

Saccardoëlla Speg.#

Sarcopyrenia Nyl.#

Sartorya Vuill.#

Scharifia Petr.#

Scoliocarpon Nyl.#

Scotiosphaeria Sivan.#

Selenosporella G. Arnaud ex MacGarvie 1969*Servazziella J. Reid & C. Booth#

Sporoctomorpha J.V. Almeida & Sousada Câmara#

Stanjehughesia Subram.Stearophora L. Mangin & Viala#

Stegophorella Petr.#

Stellosetifera Matsush.#

Stereosphaeria Kirschst.Stomatogenella Petr.#

Stromatographium Höhn.#

Strickeria Körb.#

Sungaiicola Fryar & K.D. Hyde#

Synsphaeria Bon.#

Tamsiniella S.W. Wong et al.#

Tectonidula RéblováTeracosphaeria R blová & SeifertThelidiella Fink.#

Thyridella (Sacc.) Sacc.#

Thyrotheca Kirschst.#

Trichospermella Speg.#

Trichosphaeropsis Bat. & Nasc.#

Tunstallia Agnihothr.#

Vleugelia J. Reid & C. Booth#

Zalerion R.T. Moore & Meyers*DothideomycetesDothidealesThis obviously does not list all genera ofDothideales but onlythose which were considered to be placed in Sordariomycetesin Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) and Wijayawardene et al.(2012) and are now excluded.

Dichomera CookeHendersonula Speg.#

Kabatia Bubák#

Kabatiella BubákSarcophoma Höhn.#

Selenophoma Maire

Leotiomycetes O.E. Erikss. & WinkaHelotiales Nannf.This obviously does not list all genera of Helotialesbut only those which were considered to be placed inSordariomycetes in Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010)and Wijayawardene et al . (2012) and are nowexcluded.

Chalara (Corda) Rabenh.= Chaetochalara B. Sutton & Piroz.#

Diplococcium Grove *Idriella P.E. Nelson & S. Wilh.*

Ascomycota genera incertae sedisThis does not list all genera of Ascomycota genera incertae

sedis but only those which were considered to be placed inSordariomycetes in Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) andWijayawardene et al. (2012) and are now excluded. Thereare large numbers of genera listed in Kirk et al. (2013, 2014)that are considered synonyms in Index Fungorum, however itis impossible to check whether these have been correctlysynonymised and these are not listed here.

Acrophialophora EdwardAnguillospora Ingold*Aphanocladium W. GamsBiflua Jørg. Koch & E.B.G. Jones*#

Cacumisporium Preuss#

Didymobotryum Sacc.DumortieriaWestend.#

Eiona Kohlm.*#

Engyodontium de HoogFusichalara S. Hughes & Nag Raj#

Hapsidascus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.*#

Kutilakesa Subram.#

Linkosia A. Hern.-Gut. & B. Sutton*

Fungal Diversity

Lunulospora IngoldMenisporopsis S. Hughes*$

Monocillium S.B. Saksena$

Paliphora Sivan. & B. SuttonPhaeocytostroma Petr.Pleurodesmospora Samson et al.Pleurophragmium CostantinRetroconis de Hoog & Bat Vegte$

Septogloeum Sacc.Sporidesmium Link*Trichocladium Harz*Verticimonosporium Matsush.*$

Notes on outline - 2014

AbyssomycesKohlm., Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 83(9–10): 505 (1970)The type species is Abyssomyces hydrozoicus Kohlm.,

which was collected on hydrocaulon, attached to stony corals(Kohlmeyer 1970). The genus was referred by Jones et al.(2009a, b) to Sordariales genera incertae sedis. Further col-lections and molecular study are required to determine itsnatural taxonomic placement.

Achroceratosphaeria Réblová et al., Fungal Diversity 43: 79(2010)

The genus Achroceratosphaeria was introduced fromfreshwater and terrestrial habitats with the type speciesA. potamia Réblová et al. and two other species (Réblováet al. 2010). Achroceratosphaeria is characterized by im-mersed perithecia, with hyaline to subhyaline emergent necksand cylindrical-clavate asci with a distinct apical annulus.Molecular studies shows that Achroceratosphaeria resides ina single branch as a sister to the clade containingLulworthiales and Koralionastetales and was placed inPisorisporiaceae (Réblová et al. 2015).

Acremon ium L ink , Magaz i n d e r Ge s e l l s ch a f tNaturforschenden Freunde Berlin 3: 15 (1809)

Acremonium is generally considered to be a highly poly-phyletic asexual genus containing distantly related fungi(Glenn et al. 1996), with A. alternatum Link, the type species,in the Hypocreales. Acremonium furcatum Moreau & F.Moreau ex Gams has been shown to group in thePlectosphaerellaceae with Gibellulopsis nigrescens(Pethybr.) Zare et al. as a sister group (Réblová et al. 2011a).Summerbell et al. (2011) confirmed the placement ofA. alcalophilum G. Okada, A. brunnescens W. Gams,A. furcatum, A. nepalense W. Gams, A. restrictum (J.F.H.Beyma) W. Gams and A. stromaticum W. Gams & R.H.Stover in the Plectosphaerellaceae, as was already shown byZare et al. (2007).Acremonium apii (M.A. Sm.& Ramsey)W.Gams also has been shown to belong to this family as a syn-onym of Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Berthold. The

phytopathogen A. cucurbitacearum Alfaro-García et al. hasalso been shown to belong in Plectosphaerellaceae (Zareet al. 2007). Summerbell et al. (2011) designated CBS407.66 as the epitype of Acremonium alternatum, the typespecies of the genus. ITS sequences analyses by Giraldoet al. (2012) show that the A. alternatum epitype strain (CBS407.66) and a large group of species currently accepted inAcremonium belong in the family Bionectriaceae.

Acrostalagmus Corda, Icones fungorum hucusquecognitorum 2: 15 (1838)

A polyphyletic asexual genus with most species assignedto the Hypocreales; Acrostalagmus cinnabarinus Corda is thetype species. Réblová et al. (2011a) showed Acrostalagmusannulatus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Seifert (= Stilbella annulataBerk. & M.A. Curtis) and A. luteoalbus (Link) Zare et al.groups with high support in the Plectosphaerellaceae, basedon nuclear SSU rDNA sequences, with Verticillium dahliaeKleb. as a sister group.

Actinostilbe Petch, Ann. R. bot. Gdns Peradeniya 9: 327(1925)

Actinostilbe appears to be linked to Lanatonectria.However, they are not common genera, and thus Rossmanet al. (2013) proposed the name Lanatonectria be abandonedin favour of the older and more widely used asexual morphgeneric name Actinostilbe. The genus belongs in Nectriaceae.

Alisea J. Dupont & E.B.G. Jones, Mycol. Res. 113(12): 1358(2009)

Monotypic marine taxon growing on submerged wood re-covered at 1000 m depth in the Pacific Ocean with no knownasexual morph. Molecular data confirm its position inHalosphaeriaceae (Dupont et al. 2009).

Allantonectria Earle, in Greene, Plant. Bak. 2(1): 11 (1901)Hirooka et al. (2012) studied the systematics of Nectria

based on a 6-loci phylogenetic analysis. Nectria divided intotwo main clades: the first clade being Nectria sensu strictowhich includes the type species, N. cinnabarina (Tode) Fr.,along with 27 additional species and genera. The second cladecomprised Pleonectria with 26 species some withZythiostroma asexual morphs. Sister to the Pleonectria cladeis Nectria miltina (Mont.) Mont. which has Trichoderma-likeasexual morphs and occurs on monocotyledons. Since thesecharacters are different from Pleonectria, a new genus,Allantonectria, was introduced.

AmphiroselliniaY.M. Ju et al., Mycologia 96(6): 1393 (2004)Amphirosellinia was introduced by Ju et al. (2004) to in-

clude five xylariaceous taxa with erumpent or immersedperithecioid stromata. The name itself refers to its stromatalanatomy which is similar to that of the genus Rosellinia, but

Fungal Diversity

differs in having stromata that develop beneath the host epi-dermis (Ju et al. 2004). The accepted Amphirosellinia speciesconstitute a coherent group that is characterized by severalunique characteristics, and a synnematous asexual morph thatproduces lacrymoid conidia (Ju et al. 2004). A molecular studythat included type strains of A. fushanensis Y.M. Ju et al. andA. nigrosporaY.M. Ju et al. placedAmphirosellinia as a discretemonophyletic group, which appears to be paraphyletic withXylaria digitata and X. montagnei (Hsieh et al. 2010).

Amphisphaeria Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital.1(4): 223 (1863)

The genus Amphisphaeria was introduced by De Notaris(1863) with A. umbrina (Fr.) De Not. as the type species.Based on molecular data, Kang et al. (1999a) determined thatAmphisphaeria is polyphyletic.

Amplistroma Huhndorf et al., Mycologia 101(6): 907 (2009)Amplistroma was described to accommodate seven species

with A. carolinianum Huhndorf et al. as the type species(Huhndorf et al. 2009). According to phylogenetic analysesusing LSU data, Amplistroma is included in the familyAmplistromataceae formed a monophyletic clade with strongbootstrap and Bayesian support (Huhndorf et al. 2009). In ourcombined analysis Amplistroma clusters with Wallrothiellaand is sister to Catabotrys deciduum in Catabotrydaceae(Amplistromatales).

Anguillospora Ingold, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 25 (4): 401(1942)

A polyphyletic genus with species in the familyLulworthiaceae (A. marina Nakagiri & Tubaki), asexualPleosporales (A. crassa Ingold), Hymenoscyphus imberbis(Bull.) Dennis, Helotiaceae (A. fustiformis Marvanová &Descals) and A. coryli (Redhead & G.P. White) U. Braun,asexual Mycosphaerellaceae (Index Fungorum 2015).Anguillospora marina is a synonym of Lindra obtusaNakagiri & Tubaki as established by cultural studies and mo-lecular data (Jones et al. 2009b). The type species,A. longissima (Sacc. & P. Syd.) Ingold, is not linked to anysexual morph and was placed in asexual Ascomycota inShearer et al. (2009); the genus is retained and placed herein Ascomycota genera incertae sedis.Aniptodera Shearer & M.A. Mill., Mycologia 69(5): 893(1977)

A genus of Halosphaeriaceae established by Shearer andMiller (1977) to accommodate the aquatic fungusA. chesapeakensis Shearer & M.A. Mill. Molecular analysisof SSU and LSU rDNA sequence data confirm thatAniptodera is a polyphyletic genus with A. chesapeakensisand A. lignatilisK.D. Hyde placed in one clade, while the restof the species are placed in distant clades (Jones et al. 2009a).Further study is needed to resolve the taxonomy of the species

referred to Aniptodera. No asexual morph is known.

Anisostagma K.R.L. Petersen & Jørg. Koch, Mycol. Res.100(2): 209 (1996)

Monotypic genus of Halosphaeriaceae that wasestablished by Petersen and Koch (1996) to accommodatethe marine species, A. rotundatum K.R.L. Petersen & Jørg.Koch. This infrequently collected species has no known asex-ual morph. A phylogenetic study is required to determine if itdiffers from Thalassogena and confirm its position in theHalosphaeriaceae.

AnopodiumN. Lundq., Botaniska Notiser 117 (4): 356 (1964)A genus of Lasiosphaeriaceae based onmorphological and

molecular data with A. ampullaceum as the type species. Thegenus groups with Cercophora sulphurella (Sacc.) R. Hilberin a well-supported clade and joins the weakly supported cladecontaining Cercophora sparsa (Sacc. & Fairm.) R. Hilber,Corylomyces selenosporus Stchigel et al., Bellojisiarhynchostoma (Höhn.) Réblová and Podospora didyma J.H.Mirza & Cain (Kruys et al. 2015).

Annulohypoxylon Y.M. Ju et al., in Hsieh et al., Mycologia97(4): 855 (2005)

Two sections were recognized in Hypoxylon by Ju andRogers (1996); Hypoxylon sect. Hypoxylon and Hypoxylonsect. Annulata. Based on a phylogenetic analysis, includingprotein coding genes, Annulohypoxylon was introduced as anew genus by Heish et al. (2005) to accommodate Hypoxylonsect. Annulata with A. truncatum (Schwein.) Y.M. Ju et al.designated as the type species. Hsieh et al. (2005) described37 species and varieties belonging to Annulohypoxylon.Several other species have been added to the genus(Fournier et al. 2010; Hladki and Romero 2009; Ju et al.2004; Marincowitz et al. 2008; Pereira et al. 2010;Vassiljeva and Stephenson 2013); Index Fungorum (2015)l i s t s 50 species . Annulohypoxylon species havenodulosporium-like asexual morphs.

Antennospora Meyers, Mycologia 49: 501 (1957)Monotypic marine ascomycete growing on submerged

wood, often in association with calcareous shells. No asexualmorph is known. Molecular data confirms its position in theHa lo sphae r i a c ea e , f o rm ing a s i s t e r g r oup t oPseudolignincola siamensis with high bootstrap support(Pang et al. 2008; Sakayaroj et al. 2011a).

Anthocanalis Daranagama et al., Fungal Diversity (in press)(2015)

The genus Anthocanalis was introduced for A. spartiDaranagama et al. to represent anthostomella-like taxa distin-guished by having ascomata with a reduced clypeus withshiny papilla and limoniform ascospores (Daranagama et al.

Fungal Diversity

2015). Isolates from ascospores of A. sparti produced anodulisporium-like asexual morph in culture. According tothe phylogenetic analysis by Daranagama et al. (2014) usingfour combined genes, A. sparti clustered in the hypoxyloidXylariaceae and was closely related to Rhopalostroma,Ruwenzoria and Thamnomyces.

Anthonectria Döbbeler, Mycologia 102(2): 405 (2010)This monotypic genus was introduced by Döbbeler (2010)

based on Anthonectria mammispora Döbbeler and is stated tobe invalid in Index Fungorum (2014). According to the mor-phology the genus is classified in family Bionectriaceae.

Apiosporaceae K.D. Hyde et al., in Hyde et al., Sydowia50(1): 23 (1998)

Hyde et al. (1998) introduced Apiosporaceae to accommo-date Apiospora and Appendicospora. Smith et al. (2003) con-cluded that Apiosporaceae represented one of the seven fam-ilies in Xylariales. Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) listedApiosporaceae as family incertae sedis (Sordariomycetes).Crous and Groenewald (2013) analysed LSU rDNA sequencedata and confirmed the Apiosporaceae belongs in Xylariales,and is a sister group to Amphisphaeriaceae.

Apodospora Cain & J.H. Mirza, Can. Bot. 48 (5): 891 (1970)Monophyletic genus in Lasiosphaeriaceae with

Apodospora simulans Cain & J.H. Mirza as the type species(Kruys et al. 2015). It groups with a number of other taxa withunclear affinities to each other, lacking higher-level support(Kruys et al. 2015).

Appendichordella R.G. Johnson et al., Can. J. Bot. 65(5): 941(1987)

A monotypic lignicolous genus with no known asexualmorph, the type of which was described in Sphaerulina(Kohlmeyer 1962) and has been referred to Haligena(Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer 1979). The genus is morpholog-ically well-placed in the family Halosphaeriaceae, but re-quires further collection, isolation and sequencing to confirmits position therein (Jones et al. 2009a).

Aquanectria Lombard et al., in Lombard et al., Stud.Mycol.80: 207 (2015)

Lombard et al. (2015) introduced the genus Aquanectria,typified by Aquanectria penicillioides (Ingold) L. Lombard &Crous, based on a multi-locus gene analysis to accommodatetwo species previously treated as members of the generaFlagellospora and Heliscus. The genus belongs in the familyNectriaceae.

Arecophila K.D. Hyde, Nova Hedwigia 63(1–2): 82 (1996)Arecophila was introduced by Hyde (1996), with the type

species A. gulubilcola K.D. Hyde and six other species. The

genus was originally placed in Amphisphaeriaceae due to amorphological resemblance to Amphisphaeria but was revisedby Kang et al. (1999a) and excluded from Amphisphaeriaceae.Arecophila differs from Amphisphaeria in having a cylindrical,J+ ascus ring and ascomata immersed under a clypeus. Its striateascospores surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath show certainsimilarities to those of Atrotorquata, Cainia, and Ceriophora(Kang et al. 1999b). Due to its close morphological affinitieswith these genera in Cainiaceae, Arecophila was moved toCainiaceae (Kang et al. 1999b). Molecular data is required toresolve its taxonomic position.

ArenariomycesHöhnk, Veröff. Inst. Meeresf. Bremerhaven 3:28 (1954)

A genus of Halosphaeriaceae, the type species of whichhas been variously referred toHalosphaeria (Cribb and Cribb1956), Peritrichospora (Kohlmeyer 1961) and Corollospora(Kohlmeyer 1962), molecular data confirming its position inthis family (Jones et al. 2009b). No asexual morph is known.Five species are referred to the genus (Jones et al. 2009b;Koch 2013).

Argentinomyces N.I. Peña & Aramb., Mycotaxon 65: 333(1997)

A monotypic genus, based on a single collection, of un-known affinities and requiring further study at the molecularlevel. Jones et al. (2009b) referred Argentinomyces to theDiaporthales genera incertae sedis based on its morphology.Although it has features in common with members of theHalosphaeriaceae, it does not belong in the family as it hasa thick-walled ascus apex and persistent asci.

Arnium Nitschke ex G. Winter, Bot. Ztg.: 450 (1873)A genus in the Lasiosphaeriaceae with A. lanuginosum

Nitschke as the type species (Kruys et al. 2015). The genus,as currently circumscribed, comprises 35 species that are mor-phologically diverse. PhylogeneticallyArnium species are dis-persed in three of the four major clades in the family, whichmay be accounted for by the great morphological plasticitywithin the genus. Further studies, including the type species,are required to resolve the phylogenetic relationship ofArnium species.

Arthrinium Kunze, in Kunze & Schmidt, MykologischeHefte (Leipzig) 1: 9 (1817)

This widespread and ecologically diverse genus is commonon grasses and bamboo. Crous and Groenewald (2013) ac-cepted the name Arthrinium over its sexual morph nameApiospora on the basis that the name Arthrinium is older,more commonly encountered, and more frequently used inliterature. Based on morphology and molecular studies ofLSU and ITS rDNA sequence data, the genus is placed in

Fungal Diversity

Apiosporaceae, order Xylariales (Crous and Groenewald2013). The genera Pteroconium andCordella are also reducedto synonymy with Arthrinium, because spore shape and thepresence of setae were rejected as characters of generic signif-icance (Crous and Groenewald 2013).

Arthroxylaria Seifert & W. Gams, in Seifert et al., CzechMycol. 53(4): 299 (2002)

Arthroxylariawas introduced by Seifert et al. (2002) and istypified by A. elegans Seifert & W. Gams. This xylarioidasexual morph has been connected to Xylaria (Stadler et al.2013). The asexual name could be suppressed in favour ofXylaria as it is the older name and the cosmopolitan morphis frequently encountered in nature. Stadler et al. (2013) sug-gested that the name Arthroxylaria can be retained to accom-modate certain species of Xylaria which is thought to be acomparatively diverse genus; a separation at the subgenericlevel may soon occur with the availability of molecular data.

Ascosacculus J. Campb. et al., Mycologia 95(3): 545 (2003)Genus of Halosphaeriaceae that was introduced by

Campbell et al. (2003) to accommodate Ascosacculusheteroguttulatus (S.W. Wong et al.) J. Campb. et al. andA. aquaticus (K.D. Hyde) J. Campb. et al., two species previ-ously placed in Halosarpheia that grow on decaying wood infreshwater habitats; the genus is typified by A. aquaticus. In amolecular study, species of Ascosacculus clustered in a well-supported clade with Aniptodera species (A. chesapeakensisShearer & M.A. Mill. and A. lignatilis K.D. Hyde), that isdistant from H. fibrosa Kohlm. & E. Kohlm., the type speciesof the genus Halosarpheia. Ascosacculus aquaticus produceschains of brown chlamydospores (Campbell et al. 2003),while A. heteroguttulatus has a asexual morph inTrichocladium (Wong et al. 1998a, b).

Ascotaiwania Sivan. & H.S. Chang, Mycol. Res. 96(6): 481(1992)

The genus was introduced to accommodate a freshwaterascomycete (A. lignicola) collected on wood in Taiwan(Sivanesan and Chang 1992) and referred to the Sordarialesby Cai et al. (2006a). Currently 12 species are known fromwood and palm material and are characterised by a conspicu-ous, apical, J- ring in the ascus, reminiscent of that found inAnnulatascus species. A combined phylogenetic analysis ofAscotaiwania species, showed that they grouped inSavoryellales (Hypocreomycetidae), but the position is not fullyresolved. Ascotaiwania sawadae H.S. Chang & S.Y. Hsieh,A. mitriformis Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde and A. lignicola Sivan.&H.S. Chang form awell-supported clade in the Savoryellales,but A. hughesii Fallah et al. does not group with the otherspecies (Boonyuen et al. 2011). Several dematiaceous hypho-mycetous anamorphs have been reported for Ascotaiwania, in-cluding Monotosporella sp. (for Ascotaiwania sawadae,

Sivicha et al. 1998), Monotosporella setosa (Berk. & M.A.Curtis) S. Hughes (for Ascotaiwania sawadae, Ranghoo andHyde 1998), Helicoön farinosum Linder (Ascotaiwaniahughesii, Fallah et al. 1999; Tsui and Berbee 2006). Furthercollections, isolation and sequence data are required to resolvethe taxonomic assignment of individual species in this genus.

Ascotricha Berk., Ann. nat. Hist., Mag. Zool. Bot. Geol. 1:257 (1838)

Dicyma was introduced with D. ampullifera Boulanger1897 as the type species. This asexual genus has been linkedwith Ascotricha by Saccardo (1899) as mentioned in IndexFungorum (2015). The morphological characters of Dicymaampullifera almost perfectly match those of Ascotrichachartarum and Chaetomium chartarum (Saccardo 1899).Stadler et al. (2013) suggested that the older name be givenpriority and that Dicyma placed in synonymy.

Astrocystis Berk. & Broome, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14 (no. 74):123 (1873) [1875]

Astrocystis was introduced by Berkeley and Broome(1874) to accommodate species with uniperitheciate or rarelymulti-peritheciate stromata which appear superficial. Pinnoiet al. (2010) introduced a new species Astrocystis eleiodoxaePinnoi et al. and inferred the phylogenetic relationships of thisand related species based on rDNA sequences of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and partial SSU and LSU genes. They observedthat A. eleiodoxae clusters with Stilbohypoxylon elaeicola(Henn.) L.E. Petrini with weak support when ITS and 28SrDNAwere combined. However, multilocus sequence analy-sis confirmed the monophyly of A. eleiodoxae and that it waswell positioned in the family Xylariaceae.

Atractium Link, Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3(1–2):10 (1809)

In the phylogenetic analysis of Gräfenhan et al. (2011) twoAtractium species, including the type species A. stilbasterLink, formed a well-supported monophyletic group inNectriaceae. No sexual morphs are conclusively known forthis genus.

Aurantiosacculus Dyko & B. Sutton, in Dyko et al.,Mycologia 71(5): 922 (1979)

Two new Aurantiosacculus species (A. acutatus Crous &Summerell and A. eucalyptorum Crous & C. Mohammed)clustered in Cryphonectriaceae (Crous et al. 2012a). No sex-ual morph is known for this coelomycetous genus.

Auratiopycnidiella Crous & Summerell, in Crous et al.,Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 28: 69 (2012)

This genus has a unique set of morphological characteris-tics when compared to other genera of coelomycetous

Fungal Diversity

anamorphs treated by Sutton (1980). The genus may be dis-tantly allied to Melanconidaceae, but is presently placed inDiaporthales genera incertae sedis (Crous et al. 2012d). Nosexual morph is known for this monotypic genus.

Aurifilum Begoude et al., in Begoude et al., Antonie vanLeeuwenhoek 98(3): 273 (2010)

The monotypic genus Aurifilum was introduced forA. marmelostoma Begoude et al., a species from bark ofTerminalia ivorensis from the Cameroons (Begoude et al.2010) and was placed in Cryphonectriaceae based on molec-ular data. It has several obvious characteristics that differ fromother genera in Cryphonectriaceae, especially in the asexualmorph. Conidiomata are broadly convex, and wider than sim-ilar structures of Amphilogia and Rostraureum. The presenceof darkened ostiolar openings at the apex of the conidiomata isalso unique to the taxon.

Australiasca Sivan. & Alcorn. Aust. Syst. Bot. 15(5): 741(2002)

Sivanesan and Alcorn (2002) published this genus withAustraliasca queenslandica Sivan. & Alcorn as the typespecies and with Dischloridium camelliae Alcorn & Sivan.asexual morph which is thus a synonym. This genus wastransferred from Chaetosphaeriaceae to Australiascaceae byRéblová et al. (2011a) based on molecular data.

Australiascaceae Réblová & W. Gams, in Réblová et al.,Stud. Mycol. 68(1): 171 (2011)

The family Australiascaceaewas introduced based on LSU,and a combined dataset of LSU, SSU andRPB2 andwas placedin the Glomerellales (Réblová et al. 2011a). The family in-cludes the sexual genus Australiasca and asexual genusMonilochaetes. Currently, the family comprises Australiascaqueenslandica Sivan. & Alcorn, A. laeënsis Réblová & W.G am s , Mon i l o c h a e t e s i n f u s c a n s Ha r t e r a n dM. guadalcanalensis (Matsush.) I.H. Rong & W. Gams. It ac-commodates species with a sexual morph that is similar toChaetosphaeria with indistinguishable perithecia. The asexualmorphs are phialidic dematiaceous and hyphomycetous, whichare also similar to the asexual morphs of Chaetosphaeria.

Baipadisphaeria Pinruan, in Pinruan et al., Mycosphere 1: 58(2011)

Pinruan et al. (2010) introduced this monotypic genus, withB. spathulospora Pinruan et al. as its type, based on a collec-tion from Thailand in a peat swamp forest on a submergedwoody trunk of Licuala longicalycata. Phylogenetic analysesof LSU and SSU rDNA sequence data reveal that the genusbelongs in the Nectriaceae (Hypocreales). where it forms asister clade with Leuconectria.

Bagadiella Cheew. & Crous, Persoonia 23: 59 (2009)

Cheewangkoon et al. (2009) introduced this hyphomy-cetous genus with B. lanata Cheew. & Crous as its type.Currently this genus has three species and the sexual morphis unknown. Bagadiella is similar to Cladorrhinum(Lasiosphaeriaceae) in having pigmented hyphae andpustular-like aggregations of conidiophores. Based on LSUsequence data, the status of this new genus is supported andreferred to Diaporthales genera incertae sedis.

Bambusicularia Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 105 (2014)Bambusicularia is a monotypic genus of Pyriculariaceae

recently introduced by Klaubauf et al. (2014) to accommodatethe plant pathogenic B. brunnea Klaubauf et al. which wasisolated from Sasa sp. in Japan. It differs from Pyricularia inconidiophore morphology and phylogeny based on LSU, ITS,RPB1, ACT and CAL sequence data (Klaubauf et al. 2014).

Barretomyces Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 105 (2014)Based on sequence analysis of LSU, ITS, RPB1, actin and

calmodulin genes, Klaubauf et al. (2014) introduced this mono-typic genus, assigned to Pyriculariaceae for Barretomycescalatheae (D.J. Soares et al.) Klaubauf et al., a foliar pathogenof Calathea longifolia from Brazil (Soares et al. 2011).

Bartalinia Tassi, Bulletin Labor. Orto Bot. de R. Univ. Siena3: 4 (1900)

Bartalinia is a coelomycetous anamorph genus which ac-commodates species having conidia with either three or foursepta (Marincowitz et al. 2010). The taxonomic revision ofAndrianova and Minter (2007) provided a key to tenBartalinia species. Marincowitz et al. (2010) introducedB. pondoensis Marinc. et al., which was isolated from SouthAfrica from living leaves of Maytenus abbottii. An epitypewas designated for the type species B. robillardoides Tassiwhich showed the genus to belong in Amphisphaeriaceae.

Bathyascus Kohlm., Revue de Mycologie 41(2): 190 (1977)Genus with no known asexual morph. Although gen-

erally referred to the Halosphaeriaceae, preliminary mo-lecular results indicate it has no affinity with taxa inthis family (Jones et al. 2006). Further collections ofthe five Bathyascus species are required for isolationand sequencing.

Bertiaceae Smyk, Ukr. bot. Zh. 38(6): 47 (1981)Mugambi and Huhndorf (2010) revisited the order

Coronophorales with DNA sequence data and showedBertiaceae to be monophyletic. Bertiaceae was expanded toinclude Gaillardiella and Bertia didyma (Speg.) Mugambi &Huhndorf (Mugambi and Huhndorf 2010).

Biciliospora Petr., Sydowia 6(5–6): 429 (1952)See under Scortechiniaceae.

Fungal Diversity

Biconiosporella Schaumann, Veröff. Inst. Meeresforsch.Bremerhaven 14: 24 (1972)

The genus Biconiosporella was referred to theLasiosphaeriaceae based on morphological observations,but requiring sequence data to confirm its assignment to thefamily (Jones et al. 2009b).

Biflua Jørg. Koch & E.B.G. Jones, Can. J. Bot. 67: 1187(1989)

Monotypic marine genus based on morphological observa-tions, requiring study at the molecular level (Jones et al.2009b) and referred to Ascomycota genera incertae sedis. Itgrows on wood associated with sand.

Bionectriaceae Samuels & Rossman, Stud. Mycol. 42: 15(1999)

Rossman et al. (2013) suggested that Bionectriaceaewhichhas been frequently cited, be retained over Spicariaceae 1934which has rarely been cited. They suggested protectingBionectriaceae, despite the synonymy of Bionectria andClonostachys (syn. Spicaria), and maintaining use of theyounger name.

BiscogniauxiaKuntze, Revis. gen. pl. (Leipzig) 2: 398 (1891)Biscogniauxia Kuntze includes xylariaceous taxa with bi-

partite stromata that do not release KOH extractable pigments(Ju et al. 1998). Their asexual morphs in culture are usuallyconsidered as a variation of nodulisporium-like topericoniella-like (Stadler et al. 2013). Molecular studies,mainly based on ITS and protein coding genes (Hsieh et al.2005; Stadler et al. 2013, 2014), place Biscogniauxia as abasal lineage to other xylariaceous taxa.

Bisifusarium Lombard et al., in Lombard et al., Stud. Mycol.80: 223 (2015)

This genus is introduced by Lombard et al. (2015), typifiedby B. dimerum (Penz.) L. Lombard & Crous, to includefusarium-like species previously classified in the genusFusarium. Species of Bisifusarium can be differentiated fromspecies in Fusarium by their short, (0–) 1–2(−3)-septatemacroconidia and the formation of lateral phialidic pegs aris-ing from the hyphae. Phylogenetic studies revealed thatBisifusarium is closely related to Fusarium in Nectriaceae,but distinct from the Fusarium clade.

Bleptosporium Steyaert, Darwiniana 12: 171 (1961)Bleptosporium includes two species, the generic type

B. montteae Speg. ex Steyaert and B. pleurochaetum (Speg.)B. Sutton. The asexual Bleptosporium has been linked toAmphisphaeria and Discostroma (Hyde et al. 2011, IndexFungorum 2015), but these links have not been proven bymolecular data. Both names should be retained pending freshcollection and molecular study.

Boliniaceae Rick, Brotéria, sér. bot. 25: 65 (1931)The family was emended by Untereiner et al. (2013) based

on molecular data and includes the genera Apiocamarops,Apiorhynchostoma, Camarops, Camaropella, Cornipulvina,Endoxy la , Mol l i camarops , Neohypod i scus andPseudovalsaria. A key to genera was also provided.

Broomella Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 557 (1883)Broomella species are distinct in having ellipsoid-fusiform,

inequilaterally curved, triseptate ascospores with central browncells and hyaline end cells, with a single appendage at each end(Kang et al. 1999a). Many species in this genus were initiallylinked to Pestalotia asexual morphs (Shoemaker and Müller1963). Based on the conidial forms, Steyaert (1949) splitPestalotia into three genera, namely Pestalotia, Pestalotiopsisand Truncatella (4-celled conidia). However Nag Raj (1985,1993) preferred to adopt a broader concept for Pestalotiopsisto include 3-septate conidial forms. Pestalotiopsis besseyi(Guba) Nag Raj, P. casuarinae (Cooke & Massee) Nag Raj,P. citrina (McAlpine) Nag Raj, P. eupyrena (Tassi) Nag Raj,P. gastrolobi (Tassi) Nag Raj, P. jacksoniae (Henn.) Nag Raj,P. moorei (Harkn.) Nag Raj, P. pestalozzioides (Dearn. &Fairm.) Nag Raj, P. puyae (Henn.) Nag Raj, P. stevensoniiistevensonii (Peck) Nag Raj and P. torrendiii (J.V. Almeida &Sousa da Câmara) Nag Raj are 3-celled conidial forms that NagRaj (1993) placed in Pestalotiopsis, but which actually belongin Truncatella (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014). LSU se-quence data reveal that Truncatella is a distinct genus in thefamily Amphisphaeriaceae (Jeewon et al. 2002; Barber et al.2011; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014).

Brunneiperidium Daranagama et al., Fungal Diversity (inpress) (2015)

Brunneiperidium was introduced as a new genus to accom-modate two new speciesB. gracilentumDaranagama et al. (typespecies) and B. involucratum Daranagama et al. (Daranagamaet al. 2015). Phylogenetic analysis places these species withinthe xylarioid clade comprising Xylaria and Kretzschmaria. Thegenus hasmorphological similarities withNipicola, however thephylogenetic relationship of Brunneiperidium and Nipicolacould not be evaluated due to the lack of cultures of the latter.

Brunneodinemasporium Crous & R.F. Castañeda, in Crouset al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 28: 128 (2012)

Crous et al. (2012b) studied Dinemasporium and relatedgenera and showed species with tightly aggregatedconidiogenous cells and pale brown conidia belong in themonotypic genus Brunneodinemasporium. They placed thegenus in Chaetosphaeriaceae with B. brasiliense Crous &R.F. Castañeda as the type species.

Brunneosporella Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde, Mycol. Res.105(5): 625 (2001)

Fungal Diversity

This monotypic genus with Brunneosporella aquaticaRanghoo & K.D. Hyde as type species is known to besaprobic on wood in freshwater habitats. It was placed inAnnulatascaceae based on the black ascomata, cylindrical as-ci with a refractive apical ring and brown uniseptateascospores. Ranghoo et al. (1999) in their phylogenetic studyshowed that Brunneosporella (as Ascobrunneispora) clusterswith Annulatascus in Annulatascaceae. Réblová et al. (2015)showed that Brunneosporella clusters in the familyPapulosaceae in phylogenetic analyses.

Bryocentria Döbbeler, Mycol. Progr. 3(3): 247 (2004)Stenroos et al. (2010) obtained sequence data for this genus

and showed it belongs in Bionectriaceae. The generic type,B. brongniartii Döbbeler, is a frequent biotrophic and host-specific leaf perforator of Frullania dilatata. Currently sevenspecies are assigned to the genus (Index Fungorum 2015).

Bullimyces A. Ferrer et al., Mycologia 104(4): 868 (2012)This genus was introduced by Ferrer et al. (2012), with

Bullimyces communis Ferrer et al. as the type species, basedon a collection of submerged woody debris in freshwater.Molecular analysis showed the genus to belong inSordariomycetidae genera incertae sedis.

Cainia Arx & E. Müll., Acta bot. neerl. 4(1): 111 (1955)Krug (1977) revised the genus and introduced Cainiaceae

to accommodate two species; the type species is Cainiagraminis (Niessl) Arx & E. Müll. According to Kang et al.(1999b) another genus Atrotorquata, which is closely relatedto Cainia in their respective morphologies, did not infer anyphylogenetic affinity with the Amphisphaeriaceae (sensustricto), therefore the genus was excluded from this family.Kang et al. (1999b) pointed out that Atrotorquatamorpholog-ically resembles Cainia.

CalonectriaDeNot., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 2(3): 477 (1867)The asexual morph of the type species of Calonectria, C.

daldiniana (= C. pyrochroa (Desm.) Sacc. 1878) is a speciesof Cylindrocladium. Rossman (1979) established the connec-tion from a culture study. A decision is needed for the usebetween Cylindrocladium and Calonectria. Calonectria isthe older name, a well-known pathogen and has morespecies epithets than Cylindrocladium. Crous et al. (2013)described two new species in Calonectria which only hadCylindrocladium asexual morphs.

Calosphaeria Tul. & C. Tul., Select. fung. carpol. (Paris) 2:108 (1863)

Calosphaeria pulchella (Pers.) J. Schröt. was found to forma distinct acremonium-like asexual morph in culture, for whichthe monotypic genus Calosphaeriophora (Calosphaeriophorapulchella Réblová et al. as type) was proposed (Réblová et al.

2004). It causes almond die back in Iran and has an impact onthe almond industry (Arzanlou and Dokhanchi 2013).Calosphaeriophora becomes a synonym of Calosphaeria.

Camillea Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Section Post. (Stockholm):382 (1849)

The monotypic asexual genus Masoniomyces was intro-duced by Crane and Dumont (1975) and later synonymisedwith Xylocladium. Masoniomyces claviformis J.L. Crane &Dumont, the type, was then named as Xylocladium claviforme(J.L. Crane & Dumont) Arx which is currently in use. Jongand Rogers (1972) investigated the asexual morphs of theCamillea species from culture and later Rogers (1984) report-ed C. broomeana (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Læssøe et al. to havea Xylocladium asexual morph. Læssøe et al. (1989) observedthe development of a Xylocladium asexual morph in culture ofC. leprieurii Mont., and therefore assigned the asexual genusXylocladium to the sexual genus Camillea. Stadler et al.(2013) mentioned that the asexual morph Xylocladium shouldbe synonymised under Camillea.

Canalisporium (Hol.-Jech. & Mercado) Nawawi & Kuthub.,Mycotaxon 34(2): 479 (1989)

This genus was introduced by Nawawi and Kuthubutheen(1989) to accommodate the type species Canalisporiumcaribense (Hol.-Jech. & Mercado) Nawawi & Kuthub., afreshwater hyphomycetous anamorph growing on wood. Acombined analysis of partial 18S, 28S rDNA and internal tran-scribed spacer 5.8S region showed that seven Canalisporiumspecies formed a highly supported monophyletic clade in theHypocreomycetidae with Ascothailandia, a sexual morph ge-nus. Ascothailandia had been introduced to accommodate afreshwater taxon, Ascothailandia grenadoidia Sri-indr. et al.,collected in Thailand (Sri-indrasutdhi et al. 2010). Ascosporeisolates produced the Canalisporium grenadoidium Sri-indrasutdhi et al. asexual morph in culture. ThusAscothailandia, which is a recent name, becomes a synonymof Canalisporium. Subsequently, the genus Canalisporiumwas referred to the order Savoryellales (Boonyuen et al. 2011).

Cancellidium Tubaki, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 16(4): 357(1975)

Cancellidium applanatum Tubaki is the type species of thegenusCancellidium. Based on a combined analysis of ITS andLSU sequences,Cancellidium lies in Sordariomycetes genera,incertae sedis (Pratibha et al. 2014).

Carbosphaerella I. Schmidt, Feddes Repert. 80: 108 (1969)The genus well-placed at the morphological and molecular

level in the familyHalosphaeriaceae (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a);no asexual morph is known. Molecular data indicates the ge-nus has affinities with the genus Remispora (Sakayaroj et al.2011a).

Fungal Diversity

Carpoligna F.A. Fernández & Huhndorf, in Fernández et al.,Mycologia 91(2): 253 (1999)

The genus Carpoligenawas introduced by Fernández et al.(1999) based on characters of the asexual morph and the anal-ysis of ribosomal DNA data. The characteristics of ascomataand ascospores of the sexual morph resemble typicalChaetosphaeria species, however, the asexual morphs arereadily distinguished by the typical phialidic conidiophoresin Chaetosphaeria species (Fernández et al. 1999).Fernández et al. (1999) noted a high degree of DNA diver-gence between Carpoligena and taxa belonging to the orders,Diaporthales, Hypocreales, Microascales and Sordariales.

Ceratocystidaceae Locq. ex Réblová, W. Gams & Seifert,Stud. Mycol. 68(1): 188 (2011)

The name Ceratocystidaceae (as BCeratocystaceae^) wasproposed by Locquin (1972), but was not validly published.This was rectified in Réblová et al. (2011a, b) with phyloge-netic data and a recent treatment was provided by De Beeret al. (2014). The family Ceratocystidaceae formed a stronglysupported monophyletic group consisting of Ceratocystis,Cornuvesica, Thielaviopsis and the type species ofAmbrosiella (Ambrosiella xylebori Brader ex Arx &Hennebert) and is placed in the order Microascales based onmolecular data (Réblová et al. 2011a, b). De Beer et al. (2014)treated and accepted Ambrosiella, Ceratocystis, Chalaropsis,Da v i d s o n i e l l a ( a n ew l y i n t r o d u c e d g e n u s ) ,Endoconidiophora, Huntiella (a newly introduced genus)and Thielaviopsis in the family. They excluded Cornuvesica,but did not mention which family it should be placed; here werefer it to Microascales genera incertae sedis.

Ceratolenta Réblová, Mycologia 105(2): 466 (2013)Réblová (2013a) described this new genus with a single

species Ceratolenta caudata Réblová based on morphologyand phylogenetic analyses. Phylogenetic analyses of com-bined genes of this wood-inhabiting taxon indicated that thisspecies belongs in a separate monophyletic branch (100/1.0)without close relationship to other morphologically similarfungi of the Sordariomycetidae.

Ceriosporopsis Linder, Farlowia 1: 408 (1945)Genus well-placed at the morphological and molecular lev-

el in the familyHalosphaeriaceae, with no documented asex-ual morph, except it does produce profuse chlamydospores onwood and in culture (Jones et al. 2009a, b). Ceriosporopsisspecies form a well-supported clade that has affinities withOceanitis (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a; Pang et al. 2012). Basedon molecular data the genus Bovicornua is reduced to synon-ymy with Ceriosporopsis (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a).

Chaetoconis Clem., Gen. fung. (Minneapolis): 125, 176(1909)

Chaetoconis is a coelomycetous anamorph proposed toaccommodate Kellermania polygoni, which is a segregate ofKellermania (Nag Raj 1993). Presently there are two species,Chaetoconis polygoni (Ellis & Everh.) Clem. and C. vacciniiMelnik & Nag Raj. De Gruyter et al. (2009) placed the typespecies, C. polygoni, in Diaporthales genera incertae sedisbased on sequence analysis.

Chaetorostrum Zelski et al., Mycosphere 2(5): 594 (2011)This monotypic genus was introduced for Chaetorostrum

quincemilensis Zelski et al., collected on woody debris fromstreams in a lower montaine cloud forest in Peru. The taxon alsoproduces a taeniolella-like asexual morph in culture, which is afirst record of an asexual morph in Annulatascaceae, however,the placement of this genus was confirmed only by morphologyand thus placed in Annulatascaceae sensu lato (Zelski et al.2011a). This genus can be compared to Ascotaiwania, whichwas recently placed in Savoryellales (Boonyuen et al. 2011).

Chaetosphaerellaceae Huhndorf et al., Mycol. Res. 108(12):1387 (2004)

Mugambi and Huhndorf (2010) revisited the orderCoronophorales with DNA sequence data and showedChaetosphaerellaceae to be monophyletic, composed ofChaetosphaerella and Crassochaeta.

Chamaeleomyces Sigler, J. Clin. Microbiol. 48(9): 3186(2010)

Chamaeleomyces was introduced as a new monotypic ge-nus for C. granulomatis Sigler, isolated from the liverChamaeleo calyptratus collected from a zoo (Sigler et al.2010). According to morphological studies and phylogeneticanalyses of nuclear ribosomal rRNA (rDNA) the genus be-longs in Clavicipitaceae. Paecilomyces viridis was concur-rently transferred to the genus as Chamaeleomyces viridis(Segretain et al.) Sigler (Sigler et al. 2010).

Chlorostroma A.N. Mill. et al., Sydowia 59(1): 142 (2007)Chlorostroma was introduced by Miller et al. (2007) as a

monotypic new genus for C. subcubisporum A.N. Mill. et al..This taxon was first collected inhabiting the stromata ofHypoxylon perforatum (Schwein.) Fr. in the USA and resemblesThuemenella cubispora (Ellis & Holw.) Boedijn in stromatalmorphology. Thus, the genus was placed in Xylariaceae byMiller et al. (2007). Læssøe et al. (2010) detected a lepraric acidderivative in the type specimen. Chlorostroma cyaninumLæssøe et al. was described from Thailand and has the samemetabolite profile as Hypoxylon aeruginosum J.H. Mill. sug-gesting therefore concluded that Chlorostroma and Hypoxylonaeruginosum are closely related Læssøe et al. (2010). However,the taxonomic conclusion is not yet established because culturesto study the asexual morphology, secondary metabolites andmolecular phylogeny are lacking (Læssøe et al. 2010).

Fungal Diversity

Chromendothia Lar.N. Vassiljeva, Mikol. Fitopatol. 27(4): 5(1993)

This monotypic genus was introduced by Vasilyeva (1993)for C. appendiculata Lar.N. Vassiljeva. In the present studyC. citrina Lar.N. Vassiljeva clusters in Cryphonectriaceae(Fig. 2).

Chrysocrypta Crous & Summerell, in Crous et al., Persoonia,Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 28: 165 (2012)

This monotypic genus was introduced for a foliar pathogenof Corymbia sp. and is coelomycetous. Crous et al. (2012c)placed it in the Cryphonectriaceae.

Chrysoporthe Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., Stud. Mycol. 50(1):129 (2004)

The genus Chrysoporthella is typified by C. hodgesianaGryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., and Chrysoporthe is typified byC. cubens i s (Brune r ) Gryzenh . & M.J . Wingf .Chrysoporthella hodgesiana is recognized as a species ofChrysoporthe based on ITS and β-tubulin data (Gryzenhoutet al. 2004). Phylogenetic analysis showed C. austroafricanaGryzenh. &M.J.Wingf.,C. cubensis,C. doradensisGryzenh.& M.J. Wingf. and Chrysoporthella hodgesiana grouped to-gether as a single genus (Gryzenhout et al. 2004).Chrysoporthe (asexual morph Conoideocrella) is the mostcommonly used name and therefore Chrysoporthella shouldbe considered a synonym.

CirrenaliaMeyers & R.T. Moore, Am. J. Bot. 47: 346 (1960)A genus inHalosphaeriaceae supported by molecular data

(Abdel-Wahab et al. (2010) with C. macrocephala (Kohlm.)Meyers & R.T. Moore as the type species, although the strainsequenced was not ex-type. However, the genus is polyphy-letic with a sexual morph in Juncigera (Microascales;Juncigenaceae), and putative assignments of new genera inLulworthiales (Hydea = Cirrenalia pygmea Kohlm.;Halazoon melhae Abdel-Aziz et al., H. fuscus (I. Schmidt)Abdel-Wahab et al., Abdel-Aziz & E.B.G. Jones;Moleospora maritima Abdel-Wahab et al., Matsusporiumtropicale (Kohlm.) E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang = Cirrenaliatropicalis Kohlm.) and Pleosporales (Hiogispora =Cirrenalia japonica Sugiy.) (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010), basedon molecular data.

Cladobotryum Nees, Syst. Pilze (Würzburg): 56 (1816)[1816–17]See under Hypomyces.

Clavatospora Sv. Nilsson exMarvanová & Sv Nilsson, Trans.Br. Mycol. Soc. 57: 531 (1971)

A polyphyletic genus with species in Halosphaeriaceae(C. bulbosa (Anastasiou) Nakagiri & Tubaki) and

Leotiaceae (C. flagellate J. Gönczöl). Clavatospora bulbosa(= Clavariopsis bulbosa Anastasiou) was shown by culturetechniques to be the asexual morph of Corollospora pulchella(Shearer and Crane 1971). Other species need to be sequencedto determine their phylogenetic position. The type speciesClavatospora longibrachiata (Ingold) Sv. Nilsson exMarvanová & Sv. Nilsson, clusters in Halosphaeriaceae(Duarte et al. 2015).

Clonostachys Corda, Pracht-Fl. Eur. Schimmelbild.: 31(1839)

Schroers (2001) reported a possible link betweenClonostachys and Bionectria, which have consistently beenconsidered congeneric and this is followed in Rossman et al.(2013). Because the name Clonostachys rosea (the generictype) is commonly used in biocontrol studies, Rossman et al.(2013) proposed the protection of the older asexual morph-typified name Clonostachys for this genus.

Clypeoporthella Petr., Annls mycol. 22(1/2): 149 (1924)Clypeoporthella is typified by C. brencklei Petr. which oc-

curs on goldenrod (Solidago) in North America. This may be asynonym ofDiaporthe but needs recollecting and sequencing.

Coccinonectria Lombard & Crous, in Lombard et al., Stud.Mycol. 80: 218 (2015)

The sexual genus Coccinonectria was established byLombard et al. (2015) with C. pachysandricola (B.O.Dodge) L. Lombard & Crous as the type species. It is distin-guished from Pseudonectria by its orange to scarlet ascomatawith short, thick-walled setae extending from the ascomatalsurface. Molecular analysis using combined data sets recog-nized Coccinonectria as a separate genus that is clearly dis-tinct from the genus Pseudonectria (Lombard et al. 2015).

Codinaeopsis Morgan-Jones, Mycotaxon 4(1): 166 (1976)Codinaea gonytrichoides Shearer & Crane was introduced

by Shearer and Crane (1971), was selected as the type of themonotypic genus Codinaeopsis by Morgan-Jones (1976), a ge-nus characterized by its encircling hyphae and conidiogenouscells with collarettes.Whitton et al. (2000) combined this speciesas Dictyochaetopsis gonytrichoides. Crous et al. (2012b) placedCodinaeopsis in the family Chaetosphaeriaceae based on themolecular data. In this study Crous et al. (2012b) is followed.

Colletotrichum Corda, in Sturm, Deutschl. Fl., 3 Abt. (PilzeDeutschl.) 3(12): 41, tab. 21 (1831)

This genus has been placed in Glomerellaceae by Réblováet al. (2011a, b), which is also confirmed in this study (Fig. 2).Significant changes in the understanding of Colletotrichum spe-cies took place following the outline given byHyde et al. (2009a,

Fungal Diversity

b) and recommendation for use of polyphasic approach for spe-cies identification (Cai et al. 2009). Incorporation of these ap-proaches especially the use of multigene phylogenetic analysis,classification and knowledge of species complexes, as well asepitypification, contributed to the better understanding of thegenus Colletotrichum (Cannon et al. 2008, 2012; Crouch 2014;Damm et al. 2012a, b, 2013; Doyle et al. 2013; Weir et al. 2012,Hyde et al. 2014). The epitypification of C. gloeosporioides(Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. (Cannon et al. 2008) was particularlyimportant. Twenty-five Colletotrichum species have now beenepitypified, while one has been neotypified, and three have beenlectotypified (Damm et al. 2009, 2012a, b, 2013; Doyle et al.2013; Liu et al. 2011, 2013; Su et al. 2011; Weir and Johnston2010; Weir et al. 2012).

Cannon et al. (2012) incorporated six gene analyses fornearly all the presently sequenced species of this genus andat least nine clades were revealed. Colletotrichumgloeosporioides (Cannon et al. 2008; Phoulivong et al.2010; Weir et al. 2012), C. acutatum J.H. Simmonds(Marcelino et al. 2008; Shivas and Tan 2009; Damm et al.2012a), C. boninense Moriwaki (Moriwaki et al. 2003; Yanget al. 2009; Damm et al. 2012b), C. destructivum O’Gara(Damm et al. 2014), C. orbiculare Damm et al. (Dammet al. 2013) are well-resolved important species complexesamong the nine clades. Damm et al. (2013) resolvedC. orbiculare and introduced four new species, whileCrouch (2014) introduced a new species complex asC. caudatum (Peck ex Sacc.) Peck with five new speciesfound on warm-season grasses, characterized by spores withthe apex extended to a filiform appendage. Further studies inthe C. gloeosporioides species complex led to recognition ofC. citricola (Huang et al. 2013), C. dianesei (Lima et al. 2013),C. endomangiferae (Vieira et al. 2014), C. endophytica(Manamgoda et al. 2013), C. fructivorum (Doyle et al. 2013),C. melanocaulon (Doyle et al. 2013), C. murrayae (Peng et al.2012), C. syzygicola (Udayanga et al. 2013), C. temperatum(Doyle et al. 2013) and C. viniferum (Peng et al. 2013).Rakotoniriana et al. (2013) introduced a singleton speciesC. gigasporum, Tao et al. (2013) introduced seven new species;four species belonging to the graminicola clade, two speciesbelonging to the Spaethianum clade and one singletonspecies. Yang et al. (2014) introduced a new species belongingto the Spaethianum clade named C. incanum. Colletotrichummelanocaulon was synonymized under C. dianesei (Vieiraet al. 2014). Many recent studies used multi-gene phylogenyto understand the phylogenetic divergence of Colletotrichumspecies. Since it is an expensive procedure as well as timeconsuming, Silva et al. (2012) stressed the need to use ‘power-ful genes’ such as ApMat and Apn25L. The ApMat markerprovides a better resolution, similar to the multi-gene markers,and has been a better gene in resolving species within theC. gloeosporioides species complex (Doyle et al. 2013;

Sharma et al. 2013; Hyde et al. 2014; Silva et al. 2012; Liuet al. 2015).

Von Schrenk and Spaulding (1903) proposed the nameGlomerella as the sexual morph of Colletotrichum and thishas been confirmed in cultural and molecular studies (Sutton1968; Crouch et al. 2009). A single name, eitherColletotrichumorGlomerella, has to be chosen to represent this taxon. Here werecommend the use of Colletotrichum because 1) theColletotrichum name/asexual morph is commonly associatedwith disease symptoms, while many Glomerella sexual morphstend to develop on dead host tissues (Sutton 1992) and thus areunderstudied in comparison to the asexual morphs (Cannonet al. 2012). 2) A comprehensive monograph onColletotrichum (von Arx 1957) and notes on species (Hydeet al. 2009b) has been published, while a comprehensive mono-graph for is not available. 3) There has been little morphologybased comparison of sexual taxa and many claimed asexual-sexual links are not based on authentic/type material. 4) In mostcases the sexual names are not typified according to modernpractices (Cannon et al. 2012). 5) There are no reliable reportsof sexual morph from any taxon within the truncatum clade(Cannon et al. 2012). Further, in the graminicola clade someindividual species such as C. falcatum, and C. graminicola areknown to produce sexual morphs, but other groups seem toform the sexual morph rarely or apparently not at all (Crouchand Beirn 2009; Cannon et al. 2012). 6) Colletotrichum hasmany more species epithets (772) than Glomerella (100) andis also the older generic name. 7) The number of Google scholarhits of Colletotrichum (60,700) is higher than Glomerella (13,500). 8) Colletotrichum is a well-established name in the plantpathological and plant breeder community (Cannon et al. 2012;Hyde et al. 2009a).

Hyde et al. (2009a, b) suggested the adoption of the genericname Colletotrichum in future revisions and this has beenfollowed in most subsequent studies (Cannon et al. 2012;Hyde et al. 2014).Collodiscula I. Hino & Katum., Bull. Faculty of Agriculture,Yamaguchi University 6: 55 (1955)

Collodiscula japonica I. Hino & Katum. is the type speciesof this monotypic genus. Samuels et al. (1987) observed sev-eral specimens that were associated with a conidiomatal fun-gus that is morphologically similar to the ascomatal initial ofC. japonica. This morphological similarity was then con-firmed by isolation of ascospores of C. japonica and the co-nidia of the asexual morph and observing that the culturesformed from both morphs were identical. They were unableto place this new asexual morph in any of the described generaand proposed Acanthodochium to accommodateA. collodisculae Samuels et al. Based on priorityAcanthodochium should be regarded as a synonymCollodiscula I. Hino & Katum. (Jaklitsch and Voglmayr2012; Stadler et al. 2013).

Fungal Diversity

Coniocessiaceae Asgari & Zare, Mycol. Progr. 10(2): 195(2011)

This family was introduced by Asgari and Zare (2011) andplaced in Xylariales and comprises a single genus,Coniocessia, with its type species C. nodulisporioides (D.Hawksw.) Dania García et al. forming with a nodulisporium-like asexual morph. Four new species were added by Asgariand Zare (2011).

Coniolariella Dania García et al., Mycol. Res. 110(11): 1285(2006)

Coniolariella was introduced by Dania García et al. (2006)with C. gamsii (Asgari and Zare) Dania García et al. as thetype species. Phylogenetic analysis placedConiolariellawith-in the Xylariales and its close relationship with rosellinia-likegenera (Checa et al. 2008) and was placed in Xylariaceae inStadler et al. (2013).Coniolariella hispanicaCheca, Arenal &J.D. Rogers and C. limoniispora var. limoniispora (Ellis &Everh.) Checa et al. have sporothrix-or geniculosporium-likeasexual morphs associated with stromata at different stages.

Conioscypha Höhn., Annls mycol. 2(1): 58 (1904)Conioscypha comprises eight terrestrial and freshwater

species found on decayed wood, leaves or bamboo stemsand also from skin scrapings and hair of living animals(Shearer 1973; Matsushima 1980, 1993, 1996). Réblováet al. (2004) introduced Conioscyphascus as the sexual morphof Conioscypha. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed a close re-lationship ofConioscyphawith Ascotaiwania and Carpoligna(Savoryellales), but the family and order relationships remainuncertain. The genus is therefore placed in Savoryellales gen-era incertae sedis.

Conlarium F. Liu & L. Cai, Mycologia 104(5): 1180 (2012)Liu and Cai (2012) described this genus with a single spe-

cies – Conlarium duplumascospora F. Liu & L. Cai based onmorphology andmolecular analyses. It was collected from sub-merged wood in Guangdong Province, China. The genus wasconsidered unique among genera in Annulatascaceae sensulato because of its unusual combination of morphological char-acters. Phylogenetic analysis also indicated that Conlarium hasaffinities with members in Annulatascaceae sensu lato, but thegenus could not be included in any existing genera.

The taxon is placed in Sordariomycetidae genera incertaesedis here.

Corallicola Volkm.-Kohlm. & Kohlm., Mycotaxon 44(2):418 (1992)

A monotypic genus of Halosphaeriaceae that wasestablished by Volkmann-Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer (1992)to accommodate the marine fungus,Corallicola nanaVolkm.-Kohlm. & Kohlm. The placement of the genus in theHalosphaeriaceae has not been confirmed at the molecular

level (Jones et al. 2009a). No asexual morph is known. Itcan easily be confused with Arenariomyces but differs in thecentrum pseudoparenchyma in lacking pit connections, asco-spore appendages that do not terminate in a spade-like struc-ture and the fact that it has only been found on dead coral(Volkmann-Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer 1992).

Corallomycetella Henn., Hedwigia 43: 245 (1904)This genus was revisited by Herrera et al. (2013a) and

shown to comprise two distinct well-separated clades inNectriaceae. Corallomycetella sensu stricto represented twospecies, C. elegans (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) C. Herrera & P.Chaverri and C. repens (Berk. & Broome) Rossman &Samuels while C. jatrophae (Möller) Rossman & Samuelswas placed in a new genus, Corallonectria, as C. jatrophae(Möller) C. Herrera & P. Chaverri.

Cordana Preuss, Linnaea 24: 129 (1851)Porosphaerella cordanophora E. Müll. & Samuels (gener-

ic type) was isolated in vitro and produced a Cordanapauciseptata Preuss (generic type) asexual morph in culture(Müller and Samuels 1982).Cordana is the older generic nameand Porosphaerella is therefore a synonym. The biological linkbetween Porosphaerella borinquensis F.A. Fernández &Huhndorf and Pseudobotrytis terrestris (Timonin) Subram.was proven by in vitro culture of ascospores (Fernández andHuhndorf 2004; Müller and Samuels 1982). Cordana belongsto the family Cordanaceae and based on sequence analysis,Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2015) recognized Cordanaceae isdistinct at ordinal level established Cordanales.

CorollosporaWerderm., Notizbl. Bot. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem 8:248 (1922)

A monotypic genus of Halosphaeriaceae that wasestablished by Werdermann (1922) to accommodateC. maritimaWerderm.Molecular studies showed that the genusis monophyletic and formed amoderately supported clade with-inHalosphaeriaceae (Campbell et al. 2002; Abdel-Wahab et al.2009; Sakayaroj et al. 2011b). Corollospora is currently themost speciose genus in marine habitats with 23 species. Themost distinctive feature of Corollospora species is their apicaland equatorial ribbon-like secondary appendages, which areformed by the fragmentation and peeling off of the exosporelayer and their associations with sand grains. They have asexualmorphs in species of Clavatospora, Halosigmoidea andVaricosporina (Jones et al. 2009b). Halosigmoidea was intro-duced to accommodate three marine hyphomycetous asexualmorphs that did not group with the type species of SigmoideaJ.L. Crane (type S. prolifera (R.H. Petersen) J.L. Crane);Corollospora has priority and is the accepted name.

Coronophoraceae Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 116: 624 (1907)

Fungal Diversity

Mugambi and Huhndorf (2010) revisited the orderCoronophorales using DNA sequence data and showedCoronophoraceae to be monophyletic.

Cosmospora Rabenh., Hedwigia 2: 59 (1862)Gräfenhan et al. (2011) treated Cosmospora in a narrow

sense, limiting it to a clade including the type, C. coccineaRabenh., which have acremonium-like asexual morphs andtend to occur on other fungi. Thus possible synonyms suchas Mariannaea and Volutella are recognised.

Cryptometrion Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., Australas. Pl. Path.39(2): 166 (2010)

This monotypic genus was introduced for CryptometrionaestuescensGryzenh. &M.J. Wingf. (Gryzenhout et al. 2010)from bark of Eucalyptus grandis collected in Sumatra. Itclosely related to Cryphonectria, Microthia and Holocryphiaand could be difficult to differentiate morphologically fromspecies in these genera. However, species of Cryptometrioncan be distinguished based on a combination of characteristicsof the stromata, the presence or absence of paraphyses andascospore septation. The morphology is similar to species inCryphonectriaceae with orange, globose to pulvinateconidiomata, and colour and shape of ascospores and conidia(Gryzenhout et al. 2005). ITS and β tubulin data shows thatthis fungus forms a dis t inct clade in the familyCryphonectriaceae (Gryzenhout et al. 2006).

Cryptosphaerella Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 1: 186 (1882)See under Scortechiniaceae.

Cucullosporella K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, Bot. Mar. 29(6):491 (1986)

A monotypic genus of Halosphaeriaceae that was in-troduced by Hyde and Jones (1986) to accommodate themarine fungus, C. mangrovei K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones.Molecular phylogenetic analyses of the LSU rDNAshowed that C. mangrovei has affinity with Aniptoderalongispora K.D. Hyde and Antennospora quadricornuata(Jones et al. 2009b). No asexual morph is known (Hydeand Jones 1986).

Cumulospora I. Schmidt, Mycotaxon 24: 420 (1985)A monotypic asexual genus in the order Lulworthiales,

forming a sister clade to three species of Lulworthia (sensulato) with high statistical support (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010).A second species, C. varia was transferred to a new genusMoromyces Abdel-Wahab et al. (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010).

Cylindrocladiella Boesew., Can. J. Bot. 60(11): 2289 (1982)The sexual morph-typified genusNectricladiellawas intro-

duced with N. camelliae (Shipton) Crous & C.L. Schoch asthe type species (Schoch et al. 2000). These genera are linked

and Rossman et al. (2013) proposed that Cylindrocladiellashould be used over Nectricladiella, which is followed here.The genus is placed in Nectriaceae.

Cylindrotrichum Bonord., Handb. Allgem. mykol.(Stuttgart): 88 (1851)

The genus Reticulascus (Reticulascaceae), which is similartoChaetosphaeria, was introduced by Réblová et al. (2011a, b)based on multi-gene phylogenetic analysis and comprises twospecies; the type species is R. tulasneorum (Réblová & W.Gams) Réblová &W. Gams. The asexual morph is the generictype of Cylindrotrichum, C. oligospermum (Corda) Bonord.,and thus Cylindrotrichum and Reticulascus should be treatedas congeneric. Cylindrotrichum is the older name and shouldtake priority, and this selection is recommend here.

Cytospora Ehrenb., Sylv. mycol. berol. (Berlin): 2 (1818)Valseutypella and Valsella were synonymised under Valsa,

a genus of Valsaceae. Cytospora is the asexual morph of thesetaxa and the most commonly used name and the name used inrecent publications (Adams et al. 2005). We therefore use theolder name Cytospora in this treatment, but the mycologicalcommunity must decide which name should be used.

Daldinia Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1(4): 197(1863)

Daldinia concentrica (Bolton) Ces. & De Not. (basionymSphaeria concentrica) is the type species of this genus intro-duced by Cesati and De Notaris (1863) and incorporatesxylariaceous fungi with conspicuous glomerate stromata withconcentric zones. Several additional species of Daldinia werelater introduced by Hennings (1898, 1901, 1902) and Lloyd(1919, 1924a). The first successful and accurate monographonDaldiniawas presented by Ju et al. (1997). The presence ofspecific secondary metabolites is a characteristic feature in thisgenus (Hellwig et al. 2005; Stadler and Hellwig 2005).Several chemical metabolites with biological activities havebeen detected from the stromata by analytical methods(Stadler and Hellwig 2005; Stadler et al. 2014). RecentlyStadler et al. (2014) provided a world monograph using apolythetic approach to resolve the taxonomic positions andintergeneric affinities of Daldinia which confirms their place-ment in hypoxyloid Xylariaceae.

Annellosporium was introduced and typified byA. nemorosum M.L. Davey (Davey 2010). The genus wasdescribed based on morphology as well as rDNA ITS se-quence data. Phylogenetic analysis placed A. nemorosumclose to Daldinia loculata (Lév.) Sacc. The culture character-istics include common features with those of the D. petriniaeY.M. Ju et al. species complex (Stadler et al. 2014). Daldiniacultures from Canada were observed by Stadler et al. (2014)and the similarities in morphology with the A. nemorosumtype strain, which were more reminiscent of Daldinia

Fungal Diversity

loculatoides Wollw. & M. Stadler, were reported. Thus, thisnewly introduced monotypic genus can be regarded as a syn-onym of Daldinia (Stadler et al. 2014). Versiomyces was in-troduced by Whalley and Watling (1988) and referred to su-perficially similar toDaldinia, but justified as a distinct genusbecause the type species, Versiomyces cahuchucosusWhalley& Watling, lacks concentric zonations. However, the authorsthemselves mentioned the close relationship with Daldiniaregarding ascospore characters and size and regular shape ofstromata. Stadler et al. (2014) modified the generic descriptionof Daldinia sensu Ju et al. (1997) to accommodate azonatespecies and included Versiomyces as synonym.

Deightoniella S. Hughes, Mycol. Pap. 48: 27. 1952.Deightoniella as presently defined is heterogeneous

(Klaubauf et al. 2014). Klaubauf et al. (2014) based on anal-ysis of combined sequence data derived from D. Africana(from occurring on leaves of Imperata cylindrica var.africana) placed Deightoniella in the Pyriculariaceae.

Dialonectria (Sacc.) Cooke, Grevillea 12(no. 63): 77, 109(1884)

This genus was treated in a narrow sense around its typespecies D. episphaeria (Tode) Cooke by Gräfenhan et al.(2011) and belongs in Nectriaceae. A new species was intro-duced in Gräfenhan et al. (2011) but other species may becorrectly referred to Stylonectria Höhn (1915).

Diaporthe Nitschke, Pyrenomyc. Germ. 2: 240 (1870)With the need for a single scientific name for this pleo-

morphic genus, Diaporthe Nitschke (1870) has relative pri-ority over Phomopsis (Sacc.) Bubák and Kabát (1905), be-ing the older generic name (Wehmeyer 1933; Rossman et al.2007; Wingfield et al. 2012). Nitschke (1870), establishedthe genus Diaporthe based on the sexual morph, which istypified by Diaporthe eres Nitschke. Index Fungorum(2015) and MycoBank (Crous et al. 2004) list 901 and913 names of Diaporthe and 984 and 1040 names ofPhomopsis respectively; thus there is little difference innumbers of species epithets. Diaporthe is also the type ofthe Diaporthaceae and Diaporthales and this adds an extrastrength to the argument for using this name. The only com-prehensive monograph of the genus (Wehmeyer 1933), usedthe name Diaporthe which has been the taxonomic accountfollowed by most mycologists. The arguments in favour ofusing Diaporthe against Phomopsis have been putforwarded in numerous publications (Santos and Phillips2009; Santos et al. 2010; Udayanga et al. 2012; Wingfieldet al. 2012; Gomes et al. 2013; Rossman et al. 2014;Udayanga et al. 2014a, b) and the taxonomy of the genushas progressed considerably in the last few years.

Arguments in favour of Phomopsis against Diaporthehave also been put forward. There are a relative greater

number of applications of Phomopsis in the recent literaturewhich can be seen in Google citations. Some field plantpathologists also prefer Phomopsis. However, most of theimportant phytopathogens are now linked to Diaporthebased on molecular data and there are no apparentproblems in adopting this one name. Saccardo andRoumeguère (1884) defined Phomopsis as a group ofPhoma species that could be separated by having beta co-nidia; he also recognised the link to the sexual morphDiaporthe. Bubák (1905) accepted Saccardo’s concept ofPhomopsis and transferred one species of Phoma (Phomalactucae) to Phomopsis. He did not provide a generic de-scription, but included a detailed description of a specimencollected in Tyrol. Later in the same year Saccardo raisedPhomopsis to generic rank. Although Riedl and Wechtl(1981) formally proposed the retention of Phomopsis againstMyxolibertella Hohnel (1903) with P. lactucae as the generictype, this has not been revisited in recent studies. However, are-definition of the generic type of Diaporthe, D. eresNitschke by Udayanga et al. (2014b), and in parallel, theproposal to conserve the name D. eres by Rossman et al.(2014) over its obscure synonyms will stabilise the use ofthe name. The limits of Diaporthe are now well-definedbased on recent molecular data with respect to its type spe-cies and important phytopathogens (Udayanga et al. 2014b).

Until recently, host affiliated nomenclature has largelybeen applied in naming Diaporthe and Phomopsis species(Uecker 1988). The Phomopsis names are accumulatedmostly in terms of gross morphology, resembling the conid-ial shapes, and some of them also later identified as Phomalike species (Udayanga et al. 2014a). Although the asexualPhomopsis morph is generally found in nature, and routinelyisolated in plant pathological surveys, many of the importantplant pathogens have also been linked to their Diaporthenames in modern treatments . Examples includeD. ampelina (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) R.R. Gomes et al. (deadarm of grapes), D. helianthi Munt.-Cvetk. (sunflower can-ker), D. citri (citrus melanose), D. longicolla (Hobbs) J.M.Santos (soybean seed decay) and D. vaccinii Shear (blueber-ry cankers). Therefore it is practical to adopt in plant patho-logical studies Diaporthe names and it has been practiced inrecent reports (Baumgartner et al. 2013; Elfar et al. 2013).Therefore we suggest using Diaporthe over Phomopsis,which will lead to resolution of nomenclatural problems inmodern treatments largely based on molecular data and spe-cies epithets should be carefully selected (Rossman et al.2013; Udayanga et al. 2014a).

Diatrypasimilis J.J. Zhou & Kohlm., in Chalkley et al.,Mycologia 102(2): 432 (2010)

Chalkley et al. (2010) introduced this genus based on a culturethat was isolated from decaying Rhizophora wood collected inAustralianmangroves. Although the ribosomal DNAgeneswere

Fungal Diversity

sequenced and the fungus was characterized in culture, the au-thors did not fully describe the morphology of the fungus onnatural substrates, apparently because of a lack of material.This species was recently collected on decayed wood in SaudiArabia and fresh cultures established (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2014).LSU sequence data place this species in the Diatrypaceae.

Didymostilbe Henn., Hedwigia 41: 148 (1902)Peethambara sundara Subram. & Bhat, the type species

of Peethambara, has been linked to Didymostilbe sundara(Subram. & Bhat) Seifert by culture of single spores(Subramanian and Bhat 1978). Molecular studies also showedthat Didymostilbe echinofibrosa (Finley) Rossman clusteredtogether with Peethambara sundara in the Bionectriaceae(Rossman et al. 2001). The type of Didymostilbe, D. coffeaeHenn., has however, not been linked toPeethambara and bothnames should therefore be retained pending further analysis.

Dinemasporium Lév., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 5: 274(1846)

Crous et al. (2012a) restudied the genusDinemasporium andrelated genera with appendaged conidia and placed the genus inChaetosphaeriaceae based onmorphology andmolecular data.They also epitypified the type speies, D. strigosum Lev., thetype of this genus. Brunneodinemasporium, Codinaeopsis,Dendrophoma, Dictyochaeta, Menispora, Pseudolachnea,Pyrigemmula, Thozetella and Zignoella which also clusteredin Chaetosphaeriaceae. Liu et al. (2015) introduced a newspecies, D. nelliana W.J. Li et al.

Diplococcium Grove, J. Bot., Lond. 23: 167 (1885)FiveHelminthosphaeria species have been associated with

Diplococcium asexual morphs (Samuels et al. 1997; Réblová1999a). However, the genus is polyphyletic and has includedspecies having affinities with members of Helotiales,Pleosporales and Venturiales. The type species, D. spicatumGrove clusters within Helotiales, but the sequences are notfrom ex-type strains (Shenoy et al. 2010).Discosia Lib., Pl. crypt. Arduenna, fasc. (Liège) 4: no. 346(1837)

Molecular analysis of combined gene sequence data,showed Discosia was not monophyletic and separated intothree d is t inc t l ineages , Adisc i so , Discos ia andImmersidiscosia (Tanaka et al. 2011).

Discosphaerina Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 126(4–5): 353 (1917)

The genus Discosphaerina was introduced by Von Höhnel(1917a, b) based on D. discophora Höhn. The placement ofthis genus is still confused as the unitunicate nature ofD. discophora is unclear and some members of this genushave bitunicate asci (Sivanesan 1984a, b; Thambugala et al.2014). Sivanesan (1984a, b) treated Discosphaerina in

Dothideaceae (Dothideales) and some Discosphaerina spe-cies produce Aureobasidium, Kabatia, Sarcophoma andSelenophoma asexual morphs in culture (Sivanesan 1984a,b; Thambugala et al. 2014). Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010)included Discosphaerina in Hyponectriaceae. The phyloge-netic placement of Discosphaerina (= Columnosphaeria fagi(H.J. Huds.) M.E. Barr) was confirmed in Dothideaceae(Dothideales) (Schoch et al. 2006, 2009; Zalar et al. 2008;Thambugala et al. 2014). Thambugala et al. (2014) examinedthe types of Discosphaerina and D. fagi in order resolve thisproblem and suggested to place Discosphaerina inHyponectriaceae based on its morphology. No molecular datais available in GenBank except for Discosphaerina fagi.Therefore, recollection, epitypification and molecular analysisare required to confirm the placement of Discosphaerina andits species.

DiscostromaClem., Gen. fung. (Minneapolis): 50, 173 (1909)Species of Discostroma and Seimatosporium have been

linked by molecular data (Tanaka et al. 2011), however themolecular links have not been proven for the types of eithergenera. Both names should therefore be retained pending freshcollections of the types and a molecular study.

Disculoides Crous et al., in Crous et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl.Evol. Fungi 28: 71 (2012)

The new coelomycetous genus has two species both caus-ing leaf spots of Eucalyptus. Molecular data places this genusin Diaporthales genera incertae sedis (Crous et al. 2012d).

Diversimorbus S.F. Chen & Jol. Roux, Fungal Biology 117:300 (2014)

Chen et al. (2013a) described this monotypic genus based onD. metrosiderotis S.F. Chen & Jol. Roux. Morphology andmulti-gene phylogenetic analyses show it to group in theCryphonectriaceae (Chen et al. 2014). It was observed on na-tive Metrosideros angustifolia in Western Cape Province ofSouth Africa and resembles a Eucalyptus pathogen. The spe-cies shares characteristics of taxa within Cryphonectriaceae inturning yellow in lactic acid and purple in 3 % KOH(Castlebury et al. 2002; Gryzenhout et al. 2009). In addition,isolates of the new genus had black conidiomata, which distin-guishes it frommost genera in theCryphonectriaceae that haveorange conidiomata (Gryzenhout et al. 2009, 2010; Begoudeet al. 2010; Chen et al. 2011, 2012; Vermeulen et al. 2011).Genera in the Cryphonectriaceae with black conidiomata in-clude Aurapex, Celoporthe, and Chrysoporthe (Gryzenhoutet al. 2005, 2009; Nakabonge et al. 2006). Multi-gene phylo-genetic analyses for this species also clearly represent a previ-ously undescribed genus in Cryphonectriaceae.

DrechmeriaW. Gams & H.-B. Jansson, Mycotaxon 22(1): 36(1985)

Fungal Diversity

This genus was introduced byGams and Jansson (1985). In2014, Quandt et al. showed in nematophagous subclade, thegenus Haptocillium clusters together with Drechmeria andpropose to protect older Drechmeria over Haptocillium.

Durotheca Læssøe et al., IMA Fungus 4(1): 62 (2013)The genus Durotheca was introduced with D. depressa

Læssøe & Srikitikulchai as the type species (Læssøe et al.2013). Two further species described earlier in Theisseniawere transferred as D. comedens (Ces.) Læssøe & Srikitik.and D. rogersii (Y.M. Ju & H.M. Hsieh) Læssøe & Srikitik.in the same study. This genus is characterized by bipartitecarbonaceous stromata, erumpent through wood or bark, cov-ered with white pruina. The asexual morph, where known, isreported as nodulisporium-like (Læssøe et al. 2013). A mo-lecular phylogenetic study placed Theissenia pyrenocrata(Theiss.) Maubl. in a sister clade to isolates of Durotheca asa basal lineage. However, the phylogenetic placement withinXylariaceae in relation to either the subfamilies Xylarioideaeor Hypoxyloideae is yet to be resolved (Læssøe et al. 2013).

Dyrithiopsis L. Cai et al., in Jeewon et al., Mycologia 95(5):912 (2003)

Jeewon et al. (2003a) reported a new genus, Dyrithiopsiswith an asexual morph, Monochaetiopsis (also a new genus)based on cultural studies. We propose to adopt the sexualtypified name over the asexual typified.

Ebullia K.L. Pang, in Chu et al., Mycoscience 56: 40 (2015)Chu et al. (2015) undertook a molecular reappraisal of

Nimbospora, a genus with three marine species, includingrecent collections from Taiwan. The genus was shown to bepolyphyletic with Nimbospora octonae Kohlm. distantlyplaced from the type species N. effusa and a second speciesN. bipolaris. Chu et al. (2015) therefore transferredN. octonaeto the new genus Ebullia (Halosphaeriaceae) as E. octonae(Kohlm.) K.L. Pang. The genus has no known asexual morph.

Echinosphaeria A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf, Mycol. Res. 108(1):29 (2004)

There are seven named species in the genus, but only thetype, Echinosphaeria canescens (Pers.) A.N. Mill. & Huhndorfis represented by gene sequences (Miller et al. 2014) whichplaces the genus in Helminthosphaeriaceae. AlthoughE. canescens has been associated with Endophragmiella andSelenosporella-like synanamorphs (Hughes 1979; Sivanesan1983), there is no molecular data to establish this connection.

Emericellopsis J.F.H. Beyma, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 6:264 (1940) [1939]

This genus was introduced by Beyma (1940), withEmericellopsis terricola J.F.H. Beyma as the type species,

and placed in the Bionectriaceae (Hypocreales) and has bothmarine and terrestrial species (Rossman et al. 2001).Emericellopsis terricola clustered in a distinct clade withinthe Sclerotigenum/Geosmithia-clade in Hypocreales inSummerbell et al. (2011).

Engleromyces Henn., Bot. Jb. 28(3): 327 (1900)Engleromyces (Xylariaceae) was introduced by Hennings

(1900) for a single species, E. goetzei Henn.; the genus ischaracterized by massive, hard stromata (Whalley et al.2010). Chinese collections, originally identified asE. goetzei, were later found to represent a second species,E. sinensis M.A. Whalley et al. (Whalley et al. 2010).Engleromyces produces cytochalasin D and 19, 20-epoxycytochalasin and a novel metabolite in E. sinensis,neoengleromycin, which is used for cancer treatments(Pedersen et al. 1980; Liu et al. 2002).

Equicapillimyces S.S.Y.Wong et al., VeterinaryMicrobiology115(2–4): 406 (2012)

Wong et al. (2011) described this monotypic genus frombrittle tail syndrome of horses, which causes weakening andbreakage of the tail hairs; the type species is E. hongkongensisS.S.Y. Wong et al. Molecular studies showed that this taxonbelongs in the Ophiostomataceae, however, in our analysis itbelongs in Lulworthiales. This septate branching, hyalinemould, grows optimally at 30 C. Hyphae fill the core of in-fected hair shafts with short necked ascomata containingbanana-shaped septate ascospores.

Erythrogloeum Petr., Sydowia 7(5–6): 378 (1953)Crous et al. (2012d) recollected this genus from South and

Central America where it causes leaf spots on Hymenaea.Molecular data placed the genus in Diaporthales generaincertae sedis. There are presently two species included inthe genus (Index Fungorum 2015).Escovopsis J.J. Muchovej & Della Lucia, Mycotaxon 37: 192(1990)

The phylogenetic analyses of ITS and LSU by Augustinet al. (2013) demonstrate the monophyly of the genusEscovopsis, agreeing with other phylogenetic studies (Currieet al. 2003; Taerum et al. 2007). The type species E. weberiJ.J. Muchovej & Della Lucia and other Escovopsis speciescluster in the Hypocreaceae.

Escovopsioides H.C. Evans & J.O. Augustin, PLoS ONE7(12): e51392, 6 (2013)

This genus was introduced by Augustin et al. (2013) based onEscovopsioides niveaH.C. Evans & J.O. Augustin isolated fromthe fungal garden of Acromyrmex (leaf cutting ants) in Brazil. Inculture it produces a brush-like asexual morph with phialides onwell-defined vesicles in culture. It differs from Escovopsis by the

Fungal Diversity

absence of pigmentation, the lageniform phialides produced onterminal and intercalary, globose vesicles, the hyaline, smoothconidia in long chains, as well as sequence data (Augustin et al.2013). According to the phylogenetic analyses of ITS and LSUsequence data this genus belongs in Hypocreaceae.

Etheirophora Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycol. Res. 92:414 (1989)

A genus in the Hypocreomycetidae (order incertae sedis)(Jones et al. 2014), initially assigned to the Sphaeriales byKohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (1989) and to theHalosphaeriales by Hawksworth et al. (1995), and Kirket al. (2001), and the TBM clade (Hypocreomycetidaeincertae sedis) (Sakayaroj et al. 2005; Schoch et al. 2007).

Etheirophoraceae Rungjindamai et al., CryptogamieMycologie 35: 134 (2014)

This family was introduced to accommodate the genera:Etheirophora (E. bijubata Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.,E. blepharospora (Kohlm. & E. Kohlm.) Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., E. unijubata Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.) andSwampomyces (S. armeniacus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.,S. triseptatus K.D. Hyde & Nakagiri), that grouped togetherin a well-supported clade based on LSU and SSU sequences(Jones et al. 2014). Further taxon sampling is required to de-termine its ordinal position within the Hypocreomycetidae.

Falcocladiaceae Somrithipol et al., Cryptogamie Mycologie35: 134 (2014)

The family was introduced to accommodate four species ofFalcoc ladium , tha t g rouped wi th o the r taxa inHypocreomycetidae, order incertae sedis (Jones et al. 2014),for which the order Falcocladiales is introduced in this paper.

Falcocladium S.F. Silveira et al., Mycotaxon 50: 447 (1994)Falcocladium was introduced by Crous et al. (1994) with

F. multivesiculatum S.F. Silveira et al. as the type species.Subsequently, three other species were described:F. sphaeropedunculatum Crous & Alfenas (Crous et al.1997), F. thailandicum Crous & Himaman (Crous et al.2007) and F. turbinatum Somrith. et al. (Somrithipol et al.2007). This genus occurs on a wide range of substrata includ-ing Eucalyptus grandis, E. camaldulensis leaves, and leaf lit-t e r co l lec ted f rom trop ica l fo res t s . The fami lyFalcocladiaceae was recently introduced to accommodatethe genus and Falcocladiales is introduced in this paper.

Fimetariella N. Lundq., Botaniska Notiser 117: 239 (1964)A genus of Lasiosphaeriaceae with Fimetariella

rabenhorstii N. Lundq. as the type species. Phylogenetically,based on LSU nrDNA and β-tubulin sequences, the type spe-cies groups on a long branch in a clade with significant

support as a sister taxon to Podospora appendiculata(Auersw. ex Niessl) Niessl and Cercophora scortea (Cain)N. Lundq. (Kruys et al. 2015).

Fluminicola S.W. Wong et al., Fungal Diversity Res. Ser. 2:190 (1999)

Wong et al. (1999) placed this genus in Annulatascaceaebased onmorphology. However, according to phylogenetic anal-yses using a combined LSU, SSU andRPB2 datasetFluminicolaclusters in the family Papulosaceae (Réblová 2013a).

Fluviatispora K.D. Hyde, Mycol. Res. 98(7): 720 (1994)A genus of three species found growing on palm material

in aquatic habitats, with no known asexual morph, and placedin the Halosphaeriaceae. However, molecular data are re-quired to support this placement.

FrondicolaK.D. Hyde, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 110(2): 100 (1992)A monotypic marine taxon based on morphological obser-

vations with no known asexual morph. Frondicola was intro-duced and placed in Clypeosphaeriaceae by Hyde (1992),while Lumbsch and Huhndorf placed it in Annulatascaceaeand Jones et al. (2009b) placed it in Hyponectriaceae.Molecular data are required to establish its taxonomic posi-tion; Jones et al. (2009b) is followed here.

Fulvocentrum E.B.G. Jones & Abdel-Wahab, CryptogamieMycologie 35(2) 132 (2014)

The genus was introduced by Jones et al. (2014) to accom-modate two species of Swampomyces that did not group withthe type species (S. armeniacus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.):F. aegyptiacus (Abdel-Wahab et al.) E.B.G. Jones & Abdel-Wahab and F. clavatisporium (Abdel-Wahab et al.) E.B.G.Jones & Abdel-Wahab. Both species are tropical marine taxaand are very common on intertidal wood of Avicennia marinain Red Sea mangroves, both on the Egyptian coast (Abdel-Wahab 2005) and from Arabian Gulf mangroves of the SaudiArabia coast (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2014). The genus groupswith high statistical support in the family Juncigenaceae,Hypocreomycetidae order incertae sedis, (Jones et al. 2014);it has no known asexual morph.

Funiliomyces Aptroot, Stud. Mycol. 50(2): 309 (2004)The genus Funiliomyces contains a single species,

F. biseptatus Aptroot, which was isolated from aBromeliaceae leaf in Brazil and is characterized by thetorpedo-shaped ascospores with two nearly central septa andone polar and one median appendage (Aptroot 2004). It isplaced inAmphisphaeriaceae based onmolecular data, group-ing with Rosellinia and Arecophila in a moderately supportedsister clade (Aptroot 2004), but further collections are requiredto confirm this position.

Fungal Diversity

Fusarium Link, Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3(1–2):10 (1809)

Rossman et al. (2013) stated that there is no question thatFusarium and Gibberella are synonyms and proposed thatGibberella be suppressed in favour of Fusarium; this isfollowed here. Fusarium belongs in Nectriaceae and com-prises several species complexes, not yet fully resolved(Hyde et al. 2014).

Geejayessia Schroers et al., in Schroers et al., Stud. Mycol.68(1): 124 (2011)

This genus was introduced by Schroers et al. (2011) basedon morphology and phylogenetic analysis and comprises fivespecies, four transferred from Nectria sensu lato, and withGeejayessia cicatricum (Berk.) Schroers as the type species.Based on molecular studies the genus it is placed inNectriaceae.

Gesasha Abdel-Wahab & Nagah., Nova Hedwigia 92(3–4):501 (2011)

This is a genus ofHalosphaeriaceae established by Abdel-Wahab and Nagahama (2011) to accommodate three marinespecies and is typified by G. peditatus Abdel-Wahab &Nagahama. Phylogenetic analyses of the SSU and LSUrDNAgene data placed these species in a well-supported basalclade in the family Halosphaeriaceae along with species ofArenariomyces andCorollospora; no asexual morph is known(Abdel-Wahab and Nagahama 2011).

GibellulopsisBat. & H.Maia, Anais da Sociedade de Biologiade Pernambuco 16 (1): 153 (1959)

The genus was introduced to accommodate Verticilliumpiscis (Bat. & H. Maia) Neish & G.C. Hughes, a fish patho-gen, which did not group in Verticillium sensu stricto (types p e c i e s Ve r t i c i l l i u m d a h l i a e K l e b . ) i n t h ePlectosphaerellaceae. Further species assigned to the genusare G. nigrescens (Pethybr.) Zare et al. (Zare et al. 2007), andG. chrysanthemi Hirooka et al. (Hirooka et al. 2014). Otherspecies may well be related taxa: Acremonium furcatum(Moreau & V. Moreau) ex W. Gams, A. stromaticum W.Gams & R.H . S tove r, A. nepa l ense W. Gams ,Cephalosporium serrae Mafei and Gliocladium cibotiiJ.F.H. Beyma (Zare et al. 2007).

Gliocephalotrichum J.J. Ellis & Hesselt., Bull. Torrey bot.Club 89: 21 (1962)

Leuconectria was introduced as the sexual morph of thetype species of Gliocephalotrichum by Rossman et al.(1993) . Rossman et al . (2013) proposed that asGliocephalotrichum species are widely reported from soilsand that Leuconectria is relatively obscure with only two spe-cies. Leuconectria is suppressed in favour of the older asexualmorph-typified name Gliocephalotrichum.

Gliocladiopsis S.B. Saksena, Mycologia 46: 662 (1954)Rossman et al. (2013) documented the history and us-

age of Gliocladiopsis versus Glionectria and concludedthat the genus name Gliocladiopsis should be protectedover the Glionectria, for these soil-borne fungi (Lombardand Crous 2012).

Gliomastix Guég., Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 21: 240 (1905)Summerbell et al. (2011) revised Gliomastix with five spe-

cies based on phylogenetic data which showed 14 strains clus-tering as a distinct clade in the Bionectriaceae.

Glomerellaceae Locq. ex Seifert & W. Gams, in Zhang et al.,Mycologia 98(6): 1083 (2007) [2006]

The family Glomerellaceae was invalidly published byLocquin (1984), validated in Zhang et al. (2006), and it wasaccepted as one of the three families of Glomerellales inRéblová et al. (2011a).

Glomerulispora Abdel-Wahab & Nagah., in Abdel-Wahabet al., Mycol. Progr. 9(4): 552 (2010)

An asexual genus in the family Torpedosporaceae(Hypocreomycetidae order incertae sedis) based on an ex-type culture (Jones et al. 2014). Abdel-Wahab et al. (2010)introduced this genus for species with irregularly helicoidmuriform conidia, which groups with species ofTorpedospora, with variable support. However, it is not con-generic with Torpedospora.

Gondwanamyces G.J. Marais & M.J. Wingf., Mycologia90(1): 139 (1998)

Asexual morphs of Gondwanamyces are distinct inpossessing erect, darkly pigmented conidiophores,monoverticillate or divergently penicillate, with whorls ofphialides, producing hyaline conidia. Gondwanamycesproteae has a Custingophora asexual morph (Mouton et al.1993). Based on SSU and a combined dataset of LSU, SSUand RPB2, species of Gondwanamyces and theirCustingophora asexual morphs form a highly monophyleticclade which is sister to Ceratocystidaceae (Réblová et al.2011a).

Gondwanamycetaceae Réblová et al., Stud. Mycol. 68(1):188 (2011)

This family is placed in Microascales based on SSU and acombined dataset of LSU, SSU and RPB2. Réblová et al.(2011a) includes also the asexual morph genus Custingophora.

Graphiaceae de Beer et al., CBS fungal biodiversity series 12:1–19 (2013)

Based on the phylogenetic distance betweenGraphium andother families of Microascales, the family Graphiaceae wasintroduced by de Beer et al. (2013). The family is

Fungal Diversity

monophyletic (Lackner et al. 2014) and comprisesGraphium,which is a synnematous hypomycete described by Corda(1837) with the type G. penicillioides Corda.

Graphostromataceae M.E. Barr et al., Mycotaxon 48: 533(1993)

This family comprises Graphostroma, a genus intro-duced in the family Calosphaeriaceae by Barr (1985) to-gether with seven other genera. Barr et al. (1993) assimi-lated information on these genera into a revised scheme forthe classification of Calosphaeriaceae which gave rise tothe introduction of a separate monotypic familyGraphostromataceae in the order Xylariales. The presenceof a nodulisporium-like conidial morph and a diatrype-likesexual morph featuring allantoid ascospores supported theintroduction of the new family. Stadler et al. (2013, 2014)used ITS sequence data from Graphostroma platystoma(Schwein.) Piroz., the type species of the genus, to evaluatethe relationship with other representative genera ofXylariaceae and showed it was basal and more closelyrelated to Biscogniauxia and Camillea than to Diatrype(Stadler et al. 2013). However, to clarify the exact phylo-genetic position of this genus further molecular studies arerequired, with inclusion of protein coding genes.

Greeneria Scribn. & Viala, C. r. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci., Paris105: 473 (1887)

Tangthirasunun et al. (2014) introduced a new species ofGreeneria, G. saprophytica Tangthirasunun et al., bringingthe number of species in the genus to three (IndexFungorum 2015). Phylogenetic analysis placed the new spe-cies in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis.

Griphosphaerioma Höhn., Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 36: 312 (1918)Shoemaker (1963) established the link between

Griphosphaerioma kansensis (Ellis & Everh.) Shoemakerand its asexual morph Labridella cornu-cervae Brenckle, thetype species of both genera. Griphosphaerioma is the oldestname and should have priority.

Groenhiella Jørg. Koch et al., BotanicaMarina 26: 265 (1983)Monotypic marine genus growing superficially on driftwood

with no known asexual morph. Koch et al. (1983) referred thegenus to the Nitschkiaceae (Coronophorales), but further collec-tions, isolates and sequences are required to confirm thisplacement.

Gynonectria Döbbeler, Mycol. Progr. 11(2): 474 (2012)Gynonectria is a monotypic genus of Hypocreales intro-

duced by Döbbeler (2012) for a species with relatively largeperithecia, forming individually within the perianths of thehepaticOdontolejeunea sp. (Lejeuneaceae, Porellales), which

grow in the phyllosphere of living vascular plants in centralAmerican rainforests.

Gyrostroma Naumov, Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 30(3): 386 (1914)Hirooka et al. (2012) examined the type specimen of

Gyrostroma, G. sinosum Naumov, and determined it not tobe a hypocrealean taxon and suggested that it may be a mem-ber of Diaporthales.

Haiyanga K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones, The Raffles Bull. Zool.19: 8 (2008)

Haiyanga was introduced to accommodate the taxonArenariomyces salinusMeyers, a species with a much confusedtaxonomy, as shown by its list of synonyms (Index Fungorum2015). A molecular study of the genera Antennospora andHalosphaeria found that it forms a well-supported monophy-letic clade with Arenariomyces trifurcatusHöhnk, the type spe-cies of the genus (Pang et al. 2008). A new genus Haiyangawas established by Pang et al. (2008) for Antennospora salinabased on the morphological differences between it andArenariomyces trifurcatus. Further collection and a wider rangeof genes need to be sequenced to resolve the taxonomic statusof Haiyanga salina. No asexual morph is known.

Halazoon Abdel-Aziz et al., Mycol. Prog. 9: 545 (2010)Asexual genus of Lulworthiaceae that was established by

Abdel-Wahab et al. (2010) with the type species, H. melhaeAbdel-Aziz et al. Molecular study based on SSU and LSUrDNA of an ex-type strain of H. melhae placed it in a well-supported clade within Lulworthiaceae with species ofLulworthia and Cirrenalia fusca I. Schmit. The latter specieswas transferred to Halazoon as H. fuscus (I. Schmidt) Abdel-Wahab et al. Species of Halazoon have been recorded ondriftwood in the intertidal zone in marine habitats (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010).

Haligena Kohlm., Nova Hedwigia 3: 87 (1961)Monotypic genus ofHalosphaeriaceae that was introduced

by Kohlmeyer (1961) to accommodate the marine fungus,H. elaterophora Kohlm. Currently the genus is monotypicas other species have been transferred to other genera (Joneset al. 2009b). Molecular data confirms its position in the fam-ily Halosphaeriaceae in a basal clade, with Nautosphaeriaand Tubakiella in a sister group (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a;Pang and Jheng 2012a, b).

Haloguignardia Cribb & J.W. Cribb, Univ. Queensl., Pap.Dept. Bot. 3: 97 (1956)

Genus of Lulworthiaceae that was established by Cribband Cribb (1956) to accommodate H. decidua Cribb & J.W.Cribb. and three other species. Another two species wereadded later. Species ofHaloguignardia are parasitic on brownseaweed in the Fucales, especially species of Cystoseira,

Fungal Diversity

Halidrys and Sargassum. Molecular study based on SSUrDNA placed H. irritans (Setch. & Estee) Cribb & J.W.Cribb in a highly supported clade within Lulworthiaceaealong with Lulwoana and Lulworthia species (Inderbitzinet al. 2004; Campbell et al. 2009; Harvey and Goff 2010).

Halonectria E.B.G. Jones, Trans. Br.Mycol. Soc. 48: 287 (1965)Monotypic marine genus in the family Bionectriaceae

(Rossman et al. 1999; Jones et al. 2009b), although not typicalof Hypocreales due to the immersed ascomata, with longnecks and elongate non-septate ascospores. Further studyand sequence data are required to confirm its assignment toBionectriaceae. The asexual morph is pycnidial.

Halosarpheia Kohlm. & E. Kohlm., Trans Br. Mycol. Soc.68: 208 (1977)

The genus was established by Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer(1977) to accommodate a marine fungus,H. fibrosaKohlm. &E. Kohlm. Later, similar species with polar uncoiling append-ages were described from both freshwater and marine habitats.Recent molecular phylogenetic studies showed that the genusis polyphyletic and several species were transferred to existingor new genera. Only one species,H. japonicaAbdel-Wahab&Nagah. produced helicoid conidia as an asexual morph. Thesexual/asexual connection was established at morphologicaland molecular level (Abdel-Wahab and Nagahama 2012). Thegenus is based on morphological observations and moleculardata with the three species forming amonophyletic group withLignincola tropica Kohlm. as a sister group (Sakayaroj et al.2011a). Six Halosarpheia species have not been sequenceddue to the lack of cultures. Since other Halosarpheia specieshave been transferred to new genera followingmolecular anal-ysis, we refer to these six species as Halosarpheia sensu latountil further collections, isolations and sequences are generat-ed to test their position in the genus.

Halosphaeria Linder, Farlowia 1:412 (1944)Halosphaeria was introduced by Barghoorn and Linder

(1944a) to accommodate a marine species, H. appendiculataLinder, growing on wood and is the type species of theHalosphaeriaceae. Molecular data show it grouping withLignincola laevis Höhnk with moderate support (Sakayarojet al. 2011a). No asexual morph is known.

Halosphaeriopsis T.W. Johnson, J. Elisha Mitchell scient.Soc. 74: 44 (1958)

A monotypic genus in the Halosphaeriaceae based on mor-phological andmolecular data.Culcitalna is a monotypic genussynonymised under Trichocladium by Dixon (1968), with asexual morph as Halosphaeria mediosetigera Cribb & J.W.Cribb (now Halosphaeriopsis mediosetigera (Cribb & J.W.Cribb) T.W. Johnson). Culcitalna achraspora Meyers & R.T.Moore was described as possessing conidia produced in

sporodochia (Meyers and Moore 1960), but subsequent collec-tions showed they produced conidia freely on the substrate, andthe taxon was thus transferred to Trichocladium alopallonellum(Meyers & R.T.Moore) Kohlm. &Volkm.-Kohlm., the asexualmorph of Halosphaeriopsis mediosetigera based on culturalstudies and molecular data. We therefore treat Culcitalna as asynonym of Halosphaeriopsis.

Hapsidascus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Syst. Ascomycetum10: 113 (1991)

A monotypic marine genus referred to Ascomycota generaincertae sedis (Jones et al. 2009b), which needs to be recol-lected, isolated and sequenced. Ascomata perithecoid, large,deeply embedded in mangrove roots of Rhizophora mangle.May not be a member of the Sordariomycetes.

Harknessiaceae Crous, in Crous et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl.Evol. Fungi 28: 55 (2012)

The family Harknessiaceae was introduced to accommo-date species of Harknessia with their Wuestneia-like sexualmorphs and belongs in the order Diaporthales. Byestablishing the family Harknessiaceae, Crous et al. (2012e)avoided replacing Wuestneia, as the family is based on theasexual genus Harknessia. The placement of Wuestneia withits type species, W. aurea Auersw. has not been establishedand is presently placed in Melanconidaceae.

Harposporium Lohde, Tagbl. Versamml. Ges. Deutsch.Naturf. 47: 206 (1874)

Harposporium is the largest and oldest nematode trappingasexual genus in Hypocreales (Quandt et al. 2014). Chaverriet al. (2005) observed the asexual-sexual link betweenHarposporium and Podocrella. Harposporium is the oldestname and considering several other reasons, Quandt et al.(2014) proposed to use Harposporium over Podocrella.

Hispidicarpomyces Nakagiri, Mycologia 85: 639 (1993)M o n o t y p i c m a r i n e g e n u s i n t h e f a m i l y

Hispidicarpomycetaceae that needs recollection, isolationand sequencing to determine it phylogenetic position in theAscomycota (Jones et al. 2009b). Ascomata very large (800–2100 μm), immersed in the thallus of the red alga Galaxurafa lca ta . The genera Spathu lospora , Retros t ium(Spa t h u l o s p o r a c e a e ) a n d Hi s p i d i c a r p omy c e s(Hisp id icarpomyce taceae ) were re fe r red to theSpathulosporales, but molecular data placed the genusSpathulospora (S. adelpha, S. antartica) in the orderLulworthiales (Inderbitzin et al. 2004). Consequently, theplacement of Hispidicarpomyces and Retrostium cannot beresolved until further phylogenetic studies are undertaken.The asexual morph has verticillate spermodochia.

Humicola Traaen, Nytt Mag. Natur. 52: 31 (1914)

Fungal Diversity

An asexual genus with the type species Humicolafuscoatra Traaen grouping in the Chaetomiaceae, howeverthe genus has been shown to be polyphyletic with sexualmorphs also in Pseudolignincola (Halosphaeriaceae) (Joneset al. 2006), and Eurotiales (Index Fungorum 2015). TheHumicola species referred to the Halosphaeriaceae was notfu l ly iden t i f i ed and was the asexua l morph ofPseudolignincola (Jones et al. 2006).

Hyalorostratum Raja & Shearer, Mycosphere 1: 4 (2010)This genus is described from Alaska and New Hampshire

from freshwater habitats (Raja et al. 2010). The type species,H. brunneisporum Raja & Shearer, is placed in theDiaporthales based on combined SSU and LSU sequence data.

Hyalotiopsis Punith., Mycol. Pap. 119: 12 (1970) [1969]Ellurema was introduced with the type species Ellurema

indica (= Massarina indica Punith. by Nag Raj and Kendrick(1985). Hyalotiopsis subramanianii (Agnihothr. & Luke)Punith. was identified as the asexual morph of Ellurema indicain cultural studies (Nag Raj and Kendrick 1985). Ellurema isplaced in Amphisphaeriaceae in phylogenetic analysis of DNAsequences of the 5.8 S rRNA gene (Kang et al. 1999a).Hyalotiopsis, the older asexual typified genus, has a single spe-cies epithet (Index Fungorum 2015) and Ellurema the youngersexually typified genus has only one species epithet. We pro-pose to adopt the older asexual typified name (i.e.Hyalotiopsis)over sexual typified name (i.e. Ellurema).

HydeaK.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones, Mycol. Prog. 9: 549 (2010)Monotypic genus of Lulworthiaceae that was introduced

by Abdel-Wahab et al. (2010) to accommodate Cirrenaliapygmea Kohlm. Molecular analysis of SSU and LSU rDNAsequence data placed H. pygmea (Kohlm.) K.L. Pang &E.B.G. Jones in a highly supported basal clade to the generaCumulospora, Kohlmeyeriella, Lindra, Lulworthia andMatsusporium within Lulworthiaceae (Abdel-Wahab et al.2010). The sexual morph is not known (Abdel-Wahab et al.2010).

Hydromelitis A. Ferrer et al., Mycologia 104(4): 876 (2012)This monotypic genus was introduced for a species from

submerged woody debris in freshwater collected in Costa Rica(Ferrer et al. 2012). Molecular analysis placed the genus inSordariomycetidae incertae sedis.

Hypocreodendron Henn., Hedwigia 36: 223 (1897)Hypocreodendronwas introduced based onH. sanguineum

Henn. from Argentina (Hennings 1897). According to theprotologue the genus has robust, highly branched, coralloidstromata and rod-shaped conidia.Discoxylaria is a monotypicgenus introduced for insect-associate xylaroid species; thetype species is Discoxylaria myrmecophila J.C. Lindq. &

J.E. Wright (Lindqvist and J.E. Wright 1964). It was sug-gested that this perithecioid fungus is the sexual morph ofHypocreodendron. Poroniopsis is a possible synonym ofHypocreodendron. Rogers et al. (1995) obtained a collectionfrom Mexico, which bore both the conidial and matureperithecial morphs. They compared the collection with theholotype and also obtained the asexual morph in culture.Hypocreodendron is an earlier name and thereforeDiscoxylaria should be a synonym. According to Stadleret al. (2013) the priority can be given to Hypocreodendronsince it was the first to be described among the two morphs.

Hypomyces (Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 413: 11 (1860)

Rossman et al. (2013) discussed the link betweenHypomyces and Cladobotryum and suggested that the use ofHypomyces should be retained even though Cladobotryumhas priority as an older name.We follow this here. The asexualmorph genera Mycogone, Sepedonium and Stephanoma maybe more distantly related to the type species of Hypomycesthan most members of Cladobotryum, and thus may not becongeneric (Rossman et al. 2013), thus we presently retainthese as distinct genera in Nectriaceae.

Hypophloeda K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, Trans. Mycol. Soc.Japan 30(1): 61 (1989)

Monotypic genus of the Melanconidaceae that was intro-duced by Hyde and Jones (1989) to accommodate the marinespecies H. rhizospora K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones; no asexualmorph was recorded. The species is poorly known and re-quires further collection, isolation and sequencing to deter-mine its taxonomic position.

Hypoxylon Bull., Hist. Champ. Fr. (Paris) 1: 168 (1791)Nodulisporium is typified by N. ochraceum Preuss. Ju and

Rogers (1996) have described the asexual morph of severalxylariaceous taxa as Bnodulisporium-like^ and many authorsavoided giving separate names to the asexual morphs encoun-tered in nature or culture, especially in Hypoxylon. Accordingto Stadler et al. (2013) the possibility of assigningN. ochraceum as the asexual morph of Hypoxylon howeanumwhich tends to be isolated frequently in Germany can be con-sidered in forming the link between the asexual and sexualmorphs. The same study suggested placing Nodulisporium asa synonym of Hypoxylon. Triplicaria with its typeT. hypoxyloides P. Karst. is considered as one of the asexualgenera assigned to the genus Hypoxylon by Stadler et al.(2013). Therefore we consider both asexual genera,Nodulisporium and Triplicaria, are synonyms of Hypoxylon.

Idriella P.E. Nelson & S. Wilh., Mycologia 48(4): 550 (1956)Idriella was described to accommodate an important plant

pathogen, I. lunata P.E. Nelson & S. Wilh. which causes

Fungal Diversity

extensive root rot in strawberry fields in California (Nelsonand Wilhelm 1956). The taxon causes black sunken lesionsand produce dark chlamydospores both in culture and in dis-eased roots. The cultures obtained from chlamydospores pro-duced the asexual conidial morph (Nelson and Wilhelm1956). Wijayawardene et al. (2012) listed Idriella inXylariales, genera incertae sedis as the possible asexualmorph of Phomatospora. However, molecular data shows itto belong in Heliotales.

Ilyonectria P. Chaverri & C. Salgado, in Chaverri et al., Stud.Mycol. 68(1): 69 (2011)

This genus was introduced with I. radicicola(Gerlach & L. Nilsson) P. Chaverri & C. Salgado asthe type species and comprises ten species (Chaverriet al. 2011; Lombard et al. 2013). The genus wasplaced in Nectriaceae in Chaverri et al. (2011), whichwe follow here. Some species have been linked toCylindrocarpon sensu lato asexual morphs.

Immersidiscosia Kaz. Tanaka et al., in Tanaka et al.,Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 26: 94 (2011)

Tanaka et al. (2011) showed Discosia separating in twosegregates in molecular analysis. The second segregate wastherefore renamed as the monotypic genus Immersidiscosiawith the type species I. eucalypti (Pat.) Kaz. Tanaka et al.and placed in Amphisphaeriaceae.

Immersiporthe S.F. Chen et al., in Chen et al., Pl. Path. (2012)This genus was int roduced and typi f ied by

Immersiporthe knoxdaviesiana S.F. Chen et al. (Chenet al. 2012), the causal agent of stem cankers onRapanea melanophloeos. Multi-gene phylogenetic anal-yses showed that the fungus represents a new genus inthe family Cryphonectriaceae. Typical fruiting bodiescharacteristic of Cryphonectriaceae were observed onthe surfaces of cankers (Chen et al. 2013b).

Infundibulomyces Plaingam et al., in Plaingam et al., Can. J.Bot. 81(7): 732 (2003)

The genus Infundibulomyces was introduced by Plaingamet al. (2003) to accommodate a single species, I. cupulataPlaingam et al., which was collected on leaves ofLagerstroemia species. Somrithipol et al. (2008) also intro-duced I. oblongisporus Somrithipol et al. and placement inthe family Chaetosphaeriaceae was confirmed based onanalysis of SSU and LSU gene data.

Iwilsoniella E.B.G. Jones, Syst. Ascomycetum 10: 8 (1991)Monotypic marine genus in the Halosphaeriaceae, grow-

ing on submerged wood (Jones et al. 2009a); no asexualmorph is known. A molecular study is required to confirmits current placement.

Jattaea Berl., Icon. fung. (Abellini) 3(1–2): 6 (1900)Jattaea andWegelina were published by Berlese (1900) as

morphologically similar genera. Réblová (2011b) examinedthe lectotypes of Jattaea algeriensis Berl. and Wegelinadiscreta Berl. and correlated her studies with in vitro studies.Phylogenetic studies show that both species are congeneric.Twelve species are accepted in Jattaea with phialophora-likeasexual morphs produced in culture. In the phylogenies,Jattaea leucospermi Marinc. et al. represents the phenotypecharacters, with septate, allantoid to suballantoid ascospores.This was formerly considered a diagnostic feature of themonotypic genus Phragmocalosphaeria (Petrak 1923).Molecular data confirm that ascospore septation is not a sig-nificant character suitable to distinguish genera in theCalosphaeriales and Phragmocalosphaeria is redued to asynonym of Jattaea.

Juncigena Kohlm. et al., Bot. Mar. 40(4): 291 (1997)Juncigena was introduced to accommodate an ascomycete

growing on the marsh plant Juncus roemerianus withJ. adarca Kohlm. et al. as the type species. DNA sequencesof two ribosomal nuclear loci confirm its position in theJuncigenaceae, Hypocreomycetidae family incertae sedis(Jones et al. 2014). Juncigena forms a well-supported cladewith the marine genera Fulvocentrum, Marinokulati, andMoheitospora.

Juncigenaceae E.B.G. Jones et al. Cryptogamie Mycologie35: 133 (2014)

This family was introduced by Jones et al. (2014) to ac-commodate the genera Fulvocentrum , Juncigena ,Marinokulati and Moheitospora. It is currently placed inHypocreomycetidae family incertae sedis. The asexual morphhas helicoid conidia when present.Kallichroma Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycol. Res. 97: 759(1993)

Marine genus placed in Hypocreales based on moleculardata (Rossman et al. 2001; Schroers 2001; Jones et al. 2009b;Summerbell et al. 2011). Initially described as Hydronectria,but the type species of Hydronectria is a lichen with the algaphycobiont Trentepohlia. Subsequently, the taxon was trans-ferred to Kallichroma by Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (1993). No asexual morph is known.

Kitesporella J.S. Jheng & K.L. Pang, Bot. Mar. 55(5): 462(2012)

This genus in the familyHalosphaeriaceaewas introducedfor Kitesporella keelungensis Jheng & K.L. Pang collected ondriftwood in Taiwan (Pang and Jheng 2012a). It resemblesAnisostagma, Iwilsoniella and Thalassogena (all membersof the Halosphaeriaceae). Sequence data are required to con-firm the placement of this species in the Halosphaeriaceae(Pang and Jheng 2012a).

Fungal Diversity

Kochiella Sakayaroj et al., Fungal Divers. 46: 96 (2011)A phylogenetic evaluation of Remispora, based on three

loci (nuclear small and large (LSU, SSU), the second largestRNA polymerase II subunit (RPB2)), demonstrated that thegenus is polyphyletic. Remispora maritima Linder (type spe-cies), R. pilleata Kohlm., R. quadri-remis (Höhnk) Kohlm.,R. spitsbergenensis K.L. Pang & Vrijmoed and R. stellataKohlm., form a monophyletic group (Remispora sensustricto) with Sablicola chinensis E.B.G. Jones et al. as as i s te r taxon wi th good suppor t , in the fami lyHalosphaeriaceae (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a). Remisporacrispa Kohlm. was distantly placed from Remispora in aclade with Ocostaspora apilongissima E.B.G. Jones et al.,but they are not considered conspecific. The genusKochiella was therefore introduced to include this speciesas Kochiella crispa (Kohlm.) Sakayaroj et al., based onmorphological and molecular data (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a).

Kohlmeyeriella E.B.G. Jones et al., Bot. Linn. Soc. 87: 210(1983)

Genus of Lulworthiaceae that was introduced by Joneset al. (1983) to accommodate a Corollospora species,C. tubulata Kohlm., based on a TEM study. A phylogeneticstudy based on SSU and LSU rDNA placed K. tubulata(Kohlm.) E.B.G. Jones et al. in Lulworthiaceae, along withLulworthia crassa Nakagiri that has thus been transferred tothis genus (Campbell et al. 2005). No asexual morph has beenrecorded for Kohlmeyeriella species.

Kretzschmaria Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Section Post.(Stockholm): 409 (1849)

Holttumia is typified by H. congregata Lloyd in Lloyd(1924b). This genus is now considered as a synonym ofKretzschmaria (Rogers and Ju 1998). Rogers and Ju (1998)observed the holotype material of Holttumia congregata (lo-cated at BPI) and noted the close morphological characterswith Kretzschmaria. Holttumia is considered as a synonymof Kretzschmaria, while H. congregata is a synonym ofK. macrosperma (Mont.) J.D. Rogers & Y.M. Ju (Rogersand Ju 1998).

Lanceispora Nakagiri et al., Mycoscience 38(2): 208 (1997)Accepted name for an aquatic genus referred to the

Xylariales (Jones et al. 2009b) with recollection, isolationand sequencing required to resolve its taxonomic position.

Lanspora K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, Can J. Bot. 64: 1581(1986)

Accepted monotypic mar ine genus, placed inOphiostomatales, based onmorphology and preliminary molec-ular data (Schoch pers. comm.), which grows on wood. Initiallyreferred to the Halosphaeriaceae, because of similar morpho-logical features to that family. No asexual morph is known.

Lasiadelphia Réblová & W. Gams, in Réblová et al., FungalDiversity 46(‘1’): 82 (2011)

This monotypic genus was introduced by Réblová et al.(2011b) and is the asexual morph of Lasiosphaeris.

Lasiosphaeriaceae Nannf., Nova Acta Regiae SocietatisScientiarum Upsaliensis 8 (2): 50 (1932)

A large family in the Sordariales with 71 generalisted in MycoBank (October 2014) and we list 35 gen-era. Molecular data indicates that the family isparaphyletic, with many genera polyphyletic e.g.Arnium, and the family requires wider sampling withan increased number of loci sequenced (Kruys et al.2015). A phylogenetic study based on LSU nrDNAand β-tubulin sequences highlights four lineages ofLasiosphaeriaceae (Kruys et al. 2015).

Lasiosphaeriella Sivan., Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 64(3): 443(1975)

Lasiosphaeriellawas introduced by Sivanesan (1975) withLasiosphaeriella dennisii Sivan. as the type species. The ge-nus presently includes five species (Index Fungorum 2015).Sequence data is available for three species which show thegenus to cluster as a group in Chaetosphaeriales (Huhndorfand Miller 2011).

Lasmenia Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 22(4): 199 (1886)Lasmenia causes rot and lesions on leaves and inflo-

rescences of tropical fruits, especially rambutan (Serrato-Diaz et al. 2011). Analysis of combined ITS and LSUsequence data indicates a closer affinity of Lasmenia tothe family Cryphonectriaceae (Serrato-Diaz et al. 2011).

Latruncellus M. Verm. et al., in Vermeulen et al., Mycologia103(3): 562 (2011)

This genus, from Swaziland, on bark of Galpiniatransvaalica, was introduced and typified by Latruncellusaurorae M. Verm. et al. (Vermeulen et al. 2011). The taxonis similar to members of Cryphonectriaceae that have uni-formly orange stromatic tissues for both sexual and asexualmorphs (Gryzenhout et al. 2009). This taxon has many similarcharacters with Aurifilum marmelostoma Begoude et al. andphylogenetically they are also closely related. However,conidiomata of Latruncellus aurorae have uniformly orange,constricted, fattened necks and Aurifilum marmelostoma doesnot form necks and has blackened ostiolar openings. Analysisof LSU and BT exon gene sequences also showedLatruncellus aurorae to be a separate genus in the familyCryphonectriaceae, and closely related to Aurifilummarmelostoma (Vermeulen et al. 2011).

Lautisporiopsis E.B.G. Jones et al., Can. J. Bot. 72l: 1558(1994)

Fungal Diversity

Monotypic marine ascomycete genus inHalosphaeriaceaegrowing on submerged wood (Jones et al. 2009b), variouslyreferred to Halosphaeria (Kohlmeyer 1960) andCeriosporopsis (Jones et al. 1995), but separated from thesegenera by the ultrastructure of its appendaged ascospores(Yusoff et al. 1994a, b). No asexual morph is known, but thisspecies frequently produces chlamydospores.

LecanicilliumW.Gams& Zare, NovaHedwigia 72(3–4): 332(2001)

Zare and Gams (2001b) transferred 12 species formerlyunder Verticillium to the new genus Lecanicillium, and alsointroduced three new species, based on morphology and phy-logenetic analysis. The genus is placed in Cordycipitaceae(Index Fungorum 2015).

Lectera P.F. Cannon, in Cannon et al., MycoKeys 3: 28 (2012)Cannon et al. (2012), based on rDNA ITS and GAPDH

sequences, showed that Lectera colletotrichoides (J.E.Chilton) P.F. Cannon belongs in Plectosphaerellaceae ratherthan Hypocreales, to which other species are assigned.Currently two species are referred to this genus. Lectera ischaracterised by brightly coloured sporodochia surroundedby brown setae, and may be a sister group to Verticillium,but bootstrap support is weak.

Leiosphaerella Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 128: 579 (1919)

Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2012) recollected the typespecies of L. praeclara (Rehm) Höhn. and their se-quence data placed Leiosphaerella in Xylariales.Leiosphaerella sensu stricto and Pseudomassaria sensustricto were shown to be closely related.

Leptosporella Penz. & Sacc., Malpighia 11(9–10): 406 (1897)Leptosporella gregaria Penz. & Sacc., the generic type,

clusters in a well-supported group in Chaetosphaeriales(Huhndorf and Miller 2011).

LignincolaHöhnk, Veröff. Inst. Meeresforch. Bremerhaven 3:216 (1955)

Genus of Halosphaeriaceae with freshwater and marinespecies, growing on submerged wood or palm fronds (Joneset al. 2009a). No sexual morph is known. Phylogenetic studiesplace this genus in Halosphaeriaceae, but further sequencedata is required for some of the species before they can bereferred to the genus with confidence.

Limacospora Jørg. Koch & E.B.G. Jones, Can. J. Bot. 73(7):1011 (1995)

Monotypic marine ascomycete genus growing on sub-merged wood, and referred to the Halosphaeriaceae. Furthercollections, are required for isolation and sequencing to

determine its phylogenetic relationship with the generaCeriosporopsis and Marinsopora.

Lindra I.M. Wilson, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 39: 411 (1956)Genus of Lulworthiaceae introduced by Wilson (1956) to

accommodate L. inflata I.M. Wilson. The genus currently con-tains five marine species, of which L. obtusaNakagiri & Tubakihas Anguillospora marina Nakagiri & Tubaki as its asexualmorph. Preliminary phylogenetic analyses of the SSU andLSU rDNA showed that Lindra species are polyphyletic(Campbell et al. 2005; Jones et al. 2008; Abdel-Wahab et al.2010).

Longicollum Zelski et al., in Zelski et al., Mycosphere 2(5):540 (2011)

Longicollum is a monotypic genus described fromsubmerged woody debris from a river in Peru (Zelskiet al. 2011b). Morphologically, Longicollum exhibits allof the characters of Annulatascaceae and in addition hasascospores with verruculose wall ornamentation.Longicollum biappendiculatum Zelski et al. shares manycharacteristics with Submersisphaeria aquatica K.D.Hyde (Hyde 1996) and shows some similarities to manyof the currently accepted genera in the familyAnnulatascaceae sensu lato (Zelski et al. 2011b). Nomolecular analysis was carried out to support the place-ment of this genus in Annulatascaceae.

Lopadostoma (Nitschke) Traverso, Fl. ital. crypt., Pars 1:Fungi . Pyrenomycetae . Xylariaceae , Valsaceae ,Ceratostomataceae 1(2): 169 (1906)

Genus of Xylariaceae that was first introduced byNitschke (1867) as Anthostoma subg. LopadostomaNitschke and later elevated to generic rank by Traverso(1906). Twelve species were recognized during a revisionof this genus (Jaklitsch et al. 2014). Combined molecularphylogenetic analysis based on ITS, LSU, RPB2 revealed10 distinct taxa within the genus which were also recognizedat the species level. A phylogenetic analysis based on nuLSUrDNA confirmed that the genus appeared as a monophyleticclade within the family Xylariaceae, with moderate bootstrapsupport (Jaklitsch et al. 2014).

Lulwoana Kohlm. et al., Mycol. Res. 109: 62 (2005)Monotypic genus of Lulworthiaceae introduced by

Campbell et al. (2005) to accommodate L. uniseptata(Nakagiri) Kohlm. et al. The asexual morph is Zalerionmaritima (Linder) Anastasiou.

Lulwoidea Kohlm. et al., Mycol. Res. 109: 164 (2005)Monotypic genus of Lulworthiaceae introduced by

Campbell et al. (2005) to accommodate L. lignoarenaria(Jørg. Koch & E.B.G. Jones) Kohlm. et al. Lulwoidea

Fungal Diversity

lignoarenaria along with Orbimyces spectabilis Linderformed a highly supported basal clade in Lulworthiaceae(Campbell et al. 2005). The genus forms black ascomataon sand grains. No asexual morph has been recorded forL. lignoarenaria (Koch and Jones 1984).

Lulworthia G.K. Sutherl., Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 5: 259(1916)

Genus of Lulworthiaceae that was introduced bySutherland (1915) to accommodate the type speciesLulworthia fucicola G.K. Sutherl. Several new Lulworthiaspecies were described from marine habitats and the genusbecame one of the largest genera in marine habitats. Theplacement of the genus in Lulworthiaceae, Lulworthialeswas confirmed at the morphological and molecular level(Kohlmeyer et al. 2000). Campbell et al. (2005) re-evaluatedthe taxonomy of the genus at the molecular level and intro-duced two new genera Lulwoana Kohlm. et al. (based onLulworthia uniseptata Nakagiri) and Lulwoidea Kohlm.et al. (based on Lulworthia lignoarenaria Jørg. Koch &E.B.G. Jones). No type material was available for the typespecies L. fucicola Sutherl., therefore, Campbell et al. (2005)neotypified a collection of L. fucicola from Chile growing onwood. No asexual morph has been reported for Lulworthiasensu stricto.

LunatiannulusDaranagama et al., Fungal Diversity (in press)(2015)

Lunatiannulus was introduced by Daranagama et al.(2015) with L. irregularis Daranagama et al. as the typespecies. This genus is morphologically related to Diatrype-like genera in having a libertella-like asexual morph andallantoid ascospores. However, L. irregularis differs in hav-ing 4 or 8-spored asci, whereas most of the diatrypaceousasci are either polysporous or multiples of 8, and ascosporesare falcate and hyaline (Daranagama et al. 2015; Liu et al.2015). Multi-gene analysis shows this new genus has closeaffinities with Eupixylon and Nemania in Xylariaceae(Daranagama et al. 2015).

Luteocirrhus C.F. Crane et al., IMA Fungus 4(1): 115 (2013)Luteocirrhus was isolated from canker lesions in sev-

eral Banksia species plus Lambertia echinata subsp.citrina and was introduced as a monotypic genus withLuteocirrhus shearii C.F. Crane et al. as its type. It isplaced within Cryphonectriaceae (Diaporthales) basedon morphology and molecular data (Crane and Burgess2013). Morphologically it is characterized by pulvinateto globose, black, semi-immersed conidiomata, with pa-raphyses. Its sexual morph is unknown. This pathogenof native Proteaceae causes canker lesions and is con-sidered as an emerging threat towards Banksia speciesin South West Australia.

Luttrellia Shearer, Mycologia 70: 692 (1978)Genus of Halosphaeriaceae (Jones et al. 2009a) that was

established by Shearer (1978) to accommodate the type spe-cies, L. estuarina Shearer from decayed balsa wood sub-merged in Patuxent River, USA. Another three species weredescribed from freshwater habitats (Ferrer and Shearer 2007).No molecular study has been carried out to establish the phy-logenetic position of the genus. Luttrellia is distinguishedfrom other genera in the family by hyaline, phragmoseptateand thick-walled ascospores, with or without a gelatinoussheath. No asexual morph is known.

Macgarvieomyces Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 107(2014)

MacGarvie introduced the genus Diplorhinotrichum basedon two species occurring on Juncus spp (Klaubauf et al.2014). de Hoog and Van Oorschot (1985) treatedDiplorhinotrichum as a synonym of Dactylaria, and retainedthe species in Pyricularia. However, based on a LSU, ITS,RPB1, actin and calmodulin dataset, Klaubauf et al. (2014)showed the above species do not belong in Pyricularia and anew genus, Macgarvieomyces, was introduced in the familyPyriculariaceae to accommodate them.

Macroconia (Wollenw.) Gräfenhan et al., in Gräfenhan et al.,Stud. Mycol. 68(1): 101 (2011)

A section of Nectria, Macroconia, was raised to genericrank for five species all producing sexual morphs andmacroconidial asexual morphs. The type species isM. leptosphaeriae (Niessl) Gräfenhan & Schroers, which isbased on Nectria leptosphaeriae Niessl. Members of this ge-nus mostly grow on the stromata of other ascomycetes onherbaceous plants or deciduous trees. In the phylogeneticanalyses, Macroconia species are placed in Nectriaceae(Gräfenhan et al. 2011).

Magnaporthiopsis J. Luo & N. Zhang Mycologia 105(4):1024 (2013)

A study on the family Magnaporthaceae by Luo andZhang (2013) based on multiple genes including SSU, ITS,LSU, MCM7, RPB1 and TEF data showed thatMagnaportheand Gaeumannomyces are polyphyletic. Furthermore theirmembers divided into four major groups and consideringmor-phological, biological and molecular data, a new genus,Magnaporthiopsis was introduced. Species in this genus arenecrotrophic parasites infecting roots of grasses (Luo andZhang 2013). The genus is typified with Magnaporthiopsispoae J. Luo &N. Zhang and presently there are four species inMagnaporthiopsis.

Magnisphaera J. Campb. et al., Mycologia 95: 546 (2003)Genus of Halosphaeriaceae introduced by Campbell et al.

(2003) to accommodate the type species,M. spartinae (E.B.G.

Fungal Diversity

Jones) J. Campb. et al.Halosarpheia spartinae (E.B.G. Jones)Shearer & J.L. Crane was transferred toMagnisphaera basedon phylogenetic analyses of SSU and LSU rDNA sequencedata (Campbell et al. 2003). Another new species,M. stevemossago J. Campb. et al. was described from decayedwood in freshwater habitats in the same study. No asexualmorph is known (Campbell et al. 2003). Matsusphaeria(Pang et al. 2004) is a synonym of Magnisphaera J. Campb.et al., which is an earlier name.

Marinokulati E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang, CryptogamieMycologie 35: 132 (2014)

A genus introduced to accommodate the marine ascomy-cete Chaetosphaeria chaetosa Kohlm. as Jones et al. (2014)showed thatChaetosphaeriawas polyphyletic, with most spe-cies grouping in the order Chaetosphaeriales. Two sequencesofCh. chaetosa formed a monophyletic group with Juncigenaadarca Kohlm. et al., Moheitospora fruticosa Abdel-Wahabet al. and two Fulvocentrum species, with high bootstrap sup-port in the family Juncigenaceae, Hypocreomycetidae orderincertae sedis (Jones et al. 2014).

Marinosphaera K.D. Hyde, Can J. Bot. 67: 3080 (1989)Monotypic marine genus, whose taxonomic position is not

resolved at the molecular level (Jones et al. 2009b) and furthersampling, is required. Initially referred to the Phyllachoraceae(Hyde 1989), while Jones et al. (2009b) showed it grouping asa separate clade to theMicroascaceae and Halosphaeriaceae,but it shows little affinities with either of these families.However, depending on the molecular analysis of SSUand LSU rRNA gene sequence data the genusMarinosphaera is currently palced in Phyllachorales genusincertae sedis (Jones et al. 2009b). No asexual morph isknown.

Marinospora A.R. Caval., Nova Hedwigia 11: 548 (1966)Genus introduced to accommodate two lignicolous marine

ascomycetes grouping in the Halosphaeriaceae(Microascales) with high support and forming a sister groupto the generaOndiniella and Toriella (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a).No asexual morph is known.

Matsusporium E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang, in Abdel-Wahabet al., Mycol. Progr. 9(4): 550 (2010)

Monotypic marine asexual genus in the Lulworthiales(Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010), and forming a sister clade toLulworthia grandispora Meyers (Lulworthia sensu lato).The type species is M. tropicale (Kohlm.) E.B.G. Jones &K.L. Pang, initially described as Cirrenalia tropicalisKohlm., but in a molecular study was found to be distantlyplaced from the type species of Cirrenalia (C. macrocephala(Kohlm.) Meyers & R.T. Moore), Halosphaeriaceae (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010). No sexual morph is known.

Mattirolia Berl. & Bres., Microm. Trid.: 55 (1889)After examining the type species of Balzania, Mattirolia,

Thyridium, and Thyronectroidea, onlyMattirolia (with 5 spe-cies) and Thyridium (with 4 species) are accepted within theclass Thyridiaceae. Balzania and Thyronectroidea are consid-ered as synonyms of Mattirolia (Checa et al. 2013).

Melanconiella Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 1: 740 (1882)Voglmayr et al. (2012) confirmed that Melanconiella

is monophyletic and distinct from Melanconis based onLSU sequence data. The type species for Melanconiellais M. spodiaea (Tul. & C. Tul.) Sacc. Melanconiellawas shown to comprise 13 species based on combinedphylogenetic analyses of SSU, ITS, LSU, TEF andRPB2 sequence data. The genus is confined to hostfamily Betulaceae. Melanconiella has previously beenplaced in Melanconidaceae as it was considered as asynonym of Melanconis. A characteristic melanconium-or discosporina-like asexual morph was produced byeach species of Melanconiella.

Melanopsamma Niessl, Verh. nat. Ver. Brünn 14: 200 (1876)Three bitunicate species are exclude from the genus by

Wang (2011).

Melogrammataceae G. Winter [as ‘Melogrameae’], Rabenh.Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2 (Leipzig) 1.2: 797 (1886)

Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2012) recollected the type species,Melogramma campylosporum Fr., which clustered inXylariales in a monophyletic lineage. The family name wastherefore retrieved to accommodate this sole taxon.

Menisporopsis S. Hughes, Mycol. Pap. 48: 59 (1952)Menisporopsis is typified byMenisporopsis theobromae S.

Hughes and a sequence of this putative name is listed underAscomycota genera incertae sedis in GenBank andChaetothyriaceae in Index Fungorum (2014). Menisporopsiskobensis Matsush. was linked to Menisporopascus kobensisMatsush. (Index Fungorum 2015; Matsushima 2001), howev-er no sequence data is available for these taxa. We treatMenisporopsis in Ascomycota genera incertae sedis pendinga molecular study.

Metapochonia Kepler et al., in Kepler et al., Mycologia106(4): 820 (2014)

This genus was proposed based on molecular analyses ofTUB, RPB1, RPB2 and TEF gene sequences (Kepler et al.2014). No sexual morph is know for this genus.

Mirannulata Huhndorf et al., Sydowia 55(2): 173 (2003)This genus was described by Huhndorf et al. (2003), they

placed this genus in Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedisbased on morphology. Boonyuen et al. (2012) in their

Fungal Diversity

phylogenetic analyses using a LSU and SSU gene datasetplaced it in Sordariomycetidae genera incertae sedis.

Moana Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycol. Res. 92: 418(1989)

Monotypic genus of Halosphaeriaceae that wasestablished by Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (1989)to accommodate the marine fungus,M. turbinulata Kohlm. &Volkm.-Kohlm. No molecular study has been carried out onthe genus and further studies are required to confirm its as-signment to the Halosphaeriaceae. No asexual morph isknown (Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer 1989).

Moheitospora Abdel-Wahab et al., in Abdel-Wahab et al.,Mycol. Progr. 9(4): 551 (2010)

The asexual genus that groups in Juncigenaceae with themarine genera Juncigena, Fulvocentrum, and Marinokulati(Jones et al. 2014). It is distinct from, but forms a sister groupto Juncigena with high support and we maintain these as dis-tinct genera. The fungus has coiled conidia with small cellsthat distinguish it fromCirrenalia species (Abdel-Wahab et al.2010). No sexual morph has been observed.

Moleospora Abdel-Wahab et al., in Abdel-Wahab et al.,Mycol. Progr. 9(4): 547 (2010)

A monotypic marine asexual genus in the Lulworthiales(Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010) isolated from Phragmites australiscollected in Egypt. Morphologically it is similar toHalenospora varia (Anastasiou) E.B.G. Jones andCumulospora marina I. Schmidt, but differs in conidial dimen-sions (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010). No sexual morph is known.

Monilochaetes Halst. ex Harter, J. Agric. Res., Washington 5:791 (1916)

The type species of Dischloridium, D. laeënse (Matsush.)B. Sutton was synonymised underMonilochaetes, but molec-ular data shows it forms a sister clade to the generic type ofMonilochaetes, M. infuscans Harter in Australiasca (Réblováet al. 2011a).

Monochaetia (Sacc.) Allesch., Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2(Leipzig) 1(7): 665 (1902) [1903]

Steyaert (1949) treated Monochaetia (Sacc.) Allesch. andplaced species with single setula in section Monosetulatae ofPestalotiopsis and Truncatella. However, Monochaetia wasretained as a distinct genus by Guba (1961) based on its singleapical appendage. Monochaetia is not linked to a sexualmorph and so far more than 120 taxa have been described inMonochaetia, and these mostly comprise 4 septate and 5sep t a t e spec i e s . Based on LSU sequence da t aMaharachchikumbura et al. (2014) show that Monochaetiarepresents a genus that is distinct from Pestalotiopsis,Seiridium and Truncatella. However, it is essential to

incorporate molecular data and more taxon sampling in futureanalyses asMonochaetia includes 3-, 4-, and 6-celled conidialforms (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014).

Monochaetinula Muthumary et al., Trans. Br. mycol. Soc.87(1): 104 (1986)

The genus is typified by M. terminalae (Bat. & Bezerra)Muthumary et al., an asexual coelomycete genus in theAmphisphaeriaceae, which includes M. ampelophila (Speg.)Nag Raj, M. caffra Matsush, M. ceratoniae (Sousa daCâmara) Nag Raj, M. geoffroeana Bianchin. andM. sterculiaeNag Raj. A molecular study is required to ascer-tain its taxonomic position in the Ascomycota.

Morakotiella Sakay., Mycologia 97(4): 806 (2005)Monotypic genus ofHalosphaeriaceae that was introduced

by Sakayaroj (2005) to accommodate Haligena salinaC.A. Farrant & E.B.G. Jones. Phylogenetic analyses ofthe LSU rDNA of the two Haligena species showedthat i t was polyphyletic with the type species(H. elaterophora) forming a basal clade to the family.Subsequently, Sakayaroj et al. (2011a) showed thatMorakotiella salina (C.A. Farrant & E.B.G. Jones)Sakay. grouped as a sister taxon to the generaKochiella and Ocostospora with high statistical support.No asexual morph is known.

Morinia Berl. & Bres., Annuario Soc. Alpinisti Trident.,1887–88: 82 (1889) [1887–88]

The genus Morinia is based onM. pestalozzioides Berl. &Bres. and comprises an asexual fungus forming appendageand muriform conidia in acervular conidiomata (Colladoet al. 2006). ITS sequence data indicate that Morinia belongsin Amphisphaeriaceae with the highest similarity toBartalinia and Truncatella (Collado et al. 2006).

Moromyces Abdel-Wahab et al., in Abdel-Wahab et al.,Mycol. Progr. 9(4): 555 (2010)

Marine monotypic asexual genus in the orderLulworthiales (Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010) forming a sis-ter clade to the monophyletic genus Lulwoana. The ge-nus was introduced for the species Cumulospora variaChatmala & Somrith., as it was distantly placed fromthe type species of Cumulospora (C. marina). No sex-ual morph is known.

Muscodor Worapong et al., Mycotaxon 79: 71 (2001)The genus Muscodor was introduced by Worapong et al.

(2001) for the placement of M. albus Worapong et al., anendophytic fungus that produces volatile antibiotics. It is anasexual genus that has tentatively been referred to theXylariaceae. However, the possibility of the inclusion of thisgenus in the family has been addressed by Stadler et al.

Fungal Diversity

(2013). The phylogenetic analysis by Worapong et al. (2001)was inadequate to support the family placement because theycompared only ribosomal RNA gene sequences of a limitednumber of taxa. Later on, with the availability of reliable se-quence data for important taxa, Stadler et al. (2013) carried outa molecular analysis using only ITS data andMuscodor nestedin the xylarioid Xylariaceae. Thus they represent a monophy-letic basal clade to other xylarioid Xylariaceae especially as anin-group of the heterogeneous group Xylaria.

Musicillium Zare & W. Gams, in Zare et al., Nova Hedwigia85(3–4): 482 (2007)

Verticillium theobromae Turconi is not congeneric withVerticillium sensu stricto, as shown in cladograms based onLSU and ITS sequences, and the genus Musicillium was in-troduced to accommodate it (Zare et al. 2007). The genus isaccommodated in Plectosphaerellaceae. Musicilliumtheobromae (Turconi) Zare & W. Gams is the causal agentof cigar-end rot of bananas.

MyceliophthoraCostantin, C. r. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci., Paris114: 849 (1892)

Myceliophthora is typified by Myceliophthora luteaCostantin and Corynascus is typified by Corynascussepedonium (C.W. Emmons) Arx and both genera are linkedbymolecular data (van den Brink et al. 2012).Myceliophthorais the earlier described genus and it is commonly used inpublications. Van den Brink et al. (2012) proposed to placeall Corynascus species under Myceliophthora.

Myrothecium Tode, Fung. mecklenb. sel. (Lüneburg) 1: 25(1790)

Based on DNA sequences analysis, Castlebury et al.(2004) showed that species of Stachybotrys, species ofMyrothecium and two hypocrealean species form a previous-ly unknown monophyletic lineage within the Hypocreales.In recent studies Crous et al. (2014) introduced the familyStachybotriaceae to accommodate this undescribed familyand the genus Myrothecium.

Nais Kohlm., Nova Hedwigia 4: 409 (1962)Genus of Halosphaeriaceae that was established by

Kohlmeyer (1962) to accommodate N. inornata Kohlm.Another species, N. aquatica K.D. Hyde was described froma freshwater habitat. Phylogenetic analyses of the LSU rDNAconfirmed its placement in the family and showed thatN. inornata, has a close relationship with Aniptodera(Sakayaroj 2005, Sakayaroj et al. 2011a). No asexual morphis known (Shearer and Crane 1978).

Nalanthamala Subram., J. Indian bot. Soc. 35: 478 (1956)The genus Nalanthamala was shown to be linked to

Rubrinectria by Schroers et al. (2005) in Nectriaceae. As

Rubrinectria has a single species, Rossman et al. (2013) pro-posed using the older name Nalanthamala with Rubrinectriaas a synonym. This is followed here.

Natantispora J. Campb. et al., Mycologia 95(3): 543 (2003)Genus with two aquatic species that was introduced by

Campbell et al. (2003) to accommodate two Halosarpheia spe-cies, H. lotica Shearer and H. retorquens Shearer & J.L. Craneand another marine species (N. unipolarae) described by K.L.Pang et al. in Liu et al. (2015). The genus formed a well-supported clade that is distant from the type species, H. fibrosaKohlm.&E.Kohlm. (Jones et al. 2009a), based on phylogeneticanalyses of SSU and LSU rDNA. No asexual morph is known.

Naufragella Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Syst. Ascomycetum16: 19 (1998)

Abdel-Wahab (2011) concluded, based on LSU sequencedata, that the genera Naufragella and Nohea were congenericand Naufragella spinibarbata (Jørg. Koch) Kohlm. &Volkm.-Kohlm. was consequently transferred to Nohea.However, Chu et al. (2015) in a phylogenetic reappraisal ofNimbospora, showed thatN. spinibarbata formed a sister groupto two Nimbospora species with high statistical support. Theirdata places Nohea umiumiKohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. as a sisterclade to the Nimbospora/Naufragella clade with weak support.Unfortunately both studies used different genes and species sothat the placement of these genera needs re-evaluation.Therefore, the transfer of Naufragella spinibarbata to Nohearequires further sampling of related taxa and a wider range ofgenes before the relationships of these genera are resolved.

Nautosphaeria E.B.G. Jones, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 47(1):97 (1964)

Monotypic marine ascomycete genus growing on sub-merged wood, with its placement in the Halosphaeriaceaeconfirmed by 28S rDNA sequences (Sakayaroj 2005,Sakayaroj et al. 2011a). No asexual morph is known.

Nectria (Fr.) Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Section Post.(Stockholm): 387 (1849)

The genus was revisited by Hirooka et al. (2012) withN. cinnabarina (Tode) Fr., the generic type and 29additional species. Tubercularia was considered to be theasexual morph and listed as a synonym. Nectria clusteredwith 16 other genera in Nectriaceae. Rossman et al. (2013)proposed that the generic name Nectria be protected againstTubercularia by suppression of the latter generic name andthis is followed here.

Nectriaceae Tul. & C. Tul. [as ‘Nectriei’], Select. fung. carpol.(Paris) 3: 3 (1865)

Chaverri et al. (2011) showed Nectriaceae to comprise sevengenera. The family was revisited by Hirooka et al. (2012) with a

Fungal Diversity

monograph of Allantonectria, Nectria and Pleonectria. Besidesthese genera, Calonectria, Cosmospora, Cyanonectria,Coral lomycete l la , Lanatonectr ia , Leuconectr ia ,Neocosmospora, Ophionectria, Pseudonectria, Rodentomyces,Rugonectria, Thelonectria and Viridispora clustered inNectriaceae.

NemaniaGray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. (London) 1: 508, 516 (1821)Geniculisynnema termiticola Okane & Nakagiri, was intro-

duced to accommodate the asexual morph of Xylaria angulosaJ.D. Rogers et al. Geniculisynnema termiticola was obtainedfrom a piece of a termite nest incubated in a moist chamberand another fungus isolated on Oatmeal agar (OA) from thesame termite nest produced the sexual morph (Okane andNakagiri 2007). This upright, upper part branched stromatawere identical with X. angulosa found from soil in Indonesiaby Rogers et al. (1987). The sexual morph and the asexualmorph were different in their morphology and colony charac-teristics (Okane and Nakagiri 2007). Geniculisynnematermiticola has never formed its stromata on media.Nevertheless the phylogenetic analysis by Okane and Nakagiri(2007) showed that G. termiticola nested with Nemania, whichhas close affinities to theXylaria.Thus it can be assumed that itssexual morph should be linked to Nemania. As mentioned inStadler et al. (2013) Geniculisynnema can be considered as theyounger synonym of Nemania. The genus Geniculosporiumwas introduced by Chesters and Greenhalgh (1964) and typifiedbyG. serpens Chesters & Greenh., which is currently named asNemania serpens (Pers.) Gray, which is also the type species ofthe sexual genus Nemania S.F. Gray (Stadler et al. 2013).Kenerley and Rogers (1976) found that three Nemania speciesproduced Geniculosporium asexual morphs in culture (Petriniand Rogers 1986). Therefore, Geniculosporium can be sup-pressed in favour of Nemania (Stadler et al. 2013).

Neochaetosphaerella Lar.N. Vassiljeva et al., in Vasiljevaet al., Fungal Diversity 52(1): 192 (2012)

This monotypic genus was introduced by Vasilyeva et al.(2012) based on morphology. The type species isN. thaxteriospora Lar.N. Vassiljeva et al. This genus sharessimilarity to members of Nitschkiaceae sensu lato but no mo-lecular data is available.

NeolinocarponK.D. Hyde, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 110: 104 (1992)(1992)

Based on morphology, the genus Neolinocarpon cannot beplaced in any family within Xylariales with certainty and thusis placed as Xylariales genera incertae sedis (Jones et al.2009a, b).

NeonectriaWollenw., Annls mycol. 15(1/2): 52 (1917)Chaverri et al. (2011) placed Neonectria sensu stricto in

Nectriaceae with Cylindrocarpon sensu stricto asexual

morphs.Rossman et al. (2013) recommended, given the broadclassical concept of Cylindrocarpon and that it is well-circumscribed and includes a number of plant pathogenic spe-cies, that the generic name Neonectria is protected againstCylindrocarpon. Cylindrodendrum was considered not to becongeneric with Neonectria, while the synonymy of Heliscuswas doubtful.

Neopestalotiopsis Maharachch. et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 135(2014)

Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014) resolved genera in theAmphisphaeriaceae based on analysis of LSU sequence data.The phylogeny resolved Pestalotiopsis as a distinct clade inAmphisphaeriaceae, with three well-supported groups thatcorrelated with morphology; besides Pestalotiopsis, two newgenera, Neopestalotiopsis and Pseudopestalotiopsis were in-troduced. Neopestalotiopsis protearum (Crous & L. Swart)Maharachch. et al., which was isolated from living leaves ofLeucospermum cuneiforme in Zimbabwe, was assigned as thegeneric type. MorphologicallyNeopestalotiopsis can easily bedistinguished from Pseudopestalotiopsis and Pestalotiopsisby its versicolorous median cells. Furthermore, inNeopestalotiopsis, conidiophores are indistinct and often re-duced to conidiogenous cells (Maharachchikumbura et al.2014). In their phylogenetic analysis Maharachchikumburaet al. (2014) included 24 ex-type/ex-epitype strains for speciesof Neopestalotiopsis.

Neopyricularia Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 109 (2014)Neopyricularia is a newly introduced genus in the family

Pyriculariaceae, with the type species Pyriculariacommelinicola Klaubauf et al., which was isolated fromCommelina communis in South Korea (Klaubauf et al.2014). Phylogenetically (combined LSU, ITS, RPB1, actinand calmodulin dataset), P. commelinicola does not clusterwithin clades corresponding to species of Pyricularia sensustricto and hence Klaubauf et al. (2014) introduced the genusNeopyricularia.

NeptunellaK.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones, Mycol. Prog. 2 (1): 35(2003)

A taxon previously referred to Gnomonia (Cribb andCribb 1956) and Lignincola (Kohlmeyer 1984), but mor-phological and molecular data confirms its placement in theHalosphaeriaceae (Pang et al. 2003; Jones et al. 2009a, b).The genus is monotypic and resembles Lignincola. Noasexual morph is known.

Nereiospora E.B.G. Jones et al., Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 87 (2): 204(1983)

An ascomycete genus well placed at the morpholog-ical and molecular level in the Halosphaeriaceae, with amonodictys-like asexual morph (Mouzouras and Jones

Fungal Diversity

1985; Sakayaroj et al. 2011a). Nereiospora forms awel l -suppor ted clade in the Halosphaeriaceae(Sakayaroj et al. 2011a).

Neurospora Shear & B.O. Dodge, J. Agric. Res., Washington34: 1025 (1927)

The type species ofChrysonilia,C. sitophila (Mont.) Arx islinked to the type species ofNeurospora,N. sitophila Shear &B.O. Dodge (Francuz et al. 2010).Neurospora is the older andmore commonly used name and therefore Chrysonilia shouldbe a synonym.

NiessliaAuersw., in Gonnermann&Rabenhorst, Myc. Europ.Pyren. 5–6: 30 (1869)

Whitton et al. (2012) introduced four new species inNiesslia (N. cinctiostiolata Whitton et al., N. kapitiaeWhitton et al., N. pacifica Whitton et al., N. vaginataWhitton et al.) from Pandanaceae, while Etayo et al. (2013)introduced a lichenicolous species N. echinoides Etayo et al.,all based on morphology. There are 11 hits in GenBank for aputative strain of N. exilis (Alb. & Schwein.) G. Winter, butthe generic type species N. exosporioides (Desm.) G. Winter(= N. chaetomium (Corda) Auersw. has not been sequenced.

Nigrocornus Ryley & Langdon, in Ryley, Mycology Series(New York) 19: 266 (2003)

This genus Nigrocornus was introduced to accommo-date a species of Balansia which was significantly dif-ferent from that of the type and all other Balansia spe-cies (Ryley 2003). The genus belongs in the familyClavicipitaceae.

Nimbospora Jørg. Koch, Nordic J. Bot. 2 (2): 166 (1982)Genus in the Halosphaeriaceae based on morphological

and molecular evidence, with Chu et al. (2015) showing twoNimbospora species forming a sister clade to Naufragellaspinibarbata (Jørg. Koch) Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. withhigh statistical support. No asexual morph is known for spe-cies assigned to this genus.

NitschkiaceaeHöhn., Nova Acta R. Soc. Scient. upsal., Ser. 48(no. 2): 56 (1932)

Mugambi and Huhndorf (2010) revisited the orderCoronophorales with DNA sequence data and showedNitschkiaceae to be paraphyletic with Fracchiaea speciesnot consistently grouping together or with Nitschkia andAcanthonitschkea.

Nohea Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Syst. Ascomycetum 19:121 (1991)

Monotypic genus in the Halosphaeriaceae supported bymorphological and molecular data (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a;Chu et al. 2015). The type species (N. umiumi Kohlm. &

Volkm.-Kohlm.) forms a sister clade to the Nimbospora/Naufragella clade with moderate support. A unique featureof Nohea umiumi is the ascospores with two types of append-ages (Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer 1991). No asex-ual morph is known.

Occultocarpon L.C. Mejía & ZhuL. Yang, in Mejía et al.,Fungal Diversity 52(1): 101 (2012)

This monotypic genus is placed in Gnomoniaceae,Diaporthales based on a dataset of LSU, RPB2 and TEFgene sequence data (Mejía et al. 2012). The type species isO. ailaoshanense L.C. Mejía & Zhu L. Yang and was iso-lated from the bark of Alnus nepalensis in Yunnan, China(Mejía et al. 2012).

Oceanitis Kohlm., Revue Mycol., Paris 41(2): 193 (1977)Ascosalsum was introduced by Campbell et al. (2003) to

accommodate two Halosarpheia and one Haligena species.Molecular study of SSU and LSU rDNA confirmed thatAscosalsum is congeneric with Oceanitis (Dupont et al.2009). Consequently all species assigned to Ascosalsum werereduced to synonymy in Oceanitis. These species formed ahighly supported clade in the Halosphaeriaceae withOphiodeira monosemeia Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.

Ocostaspora E.B.G. Jones et al., Bot. Mar. 26(7): 353 (1983)Mono typ i c genus i n the Halosphaer iaceae

(Microascales) with Kochiella as a sister group in astatistically well support clade (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a).No asexual morph is known.

Oedemium Link, in Willdenow, Willd., Sp. pl., Edn 4 6(1): 42(1824)

Oedemium minus (Link) S. Hughes was reported as theasexual morph of the type species of Chaetosphaerella, i.e.C. phaeostroma (Durieu & Mont.) E. Müll. & C. Booth byRéblová (1999b). The conidia ofOedemium minus develop ina cluster at the apex of apical swelling of the terminalpolytretic conidiogenous cell (Hughes and Hennebert 1963).Conidia of O. didymum (J.C. Schmidt) S. Hughes which isreported as the asexual morph of Chaetosphaerella fusca(Fuckel) E. Müll. & C. Booth (Ellis 1971) are produced inacropetal chains of the apex of polytretic conidiogenous cells;not more than two chains occur on a conidiogenous cell(Réblová 1999b). Veramycina elegans Subram. was describedon the basis of culture studies of Oedemium minus(Subramanian 1993). Réblová (1999b) observed that conidi-ophores of Veramycina elegans synanamorphs were foundamong conidiophores of Oedemium minus developing fromthe same mycelium in a collection made on Carpinus betulusin the Czech Republic (Herbarium – M. Réblová 866/96).Since, Veramycina was published as a new genus, based onthe culture of Oedemium minus; we consider O. minus and

Fungal Diversity

Veramycina elegans as synonyms. However, the types of thesegenera have not been linked and therefore Chaetosphaerellaand Oedemium are maintained as distinct genera until shownotherwise.

Okeanomyces K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones, Bot. J. Linn. Soc.146(2): 228 (2004)

Monotypic genus in the Halosphaeriaceae, that was intro-duced by Pang et al. (2004) to accommodate Halosphaeriacucullata (Kohlm.) Kohlm. In their study, phylogenetic analy-ses of LSU rDNA placed H. cucullata in a distant clade fromthe type species of the genusHalosphaeria (H. appendiculata).Periconia prolificaAnast. which is not the type of Periconia, isthe asexual morph of the type species,Okeanomyces cucullatus(Kohlm.) K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones.

Ondiniella E.B.G. Jones et al., Bot. Mar. 27(3): 136 (1984)Monotypic genus in the Halosphaeriaceae that was intro-

duced by Jones et al. (1984) to accommodate Halosphaeriatorquata Kohlm. The fungus was excluded from the genusHalosphaeria based on the nature and mode of developmentof the appendages at the ultrastructure level. Multi-gene phy-logeny confirmed its position in Halosphaeriaceae withO. torquata in a distant clade from the type species,Halosphaeria appendiculata. Ondiniella torquata (Kohlm.)E.B.G. Jones et al. forms a well supported clade withToriella tubulifera (Kohlm.) Sakay.et al. as a sister group(Sakayaroj et al. 2011a, b). No asexual morph is known.Ophioceraceae Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 104 (2014)

Ophioceraceae includes the single genus Ophioceras(Klaubauf et al. 2014). Based on the sequence data Klaubaufet al. (2014) showedOphioceras clearly clusters separate fromthe Magnaporthaceae, and hence introduce a new familyOphioceraceae

Ophioceras Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 358. 1883.Morphologically Ophioceras is somewhat similar to

Gaeumannomyces, however the two genera can easily be dis-tinguished by the aquatic habit of Ophioceras, occurring onwood and herbaceous material, versus the plant pathogenicnature ofGaeumannomyces (Chen et al. 1999; Klaubauf et al.2014). In addition based on sequence analysis of LSU, ITS,RPB1, actin and calmodulin gene data, Klaubauf et al. (2014)showed thatOphioceras clearly clusters separate to the familyMagnaporthaceae and hence a new family, Ophioceraceae,was introduced.

Ophiodeira Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Can. J. Bot. 66(10):2062 (1988)

Monotypic genus ofHalosphaeriaceae that was introducedby Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (1988) to accom-modate the marine fungus, O. monosemeia Kohlm. &Volkm.-Kohlm. Multi-gene phylogeny confirms its position

in Halosphaeriaceae with O. monosemeia in a well-supported clade with Oceanitis species as a sister group(Sakayaroj et al. 2011a). No asexual morph is known(Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer 1988).

Ophiodiaporthe Y.M. Ju et al., Mycologia 105(4): 868 (2013)This monotypic genus was introduced by Fu et al. (2013)

for a pathogen causing a wilt disease of Cyathea lepifera inTaiwan with Ophiodiaporthe cyatheae Y.M. Ju et al. as thetype species. Phylogenetic analyses based on combined genesequences placed O. cyatheae in Diaporthaceae.

Ophiodothella (Henn.) Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien,Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 119: 940 [64 repr.] (1910)

Boyd (1934) descr ibed the asexual morph ofOphiodothella vaccinii Boyd as an acervulus, withoutassigning it to a particular genus (Hanlin 1990a). The asexualmorph ofOphiodothella vaccinii Boyd was later assigned to anew monotypic genus Acerviclypeatus as A. poriformansHanlin (Hanlin 1990b). This connection was based on culturalstudies. Barr (1990) indicated that Septoria angustissima Peck(Peck 1911) was probably an earlier name for Ophiodothellavaccinii. Hanlin (2013) examined the type species ofAcerviclypeatus poriformans, Ophiodothella vaccinii andSeptoria angustissima and suggested they represent the sametaxon. Then he suggested a new name as Ophiodothellaangustissima (Peck) Hanlin & M.C. González. Acerviclypeatushas not been linked toO. atromaculans (Henn.) Höhn., which isthe generic type of Ophiodothella and therefore both generashould be currently retained. Ophiodothella is placed inPhyllachoraceae.

Orbimyces Linder, Farlowia 1: 404 (1945)Monotypic asexual marine genus that groups in the

Lulworthiales with low support (Jones et al. 2009b). Furthermolecular studies are required to determine its taxonomic af-finities within the order. The fungus sporulates in culture butno sexual morph was observed (Jones, pers. comm.).

OrbiocrellaD. Johnson et al., Mycol. Res. 113(3): 286 (2009)This genus was introduced to accommodate Torrubiiella

petchiii Hywel-Jones which was recognized as a distinctlineage of pathogens of scale insect in Clavicipitaceae,based on morphological characters and phylogenetic analy-sis of nrSSU, nrLSU, TEF, RPB1 and RPB2 gene data(Johnson et al. 2009).

Orcadia G.K. Sutherl., Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 5(1): 151(1915) [1914]

Monotypic marine ascomycete genus growing on sea-weeds based on morphological observations, and requiringfurther collection, isolation and sequencing to determine itsrelationship (Jones et al. 2009b). Sutherland (1915) referred

Fungal Diversity

the genus to the Hyponectriaceae (Xylariales), in havinginterthecial elements. Rossman et al. (1999) suggested reten-tion in the Pezizales based on its operculate asci. However,Jones et al. (2009b) decided to place the genus Orcadia asSordariomycetes genera incertae sedis which we follow here.No asexual morph is known.

Oxydothis Penz. & Sacc., Malpighia 11: 505 (1898)Genus of ascomycetes with ascomata immersed in palm

tissues beneath the host epidermis. Kang et al. (1999a) referredthe genus to the Clypeosphaeriaceae, while Jones et al.(2009b) placed marine species in Xylariales genera incertaesedis which we follow here. Further molecular studies arerequired to determine its taxonomic position.

Panorbis J. Campb. et al., Mycologia 95(3): 544 (2003)Monotypic genus in Halosphaeriaceae that was introduced

by Campbell et al. (2003) based on phylogenetic analyses ofSSU and LSU rDNA to accommodate one Halosarpheia spe-cies, H. viscosa (I. Schmidt) Shearer & J.L. Crane that did notgroup with the type species H. fibrosa Kohlm. & E. Kohlm .Sakayaroj et al. (2011a) showed that the species groups withHalosarpheia marina (Cribb & J.W. Cribb) Kohlm. with weaksupport. No asexual morph is known (Campbell et al. 2003).

Papulosa Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Syst. Ascomycetum 11:96 (1993)

Monotypic marine genus, referred to the familyPapulosaceae (Diaportheomycetidae, Sordariomycetes) andsupported by morphological and molecular data (Erikssonand Winka 1997).

Paracremonium Lombard & Crous, in Lombard et al.,Studies in Mycology 80: 233 (2015)

The genus Paracremonium was introduced to accommo-date different strains from a group of fungi previously treatedas Acremonium recifei (Leão & Lôbo)W. Gams. This genus ismorphologically different from other acremonium-like generaby the formation of sterile coils from radiate conidiophoresand hyphae with inconspicuously swollen septa (Lombardet al. 2015). Phylogenetic studies showed this genus belongsto family Nectriaceae (Lombard et al. 2015). This genus istypified by P. inflatum L. Lombard & Crous.

Payosphaeria W.F. Leong, Bot. Mar. 33: 511 (1990)Monotypic marine ascomycete genus in Hypocreales, gen-

era incertae sedis, growing on submerged wood and introducedby Leong et al. (1990) based on morphological observations.The species requires further collection, isolation and sequenc-ing to determine its phylogenetic placement in the Ascomycota(Jones et al. 2009b). The type species Payosphaeria minutaW.F. Leong was collected from mangrove wood in Malaysiaand Singapore. No asexual morph is known.

Pedumispora K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, Mycol. Res. 96: 78(1992)

Pedumispora was introduced by Hyde and Jones (1992) fora marine ascomycete. It was tentatively referred to the orderDiaporthales. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that Pedumisporarhizophorae K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones is distantly placedfrom the Diaporthales, and groups in the Diatrypaceae,Xylariales with strong support (Klaysuban et al. 2014).Pedumispora rhizophorae shares many features with membersof the Diatrypaceae, including its saprobic habitat ondecaying plant material, ascomata embedded in apseudostroma, the presence of paraphyses and pigmentedascospores. However, P. rhizophorae differs from othermembers of the Diatrypaceae in a number of aspects. Inspecies of Diatrypaceae most ascospores are allantoid andunicellular, whereas P. rhizophorae has septate, filiform as-cospores with the apical cells lacking contents andappearing as a hook-like appendage (Klaysuban et al.2014). No asexual morph is known.

Peethambara Subram. & Bhat, RevueMycol., Paris 42(1): 52(1978)

The genus Peethambara as typified by P. sundaraSubram. & Bhat and was isolated from Macaranga indicain India. Peethambara was earlier classified as Hypocrealesorder incertae sedis (Castlebury et al. 2004). In their revi-sion, Crous et al. (2014) showed Peethambara and relatedgenera form a monophyletic lineage with Stachybotrys andintroduced the novel family, Stachybotriaceae and this issupported in Wang et al. (2015).

Periconia Tode, Fung. mecklenb. sel. (Lüneburg) 2: 2 (1791)Periconia prolifica is an asexual morph linked to

Okeanomyces cucullatus (Kohlm.) K.L. Pang & E.B.G.Jones (= Remispora cucullata Kohlm.; Halosphaeriacucullata (Kohlm.) Kohlm.) by cultural observations and mo-lecular data (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a). According to the dataincluded in online databases such as MycoBank (Robert et al.2005) and Index Fungorum, the genus Periconia compriseswith about 183 published names and more than 20 have beentransferred to other genera. Presently only about 40 speciesbelong to this genus. The type species isPericonia lichenoides(Carmarán and Novas 2003; Kirk et al. 2008) and this andsome other species, cluster in the order Pleosporales familyincertae sedis.

Periglandula U. Steiner et al., in Steiner et al., Mycologia103(5): 1137 (2011)

This genus was introduced with Periglandula ipomoeae U.Steiner et al. as the type species which was isolated fromIpomoea asarifolia in Ecuador. Species live on the adaxial leafsurface of plants belonging to the family Convolvulaceae andapparently are epibionts. Phylogenetic study based on sequence

Fungal Diversity

analysis of b-tubulin, RNAPolymerase II subunit 1 (rpbA), andthe mitochondrial gene for ATP synthase F0 subunit A,g r o u p e d t h e P e r i g l a n d u l a i n t h e f a m i l yClavicipitaceae (Steiner et al. 2011).

Pestalotiopsis Steyaert, Bull. Jard. bot. État Brux. 19: 300(1949)

The sexual morph of Pestalotiopsis is Pestalosphaeria andonly 13 species are known as compared to the asexual morph(254 species names). Pestalotiopsis has been related toNeobroomella Petr. which was introduced by Petrak (1947).As such, the primal name is Neobroomella, but no sequencedata has linked with the asexual Pestalotiopsis morph.Maharachchikumbura et al. (2011) pointed out that the com-mon Pestalotiopsis name should be applied to both morphsand this is followed in this paper.

Phaeonectriella Eaton & E.B.G. Jones, Nova Hedwigia 19(3–4): 779 (1971)

A genus ofHalosphaeriaceae based on morphological andmolecular evidence (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a), forming a sistergroup to Panorbis and Halosarpheia. No asexual morph isknown.

Phialemoniopsis Perdomo et al., Mycologia 105(2): 408(2013)

Perdomo et al. (2013) proposed the new genusPhialemoniopsis based on Phialemoniopsis ocularis (Gené &Guarro) Perdomo et al. (= Sarcopodium oculorum Gené &Guarro) and Phialemoniopsis curvata (W. Gams & W.B.Cooke) Perdomo et al. (= Phialemonium curvatum W. Gams&W.B. Cooke and two new species,Phialemoniopsis cornearisPerdomo et al. and P. pluriloculosa Perdomo et al. The genuscomprises human pathogens and can be distinguished fromPhialemonium in having phialides and adelophialides, bothwithcollarettes, and in the development of sporodochium- orpycnidium-like conidiomata, unlike in Phialemonium sensustricto. The relationships of Phialemoniopsis has not beencompletely resolved and the genus is placed inSordariomycetes genera incertae sedis. Molecular analyses in-dicate that Phialemoniopsis species are distant from the typespecies of the genera Phialemonium, Sarcopodium andVolutella, and the orders Sordariales and Hypocreales.

Phlogicylindrium Crous et al., in Summerell et al., FungalDiversity 23: 340 (2006)

The genus Phlogicylindrium was introduced forP. eucalypti Crous et al., a species associated withEucalyptus leaves (Summerell et al. 2006; Crous et al.2011). Phlogicylindrium is characterised by erect flame-likeconidiomatal tufts (Summerell et al. 2006). ITS sequence datashowed it clusters within the family Amphisphaeriaceae(Summerell et al. 2006).

Phomatospora Sacc., Grevillea 3: 22 (1875)Genus of Magnaporthaceae (Magnaporthales) based on

molecular analyses (18S rDNA) (Cai et al. 2006a). This genusis probably polyphyletic and further studies are required witha wider sampling of taxa and genes.

PhragmitensisM.K.M. Wong et al., Bot. Mar. 41: 379 (1998)Genus of Hyponectriaceae (Xylariales) based on morpho-

logical observations and requiring a molecular study to con-firm its taxonomic position. Ascomata occur on Phragmites inthe intertidal zone of salt marshes (Wong et al. 1998b). Noasexual morph is known.

Pileomyces K.L. Pang & Jheng, Botanical Studies 53: 536(2012)

Monotypic marine genus in the Halosphaeriaceae de-scribed from a bamboo culm collected at Yingkeshih,Taiwan (Pang and Jheng 2012b). Ascospores ofP. formosanus K.L. Pang & Jheng are similar to those ofAniptodera and Phaeonectriella. No asexual morph is known.

Pisorisporiaceae Réblová & J. Fourn., Persoonia 34: 43(2015)

Réblová et al. (2015) placed Pisorisporium andAchroceratosphaeria in the family Pisorisporiaceae basedon LSU, SSU and RPB2 sequence data and morphology.This family is placed in the order Pirisporiales.

Pisorisporium Réblová & J. Fourn., Persoonia 34: 45 (2015)This genus has two species which were found on

submerged deciduous wood. Molecular analysis andmorphology studies place this genus in the familyPisorisporiaceae (Réblová et al. 2015). No asexualmorph is known.

Plagiostoma Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 118(1870) [1869–70]

The genus was revisited by Mejía et al. (2011) with25 accepted species. The sexual genera Cryptodiaportheand Rostrocoronophora and asexual genus Diplodinawere considered synonyms. Diplodina is the older nameand has priority and thus the mycological communitymust decide which name to retain. The genus is placedin Gnomoniaceae (Fig. 2).

Platytrachelon Réblová, Mycologia 105(2): 466 (2013)Réblová (2013a) introduced this new genus with a single

species, previously named Ceratosphaeria abietis Réblová,based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses. This wood-inhabiting fungus has a simple and inconspicuous morphology.Phylogenetic analyses of combined genes (LSU, SSU andRPB2) indicated that C. abietis has a relationship withPapulosaceae and is better placed in Diaportheomycetidae,

Fungal Diversity

genera incertae sedis.

Plectosphaerella Kleb., Phytopathologische Zeitschrift 1: 43(1930)

A polyphyletic genus with various species assigned toDothideales, Phyllachorales, Pleosporales, and Xylariales(Index Fungorum 2015). Plectosphaerella was introduced toaccommodate the type species Plectosphaerella cucumerisKleb., and currently some 13 species are assigned to the ge-nus. The type species of the asexual genus Spermosporina isS. alismatis (Oudem.) U. Braun with a sexual morph inPlectosphaerella which has priority and is a Nom. rejic., seeArt. 14.7 (Carlucci et al. 2012) and thus Spermosporina istreated as a synonym.

PlectosphaerellaceaeW.Gams et al., NovaHedwigia 85 (3–4):476 (2007)

The family was introduced by Zare et al. (2007) to accom-modate the genera Acrostalagmus, Gibellulopsis andMusicillium based on LSU and ITS sequences, and forms awell-supported clade within the Microascales (Réblová et al.2011a). Subsequently, Stachylidium has also been referred tothe family. The family includes many asexual genera that arelinked to their putative sexual morphs: Acrostalagmus,Plectosporium and Stachylidium.

Pleurotheciella Réblová et al., Mycologia 104(6): 1304(2012)

Réblová et al. (2012) described this genus from decayingwood submerged in freshwater with two new speciesPleurotheciella rivularia Réblová et al. and P. centenariaRéblová et al. Phylogenetic analyses of combined genes indi-cated that Pleurotheciella is closely related to the generaPleurothecium and Sterigmatobotrys, but forms a well-supported monophyletic clade. The genus is placed inHypocreomycetidae genera incertae sedis.

Pleurothecium Höhn., Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 37: 154 (1919)Pleurothecium is considered as a hyphomycete genus, with

six accepted species (Seifert et al. 2011); only P. recurvatumhas a sexual morph, described as Carpoligna pleurothecii(Fernández et al. 1999). Pleurothecium is typified byP. recurvatum (Morgan) Höhn. Réblová et al. (2012) showedthe type species to cluster near Sterigmatobotrys andPhaeo i s a r i a s p e c i e s . Th e g enu s i s p l a c ed i nHypocreomycetidae genera incertae sedis. Pleurotheciumsemifecundum Réblová et al. is placed in Savoryellales familyincertae sedis and the genus is presently polyphyletic.

Poronia Willd., Fl. berol. prodr.: 400 (1787)Rogers and Læssøe (1992) introduced Podosordaria ingii

J.D. Rogers & Læssøe, which was later synonymised asPoronia ingii (J.D. Rogers and Læssøe) J.D. Rogers et al.,

which has an asexual morph belonging to Lindquistia.Lindquistia was introduced to accommodate Lindquistiaindica Subram. & Chandrash. As reported by Rogers andLæssøe (1992) the sexual and asexual morphs are similar.The asexual morph was also produced in cultures from asco-spores. Therefore the sexual–asexual link between Lindquistiaand Poronia ingii were established (Rogers and Læssøe1992). Since, Poronia was introduced before Lindquistia,the latter name should be suppressed (Stadler et al. 2013).

ProxipyriculariaKlaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 110 (2014)Proxipyricularia is a plant pathogenic genus in the family

Pyriculariaceae which is typified by P. zingiberis (Klaubaufet al. 2014). Proxipyricularia is morphologically similar toPyricularia, but phylogenetically distinct based on combinedsequence analysis of LSU, ITS, RPB1, actin and calmodulingene data (Klaubauf et al. 2014).

Pseudocatenomycopsis Crous & L.A. Shuttlew., in Crouset al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 31: 221 (2013)

This monotypic genus known only by its asexual morph wasintroduced by Crous et al. (2013) with P. rothmanniae Crous &L.A. Shuttlew. as the type species and placed inCoronophorales genera incertae sedis based on sequence data.

PseudocosmosporaC. Herrera & P. Chaverri, Mycologia 105:1291 (2013)

Herrera et al. (2013b) described this genus to accommodatethe type species Pseudocosmospora eutypellae C. Herrera &P. Chaverri and nine additional species based on molecularanalyses (ITS, LSU, MCM7, RPB1, TEF, tub) which indicat-ed this group is phylogenetically distinct from other previous-ly segregated genera under Nectriaceae.

Pseudoidriella Crous & R.G. Shivas, in Crous et al.,Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 27: 135 (2011)

The monotypic genus was introduced by Crous et al.(2011) for an idriella-like taxon, but with similarities toMicrodochium. Based on the sequence data Crous et al.(2011) placed it in incertae sedis.

Pseudomassaria Jacz., Bull. Herb. Boissier 2: 663 (1894)Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2012) recollected the type spe-

cies of Pseudomassaria, P. chondrospora (Ces.) Jacz., andthe i r mo lecu la r ana lyses p l aced the genus inHyponectriaceae, Xylariales. Pseudomassaria andLeiosphaerella praeclara (Rehm) Höhn. are closely related(Jaklitsch and Voglmayr 2012).

PseudopestalotiopsisMaharachch. et al. Stud. Mycol. 79: 180(2014)

The new genus Pseudopestalotiopsis, which segregatesfrom Pestalotiopsis was proposed based on the type

Fungal Diversity

Pseudopestalotiopsis theae (Sawada) Maharachchikumburaet al. by Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014). The epitype ofPestalotiopsis theae (Sawada) Steyaert was designated fromfresh leaves of Camellia sinensis collected in Thailand(Maharachchikumbura et al. 2013b). Pseudopestalotiopsiscan be distinguished from Neopestalotiopsis andPestalotiopsis by sequence data and generally dark-colouredconcolourous median cells with indistinct conidiophores(Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014). The genus belongs inthe family Amphisphaeriaceae.

Pseudopyricularia Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 110(2014)

Based on sequence analysis of a combined dataset ofLSU, ITS, RPB1, ACT and CAL sequences, Klaubaufe t a l . ( 2 0 1 4 ) p l a c e d t h r e e r e l a t e d s p e c i e s(Pseudopyricularia cyperi Klaubauf et al., P. higginsii(Luttr.) Klaubauf et al. and P. kyllingae Klaubaufet al.) in the new genus Pseudopyricularia in the familyPyriculariaceae. Species in Pseudopyricularia are pri-marily distinguished from Pyricularia by having short,determinate, brown conidiophores, with an apical rachiswith flat-tipped denticles (Klaubauf et al. 2014).

Purpureocillium Luangsa-ard et al., in Luangsa-ard et al.,FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 321(2): 144 (2011)

This genus was introduced by Luangsa-ard et al. (2011) toaccommodate a species of Paecilomyceswhich has frequentlybeen found as the causal agent of infections in man and othervertebrates. Molecular data showed it was not related toPaecilomyces but could be placed in Ophiocordycipitaceae.A second species was added by Perdomo et al. (2013).

Pustulomyces D.Q. Dai et al., in Dai et al., Cryptog. Mycol.35(1): 64 (2014)

Pustulomyces is a monotypic genus introduced byDai et al.(2014) with Pustulomyces bambusicola Dai et al., as the typespecies from bamboo. A combined data set of LSU and TEFsequences showed that Pustulomyces is a new genus inDiaporthaceae (Dai et al. 2014).

Pyricularia Sacc., Michelia 2(no. 6): 20. 1880.In the recent revision of Klaubauf et al. (2014), Pyricularia

was placed as the type of the newly introduced familyPyriculariaceae. Species belonging to Pyricularia are plantpathogens (Klaubauf et al. 2014). Presently there are 78 spe-cies epithets in the genus including the type P. grisea Sacc.

Pyriformiascoma Daranagama et al., Fungal Diversity (inpress) (2015)

Pyriformiascoma was introduced to accommodate the typespecies Pyriformiascoma trilobatum Daranagama et al.(Daranagama et al. 2015). Pyriformiascoma produces simple,

brown conidiophores with terminal conidiogenesis cells bearingbrown globose conidia in culture. Phylogenetic analysis placeP. trilobatum as a basal clade to both hypoxyloid and xylaroidXylariaceae parallel toCreosphaeria sassafras (Schwein.) Y.M.Ju et al. and Barrmaelia macrospora (Nitschke) Rappaz withhigh bootstrap support (Daranagama et al. 2015).

Pyrigemmula D. Magyar & Shoemaker, in Magyar et al.,Mycol. Progr. 10(3): 310 (2011)

This monotypic genus was introduced by Magyar et al.(2011) for P. aurantiaca D. Magyar & Shoemaker whichwas collected from inner bark of living woody hosts inHung a r y. Mo l e c u l a r d a t a p l a c e t h e g e nu s i nChaetosphaeriaceae.

Rectifusarium Lombard et al., in Lombard et al., Studies inMycology 80: 229 (2015)

Lombard et al. (2015) introduced this genus to accommo-date fusarium-like species lacking sporodochia, previouslytreated as F. ventricosum. DNA sequence data confirmed thatthey formed a well-supported distinct clade in the familyNectriaceae. The genus Rectifusarium is typified byR. ventricosum (Appel & Wollenw.) L. Lombard & Crous.Regiocrella P. Chaverri & K.T. Hodge, Mycologia 97(6):1232 (2006) [2005]

This genus was described from samples collected inCameroon and China (Chaverri et al. 2005). Morphologicaland molecular evidence place th is genus underClavicipitaceae (Chaverri et al. 2005).

Remispora Linder, Farlowia 1(3): 409 (1944)A phylogenetic evaluation of Remispora, based on three

loci (LSU, SSU and RPB2), demonstrated that the genuswas polyphyletic (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a). Consequently, spe-cies not grouping in Remispora sensu stricto were moved tonew genera (Kochiella, Tubakiella), see elsewhere. This genusis based on the type species R. maritima which forms a well-supported monophyletic clade with Sablicola as a sister clade(Sakayaroj et al. 2011a). No asexual morph is known.

Reticulascaceae Réblová &W. Gams, in Réblová et al., Stud.Mycol. 68(1): 180 (2011)

Cylindrotrichum (= Reticulascus) and Porosphaerellopsisare presently included in the family Reticulascaceae. Thisfamily was introduced by Réblová et al. (2011a) based onmolecular analysis of ITS, LSU, SSU and RPB2 sequencedata. The dematiaceous Cylindrotrichum, Kylindria andSporoschismopsis , l inked as anamorphs with theReticulascaceae (Réblová et al. 2011a).

Retrostium Nakagiri & Tad. Ito, Mycologia 89: 485 (1997)Monotypic marine genus in the Spathulosporaceae, order

incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes (Jones et al. 2009b).

Fungal Diversity

Spathulospora (an algal-inhabiting species) and the type of thefamily has been shown to be well-placed in the Lulworthiales(Inderbitzin et al. 2004). Further collections, isolation and se-quencing required to resolve its taxonomic position.

Rhopalostroma D. Hawksw., Kew Bull. 31(3): 422 (1977)A study conducted by Stadler et al. (2010) showed that the

genus Ropalostroma, exclusively reported from thepalaeotropics, was closely related to the daldinoidXylariaceae and the two predominantly neotropical generaPhylacia and Thamnomyces. The study included the use ofmicroscopic methods, secondary metabolite profiling and ITSnrDNA sequences of cultures obtained from fresh materialcollections of the species R. angolense (Welw. & Curr.) D.Hawksw. Daranagama et al. (2014) studied the affinitiesof R. lekae Whalley et al. with R. angolense and othermembers of Xylariaceae using a polythetic approach.According to the multigene analysis Phylacia ,Rhopalostroma and Thamnomyces form a separate cladeand the monophyletic origin of Thamnomyces andRhopalostroma is supported by high statistical support(Darnagama et al. 2014). Stadler et al. (2010) andDaranagama et al. (2014) observed the nodulisporium–likeasexual morph from both R. angolense and R. lekae.

Rimaconus Huhndorf et al., Mycologia 93(6): 1073 (2001)Rimaconus was introduced by Huhndorf et al. (2001) for

the type species R. jamaicensis (Seaver) Huhndorf et al. andpresently comprises two species (Huhndorf and Miller 2011).Phylogenetic study (Huhndorf and Miller 2011) placedRimaconus in a group close to Helminthosporiaceae and inour analysis (Fig. 2) the genus forms a separate clade close toCephalothecaceae, Chaetosphaeriales and Meliolales.Currently Rimaconus is placed in Chaetosphaeriales generaincertae sedis.

Riomyces A. Ferrer et al., Mycologia 104(4): 876 (2012)This monotypic genus was introduced from submerged

woody debris in freshwater collected in Costa Rica (Ferreret al. 2012). Molecular analysis placed the genus inSordariomycetidae genera incertae sedis.

Rodentomyces Doveri et al., in Doveri et al., Fungal Diversity42: 61 (2010)

This monotypic genus was introduced by Doveri et al.(2010) based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis.Rodentomyces, type species R. reticulatus Doveri et al., isplaced in Nectriaceae, based on ITS and LSU sequence dataanalysis. It has trichothecium-like asexual morphs similar toasexual morphs of a few other hypocrealean taxa.

Rosasphaeria Jaklitsch & Voglmayr, Fungal Diversity 52(1):93 (2012)

This monotypic genus was introduced by Jaklitsch andVoglmayr (2012) based on multi-gene phylogenetic analysesof ITS, LSU, RPB2 and TEF gene data. Its type species isRosasphaeria moravica (Petr.) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr. It hasa pycnidial asexual morph that was seen in culture.Phylogenetically it is close to Eucasphaeria and is placedin the family Niessliaceae.

Rosellinia De Not., G. bot. ital. 1(1): 334 (1844)The genus Rosellinia was introduced by De Notaris (1844)

to accommodate species with uniperitheciate, gregarious,stromata and revised to include species with superficial, con-spicuous, carbonaceous, ostiolate stromata with subicula(Petrini 2013). Their asexual morphs are geniculosporium-like, nodulisporium-like and Dematophora which are typicalof Xylariaceae (Petrini 2013). Petrini (2013) accepted 142species in Rosellinia.

Dematophora was described by Hartig (1883) withD. necatrix R. Hartig as the type species. Viala (1891) andlater Prillieux (1904) observed ascocarps apparently associat-ed with D. necatrix on diseased vine roots. Hansen et al.(1937) described perithecia on diseased apple roots infectedby D. necatrix, which they happened to keep in moist cham-bers for a long time. A connection between germinating co-nidia of D. necatrix and Rosellinia was established in culture.Thus the perithecial morph of D. necatrix was RosellinianecatrixBerl. ex Prill. The same study proved that the conidialmorphs developed in the cultures ofRosellinia buxi Fabre, andwere ei ther mononematus or synnematous as inDematophora. The asexual morph Dematophora is linked tothe sexual morph Rosellinia and was synonymised underRosellinia by Stadler et al. (2013).

Roselliniella Vain., Acta Soc. Fauna Flora fenn. 49(no. 2): 77(1921)

Based on newly obtained LSU sequences from RoselliniellaatlanticaMatzer &Hafellner and R. euparmeliicolaMillanes &D. Hawksw., Hawksworth et al. (2010) noted that Roselliniellahad to be placed inHypocreales genera incertae sedis and not inSordariales genera incertae sedis. Thus, the family placementcould not be resolved from the sequences obtained.

Rostrohypoxylon J. Fourn. & M. Stadler, in Fournier et al.,Fungal Diversity 40: 24 (2010)

This monotypic genus introduced by Fournier et al. (2010)was based on a new combination of asexual-sexual morphcharacters. The type species is R. terebratum J. Fourn. & M.Stadler. The status of this taxon is supported by secondarymetabolite profiling. Morphologically, it is characterized byerumpent, strongly carbonaceous stromata with stout ostiolarnecks and deep cylindrical holes.Rostrohypoxylon produced asporothrix-like to virgariella-like asexual morph in culture. Itis presently placed in family Xylariaceae.

Fungal Diversity

Rostrupiella Jørg. Koch et al., Bot. Mar. 50(5–6): 295 (2007)A monotypic marine genus in Lulworthiales with the type

species R. danica Jørg. Koch et al., grouping with Lulwoanauniseptata (Nakagiri) Kohlm. and various Lulworthia sensulato species as a sister clade (Koch et al. 2007; Jones et al.2009a). No asexual morph is known.

Rugonectria P. Chaverri & Samuels, in Chaverri et al., Stud.Mycol. 68(1): 73 (2011)

This genus was introduced by Chaverri et al. (2011) withR. rugulosa (Pat. & Gaillard) Samuels et al. as the type spe-cies. The genus clustered in Nectriaceae and hascylindrocarpon-like asexual morphs.

Ruwenzoria J. Fourn. et al., in Stadler et al., Mycol. Progr.9(2): 171 (2010)

Ruwenzor ia was in t roduced to accommoda teR. pseudoannulata J. Fourn. et al., which is characterized byhemispherical to peltate, superficial, sessile stromata with in-distinct perithecial outlines and raised ostiolar areas. The asex-ual morph is either sporothrix-like or less frequentlynodulisporium-like (Stadler et al. 2010). Apart from morphol-ogy both chemotaxonomic and ITS sequence data were ob-tained by Stadler et al. (2010). Ruwenzoria belongs to thehypoxyloid Xylariaceae, and has particularly close affinitiesto the genus Daldinia.

RuzeniaO. Hilber, The Genus Lasiosphaeria and Allied Taxa(Kelheim): 7 (2002)

This is a monotypic genus in Helminthosphaeriaceaetypified by Ruzenia spermoides (Hoffm.) O. (Milleret al. 2014).

SaagaromycesK.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones, Mycol. Prog. 2: 35(2003)

In a phylogenetic evaluation of genera with polar unfurlingappendages the genus Halosarpheia was found to be polyphy-letic and taxa not grouping with the type species H. fibrosaKohlm. & E. Kohlm. were transferred to new genera.Saagaromyces accommodates the marine ascomyceteS. ratnagiriensis (S.D. Patil & Borse) K.L. Pang & E.B.G.Jones (Pang and Jones 2004) in the family Halosphaeriaceae(Jones et al. 2009a). No asexual morph is known. Littispora is asynonym of Saagaromyces, both taxa were described at thesame time, but the latter name has priority (Pang and Jones2004; Jones et al. 2009a).

Sablicola E.B.G. Jones et al., Can. J. Bot. 82: 486 (2004)Monotypic marine ascomycete growing on submerged

wood, with its placement in the Halosphaeriaceae confirmedby 28S rDNA sequences (Pang et al. 2004). The genus forms asister group to Remispora sensu stricto (Pang et al. 2004;Sakayaroj et al. 2011a). No asexual morph is known.

Samuelsia P. Chaverri & K.T. Hodge, in Chaverri et al., Stud.Mycol. 60: 59 (2008)

Chaverri et al. (2008) introduced this new genus based onmorphology and analysis of 28S, TEF and RPB1 gene dataand placed it in Clavicipitaceae. The asexual morph of thisgenus is aschersonia-like (Chaverri et al. 2008).

Sarocladium W. Gams & D. Hawksw., Kavaka 3: 57 (1976)[1975]

Sarocladium was extended by Summerbell et al. (2011) toinclude all members of the Acremonium strictum W. Gamsand A. bacillisporum (Onions &G.L. Barron)W. Gams cladesand groups in Hypocreales genera, incertae sedis.

Savoryella E.B.G. Jones & R.A. Eaton, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc.52(1): 161 (1969)

Awidespread genus of lignicolous ascomycetes in freshwaterand marine habitats, referred variously to Microascales (asHalosphaeriales), Sordariales and Xylariales, and to theHypocreales based on an 18S phylogenetic study (Cai et al.2006a). However, a subsequent study, using awider range of loci(LSU, SSU, 5.8S rRNA genes, RPB1, RPB2, TEF), showed itformed a new lineage in the Hypocreomycetidae(Sordariomycetes). Savoryella species form a monophyleticgroup in the order Savoryellales with high statistical support(Boonyuen et al. 2011). The genus has no known asexual morph.

Savoryellaceae Jaklitsch & Réblová, Index Fungorum 209: 1(2015)

The family Savoryellaceae was introduced by Jaklitschand Réblová (2015). Asexual morphs are dematiaceous hy-phomycetes, e.g., Canalisporium linked to Ascothailandiaand Monotosporella and Helicoon linked to Ascotaiwania.Species of Savoryellaceae are predominantly found in aquat-ic habitats such as freshwater, marine and brackish environ-ments, particularly on submerged wood (Jaklitsch andRéblová 2015). The order Savoryellales was introduced byBoonyuen et al. (2011) to include Ascotaiwania,Canalisporium and Savoryella. Savoryellales is an orderwhich includes family Savoryellaceae. In the current study,the order Savoryellales also includes Carpolignapleurothecii F.A. Fernández & Huhndorf (generic type),Conioscypha japonica Udagawa & Toyaz. and C. variusRéblová & Seifert and Pleurothecium semifecundumRéblová et al., which are placed in Savoryellales familyincertae sedis.

Scortechinia Sacc., Atti Inst. Veneto Sci. lett., ed Arti, Sér. 6 3:713 (1885)See under Scortechiniaceae.

Scortechiniaceae Huhndorf et al., in Huhndorf et al., Mycol.Res. 108(12): 1387 (2004)

Fungal Diversity

Mugambi and Huhndorf (2010) revisited the orderCoronophorales with DNA sequence data and showedScortechiniaceae to be monophyletic with the generaBiciliospora, Cryptosphaerella, Tympanopsis, Scortechinia,Scortechiniella and Scortechiniellopsis. Biciliospora,Scortechiniella and Scortechiniellopsis may be congeneric,but Tympanopsis and Scortechinia are distinct genera(Mugambi and Huhndorf 2010).

Scortechiniella Arx & E. Müll., Beitr. Kryptfl. Schweiz11(no. 1): 382 (1954)

See under Scortechiniaceae.

Sedecimiella K.L. Pang et al., in Pang et al., Bot. Mar. 53(6):495 (2010)

Pang et al. (2010) described Sedecimiella taiwanensisK.L.Pang et al. from twigs of Kandelia obovata collected inTaiwan and a further collection on unidentified mangrovewood at Futian Nature Reserve, Shenzhen, China.Phylogenetic analyses did not resolve its familial position inthe Hypocreales and therefore it is placed in Hypocreales,genera incertae sedis.A distinguishing feature of the ascomy-cete is its cylindrical unitunicate asci with 16 hyaline globoseascospores.

SeiridiumNees, Syst. Pilze (Würzburg): 22 (1816) [1816–17]Sequence data reveal Seiridium to represent a distinct genus

in the family Amphisphaeriaceae, which is characterised by 6-celled conidia (Jeewon et al. 2003b; Maharachchikumburaet al. 2014). Blogiascospora and Lepteutypa have been identi-fied as the sexual morph of Seiridium. However, Seiridium isthe oldest andmost commonly used name and therefore, shouldbe applied to represent both morphs. Maharachchikumburaet al. (2014) suggested the monotypic genus Pestalotia (1839)may be a synonym of Seiridium (1816), since both genera havesimilar morphologies. Presently 39 species epithets forSeiridium in Index Fungorum (2015).

Septofusidium W. Gams, Cephalosporium-art igeSchimmelpilze (Stuttgart): 147 (1971)

Gams (1971) placed the genus Septofusidium in the familyNectriaceae based on morphological characters. Lombardet al. (2015) placed this genus in family Tilachlidiaceae basedon phylogenetic analysis. It is typified by S. elegantulum(Pidopl.) W. Gams.

Simplicillium W. Gams & Zare, Nova Hedwigia 73(1–2): 38(2001)

This genus was introduced based on morphology and phy-logenetic analysis (Zare and Gams 2001a, b). Four taxa and onecombination were placed in this genus because of mainly sol-itary phialides (Zare and Gams 2001b). According to morpho-logical and 28S, ITS rDNA sequences analysis, a novel species

was proposed by Liu and Cai (2012). They also provided a keyfor Simplicillium. Five new species were discovered from soilsamples by Nonaka et al. (2013). The sexual morphs of thisgenus are mostly Torrubiella. species which belong in the fam-ily Cordycipitaceae (Zare and Gams 2001a, b; Liu and Cai2012; Nonaka et al. 2013; Index Fungorum 2015).

Sirococcus Preuss, Linnaea 26: 716 (1855)Rossman et al. (2007) showed, using molecular data that

the genus Sirococcuswith the species S. conigenus (Pers.) P.F.Cannon & Minter (type species), S. piceiola Rossman et al.and S. tsugae Castl. et al. belongs in Gnomoniaceae.

Sodiomyces A.A. Grum-Grzhim. et al., Persoonia 31: 154(2013)

Grum-Grzhimaylo et al. (2013) introduced the genus toaccommodate Helecoccum alkalinum Bilanenko & M.Ivanova which does not group in Hypocreales, based on amulti-locus gene phylogeny (ITS, 5.8S rDNA, 28S rDNA,18S rDNA, RPB2 and TEF). Sodiomyces alkalinus(Bilanenko&M. Ivanova) A.A. Grum-Grzhimaylo is the onlyspecies in the genus, a holomorphic alkaliphilic ascomycetewithin the Plectosphaerellaceae. Many other species in thePlectosphaerellaceae are also known to be alkaliphilic, forexample, Acremonium alcalophilum G. Okada.

Spadicoides S. Hughes, Can. J. Bot. 36: 805 (1958)This asexual genus has been associated with

Tengiomyces (Réblová 1999b), but there is no moleculardata to establish the connection. Spadicoides is polyphy-letic and has affinities with divergent lineages ofDothideomycetes (Pleosporales) and Sordariomycetes. ALSU sequence generated for S. bina (Corda) S. Hughes( the type spec i es ) was found to be s i s t e r toChaetosphaeriales, but the sequence is from a non typestrain (Shenoy et al. 2010). The genus is therefore tenta-tively placed in Sordariomycetidae genera incertae sedis.

Spataporthe Bronson et al., Int. J. Pl. Sci. 174(3): 278–292(2013)

The fossil genus of Gnomoniaceae was introduced byBronson et al. (2013) and is one of the earliest representativesof Diaporthales providing a minimum age of 136 Ma for theorder.

Spathulospora A.R. Caval. & T.W. Johnson, Mycologia 57:927 (1965)

Marine genus with Spathulospora phycophila A.R. Caval. &T.W. Johnson as the type species and referred to theSpathulosporomycetes, Spathulosporomycetidae (Locquin1984), Spathulosporales (Kohlmeyer 1973), Spathulosporaceae(Kohlmeyer 1973) based on morphological observations.However, two Spathulospora species (S. antarctica Kohlm.,

Fungal Diversity

S. adelpha Kohlm.) have been showen to group in the orderLulworthiales with weak support (Inderbitzin et al. 2004;Campbell et al. 2005; Jones et al. 2009b). Further collections,isolation and sequencing are required to determine the phyloge-netic placement of this genus in theAscomycota, especially as thetype species has yet to be sequenced. We presently preferSpathulospora to be placed in Spathulosporaceae until the typespecies has been sequenced.

Sphaerostilbella (Henn.) Sacc. & D. Sacc., Syll. fung.(Abellini) 17: 778 (1905)

Sphaerostilbella and Gliocladium are most likely the samegenera and thus Rossman et al. (2013) proposed to protect theyounger name Sphaerostilbella against Gliocladium, whichthey thought would favour clarity of communication; this isfollowed here. The genus belongs in Hypocreaceae.

Sporidesmium Link, Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin3(1–2): 41 (1809)

Sporidesmium is in its traditional sense, is a specious genus,with around 330 species (Seifert et al. 2011). Réblová andWinka (2001) employed gene sequence-data to connectEllisembia folliculata (Corda) Subram. (as Sporidesmiumfolliculatum Corda) with Lecythothecium duriligni Réblová& Winka and Stanjehughesia hormiscioides (Corda)Subram. (as Sporidesmium hormiscioides Corda) with(Umbrinosphaeria caesariata (Clinton & Peck) Réblová) inChaetosphaeriaceae. Sporidesmium sensu lato has also beenassociated with other sexual morphs in Asterinaceae (Eupelterapaneae Hansf . , E. amicta Syd. and Placosomanothopanacis Syd.), Chaetosphaeriaceae (Chaetosphaeriacapitata Sivan. & H.S. Chang, Miyoshiella fusisporaKawam., M. larvata Réblová and M. triseptata (Shoemaker& G.P. White) Réblová), Cucurbitariaceae (Cucurbitariavarians Hazsl.),Micropeltidaceae (Akaropeltella kielmeyerae(Bat. & J.L. Bezerra) M.L. Farr) and Trichosphaeriaceae(Eriosphaeria aggregata E. Müll. & Munk) (detailed inShenoy et al. 2006). Some species of Sporidesmium reported-ly produce Chloridium, Idriella, selenosporella-like and un-named phialidic synanamorphs (detailed in Seifert et al.2011). The associations are yet to be supported by DNA-sequence data.

In a phylogenetic study, Shenoy et al. (2006) employedmulti-gene phylogenetic analysis to connect Sporidesmiumand morphologically similar genera such as Ellisembia,Linkos ia , Repe tophragma , Spor idesmie l l a andStanjehughesia with Bsexual morph^ families and their studyconcluded that Sporidesmium is polyphyletic and species arephylogenetically distributed in multiple families ofDothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes. There are nineSporidesmium species, including one undesignated species(Groenewald et al. 2008; Shearer et al. 2009; Shenoy et al.2006) that have been sequenced, but the type species,

Sporidesmium atrum Link is yet to be sequenced and thusthe genus is placed in Ascomycota genera incertae sedis.

Sporoschismopsis Hol.-Jech. & Hennebert, Bull. Jard. Bot.natn. Belg. 42(4): 385 (1972)

Réblová et al. (2014) introduced Sporoschismopsisangustata Réblová with a Porosphaerellopsis sexualmorph. This represents the second known and experimen-tally proven sexual-asexual morph link betweenPorosphaerellopsis and Sporoschismopsis. In the samestudy; Porosphaerellopsis is synonymised underSporoschisma as the latter genus is the older name.Sporoschismopsis was positioned in Reticulascaceaewhere it is transferred here (Réblová 2013b).

Stachybotrys Corda, Icon. fung. (Prague) 1: 21 (1837)Stachybotrys albipes (Berk. & Broome) S.C. Jong &

Davis, has been linked to a sexual morph reported asMelanopsamma pomiformis (Pers.) Sacc. (type) based ongene sequence data (Castlebury et al. 2004). Stachybotrys isthe oldest name and is frequently used in literature andadopted by Wang et al. (2015). Ornatispora is also a syno-nym. The genus Stachybotryswas earlier classified as incertaesedis in the order Hypocreales and based on sequence data.Crous et al. (2014) transferred it to newly established familyStachybotriaceae.

S tachy l i d ium Link , Magaz in de r Gese l l s cha f tNaturforschenden Freunde Berlin 3: 15 (1809)

Stachylidium is an asexual genus variously classified inBionectriaceae, Xylariaceae, and anamorphic Pezizomycotina(Index Fungorum 2015) with Stachylidium bicolor Link, analkalophilic fungus as the type species. Réblová et al. (2011a)s h owed t h a t t h e t y p e s p e c i e s g r o u p s i n t h ePlectosphaerellaceae with high statistical support.

Staphylotrichum J. Mey. & Nicot, Bull. trimest. Soc. mycol.Fr. 72: 322 (1957) [1956]

A new species, Staphylotrichum boninense K. Nonaka et al.and the type species, S. coccosporum J. Mey. & Nicot, werefound to be related to Chaetomiaceae (Nonaka et al. 2012).

Sterigmatobotrys Oudem., Ned. kruidk. Archf, 2 sér. 4: 548(1886)

Réblová and Seifert (2011d) reported the sexual morph ofthe hyphomycete genus Sterigmatrobotrys. Fertile conidio-phores of S. macrocarpa (Corda) S. Hughes. formed on peri-thecial ascomata and an identical asexual morph developedfrom ascospores isolated in axenic culture. Phylogeneticrelationships based on LSU sequence data reveal thatSterigmatrobotrys macrocarpa clustered in a clade withCarpoligna pleurothecii F.A. Fernández & Huhndorf.Carpoligna and Chaetosphaeria are morphologically similar

Fungal Diversity

to Sterigmatobotrys. Réblová et al. (2012) indicated thatPleurotheciella is closely related to Pleurothecium andSterigmatobotrys, and can be placed in Hypocreomycetidaegenera incertae sedis. However, in the current studyCarpoligna pleurothecii and Pleurothecium semifecundumsit in the order Savoryellales.

Stromatonectria Jaklitsch & Voglmayr, Mycologia 103(2):435 (2011)

Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2011) redescribed Myrmaeciellacaraganae Höhn., in the new genus Stromatonectria asS. caraganae (Höhn.) Jaklitsch & Voglm. based on morphol-ogy and phylogenetic analyses. It was recollected on branchesof Caragana spp., Colutea arborescens and Laburnumanagyroides (Fabaceae) around Vienna, Austria.Phylogenetic analyses of LSU also indicated this genus be-longs to a separate clade in Bionectriaceae.

Swampomyces Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Botanica Marina30: 198 (1987)

Sakayaroj (2005) and Schoch et al. (2007) showed that genuswas polyphyletic separating into two clades: Swampomycessensu stricto (type S. armeniacus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.groupingwith S. triseptatusK.D.Hyde&Nakagiri) in the familyEtheirophoraceae, Hypocreomycetideae order incertae sedis,while S. aegyptiacus Abdel-Wahab et al. and S. clavatisporaAbdel-Wahab et al. group in the Juncigenaceae for which anew genus Fulvocentrum has been introduced to accommodatethese taxa (Jones et al. 2014).

Synaptospora Cain, Beih. Sydowia 1: 4 (1957) [1956]One of four named species of Synaptospora ,

S. plumbea Huhndorf et al. is represented by gene se-q u e n c e s w h i c h p l a c e t h e g e n u s i nHe lm in t ho sphae r i ac eae (M i l l e r e t a l . 2014 ) .Synaptospora olandica Réblová has been associated witha dactylaria-like asexual morph (Réblová 2002), butthere is no molecular data to prove this connection.

Thalassogena Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. , Sys t .Ascomycetum 6: 223 (1987)

Monotypic marine ascomycete genus growing on sub-merged wood, with its placement in the Halosphaeriaceae,but confirmation at the molecular level is required. No asexualmorph is known.

ThalesporaChatmala&E.B.G. Jones, NovaHedwigia 83 (1–2):228 (2006)

Monotypic marine ascomycete genus growing on sub-merged wood, with its placement in the Halosphaeriaceaeconfirmed at the molecular level, with Okeanomyces as a sis-ter group (Jones et al. 2006; Sakayaroj et al. 2011a).Thalespora differs from Okeanomyces in having polar

tetraradiate appendages formed after release from theascomata. No asexual morph is known.

Thyronectria Sacc., Grevillea 4(no. 29): 21 (1875)Based on type studies and freshly collected material,

Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2014) re-instated the genusThyronectria. Molecular phylogenies based on ACT,ITS, LSU rDNA, RPB1, RPB2, TEF, and TUB genes equenc e s a l s o con f i rmed t h e p l a c emen t o fThyronectria in family Nectriaceae (Hypocreales)(Jaklitsch and Voglmayr 2014)

Thelonectria P. Chaverri & C. Salgado, in Chaverri et al.,Stud. Mycol. 68(1): 76 (2011)

This genus was introduced by Chaverri et al. (2011) withThelonectria discophora (Mont.) P. Chaverri & C. Salgado asthe generic type. The genus clusters in Nectriaceae and hascylindrocarpon-like asexual morphs. The genus presentlycomprises 22 species (Chaverri et al. 2011, Salgado-Salazaret al. 2012, Luo and Zhang 2013).

Tilachlidiaceae L. Lombard & Crous, in Lombard et al.,Studies in Mycology 80: 237 (2015)

The family Tilachlidiaceae was introduced based onmulti-gene analysis using combined gene datasets andplaced in the order Hypocreales (Lombard et al.2015). The family comprises two asexual generaSeptofusidium and Tilachlidium, previously classified inthe family Nectriaceae. Phylogenetic analysis showedthat representatives of both genera clustered together ina well-supported clade leading to introduction of thenew family Tilachlidiaceae (Lombard et al. 2015).

Tilachlidium Preuss, Linnaea 24: 126 (1851)The genus Tilachlidium typified by T. pinnatum Preuss was

classified in Hypocreales genus incertae sedis (Gams 1971).This genus was placed in the family Tilachlidiaceae byLombard et al. (2015) based on molecular analysis.

Tirispora E.B.G. Jones & Vrijmoed, Can J. Bot. 72 (9): 1373(1994)

Genus in the Halosphaeriaceae supported by morpholog-ical and molecular data, forming a sister group withHalosarpheia and Panorbis (Jones et al. 2009a, b). It sharessome common features with these genera, in particularly thepolar unfurling appendages (Jones et al. 2009b). No asexualmorph is known.

Togniniella Réblová et al., Stud. Mycol. 50(2): 543 (2004)Réblová et al. (2004) linked and established twomonotypic

genera: Togniniella acerosa Réblová et al. and Phaeocrellaacerosa Réblová et al. using cultural studies. However,T. acerosa is now regarded as a synonym of T. microspora

Fungal Diversity

(Ellis & Everh.) Réblová (Réblová 2011) and Phaeocrella is asynonym. The genus is placed in Calosphaeriaceae.

Tolypocladium W. Gams, Persoonia 6(2): 185 (1971)This genus was introduced by Gams (1971). Based on se-

quence analysis, Quandt et al. (2014), proposed to useTolypocladium over Elaphocordyceps and Chaunopycnis.

Toriella Sakay. et al., Fungal Diversity 46: 99 (2011)Sakayaroj et al. (2011a) carried out a multi-gene phylog-

eny of the Halosphaeriaceae with 36 taxa. Ceriosporopsiswas shown to be polyphyletic and Ceriosporopsis tubuliferaKohlm. did not cluster with the type species of the genus(C. halima Linder). The genus Toriella was introduced toaccommodate C. tubulifera, as Toriella tubulifera (Kohlm.)Sakay. et al. Earlier studies noted that morphologically theascospores did not conform to those described for the typespecies, where the polar appendages pierce through anexosporic sheath (Johnson et al. 1984). No asexual morphis known.

Torpedospora Meyers, Mycologia 49: 496 (1957)The genus has been referred to various higher order place-

ment: Hypocreales incertae sedis (Jones et al. 2009b), a sistergroup to the Bionectriaceae (Sakayaroj et al. 2005) and TBMclade (Schoch et al. 2007). Torpedospora species form a well-supported monophyletic clade in Torpedosporaceae, withGlomerulispora mangrovis (Jones et al. 2014).

Torpedosporaceae E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang, CryptogamieMycologie 35: 135 (2014)

The family was introduced to accommodate twoTorpedospora species and Glomerulispora mangrovisAbdel-Wahab & Nagah. that formed a highly supported cladein Hypocreomycetidae family incertae sedis. Asexual morphsare helicoid conidia when present.

Tortulomyces Lar.N. Vassiljeva et al., Mycoscience 54(1):110–115 (2013)

This monotypic genus was introduced for Tortulomycesthailandicus Lar.N. Vassiljeva et al., collected on deadbranches of an unidentified tree in Thailand. Tortulomyces issimilar in appearance to Spinulosphaeria, but a quellkörperand setae on the ascomata are absent. The genus is placed inNitschkiaceae.

Trailia G.K. Sutherl., Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 5(1): 149 (1915)[1914]

Monotypic genus in the Halosphaeriaceae (Jones et al.2009b) growing on the brown seaweed Ascophyllumnodosum, infrequently collected and its placement in thefamily requires a molecular study. No asexual morph isknown.

Trichocladium Harz, Bull. Soc. Imp. nat. Moscou 44(1): 125(1871)

A polyphyletic genus with some species grouping in theHypocreomycetidae: Trichocladium acharosporum (Meyers& R.T. Moore) M. Dixon was shown by culturing to be theasexual morph of Halosphaeriopsis mediosetigera(Halosphaeriaceae) (Shearer and Crane 1977), while at themolecular level T. melhae E.B.G. Jones et al. also groupedin the Halosphaeriaceae (Abdel-Wahab 2012) withAntennospora salina (Meyers) Yusoff, in a sister clade.Some species have been linked to sexual morphs ofChaetomium. The generic type of Trichocladium ,T. asperum Harz (strain DAOM 232342) was shown to groupin Ascomycota genera incertae sedis by Hambleton et al.(2005) so the name should be retained.

Trichoderma Pers., Neues Mag. Bot. 1: 92 (1794)The type species of the genus Hypocrea (Hypocreaceae),

H. rufa (Pers.) Fr., was re-defined and epitypified using acombination of phenotype and phylogenetic analyses. Itsasexual morph Trichoderma viride Pers., the type species ofTrichoderma, was re-described and epitypified (Jaklitsch et al.2006). Samuels et al. (2012) described the new Trichodermaspecies, T. gillesii Samuels and T. pinnatum Samuels withHypocrea sexual morphs (with culture and molecular data).These genera are clearly linked and Rossman et al. (2013)proposed the use of Trichoderma over Hypocrea, becauseTrichoderma has high usage in the literature and fewHypocrea species have been reported more than once. Wefollow this here.

Trichomaris Hibbits et al., Can. J. Bot. 59(11): 2123 (1981)Monotypic genus requiring further study at the molecular

level and tentatively assigned toHalosphaeriaceae. The asex-ual morph is a coelomycete.

Tubakiella Sakay. et al. Fungal Diversity 46:87–109 (2011)A genus well-supported by molecular data in the

Halosphaeriaceae (Sakayaroj et al. 2011a), with T. galerita(Tubaki) Sakay. et al. (= Remispora galerita Tubaki as the typespecies. A genus segregated from Remispora sensu stricto, anddistantly placedwithin the family, with the two sequenced strainsforming amonophyletic group withNautosphaeria cristaminutaand Haligena elaterophora as a sister group with weak support(Sakayaroj et al. 2011a). No asexual morph is known.

Tunicatispora K.D. Hyde, Aust. Syst. Bot. 3(4): 712 (1990)Monotypic genus referred to the Halosphaeriaceae based

on morphological observations, and requires further study atthe molecular level to confirm its position in the family. Noasexual morph is known. Buxetroldia is a synonym ofTunicatispora based on morphological observations (Joneset al. 2009b).

Fungal Diversity

Tympanopsis Starbäck, Bih. K. svenska VetenskAkad.Handl., Afd. 3 19(no. 3): 24 (1894)

See under Scortechiniaceae.

TyrannicordycepsKepler & Spatafora, Index Fungorum 12: 1(2012)

This genus has five species (Index Fungorum 2015) whichlive on sclerotia of Claviceps. Molecular analysis placed thisgenus inClavicipitaceae in the Plant-Hemiptera clade (Kepleret al. 2012).

Ustilaginoidea Bref., Unters. Gesammtgeb. Mykol. (Liepzig)12: 194 (1895)

Villosiclava was introrcued as the asexual morph ofUstilaginoidea and is thus a synonym (Tanaka et al. 2008).The genus is placed in Clavicipitaceae.

Valsalnicola D.M. Walker & Rossman, Persoonia, Mol. Phyl.Evol. Fungi 29: 149 (2012)

This genus was introduced in Crous et al. (2012f) forValsalnicola oxystoma (Rehm) D.M. Walker & Rossman,and causes linear cankers and lesions on Alnus. Although itresembles Valsa in having allantoid ascospores, the species inValsalnicola are 1-septate, while the majority of Valsa specieshave aseptate spores. Mega blast similarity of ITS sequencewith Genbank place Valsalnicola oxystoma in close affinitywith genera of Gnomoniaceae, Melanconidaceae andValsaceae. However there is no clear phylogenetic familyplacement within Diaporthales and hence it is placed inDiaporthales, genera incertae sedis

VaricosporinaMeyers & Kohlm., Can. J. Bot. 43: 916 (1965)Three Varicosporina species have been shown to be the

asexual morphs of various Corollospora species: C. anglusaAbdel-Wahab & Nagah. (= V. anglusa Abdel-Wahab &Nagah.), C. intermedia E.B.G. Jones (= V. proliferaNakagiri) and Corollospora sp. (= V. ramulosa Meyers &Kohlm.) (Abdel-Wahab 2012). Since the type species,Varicosporina ramulosa Meyers & Kohlm. has not beenlinked to a specific Corollospora species, thus the nameVaricosporina should be retained and the genus is tentativelyplaced in Halosphaeriaceae.

Vermisporium H.J. Swart & M.A. Will., Trans. Br. mycol.Soc. 81(3): 491 (1983)

An asexual genus introduced by Swart and Williamson(1983) for leaf-inhabiting coelomycetous taxa on Eucalyptusleaves, currently with some 13 species (Index Fungorum2015). Vermisporium was chiefly distinguished fromSeimatosporium on the basis of a short exogenous basalappendage, and the absence of a recognisable apicalappendage. Barber et al. (2011) showed the genus to be asynonym of Seimatosporium based on DNA sequence data

analysis of the nrDNA-ITS and 28S nrRNA genes, and trans-ferred eight species to Seimatosporium.

Verrucostoma Hirooka et al., in Hirooka et al., Mycologia102(2): 422 (2010)

Hirooka et al. (2010) described this monotypic genus basedon Verrucostoma freycinetiaeHirooka et al. using morpholog-ical differences and molecular analyses. The taxon was col-lected on dead leaves of Freycinet ia boninensis(Pandanaceae) in Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands, Japan.Molecular analyses indicated that the genus is distinct fromother genera among the nec t r ia- l ike taxa underBionectriaceae.

Verticillium Nees, System der Pilze und Schwämme: 56(1817)

The asexual genus Verticillium comprises a group of plantpathogenic fungi including some 190 documented names andwith V. dahliae Kleb. as the type species. The genus has beenshown to be polyphyletic with various taxa assigned to newgenera: Gibellulopsis, Lectera and Musicillium. Most speciesgroup in the Plectosphaerellaceae based on sequence analysis(Inderbitzin et al. 2011). No sexual morph is known. Hydeet al. (2014) provided a backbone tree for Verticillium species.

Vialaea Sacc., Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 12: 66 (1896)A genus introduced by Saccardo (1896) and currently with

five species (Index Fungorum 2015). Senanayake et al. (2014)introduced a new species of Vialaea, V. mangiferae I.C.Senanayake & K.D. Hyde from mango and provide phyloge-netic evidence to support the introduction of this new species.

Vialaeaceae P.F. Cannon Mycological Research 99: 368(1995)

A family introduced by Cannon (1995) for species withisthmoid ascospores. Shoemaker et al. (2013), McTaggartet al. (2013) and Senanayake et al. (2014) provided new dataand phylogenetic evidence to show that this is a well-supported family in Xylariales. The grouped ascomata witha single fused neck, J+, ascal apical ring and unusual asco-spores with two fusiform parts joined by a narrow, long isth-mus are characteristic of the family. The asexual morph iscoelomycetous (Senanayake et al. 2014).

VirgariaNees, Syst. Pilze (Würzburg): 54 (1816) [1816–17]Virgaria nigra (Link) Nees, the type species of the genus is

a commonly encountered hyphomycete. Ascovirgaria was in-troduced to accommodate stromatic Xylariaceae with rudi-mentary blackened stromata in decayed wood. The type spe-cies Ascovirgaria occulta J.D. Rogers & Y.M. Ju was isolatedfrom Hawaii, and produced the asexual morph, Virgaria nigrain culture (Rogers and Ju 2002). According to Rogers and Ju(2002), Virgaria nigra is cosmopolitan and was long

Fungal Diversity

recognized before its respective sexual morph and commonlygrows in the absence of its sexual morph. Therefore, the ear-lier described name Virgaria is used and the sexual morphAscovirgaria becomes a synonym (Rogers and Ju 2002;Stadler et al. 2013).

Volutellonectria J. Luo &W.Y. Zhuang, Phytotaxa 44: 3 (2012)This genus with three new species was introduced in Luo

and Zhuang (2012) with the type based on Dialonectriaconsors Ellis & Everh. (= Cosmospora consors (Ellis &Everh.) Rossman & Samuels). Species have volutella-likeasexual morphs and cosmospora-like sexual morphs, but phy-logenetic analyses of ITS and 28S sequence data showedVolutellonectria and Cosmospora to be distinct genera inNectriaceae.

Woswasia Jaklitsch et al., Mycologia 105(2): 479 (2013)This monotypic genus is represented by Woswasia

atropurpurea Jaklitsch et al. which is a wood-inhabiting andmycotrophic taxon (Jaklitsch et al. 2013). Analysis of sequencedata showed the genus to cluster in Sordariomycetidae close tothe genus Ceratolenta, but could not be placed in any family.

Xenoacremonium Lombard & Crous, in Lombard et al.,Studies in Mycology 80: 234 (2015)

This genus is established by Lombard et al. (2015)based on phylogenetic studies of combined sequencedata to include a group of fungi previously treated asAcremonium reci fe i (Leão & Lôbo) W. Gams.Xenoacremonium species can be distinguish fromParacremonium by a phenomenon of readily releasinga pale luteous to luteous pigment into the growth me-dium and not forming sterile coils in culture. The genusXenoacremonium is typified by X. recifei (Leão &Lôbo) L. Lombard & Crous and clusters in Nectriaceae.

Xenopyricularia Klaubauf et al., Stud. Mycol. 79: 117 (2014)A monotypic genus of Pyriculariaceae that was introduced

by Klaubauf et al. (2014) to accommodate the type speciesXenopyricularia zizaniicola Klaubauf et al., which was isolatedfrom Zizania latifolia in Japan (Klaubauf et al. 2014).Phylogenetic analysis based on a combined dataset LSU, ITS,RPB1, ACT and CAL sequences revealed Xenopyricularia torepresent a distinct genus in Pyriculariaceae (Klaubauf et al.2014).

Xylaria Hill ex Schrank, Baier. Fl. (München) 1: 200 (1789)Padixonia was introduced by Subramanian (1972) to ac-

commodate Padixonia bispora Subram. from Ghana. The au-thor mentioned this hyphomycete as the conidial morph ofXylaria furcata Fr. (Subramanian 1972). Since the older namehas priority, Xylaria should be retained (Stadler et al. 2013).Another asexual genus, Xylocoremium was introduced by

Rogers (1984) to accommodate the coremial conidial morphof Xylaria species. Xylaria cubensis (Mont.) Fr. was identifiedas the corresponding sexual morph of Xylocoremiumflabelliforme (Schwein.) J.D. Rogers (Rogers 1984). Xylariaallantoidea (Berk.) Fr. and X. castorea Berk. have also beencited as connected with Xylocoremium flabelliforme, but notas synonyms. Stadler et al. (2013) suggested priority can begiven to the older name and the asexual name can be sup-pressed. Arthroxylaria was introduced by Seifert et al.(2002), and typified by A. elegans Seifert & W. Gams. Thisxylarioid asexual morph has been connected to Xylaria(Stadler et al. 2013). The asexual name has the possibility tobe suppressed in favour of Xylaria as it is the older name andthe cosmopolitan morph frequently encountered in nature(S tad le r e t a l . 2013) . Möl le r (1901) desc r ibedMoelleroclavus and believed the fungus to be Xylaria.Hennings (1902) introduced the genus Moelleroclavus anddesignated the type species as M. penicilliopsis Henn. and aspecimen from the same locality asMöller’s material, which islisted as the type. Rogers et al. (1997) collected Xylariamoelleroclavus J.D. Rogers et al. from Hawaii, which hasthe asexual morph which is the same as Möller’s descriptionin 1901. Xylaria moelleroclavus was identified as the respec-tive sexual morph because they obtained the asexual morph inculture derived from ascospores (Rogers et al. 1997). Theauthors however believed the name Moelleroclavuspenicilliopsis Henn. should remain available for the asexualmorph of X. moelleroclavus. Stadler et al. (2013) proposedthese names can be either synonymised or retained if the largegenus Xylariawill be split into further groups to accommodatethe certainly diverse Xylaria.

Zalerion R.T. Moore & Meyers, Can. J. Microbiol. 8: 408(1962)

Moore and Meyers (1962) established the genus Zalerionbased on helicoid, subhyaline to fuscous conidia, which arecoiled irregularly in three dimensions and constricted at thesepta. Although they included the two helicoid speciesdescribed by Barghoorn and Linder (1944b) under Helicoma,they did not select one of these as the type species. InsteadZalerion nepura R.T. Moore & Meyers, was selected as thetype species. They described four species based on morpholo-gy, conidial pigmentation and their cellulolytic ability (reducingsugar determinations of Raycord). Herbarium material was de-posited at the Farlow Herbarium (FH), but no cultures weredeposited as far as can be ascertained. Subsequently,Anastasiou (1963) reduced the two marine Helicoma speciesand four Zalerion species under Zalerion maritima (Linder)Anastasiou, and described a second species Z. variaAnastasiou (= Halenospora varia (Anastasiou) E.B.G. Jones).Molecular data generated by Campbell et al. (2005) showedthat Z. maritima grouped with Lulwoana uniseptata(Nakagiri) Kohlm. et al., with 100 % support, with

Fungal Diversity

Moromyces varius (Chatmala & Somrith.) Abdel-Wahab et al.(= Cumulospora varia Chatmala & Somrith.) as a sister group(Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010). This link has also been shown bycultural studies. The name Zalarion should be retained as thereis no molecular data for the type species and the genus is ten-tatively placed in Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis.

Zopfiella G. Winter, Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2 (Leipzig) 1.2:56 (1884)

A polyphyletic genus with the type species, Zopfiellatabulata (Zopf) G. Winter placed in the familyChaetomiaceae (Cai et al. 2006b). The genus sensu lato iswidely distributed with some 27 records listed in IndexFungorum (2015). Guarro et al. (1999) have reported an asex-ual morph with humicola-like conidia produced on a peg-likestructure on undifferentiated hyphae for marine collections ofZ. latipes (N. Lundq.)Malloch&Cain and Z. marina Furuya&Udagawa.

Zygospermella Cain, Mycologia 27 (2): 227 (1935)Genus in the Lasiosphaeriaceae with Zygospermella

setosa Cain as the type species Three strains of Z. insignis(Mouton) Cain form a monophyletic clade grouping withmoderate support with Cercophora sordarioides based on amolecular study of LSU nrDNA and β-tubulin sequences(Kruys et al. 2015).

Genera of uncertain placement in Sordariomycetes

In this part we list 829 genera that are classified inSordariomycetes in Index Fungorum (2014) as on 31December 2014. These genera were not listed inSordariomycetes in Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) and havenot been listed in subsequent publications as belonging inSordariomycetes. The data was extracted from a database pro-vided by Paul Kirk. These genera may need further study.

Abaphospora Kirschst.

Acanthorhynchus Shear

Acanthotheca Clem. & Shear

Acanthothecium Speg.

Acaulium Sopp

Achaetomiella Arx

Acontiopsis Negru

Acrosphaeria Corda

Acrostaphylus G. Arnaud ex Subram.

Acrostaphylus G. Arnaud

Actinodothis Syd. & P. Syd.

Actinonemella Höhn.

Actinopelte Sacc.

Adea Petr.

Ahmadinula Petr.

Akrophyton Lebert

Albocrustum Lloyd

Aleurisma Link

AllantosporaWakker

Allantozythiella Danilova

Allelochaeta Petr.

Allescherina Berl.

Alphitomyces Reissek

Amazoniella Bat. & H. Maia

AmphichaetaMcAlpine

Amphitiarospora Agnihothr.

Amphorula Grove

Ampullaria A.L. Sm.

Andreaea Palm & Jochems

Andreaeana Palm & Jochems

Andreanszkya Tóth

Anisochora Theiss. & Syd.

Anisostomula Höhn.

Anixiella Saito & Minoura

Anixiella Saito & Minoura ex Cain

Antenaglium F.C. Albuq.

Anthasthoopa Subram. & K. Ramakr.

Apiocrea Syd. & P. Syd.

Apiosporella Höhn. ex Theiss.

Apiothecium Lar.N. Vassiljeva

Aplacodina Ruhland

Aponectria (Sacc.) Sacc.

Aporhytisma Höhn.

Aposphaeriella Died.

Aposphaeriopsis Died.

Apotemnoum Corda

Ariefia Jacz.

Arnoldia D.J. Gray & Morgan-Jones

Arnoldiomyces Morgan-Jones

Artallendea Bat. & H. Maia

Aschersoniopsis Henn.

Ascocollumdensa K.D. Hyde et al.

Ascostroma Bonord.

Asordaria Arx, Guarro & Aa

Asteridium (Sacc.) Speg. ex Sacc.

AsterotheciumWallr.

Bacillispora Sv. Nilsson

Bagnisiopsis Theiss. & Syd.

Bahupaathra Subram. & Lodha

Bakeromyces Syd. & P. Syd.

Balansiella Henn.

Balansiopsis Höhn.

Bartaliniopsis S.S. Singh

Barya Fuckel

Baryeidamia H. Karst.

Baryella Rauschert

Fungal Diversity

Basifimbria Subram. & Lodha

Basipilus Subram.

BasisporiumMolliard

Basitorula G. Arnaud

Batschiella Kirschst.

Beejasamuha Subram. & Chandrash.

Belaina Bat. & Peres

Benedekiella Negru & Verona

Berkeleyna Kuntze

Bidenticula Deighton

Bioporthe Petr.

Biotyle Syd.

Bisporomyces J.F.H. Beyma

Bitrimonospora Sivan. et al.

Bivonella (Sacc.) Sacc.

Bizzozeria Speg.

Bizzozeria Sacc. & Berl.

Blennorella Kirschst.

Bolacotricha Berk. & Broome

Bolinia (Nitschke) Sacc.

Bonordenia Schulzer

Bostrychia Fr.

Botryocrea Petr.

Botryodiplis Clem. & Shear

Botryodiplodia (Sacc.) Sacc.

Botryosphaerostroma Petr.

Botrypes Preuss

Bovilla Sacc.

Boydia A.L. Sm.

Brachydesmium (Sacc.) Costantin

Bresadolella Höhn.

Bryonectria Döbbeler

Byssitheca Bonord.

Byssostilbe Petch

Cacosphaeria Speg.

Cainea S. Hughes

Calopactis Syd. & P. Syd.

Calospora Nitschke ex Fuckel

Calospora Sacc.

Calyculosphaeria Fitzp.

Camptoum Link

Campylothecium Ces.

Candelospora Rea & Hawley

Cantharosphaeria Thaxt.

Capnostysanus Speg.

Carnostroma Lloyd

Carothecis Clem.

Castagnella G. Arnaud

Catacauma Theiss. & Syd.

Cateractispora Ranghoo et al.

Caudosporella Höhn.

Caulochora Petr.

Causalis Theiss.

Cephalodiplosporium Kamyschko

Cephalosporiopsis Peyronel

Cephalosporium Corda

Cephalothecium Corda

Cepsiclava J. Walker

Cerastomis Clem.

Ceratocladium Pat.

Ceratopodium Corda

Ceratostoma Pers.

Ceratostoma Fr.

Cercosporula G. Arnaud

Cerillum Clem.

Ceuthocarpon P. Karst.

Chaetapiospora Petr.

Chaetoceratostoma Turconi & Maffei

Chaetoceris Clem. & Shear

Chaetodimerina Hansf.

ChaetolentomitaMaubl.

Chaetomelasmia Danilova

Chaetomeliola (Cif.) Bat. et al.

Chaetomiotricha Peyronel

Chaetonaemosphaera Schwarzman

Chailletia Jacz.

Chailletia Fuckel

Cheilariopsis Petr.

Cheiropodium Syd. & P. Syd.

Chiajaea (Sacc.) Höhn.

Chiloella Syd.

Chilonectria Sacc.

Chitinonectria M. Morelet

Chlorospora Speg.

Chondroplea Kleb.

Chorostate (Nitschke ex Sacc.) Traverso

Chorostella (Sacc.) Clem. & Shear

Chromocrea Seaver

Chromocreopsis Seaver

Chromocytospora Speg.

Chromostylium Giard

Chrysogluten Briosi & Farneti

Ciliciopodium Corda

Ciliciopus Clem. & Shear

Ciliofusa Clem. & Shear

Ciliofusarium Rostr.

Ciliomyces Höhn.

Circinaria Pers.

Circinaria Bonord.

Circinostoma Gray

Cryptoderis Auersw.

Cryptosordaria De Not. ex Sacc.

Cryptosphaerina Lambotte & Fautrey ex Sacc. & P. Syd.

Cryptospora Tul. & C. Tul.

Fungal Diversity

Cryptostictella Grove

Cryptostictis Fuckel

CryptothamniumWallr.

Cryptothecium Penz. & Sacc.

Cucurbitariella Petr.

Cucurbitula Fuckel

Curreyella (Sacc.) Lindau

Cyclocytospora Höhn.

Cyclodomella P.N. Mathur et al.

Cyclophomopsis Höhn.

Cylicogone Emden & Veenb.-Rijks

Cylindrium Bonord.

Cylindrocladiopsis J.M. Yen

Cyphellopycnis Tehon & G.L. Stout

Cytodiplospora Oudem.

Cytophoma Höhn.

Cytosporopsis Höhn.

Dactylina G. Arnaud

Daedala Hazsl.

Dapsilosporium Corda

Dasyphthora Clem.

Debarya Schulzer

Debaryella Höhn.

Dendrodochium Bonord.

Desmotrichum Lév.

Detonina Kuntze

Dialytes Nitschke

Diatrypeopsis Speg.

Dichitonium Berk. & M.A. Curtis

Dichotomella Sacc.

Dicladium Ces.

Didymariopsis Speg.

Didymocladium Sacc.

Didymopsamma Petr.

Diheterospora Kamyschko

Diheterospora Kamyschko ex G.L. Barron & Onions

Dimera Fr.

Diploceras (Sacc.) Died.

Diplocladium Bonord.

Diploplenodomopsis Petr.

Diplosclerophoma Petr.

Diplosporis Clem.

Diplosporium Link

Disaeta Bonar

Discodiaporthe Petr.

Discomycopsella Henn.

Discosiopsis Edward, Kr.P. Singh et al.

Discosiospora A.W. Ramaley

Discosphaera Dumort.

Discostromopsis H.J. Swart

Disperma Theiss.

Dochmolopha Cooke

Dothideovalsa Speg.

Dothidina Theiss. & Syd.

Dozya P. Karst.

Dryadomyces Gebhardt

Dubiomyces Lloyd

Echinodothis G.F. Atk.

Echinopodospora B.M. Robison

Echinospora Mirza

Echusias Hazsl.

Ectomyces P. Tate

Ectosphaeria Speg.

Edmundmasonia Subram.

Eidamia Lindau

Ellisiella Sacc.

Ellisiellina Sousa da Câmara

Ellisiopsis Bat.

Embolidium Bat.

Endocreas Samuels & Rogerson

Endodothella Theiss. & Syd.

Endogloea Höhn.

Endophyllachora Rehm

Endotrabutia Chardón

Engizostoma Gray

Entosordaria Speg.

Entosordaria (Sacc.) Höhn.

Eolichen Zukal

Eolichenomyces Cif. & Tomas.

Ephedrosphaera Dumort.

Epheliopsis Henn.

Ephemeroascus Emden

Epinectria Syd. & P. Syd.

Ergotaetia E.J. Quekett

Eriomene (Sacc.) Clem. & Shear

Eriomenella Peyronel

Erionema Maire

Eriosphaerella Höhn.

Erostella (Sacc.) Sacc.

Erostrotheca G.H. Martin & Charles

Erythrosphaera SorokīnEsfandiaria Petr.

Euhypoxylon Füisting

Euricoa Bat. & H. Maia

Europhium A.K. Parker

Eusordaria Zopf

Eutypopsis P. Karst.

Exomassarinula Teng

Fabreola Kuntze

Fairmania Sacc.

Fellneria Fuckel

Fimetaria D.A. Griffiths & Seaver

Fioriella Sacc.

Fitzpatrickia Cif.

Fungal Diversity

Flagellospora Ingold

Flageoletia (Sacc.) Höhn.

Fleischeria Penz. & Sacc.

Fominia Girz.

Fragosoella Petr. & Syd.

Frankia Brunch.

Frankiella Speschnew

Frondisphaeria K.D. Hyde

Fuckelia (Nitschke ex Sacc.) Cooke

Fuckelina Sacc.

Fusicytospora Gutner

Fusidium Link

Fusidomus Grove

Fusisporium Link

Fusisporium Fr.

Gaeumannia Petr.

Galeraicta Preuss

Gamosphaera Dumort.

Gerlachia W. Gams & E. Müll.

Germslitospora Lodha

Gibberellulina Sousa da Câmara

Gibsonia Massee

Gliobotrys Höhn.

Gloeocercospora D.C. Bain & Edgerton ex Deighton

Gloeocercospora D.C. Bain & Edgerton

Gloeosporidium Höhn.

Gloeosporina Höhn.

Gloeosporiopsis Speg.

Glomerularia H. Karst.

Gnomonina Höhn.

Godroniella P. Karst.

Gonatosporium Corda

Gonatotrichum Corda

Gongromeriza Preuss

Gongylocladium Wallr.

Goniosporium Link

Gonytrichella Emoto & Tubaki

Graphilbum H.P. Upadhyay & W.B. Kendr.

Graphiocladiella H.P. Upadhyay

Griphosphaerella Petr.

Griphosphaeria Höhn.

Guttularia W. Oberm.

Halstedia F. Stevens

Hansenia Zopf

Haplochalara Linder

Haplomela Syd.

Haplophoma Riedl & Ershad

Haplostroma Syd. & P. Syd.

Haplothecium Theiss. & Syd.

Haplotrichella G. Arnaud

HartiellaMassee

Harziella Kuntze

Heimiodiplodia Zambett.

Helicosporangium H. Karst.

Hemisphaeria Klotzsch

HendersoniopsisWoron.

Henningsina Möller

Herminia R. Hilber

Heteronectria Penz. & Sacc.

Heteropera Theiss.

Hindersonia Moug. & Nestl. ex J. Schröt.

Hiogispora Abdel-Wahab & Nagah.

Hormosperma Penz. & Sacc.

Hormospora De Not.

Hyalobotrys Pidopl.

Hyaloceras Durieu & Mont.

Hyaloflorea Bat. & H. Maia

Hyalomelanconis Naumov

Hyalopesotum H.P. Upadhyay & W.B. Kendr.

Hyalopus Corda

Hyalostachybotrys Sriniv.

Hyalotia Guba

Hymenopleella Munk

Hymenopodium Corda

Hyphelia Fr.

Hyphoderma Fr.

Hyphonectria (Sacc.) Petch

Hypocreophis Speg.

Hypodiscus Lloyd

Hypoplasta Preuss

Hypopteris Berk.

Hypostegium Theiss.

Hypoxylina Starbäck

Hypoxylum Juss.

Hysterodothis Höhn.

Hystrix Alstrup & Olech

Indiella Brumpt

Innatospora J.F.H. Beyma

Insecticola Mains

Institale Fr.

Irene Theiss., Syd. & P. Syd.

Irenina F. Stevens

Ixodopsis P. Karst.

Jacobaschella Kuntze

Jongiella M. Morelet

Kaskaskia Born & J.L. Crane

Keissleria Höhn.

Kellermanniopsis Edward et al.

KentrosporiumWallr.

Kirschsteinia Syd. & P. Syd.

Knyaria Kuntze

Kommamyce Nieuwl.

Kubinyia Schulzer

Laaseomyces Ruhland

Fungal Diversity

Lachnidium Giard

Laestadia Auersw.

Lageniformia Plunkett

Lamyella Berl.

Lamyella Fr.

Larseniella Munk

Lasiella Quél.

Lasiosordaria Chenant.

Lasiosordariella Chenant.

Lasiosordariopsis Chenant.

Lasiostroma Griffon & Maubl.

Leiosepium Sacc.

Leiostigma Kirschst.

Lennisia Nieuwl.

Lentomita Niessl

Lepidonectria Speg.

Lepra Willd.

Lepteutypella Petr.

Leptina Bat. & Peres

Leptocoryneum Petr.

Leptocrea Syd. & P. Syd.

Leptodiscus Gerd.

Leptosporium (Sacc.) Höhn.

Leucocrea Sacc. & P. Syd. ex Lindau

Leucocytospora (Höhn.) Höhn.

Leucophomopsis Höhn.

Leucosphaera Arx, Mukerji & N. Singh

Leveillea Fr.

Leveillinopsis F. Stevens

Libertina Höhn.

Lichenagaricus P. Micheli

Lichenoverruculina Etayo

Ligniella Naumov

Lilliputia Boud. & Pat.

Linearistroma Höhn.

Linostoma Höhn.

Linostomella Petr.

Lisea Sacc.

Lisiella (Cooke & Massee) Sacc.

Lithomyces Viala & Marsais

Litschaueria Petr.

Lohwagiella Petr.

Lomentospora Hennebert & B.G. Desai

Longoa Curzi

Lophodiscella Tehon

Luxuriomyces R.F. Castañeda

Lysipenicillium Bref.

Macrothelia M. Choisy

Magnusia Sacc.

Malacosphaeria Syd.

Malacostroma Höhn.

Malinvernia Rabenh.

Masonia G. Sm.

Masoniella G. Sm.

Massalongiella Speg.

Massariella Speg.

Massariopsis Niessl

MastigocladiumMatr.

Mastigonetron Kleb.

Maurinia Niessl

Megalonectria Speg.

Megathecium Link

Melanconidium (Sacc.) Kuntze

Melanogone Wollenw. & H. Richt.

Melanopelta Kirschst.

Melanoporthe Wehm.

Melanopsammina Höhn.

Melanosporopsis Naumov

Meliolaster Doidge

Menisporella Agnihothr.

Meringosphaeria Peyronel

Merrilliopeltis Henn.

Mesobotrys Sacc.

Metachora Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler

Microbasidium Bubák & Ranoj.

Micronectriopsis Höhn.

Microphiodothis Speg.

Microstoma Auersw.

Microthecium Corda

Microtypha Speg.

Milowia Massee

Mitrasphaera Dumort.

Miyoshia Kawam.

Moelleria Bres.

Moeszia Bubák

Monoceras Guba

Monochaetina Subram.

Monoconidia Roze

Monopycnis Naumov

Monosporella S. Hughes

Monostachys G. Arnaud

Montemartinia Curzi

Morrisiella Saikia & A.K. Sarbhoy

Mothesia Oddo & Tonolo

Mucrosporium Preuss

Munkiodothis Theiss. & Syd.

Murogenella Goos & E.F. Morris

Mycobanche Pers.

Mycophaga F. Stevens

Mycophycophila Cribb & J.W. Cribb

Mycorhynchella Höhn.

Mycothyridium E. Müll.

Myriogenis Clem. & Shear

Myrmaecium Sacc.

Fungal Diversity

Myrotheciella Speg.

Myxolibertella Höhn.

Myxormia Berk. & Broome

Myxothecium Kunze

NaemasporaWilld.

Neesiella Kirschst.

Nematomyces Faurel & Schotter

Neoarcangelia Berl.

Neohenningsia Koord.

Neokeissleria Petr.

Neoskofitzia Schulzer

Neozimmermannia Koord.

Nephrospora Loubière

NeuronectriaMunk

Nigrosphaeria N.L. Gardner

Notarisiella (Sacc.) Clem. & Shear

Nothopatella Sacc.

Nothopodospora Mirza

Nummularia Tul. & C. Tul.

Nummulariella Eckblad & Granmo

Nummularioidea (Cooke & Massee) Lloyd

Numulariola House

Ochraceospora Fiore

Ollula Lév.

Oostroma Bonord.

Ophiodothis Sacc.

Ophiostomella Petr.

Ophiotexis Theiss.

Ophiovalsa Petr.

Oplotheciopsis Bat. & Cif.

Oramasia Urries

Oswaldia Rangel

Pachnodium H.P. Upadhyay & W.B. Kendr.

Pachybasium Sacc.

Paidania Racib.

Papularia Fr.

ParacesatiellaPe tr.

Paradidymella Petr.

Paradiplodiella Zambett.

Paraeutypa Subram. & Ananthap.

Paragaeumannomyces Matsush.

Paralaestadia Sacc. ex Vain.

Paramazzantia Petr.

Paranthostomella Speg.

Parascorias J.M. Mend.

Parasteridiella H. Maia

Patouillardea Roum.

Peckiella (Sacc.) Sacc.

Pedisordaria Clem.

Peloronectriella Yoshim. Doi

Penzigia Sacc.

Penzigina Kuntze

Peresia H. Maia

Periaster Theiss. & Syd.

Peridoxylon Shear

Peripherostoma Gray

Perisphaeria Roussel

Perisporiella (Henn.) Clem. & Shear

Peristomium Lechmere

Peroneutypella Berl.

Perrotiella Naumov

Pestalozzina (Sacc.) Sacc.

Pestalozzina P. Karst. & Roum.

Petasodes Clem.

Petelotia Pat.

PetriellidiumMalloch

PeyronellulaMalan

Peziotrichum (Sacc.) Lindau

Phaeaspis Kirschst.

Phaeidium Clem.

Phaeoapiospora (Sacc. & P. Syd.) Theiss. & Syd.

Phaeoconis Clem.

Phaeodiaporthe Petr.

Phaeoharziella Loubière

Phaeonectria (Sacc.) Sacc. & Trotter

Phaeophomatospora Speg.

Phaeoscopulariopsis M. Ota

Phaeosperma Nitschke ex Fuckel

Phaeostagonosporopsis Woron.

Phaeostilbella Höhn.

Phaeostoma Arx & E. Müll.

Phaeotrabutia Orejuela

Phaeotrabutiella Theiss. & Syd.

Phaeotrype Sacc.

Phanerocoryneum Höhn.

Phellomyces A.B... Frank

Phenacopodium Debey

Phialicorona Subram.

Phialocladus Kreisel

Phialocorona Subram.

Phialophoropsis L.R. Batra

Philocopra Speg.

Phoenicostroma Syd.

Phoma Fr.

Phomatosporopsis Petr.

Phomopsella Höhn.

Phomopsioides M.E.A. Costa & Sousa da Câmara

Phorcys Niessl

Phragmocarpella Theiss. & Syd.

Phragmocauma Theiss. & Syd.

Phragmodothella Theiss. & Syd.

Phruensis Pinruan

PhysalosporinaWoron.

Physosporella Höhn.

Fungal Diversity

Phytocordyceps C.H. Su & H.H. Wang

Piminella G. Arnaud

Pionnotes Fr.

Pithoascus Arx

PithospermumMont.

Placophomopsis Grove

Placostroma Theiss. & Syd.

Plagiolagynion Schrantz

Plagiostomella Höhn.

Plagiothecium Schrantz

Pleosporopsis Oerst.

Pleurage Fr.

Pleuronaema Höhn.

Pleurosordaria Fernier

Podocrea (Sacc.) Lindau

Podostroma P. Karst.

Pogonospora Petr.

Poikiloderma Füisting

Polistophthora Lebert

Polycytella C.K. Campb.

Polylagenochromatia Sousa da Câmara

Polynema Lév.

Polystigmella Jacz. & Natalina

Poroconiochaeta Udagawa & Furuya

Porodiscella Viégas

Poroniopsis Speg.

Porosphaeria Samuels & E. Müll.

Porphyrosoma Pat.

Prachtflorella Matr.

Proboscispora S.W. Wong & K.D. Hyde

Psalidosperma Syd. & P. Syd.

Psecadia Fr.

Pseudapiospora Petr.

Pseudhaplosporella Speg.

Pseudobasidium Tengwall

Pseudodiplodia Speg.

Pseudodiplodiella Bender

Pseudofusarium Matsush.

Pseudofusidium Deighton

Pseudoguignardia Gutner

Pseudohaplis Clem. & Shear

Pseudomassariella Petr.

Pseudomelasmia Henn.

Pseudomicrocera Petch

Pseudopatella Speg.

Pseudophomopsis Höhn.

Pseudophysalospora Höhn.

Pseudotrype Henn.

Psilobotrys Sacc.

Psilonia Fr.

Psiloniella Costantin

Puiggarina Speg.

Putagraivam Subram. & Bhat

Pycnidiochaeta Sousa da Câmara

Pycnofusarium Punith.

Pycnostroma Clem.

Pyreniopsis Kuntze

Pyrenium Tode

Pyrenodermium Bonord.

Pyrenodochium Bonord.

Racemella Ces.

RacemosporiumMoreau & V. Moreau

Rachidicola K.D. Hyde & J. Fröhl.

Rachisia Lindner

Radulum Fr.

Rehmiella G. Winter

Rehmiomyces (Sacc. & P. Syd.) Syd.

Rhabdostroma Syd. & P. Syd.

Rhaphidophora Ces. & De Not.

Rhaphidospora Fr.

Rheumatopeltis F. Stevens

RhexographiumM. Morelet

Rhinocephalum Kamyschko

Rhodoseptoria Naumov

Rhodothrix Vain.

Rhopalopsis Cooke

Rhopographina Theiss. & Syd.

Rhynchomelas Clem.

Rhynchophoma P. Karst.

Rhynchostomopsis Petr. & Syd.

Ribaldia Cif.

Rinia Penz. & Sacc.

Rinomia Nieuwl.

Rizaliopsis Bat. et al.

Rostrella Zimm.

Rostrella Fabre

Rostrocoronophora Munk

Rostronitschkia Fitzp.

Rostrospora Subram. & K. Ramakr.

Rubromadurella Talice

Saccardomyces Henn.

Sarcopyreniomyces Cif. & Tomas.

Sarcopyreniopsis Cif. & Tomas.

Sarcostromella Boedijn

Saturnomyces Cain

Sauvageautia Har.

Schizocapnodium Fairm.

Schizotrichella E.F. Morris

Sciniatosporium Kalchbr. ex Morgan-Jones

Scirrhiella Speg.

Scleropycnium Heald & C.E. Lewis

Scleroramularia Batzer & Crous

Scolecoccoidea F. Stevens

Scolecodothis Theiss. & Syd.

Fungal Diversity

Scolecodothopsis F. Stevens

Scoleconectria Seaver

Scoptria Nitschke

Scopulina Lév.

Seimatoantlerium Strobel et al.

Seiridina Höhn.

Selenosporium Corda

Seliniana Kuntze

Septomazzantia Theiss. & Syd.

Septomyxa Sacc.

Septorella Allesch.

Sesquicillium W. Gams

Shiraiella Hara

Shropshiria F. Stevens

Simoninus Roum.

Singera Bat. & J.L. Bezerra

Sinosphaeria J.Z. Yue & O.E. Erikss.

Sirentyloma Henn.

Solenoplea Starbäck

Spermatodermia Wallr.

Spermodermia Tode

Spermoedia Fr.

Sphaceliopsis Speg.

Sphaeria Haller

Sphaeria Tode

Sphaeroderma Fuckel

Sphaerodermatella Seaver

Sphaerodermella Höhn.

Sphaeromycetella G. Arnaud

Sphaeronemopsis Speg.

Sphaeropyxis Bonord.

Sphaerosperma Preuss

Sphinctrosporium Kunze

Spilobolus Link

Spirogramma Ferd. & Winge

Sporhelminthium Speg.

SporodermaMont.

Sporophleum Nees ex Link

Sporotheca Corda

Sporotrichella P. Karst.

Sporotrichopsis Guég.

Stagonostroma Died.

Starkeyomyces Agnihothr.

Stegastroma Syd. & P. Syd.

Steirochaete A. Braun & Casp.

Stelechotrichum Ritgen

Stevensiella Trotter

Stictosphaeria Tul. & C. Tul.

Stigmatopsis Traverso

Stilbonectria P. Karst.

Stromateria Corda

Stromatosphaeria Grev.

Stromatostilbella Samuels & E. Müll.

Stromne Clem.

Styloletendraea Weese

Stylonectriella Höhn.

Stysanopsis Ferraris

Stysanus Corda

Subramanella H.C. Srivast.

Sucinaria Syd.

Sulcospora Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.

Sydowinula Petr.

Synchaetomella Decock & Seifert

Synnemadiplodia Zambett.

Synpenicillium Costantin

Synsporium Preuss

Synsterigmatocystis Costantin

Telemeniella Bat.

Telimenopsis Petr.

Teratonema Syd. & P. Syd.

Termitaria Thaxt.

Tetracytum Vanderw.

Tettigorhyza G. Bertol.

Thielaviella Arx & T. Mahmood

Tolediella Viégas

Thozetellopsis Agnihothr.

Thozetia Berk. & F. Muell.

Thysanopyxis Rabenh. ex Bonord.

Tilakomyces Sathe & Vaidya

Titaeosporina Luijk

Titania Berl.

Tolypomyria Preuss

Tonduzia F. Stevens

Torrubia Lév.

Torsellia Fr.

Torulina Sacc. & D. Sacc.

Torulopsis Oudem.

Trabutiella Theiss. & Syd.

Trabutiella F. Stevens

Trematostoma (Sacc.) Shear

Tretendophragmia Subram.

Trichocollonema Höhn.

Trichoconium Corda

Trichodermia Hoffm.

Trichofusarium Bubák

Trichohleria Sacc.

Trichophysalospora Lebedeva

Trichotheciopsis J.M. Yen

Trigonia J.F.H. Beyma

Tripterospora Cain

Tureenia J.G. Hall

Tylodon Banker

Typhodium Link

Umbellula E.F. Morris

Fungal Diversity

Uncigera Sacc.

Underwoodina Kuntze

Urnularia P. Karst.

Urospora Fabre

Ustilaginoidella Essed

Ustilaginula Clem.

Ustilagopsis Speg.

Ustulina Tul. & C. Tul.

Vakrabeeja Subram.

Vanhallia L. Marchand

Veramyces Subram.

Vermicularia Tode

Vermiculariopsis Höhn.

Verruculina Etayo

Verticicladiella S. Hughes

Verticilliastrum Dasz.

Verticilliodochium Bubák

Verticillis Clem. & Shear

Vestergrenia (Sacc. & P. Syd.) Died.

Vittadinula (Sacc.) Clem. & Shear

Volutina Penz. & Sacc.

Winteria Sacc.

Winterina Sacc.

Woronichina Naumov

Xanthopsora Speg.

Xenostilbum Petr.

Xylariodiscus Henn.

Xylariopsis F.L. Tai

Xylopezia Höhn.

Xylosphaera Dumort.

Yukonia R. Sprague

Zygospermum Cain

Acknow l e d gmen t s Th i s r e s e a r ch was suppo r t ed byFeatured microbial resources and diversity investigation in SouthwestKarst area (2014FY120100). The authors extend their sincere appreciationsto the Deanship of Scientific Research at King SaudUniversity for its fundingthis Prolific Research Group (PRG-1436-09). Kevin D. Hyde thanks theChinese Academy of Sciences, project number 2013T2S0030, for the awardof Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists at KunmingInstitute of Botany. B.D. Shenoy acknowledges the funding to visit MaeFah Luang University, Chiang Rai under Indo-Thailand BilateralProgramme (THAI-1205). Y.P. Xiao and T.C. Wen are grateful to TheNational Natural Science Foundation of China (No.31460012 &No.31200016). Shi-Ke Huang and J.C. Kang are grateful to theAgricultural Science and Technology Foundation of Guizhou Province(Nos. NY[2013]3042), the International Collaboration Plan of GuizhouProvince (No. G [2012]7006) and the Innovation Team Construction forScience And Technology of Guizhou Province (No. [2012]4007) from theScience and Technology Department of Guizhou Province, China.

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