The Management of India's Wild Life Sanctuaries and National ...

The Management of India's Wild Life Sanctuaries and National Parks

IC<>ri•i,.""'1/rtJm Vol. 54(1)o 21J

_..,...Gl' .... !tt ....... ao. • ., .... w.u.Lao ... W>u>l.4M -..._,_...,...or •1t1 b;.,.., &n.,.., ''* Wll.O IAI °" l'IA.-a. l'A•••

s ... -...,. ,.,,.HA.,.,,....,i'M.(.11N WnoA:A 1tr•T>,....,Ql'IAr ... roui. ...

T'Rl-.00!«>""WIU>1.n;~"' F-

f'llocruuo0 1'1-C ... >0. POJ<:ln""', _,'"..,., °' Fl"n,nc.

1-.n:»< T_,,.O<*~ NA'-"'-p""""- '"'

This~form11bti fourlh•ndconch.di'"@1'3'1<Jlllwo~ l'>lrt I M\·ina ~l'f'O"ffil i~ tllc Sooicty'• 1'.11ttfJaJ, Vol 51, No. I (OecOl!lber 1%2). Patt n in Vol. !':!, No. 4 (April 19HI. 1..i Pnn m In Vol. 54, l'lo. 1 (Deoomhcf 19561.

•S4 10/JRNAI.. BOAtlMY NATURAl. HIS1'. SOC/£TY, l'd.Jf(2)

Siore1'"titiJ1alhelaslpaper, thewriterhasvioi!CdEu~ 1wioo. the Unilod Slat ... of A"'"'ica and Canada <Jtte, and many pta= lhroughoulthc.ub«lntlnmloflndia-11111nyot1hesetor thclCOO!ld otlhirdtitne-lnordcrl0811ldywild life~ andinorder 10-thecondition• 1"~9lsinnation.alpa1bandoanctuaries.

APltELlMll<.\RV Nan:ot<~JNOCOOV

llus """has been wnuell m Ille bope that ii will SI"' pllblicil)" tothe needfo• adoplitqj: a unifonn.sta.odardandwrrect1enn~

insp:ininiarulco:noervati011 circ\el$in India. It il. infact.a tabulated51atemen!oflherelevant te.-nos olficia11y al'f"'O"Cdbylhe Indian Board for Wild Life d uring the Ja.i. nlnc yenrl. u fllr as pcro.sible ill conformity wi1b lmermtiooal practice.

f ull undcnlandingalld,.·Klea=[>l.lllceof tbesetenns•ndtheir meanings tn Ind ia cannot but rontnDule 10 !he 11""11 cause--(he continuance of wild l ife both for the J)Tt$Cnt and for future gcoert·

I. CJ~t< Bl AL. A stton fact·~ wney to cont>det the varimnwords uscdi.Dlndiaandn1tic.>pe.rt• of thewo.ldrelating 10 pmc.wild l itc alld """"would not rcsuh in theat1•wac lhatil is a mere academic quibble"""'" dli:htly d iOeril>S 1en m. Ruha it would ohow that ead! of tht80 WMh has iu own definite muntn&· and tbat eachi1 u5Cd for an entirelydillercnt roirpooc.

Thonll.ofcoun.t,nosuegesli<>nth.o1 1hc1JiaFor i1t1etpreta1ion of. woo:lsbyany siagleindividual ororgaaizuiooiftooldbeforcibly thruaton oibcr<: rather it i•• maue::rofne<:cssity ror a standan! and :!,":.,;~ of lmninnqy to be ll<k>ptod, 10 the advantap of all

In r11ct. it will be found that not ooly the ...nou. wild life COO· ...,,vationi>1bu1alao ev.nthehappy~uckyspotU111110hasto

choouthe~tW<ll"<levt11iDonllitaryconvenatlon,ifhe lll tn

u <lid contus1oo in hi• own mind n wdl ""' ill the mlll<k ornlhcrs ! Jior apart from the 00 that cer1am wonh have definite l.lld di1ttnct meaninp."""'"W<JrUlltrie<$ for specific [)Ul'l>OAOI. In =ta.in wordo, moreover, thorc hasbeen a 2radualemlutioruuy cl1angeinthcirmeantnii:. orth0)· havebee:ndiscat'ded altogether

2. P ~O T BC TIUN. T a\:e the word 'proteclion' '"' example Cor~i:tly it mean• 'puardlntt and dcfendin, q ainst da"f:l!'C l.lld

iajwy'. EV"'1~yitwasiOlll(What\ooldyllledb)· wvott.J

OfPRizltiaU: ,..tiH1theymeant'pr<:serva1tou'. Forin-lho:ce wu !M lntemftliooalUnionfortlle~tlonolNMure. But objoctlon> ~ ni&ecl W t 'proloclion' impli"' a 1ou1 <bins or lod:illg up {of~)ao n1mprevmtuoe(ofthom~ Sotheword'(lfOICCtioo' ~tobedroppedby thiJoqanizatlonlnf•V<JU1af the"'°"' 'C<IDICl""'l~' • ....i l .U. P.N. beca"'°tlle lntenla!iai.o.l l.lnion fcir ihe Ccmer.11tiooof Natve. The'l>ard'prokdioo·cmlln.-. of cooi~.

to ho me<!: for eKample in lo:li• partial pro!:ection of certain specic6 is done by closed sea.ons • nd r .. trkted 5booling. Tw l prol£Ction iJdonchyoanot112riesor b)' l"l:"Uy[lfQhibi~th<tillint orrnaj,,,;nr ofapatticWropocics at •nytimeandiilanyrQ.cc.

ln addl.Jon t<>thc aho.'e, oltorlhc lndiaJI. Board k>rWild Ur. made•nn>nUr-1atloodatodFcbrll.lry 195S e ')Y<lCOCIUl•1ea' io ww<>Bicially """'!lr>IStd .. 'auaruom1tituud""anorderola S1a1:e Oovcnime.ru. In India to ~ive l'fO(CrtiOd to wild l!fa in pla""" otht:r than pub nnd senctuariei.. I t Tdcri <h!dly IO a<UI nev Rl<uV.tl.kyPrnl<('l1and ot.heri'1'ipt!C11 wor.b.inandtr0m<l larpe (QWDSUld ~Jll--.

,. P Rl!ISE RV A T !IHI. f'rcM:r>'31lon rne•N •.,...i.,. or 1N1intain

jot fmrn injwy or dc«n>clion; koeplne 1iltc • nd nnditturbed for priva1oudpublk"""'· lt i1 comctly....W-- byvariou..actlc6 in rdation topmo and wild life.

lncid<nullf a '(lr=rve';.•,,,.,,nd setaJ"'-rl forprobio;tic" of pmeorforahoocinJof!J'lm<', nndil JCoen.llyuoedinlndiaforlbe prin1e(game)~ ofthe l'orme.-princ.._1r11..,-strr1nisl

4. CO NS llRV AT TOI'. Ori8inolly 'con. .. .....iion' meant·"'""lion • IMI rnveni:ing .,..,.Te. a mcanin!' whkb wne to be aosociat"<lwi•hlocl:-in;i11p 1•••m1r<:esond~lheir -'. Nmradays It has• broader mcaning- 'the el'kin to illcruso and •-in haiP{"tyol""°11We11wenawneed•ndwiD t:OllUR1>C t<> l>ttd for !C'XfttiOOlto airne'. Briefty it coukl now be aid to mean 'fllannedma,.~ordwi ... """ olnarural _..

' · G A M I!. 1'hett iJ otm a lo! of cnnf\lsioo '"°"' wllCll tM 1e .... 'prne' oo-'wl1dllfe'ihcllld beuscd. This lt rwpri.in1beca""" thuc i• •"CIY bl!l di~~entMrn1 ~ttrm'prnc'afen to 'the. wecfco of munma1t, bird• etc. .. -tiidl att hl.O'ltcd or mot eitllt.foo-ttu,,i.;u or far tbcir mea1or!cc tp0tt.Of for8~1. 1ionof anyal fbue'.

4:16 Wl.! KNA I... BOMllAY. NATURAi.. II/ST. SOC/f.TY. Vol.~· (l)

lnprc-Jnd~daysthe unotuanesof l ndia1oiere called 'game .. nctuaries'b<cau.<e lhty "·erecrealodb)'thero:mel"Prooincial GoYernmaitstostopi:ameanimol>frombecuminge<lmct,andto keep tbe numbrB of pme animals at a high le>'el-rnairtly ftt lho beo1efitol"oport5Jllell,lorbigand•mt1Hpmeihooting. lnth- days the malert1 oono:.psolgenual nature conservation do not seem 10 have readied India.

To rccelll years, especially Wice tile foro•tlon of the Indian Boud forWlld Life lo l952.thedi•doctlonbetween'game'(animalsand birdo which are shot by •J)Ol'tsltlen) and ' wild life' {"b id! embrlii<:a all wild an1ma1., birds uc.) ha• been officially adopt<d. In a rcsolmion a1 lhcM<etif1iollhe lndianOoanlforWlld LifeatNew 0.lh i in Febn1ary l<IS8itwuajtl'COd'1ha1 tl>el«m " 8arne"'.i.ould be rerla<"t:d by the term ~wifd life" in all ea= wh= co•ise•vatioo of naturewasconoorned.Tiie tetm •pme"lhould,howeva-,continue tobeuoedwh«e5J1'.lltorshootinglegislati<1Q 1111SC<>OO:fned'.

Tnson>coflhesmallcrand-y l<X11lne""P"r>enooesiometimes tttidt lhe absurd lerm '1111mcs undllarin', which conjun:s up thO\lchtsolwiJdanimalsplayfnJ~inlooorfOOlban!St:U mono abwrd, but with potenrially ;111 .. esting lmpjjcations. wag 1he rtatem.,1tof a Fore<tBca! Oll'k:rr in wtaiem lndia .... o, "'-bcoi dcseriblog a jhcdwi1h-etbirds !Ueh asS11ipc.Wd'fnlheoldday• llriti.ti "'6cer> 1.-1 to cone here and pby...wl games'!

6. WILD LI Fe 'hie term 'wild life' indnd ... all 11111mffi"1S.

blrds.reptll..,etc. a. opp>Sed to'game' whlcb hdudeamly lh061> mammah,. birda, de. which are shot for l"'flhy, moat <r •[>Oft, This """rd;. US<Ully•peh 'wildlik' inlheU.S.A. and Canada. F!.tiaare, ol. a:t1roe. w~d lire. bvt are often not included in wild life maDtlgement . unless •pecifit:d (d. U.S. Fo"'1 and Wildlife~). In lndia1hepolicyoflhc l ndianBoardf<rWtldLlfebRSbcen nCJ!to dCftl wilh 6.hes e<eq>1 when they happeo to come within lhe manasement ol sa<1C1uerie1andnational porks.

W ild Lile in lu widei<t 1"'5'iblc SCl>Se W<;llld also loch1de plan! lile. but at the inaug~flll ,...;oo ol. the I ndian Board for Wild Ufe in l9S2i t was11g1ecd thatngecation wouldn0!officlalb" betnduded ;., '>vild life' o:ccpt ,.·hen it provides co.,,. or food for mamaml._ binb. reptile<""'- But SJll!Cial prmi<ion '"'"'made!..- medicinal plllJtlS in the reooMion: 'Special wl"""'"'alion r*>ts"' may be COii·

aitutedwhcloplants olmcdicinalwlueorspeciesolspecialbofanic!ll intem;tm11yn«dtobepn:servedalonswithorwithout..;1d life'.

/NP/A'.~ Wll.D UFE SMiCTflARIE.'i ANI> N~T/ONAL f'Al!XS 4~

Incidentally,guodwildlifeconse.-vallooi•t.aJcnotnt•llopfl'l""d lo 'portsmon c..- to"'1<>utiDS1ofgamc: tbcynre on lytrying too.top !he indiscriminate an<l <:lten ill.gal •lallt')\lcr of :minlal• and bird,. in crder lhal thcr• Ill'i)' he ~ Sll.,laincd suqilus for t>mo tide •port<men to shoot leplly~-both now and in sub<eql!Cllt yean

'Wild life' is, d. coorso, n -~~lrclh·e nouu, aOO singular. One is art to •huddeT when one reads iu sm"11 loc"1 neW•pap<n> the absurdl}' ~oinecl plural 'wild liv .. '!

7. Rn~Fl\V PS lnlndiaa'reserve·;,'(~d}forest,or

an aroo. in whick wild life i• ffi!le«ed. by t>ein~ so com.1itulecl undtr the India n FOttSt Act or other forest la"·'- lnternati<>na\ly, however, 'naturorosuwt'or'naturalr<:5erve,' sre nreaswhichc0l1heof

:::i:i,.~;:~~..- ~.uv':e r::,~·i~ ~::~n•d:~ re"""1U1.blo m1mi><no d . wild life nre found have by oov.· hce!J ur>-11m&d into wild life oanctuariu

8. PROTF.(:TF.n ""F.AS. The fetm 'protectO<l area' ha' bun dliciolly nd•>pted by the Jndian &o.rd for Wild Lifo when in 19~5

n rooolutioo wa• passed: 'Prt2<:tod "''""' In lt11lny States there m•ybearcas wl,.oreitmay be: COfl•idorcd expedient:

(i)to ofr<>rd spocial protcctioo !<>wild life. in order to cnabl" opooic• olwild1ifo whidi are onthevorgeol'cxtiTicl:ionton:-cO!ablish tbt:rn,,.h'CI>.

(ii) to afford protc<:liw to wild life attr3<led to wate r impoun&d in River Valley Projeru. and to other irrigatioo works,

(lii)to afford p'Otc<:tion to wild life in and around large toWI>S .ncl"'-"'cJpl=

Such aw" may 00 ooru;lituted by"-" Order r:I. the f'•UVOl'llmenI which niay also lay dowu the dc~rco ol protcctiun'

It •hould be noted that the protection of wild life d= oot Jlec<8>tirily imph· lht prolootion of vermh Tbos. wikl anln1al.s and biTil• et~. wbicb arc injuriou. to other animal•. or to the \<K1g-term int<ro"1:.< of man, rnn h< kepi undor control or C>·on dostroj•cd alt<ycther in extreme c'""'- iTI ~ortai&1 J-Ao~es.

9. Wn.u LlFE S ANCTUARl"S. The torm 'wild lilc san<tllllry'infodinis'anartoc<Jnstitute<lbytherornpcteritauthority inwhidl killing. hunlill!l, •liootiugorcapturing of any >pcc:icsofhlnl ormanuooli• prohibitodexceptby<irunderthecontrdofth• highcsl. 31.lthorityin (hedepartmcnt,..,.p<in,ible fottho monatement

4SB IOUll.NAL, BOMBAY NA 1'Ull.AL HIS1 .SOCl£1'f , l'ol. !9 (l)

cl the •anctua1y'. In fodia a sallCUlary is ulllS!ly created by an Order or Gazette Notificatioo cl the Stste Govemment.

'Ibe ~bu:K of a senctuary in lf>dia is that it ~an be 'desanctuari.W' merely by another Order or G azette Notification ol " Scato°"""rnment, aoit isnotrnfcguardedbyany proper legi•latiol!. Many of_ the better wild lifo .anctu• ries of India have by now b«ll 11p-gradcd illtonatiooal1,.,-hbytht Statesconcemcd

lO. N ATIONAL P AH;: s_ 'Tur: definition of a utional part inindiaa.tldined by!heindionBoardlorWik!Llfe Mits inou~ural =>ion in 1~2is: 'An area dedicated b)· stat11teforel\time, to <OnSet...,the=ncryandnatlll'llland historicalobjoctool.Mtionai U~nilican::e, cc c""""1'VC' wild life thercin and to proW.-le for the enjoyment ol the ,.,me iii •uch manner and by wdt m ean1 u will leave them unimpaired for the enjcyment ()ffidure gCnemtions, with "'"'b modiHcoliau M io.~1 COJltliti.-wc may J cmorul'

fnmostm1.11tri .. of tbe worldanotionalpo1.rkcanonlybeoreatcd by fhe national, central or fedocal gcyernmenc of th~ country. l!Ul: under the COll5ticution oflndiJO..'wjld life' <s a State Subject and not a Coacllrrwt or Central Subject. arul therefore a State Govern,,,.nt canronstitute an<11i<lnllporkinit1 Statel.qii1laturc--preferably subj..:t to ""'1ain •tandords which are """' beil!ll drawn up by the IrufutnBoanlforWildLlfc.

Atthe momentoomeSLateohavccrcatod natiooalporb,..nd"""1C h8.ve l\Ol. TI>erd'an: a wi1dlife .. nc1uaryof.one St11teneedn04: """"""'rily be inferiocto a national pad of3110lhcr St.>te.

R ErOMME11nt.T10NsoPTtfE INillAN ll<iARD - Wn oLlFI' ONWILDLIFESA...>;cTUARlF.S

Various rosolutiooo rehtjng to l'!ik! Ufe saDctuarie& and national parh hn\IO been pa;s...<! by the Indian Board far Wild Ufe and it• Executive Committee at '""""'"'°"" meeti~ fmPl 1952 to 1% 1. Th~ ore to be found •e'1ttcred here and there amoog rekilutiOM onother,ubjecti;luthe Prooccding<oflhcruru,DJCctlrw,oru1it ha& been cousidercd advisable to exm.ct them anil publish them in • rumpactfC<mintheorderinwhidi thcy werepa"'od

Therd""3n1,.,.o.lutioru;onwildlifeMnctuariesore .. follow•·

'Thecreacionofl'lildlifcsruictn1ri .. (orwi1dlilerofuge,)ot

sudlilicandin •uchnumber•whicbchenccdsforthepre301.alion ol .,;kl Me. men partirularly ol the specie• whidt have bocotrte

'"''"""or \l<hil;h ar< threatenod wilh extinction, may demand.

l /'/DIA'$ Wl.Ul UFf; SMICTCUI!/£$ AND NArlONllL , llllla • Jlt

"11tc t l(fll'euion ~ll'il.d life 1an<(W11)"' sball dc:nuM Ml ua. C911-

9t~Uled by lh< oompewnt aulharil)' in whiI'. byorvnderLIKOOIUnJICJl.lhe~aulhol'itylnlhed<pNtmtnl.

"'"'"""'""' for the managcmcat <>I: th• RDC!uuy. ~ bowKbrio» •ltddlioracterofsuch ••anctuaeywillbekept ~~u~ u ~· s.idoWl.Cfuarics ohouldbcmadeK..,...illlotoYilil.,.._

"Wbilo1bc manag<tnCW. ofunctuacicoOO.. llDl.inwlw: ""'flCll"W «TOl!Crictio<lolnonna\forcstopo:ratioos,il"""'1dbc......,.1ly deslrlblc to oa lp!Ort an area ol on• IO al:uit 1wmiy-liw: IQllllfe miles within a ......_""t1.lltY v.tocre sum operot\crls imy 11<>1 be cal"lied out. IO e"""rotbclknillgupolwild Life nndisturbod t,'b.wnaoactNU:I; So>Cb o.aaosanct arc.u may bc dcdaml u nMa)'Ql'All}'G, i.e.. 1 (Ola!

whHc 1nima!JIXIU!droam wilhoutfcarol.1111.D. SUdt1ADCIUal)' wicbin1sanct11&rywooldaLso= 1be ~otpWnlife

unspooiodandun<listu~

"In 1he N~ o( -~tuart... contr.X sho~kl be e-Owd o_. ekolDellU ad..- w Ille 11>1!nrena1Q o( ,..ild lik Ulrludiili dutnlelioo of w:m.UI &lid pedaton. Jn lhe case ol 1111)' ditlkully. U!>(rtadvlce,,..ybeobnlnciclfrue11th.lndi1.11b"'lorW"ddLife.

' In •h~ ,.._ o( a All<llulll)I beln! kxakd in on.. Slate COllli&"°"• 10 1 SllJ<:llmy in 1DOlbcr State. lhc de>irablo co-onliflMico IWI)" bo dfected th""'lh lhe Jndi.u. Board far Wild Life.

"Thal ti.dfo:r bdta ol ...,f&ieot widlh be di:clmd ll'Olltld a ll ~withinwtidcnoihooti11i,Olbcr thi.olhQ rcquil'ldf<J[

kgitimlc aup ~. will bt pcrmilll!d ..00 within whi<:b no fZ<lfe"""""'1p:azicn..,llbcallowed 10e!!tllbl.ilhll>cir nttkpens. Uld llultSlll.1cOovernmentsbercqueotcdLOinoculat<:~ll)'

and!>(riodieallydomesti<:caUlciolhenciibbwdioodolnatimal. parU.unctU2ricsandr~whcrcandwheonoccuaey.'

(Iuuaur~l ScsUm. Myoore. l9Sl)

"Wdd lifc ...,.t111.ricoucarea•a«linarily1C1apu1.byan<>roer ol lhc Staie Govcmmeot for Ille pitp<M cl. fft""">'lq wild lif.o. The manacemcnt d. JUC:fl sa11c:ma1d i£ adtquAtcl)> duh .mh wwlcr Rt<OIWon. 6: "Ptoo:et;oii ot Nawn; 8od Wild Liflf." ol lhc MPOI"• Secsion <>f lhe Board hdd in 19~2. The &iard rocoDl'ICllds ~ sannuw., oodormin, 10 1hc IWldll.fda \>I.id""'"~ '"''lo:r ResoUJa> 6 (b)ol:theM,._.,eonr~m.ybecorut.itu\cdurudL

'h mo.ny SW. 1hon may be am.s whc« it mQ1 be considierod upediml:

{;) 1o ..rrotd~i£lprotccticntowikl l~e.inor<k:l10~

.jt,U NJU/J.NAL. 80Ml!IAY NATUllA L H/$T, SOC1£TY, I'.,/, 9 (2l

lpccieo of.wild lih Yl'hir.:11. an: oo the >'ergeol.cuiru:t>em 10 rwsiabli•h ........... (ij)ta alkird r:«'(ec(ioo t<> wild life attracted io """""

imroundedinriver.alleypn:i;tru and 1oodteritria11i.on..-(lrki. (iii)toaffordprotecti.onto,.,ldlifein •ndaroundla~IOWnl

....i-...iplaas. Such at<al may be OONlitUlcd by R11 Ordtt ol the Go\'enuucul

"tiich~ also laydownthedcgroeol.protection.' (SeoondScn ion. Calcuita, J9S5)

-n.a1 111o>St:aieGovcrnrnmu...io..,itableacpofori:rnvidi111 oullicientfoodandCOYCttowildLifeinthesanctuarics'

{fourthSeaiort.fl<:iucuiund, 1961)

There tw b<cd a oll&ht tQ. lignilica.ot eool11llo::111ary change in thepoliq'concernin,lllqislatlontobe'""°Pl:odforrwiorWparbin India. Inl9iland i953ilwasbopcdlhatbya$1ightrevi1ioo1ol. Schedule VD ul the l ...U... CooaitWon ii would be posojble 10 aot nation.ll patklplacedonLilt lll (thoC-=t U.O.Lalerit "'°" loundlhatthl&wunotpouible.andoothcnbonrneappareat lhe anomaly lbat naLional p11li:s. eaeotially an all-fodio. alf•ir. wcn a State wbj<dand WCIULdba""toboae11tcdbyAcUolthoStale Lq;i<Jarw..,

lnonlo:r10mau1elhcn1uiooalchara<tc:rof 1ud>i:alk1and uniformily In the vano..s Sta\cll, it wu tbeu decided to draw up • Mcdd. Bill ..i.idi ""'11drerl'e Nabasiiiort ..tti<ll Sl>.tQcooldframe

their °'"" kglslaliot for natimal i:-rb. Thi> model bin was cirrolltod to ull States lor oommeo>t and 1iuatod amtlldmcnu. llnd wu Ihm val<d t,,. the Law Mini.II)'. In ill finalioed !onn it was tmttoallSWe:linFebruuy19S7.

'The releval'lt rnohlti.ont Oii 11a1;.,.,.J iwl<• in lb Proceodiql or theaucccui""~ol.lhe lndian&ord rorWildUfeandill

F~,.;...., Committee ate a1 follawl

'The creation of na1ional p1rt.::1 in confonnit) ,..;th the gu>m!l objectiV1'11aid downbythe lm~tiona!UniunlurthoQ:mer.:alion

ol.Nat""'and olf1lia!od t>odics. ·Prtwided1M tohouldaStatecreaLe •naumal patk.thcad•'>Ce

ullbolndianBoardforWildLlfewll! belaken 1ocn111ni11 n~\

"Tho1«m "n2li<xYLpad:." lor lhisi"''l"l"" ...ollldgenc"'lly<knolc "•na:readedicatedb)ll:lallll<loraHtime.to~lhcsceD<2)'and oatunolaodhlstorical oti;ccuotnati<llNili&ni&;:ance.10""°"'""" wild lifelhereinandl<IP""'iderortheC2ljoymcnr..ifthe...me in Olrli.....,,_aodbyoudlmcans ... .. m1cavcth<muni!Dpain:dfor lhee11joymentotf111ureF-WO.U..wilhsudtmodilicatioru u loca1 conWtions may demaoo:r.

(l.nalJ&llral S.DlOlt. M)'Wllt'e, 19~2)

'lti1also.....,tial,tbattheftobouldbowill<ntit.yinthewan• mcnt of national pan. and. tbc >Uo<lard1 h> bo maimain«l should boolahi£hctdcr. TI>emaln=uooforlhcllllll-<:.ubiilhlI""1t ol national parb ill tbc oountry i1 lha1 the SWe OoVUlllllCllll are flOI

in•plf.itiontotinanc:owhollybylhcnud-lheHUbliohlllClll ol natiool.I par\1- Natiool.lpad:.s. the e9labliohmcnl cl which hU been r~oepara1 .. y. may1'0!«101einto~withoutcentnl

ao:Mcet.ndass.iounceff(lmtbc~ LnthcUnitedSlacos "national pam;·· it a federal •ubject And such parb are elllirdY financed and oontrolled by the Federal (.io.ulUl1clll. The Ccntra1 Govcruml!OI. w111 c:antcmpQliJli •metldn:leal of the 7Lh Schedule of thc: Coo.iiwticm(listof U.UOO.SUtc.. and~t Sl.ib)ta:&Joo

Lhoi~oltbcConunOOi1yCootmhCooimitt=A&!· V11n1a£e otlhitfae1shouldbttaken 11nd,th ... fore,~mc:ndsto •hc:Cmtral<Jovtrnmenctha1tbc"1bjcctot"nationalpatb~hc:addcd

tol.illt lll (°"3cwrMI Lia) in Schedule VII of. theConatit1•tioo..' (RxecutivcComtnlueo,Kanhl, 1953)

'Natiooalp;ubareaieuidal)(lrtbyan/v.f.ol the«impctcnt L<gislaturofor pormaneru.~Suclt aiusmay bavefor

1hciroo;c.:tivctheprcoervalio«ofo11<"ornlfeoflhcfo!lowiJli fcatum: ~ prc-hlitorical historlcal. ~~ ocenic, fauna!, t.lld lknl.

'ltitn01an""""1tialCOllditionofnatiolla\ plllh tbatthereobculd lxno human i111erVm1ion. Wit= it it duin>d to oxcludc hum.an intervemionaliosetl>er,itmay bop<l(Oibletosetapattawitabk po.rt "ithin Ille rwiooal pan.-~ ~whidl may «cri¥eabsoluteprotoction.

"Su<hpark1aro noltobtcreatcd li8htly 'la framin& proposals for lhe conl\lll~ of natiollal pUb. the

Board~itdoMirablolhatStateGovtrnJ!ltflU&houldconsultit

al>dawilthcm..lvaof thl:todmicalkt¥>"1.edtleande~peiicoceat

ill Wsi-al.

~ IOOllNAL, BOMBAY NATIJllAL HIST, SOCIETY, Y ol. 9 (2)

1be 8oufacilita1e 1hiltbeBoanl will~reandQrculate a rnodoldraf1biU

'In Older to emu"' Ille national chltracter ol IUd:! J)llrks, tll<> .Boudrecomnw>d•lhatinthe authotltyset:upundcllhclcgiali11ioo ~CeolralOmen>ment andtheBoar<Jbcrcprescnltdlhroup.the lnspecwrGeneral oiFOM1>or hit nootioee:

{So::<lod Scaioo.Calanta.19S5)

'The Exeruti•l' Commiuee resol.Yed to ad~ile the Silk GCl\'em· menu that pendin,: the CC111>t irutiC111 <JI any A n«uarles into natiooal parb. any au~pt lhat ml&ht be made to dwlge 1bei1 existing dtaract•or..tiittleaW11ylbcirreoour«=1 iaany wayshooldbe auu deda,alnst.

'The Committee abo aulhorisea the Secretary w .,,...mJno lhe lealibility ot ..,ggc11i11£ IO the Slate Govto'nmenu the desirability of rdetriog lheirNaUonal Parks Bill• to lhe Centre before pce6efUBt.loo to lheSW. Leglolaturea.

1be O:lnmittee namined lhe draft Model Bill clause by clau>oo andmade a n~of11ltit51ioo1lothobillandrequesudthc lmpcaorGcnera.lofFOfC&!Stolllkc intocomidenilioolhesuggcolims nwk and rWllft the b;IJ. :i.ho ln«irponitina any ~Jons that might be re<Xi•'Od frCQI •he member• within lhe nou IO <Jays TI>ett.aft«, the bill was to be ~eUed by the Minlsuy o( Law and cift'ulate<ltoSUteGo\-emmaus.

(Reprdinalhc poil:ttwhelhoritwouldbcdcairablciocallthe .. pacb'nati0Pa.l'asllmepatksy,uetobeeo11>titutedbyState Governments) 'tM whole idea ...._. to ghl' • nation&! cllaracter to the put ... Somestandard1 00 a national le\lel were to be laid down ror all1heparbeve:nlholl£hlbeyweretobccoostim1edby tbeSlal< Go\iemcnmts in dilfe1911t Sta1os. A natiooal charact• cotild be iCCUtt:d by ha•ing the Central Go><cmmenfs represcnlallon on the 8""rdof~. Furthennctt.lhncwas a proposolto gi>1' some financi•1 aid to !be Pl>•h by !he O<Nmlmetlt of India. It wouldlbecefm:bcio the61 ..... ofthings1ocall lhemnational

'Model Bill for con<tiwiirn .Jf natk:tial J)lld:s which may be su itablyadap«dor...Jdedto.roprovideforany~l orlocal requiremorit.. Thi1 Modc1Bill alnuonlyatcruwioo;th.11tboto::hnica1

requUa:n•n~ ,..ilJ be hilly ""v".....i 1n 1.n,y St:<tc lqiobOOn reprdin& ~mtc parb". A• wlll he .sttn, it i1 ~"""sid"'ed bN th11 cadi p1rt

in • State >llould be"" ~.....,.ucuced by a 1epaauc Act fli lhe Stt!ll Lcgiola111"' u """Id fol low 1hu l.llJ" 1heta1ion er 11icnation or Ille 11m1of!Mparl<.lll't"IUldllbomjuire.an<tiooO(lhc ~ure.

' Al the bill PKWide•c.\Clll5i~~ for action by the S!alc iJi n:5p<1.1 ot an area CO!littly within lhe State. these pnr\A, it it <OOlUkml. mar be d""ipnud ,.. ".ia10 parL:s". Whore a Sli1e """'Id dca; w dediao~ ""1 pa;l oo coosti!llteJ fOI" u~ fot: ru&!;,,.u.I .,...,....,. aud ngrce to thc~mentondoontTDlof the~rkto beputwa.

nallmal baW... ,...h dediCll!ed park• oould be aOoplCd a• ..,,a,;,,...\ Jl'lill•~.'

(Central Go~cmmmt letto" with moolol llill. l'ebnnuy 1957)

"hl koopito& with int.,,,,.tional pnoc1ico. the c.im...;11m <k<."1«l th~I tht Qlimal parh uld san<tUariu thwkl be k<pl o pen to

"Nl<Jt>unly frornday,n tod"""-' CE.cec:uii"" Committ«. Shivpuri. J9S9J

·n.e l;loarOrecommuidcdllttt riatioo.alparkllM)" • liobe<e1ur undel" 1be htl of lhe Stele lq.islauiru. but befor<: l'lllmilll lhcm as national parkl \be o.pprcrval uf the Board m11y be obuiJicd. ·n.c O...rd "ill 1f31lt •UCl:I RPJr""RI only to"""' park> W t .. ill h lfit cmllin mininn.rn m"jvirernem~

(Fourth Scssian, Ootaamund. 1961)

Sr.U."DAAOS - NAIIONAI_ PA....,. ,,. l~-OOA: A Sun .. u;r OF NATJ<RU. PU O: l'o<.lCY

NlotiooolParha,..,areu 'dedlaucd byw.nn<IOr all u-,,., ~lhe"""""'ryandnatunlaodhi>torica\objca1 of....U..W.

lii;niOO.ace.to~ wild.lifeth<n:inaru:l lo...,,.,idcf«thc "*"mmloflhe a mt in wdi m11nt1Uandby•lldi mn111 111 ,.;u ln\"e !ban llnlmp'lircd for thto cn.i<>)'m<nt c:l fut\lfe CMft'lllon<. with ouch modifital iooi i.s l<•:al cl.WlJition~ ma,y del!"llr.d".

F rorn thio dd>nit.ion, p11pcd a! ~ lnnsuralSeat!onuf!M laollu

Boud kl< Wiid Life ln 19~2. !! t'ol.loM: I. Tlllo1 11:.1iooal parh muM be RrQ& of n.allonll >i&ni(Jclooe to

lndiaN a ll'holoe. and of imporlal>Coln l~M!ofll'le*Orld.a>ld llOf

1uos of111tte locol sipifk:o"""-

'

~ JolJ"-ll"L.IJO/Jll"t' """tUlfA/,/11$T.5QCIUY. vo1.nw

2. Thallhenaturaloanicbeautyol.lhe&re1fllUSlbecardully prac:r-1 '° lb.u it will remain ijn1poilt . and Wlil!lpaiml for lhc eap,.rn<.'111 d. (Ul'llre ~ti<>nL Th.ii r:nean1 111A lbali 1lu:iuld be nol'.oroJl<:ipentions..,...u lbeoxtr.u:tionnf. timber &lld~ol' ptarn.aticm in a llMlonal parJ.:., un\ao they can be jxliAed on lbe basiaollhcWJCYprcssi111econmiienecdlollhe-..tQ. ln_,.1 ol oulllandi11& beauty or l><*linl wlllill:!lc fauna. at.ere ii ....,. na1.

be ~1oforegoRK.h foro1tciper!Lliam(11'hcttlbey •reaa..dy

bcinf; done).lhcnatund.-=iicbea.uty.OOuldbepuervcd.,far"" poMiblc.andocrt.1iD. ara11 should be ldt ttrictly pruleCled u 'bmd -..un·.,.~,.,.

l. Tiwlbe""illioi andilldige'10U6wildlileofW1Ueamustbe lllrictJ)'~forthec:t1jo>)"llleotoffuture1cncralionl.. Thi• impliclliw M'fo::ire4o'orexotic•pecieanffauoaorflnralhooldbo introdoo:d,lhnltgba 1pecies whidtoncecxill<din thearu&Ddhu wit>Unbiotoric;d timDl~cxlin<l aAbeu-intro<luccdifart

upa1~luud)-nf.thear..-a l•,·Ollf"l1uelta 111<p. Anatioll1l park wy rn1ser•'e oithor mre 1nd vahablc tpe<:i.c1 ol fa- i1t ~ol~ or!ypcallaanareprosclllati•"C d.theregian. oraoornbW.tionolbolh.

4. Tbat~1 of1hea1e;i.mu1tbo~uUypblllleda11d ew:wd IO Ill to pro\·ide for its enjO)·~t by Ille J"'blic and by ~ \'ii:iton i~ .ucb • -r u to Luve lbe11anu·al ~ hnllly andwildlifellfliJDpljr<dto.-futurei;me:iatioos. "Ihiome111tlbal aa:astolld1obouldbemade,aodrOlldiand p<Uh1 i.wdclhepuk lotdlcuocof miton. Andlhstres11u ..... and$Uib.bie&OIXlUUD<lda-1ioo .lh®ld bep""'id..i. AndlbatllXlt<lrtmnsp(:l't, 1idina; dcpbants. i..:..11 and.., fortlt be pm~idod as local u:mdir.iool may dconaud.

s. lbM nai;..w parks. when... poaihle, fl!Ult be ol web .UC u to mah lh.em viable and ecological uniu, andCOlllp'•bcnlive UlliUconbraciJ>gtbeamowit ol lerritofy requifed for dfccti\'C

='~andfarlh•<<llllinllll!IL"Cnf.lbercl)h*lltative laum.

ll L !IG I S tATIO H

A1 wiW lifeit.•Sta1eaubj<ct.rl!elcglslOllonblbe~ot

parbwill beeru.cud by !be Slate Lei;Wature «n;emed.. It Ji <:Ql•

Mtlmd ftd,il.able thatll\ered!ouldbe a1cpe.mtActUlhcSlate l..egilJ&turc f<• each park, and nnt I lll""tfal Act or a.n Cllabhng Ao:t lorllO\'eJS\po.rb. lt it.rccommcndedthot themotklNll. u drawu 11pby .... lnd.WIBoordforWildLifcanda~ of bylhcJ.aw

INVIA'l K'l/,D UFE 5MICTUA/l.1"5 ANV NATIONAL fARKS ~S

Mi.imtiy,sbould be used ssa Ms.isfocanySU>olegiJalion, in order to ms11R unifom1i1y and an all-India duiracter in !he pub ol the counriy.

As 1he term 'natimar ha• a countty·V•idc, aU· lodia o.ignifance. itiJrf:OOllllllaldedtoStateGcNMlm<rlto thatlhe$Ur.dard•usl•id do\111 Wl<>11ld be ..,;cil)' adhc<etl to. and \hlll the • PJlf<>\111 ol lhe Jndi...,~rdforWild Llfebeobtaincdbel<>r<:dcsigna.li"l- &Jl"rl<a•

M national park A pu k in• siuc call then bf. dedicat~ to the natioo. and beromc a national par\:. &istiJI!! national pvh in the countiy which au up to the wondards l.o!d d""'ll ohould remain u origi111Uy""'1Slitu1~

Ill. i\IH1H:JSTOATI O J<

lnodmioisterdiinationalparhitis~ : I. Thllt for each national part. or (Qr the naliooal parb <>I each

Sute. there •hould he a Mallagffll..,t or AdvifOf)' Board or (:(lmmiuee conli.cing of mombers ol' lhe c..,vernmdll and Forest O.pa.rtmen~

eminentconserv.uionists,repr.....,tati>-csofpublieint.,esuandoo on. At any time "°"'idered duirable, the ad~i<oe ol. the Indian Board for Wild life should hc ..,.,g1n.

2. Thi m.tiooal [>llrb hc adminilit=d l'ltb th. primacy obj«"ti>"C ol ~ooser\'ing the ocenic bca1<1y and wild life in their n~tural ot.ate. ;ulNandotherllldl humari iolcrvenliort be doneool)' undcrc><pen .. Moo and in con· !onnitywlth1ho11andartb""laiddown.

3. Tut,'""""""" poosible, buffer b.:hoor buff.,.~ of sufficientwidthbtlcooslltutedoutsid<theboondarie5 ol.0&tiooal parks. in order to cnst1<e their inviol.obility----elf'Cci.ill>· apina p::iadl· ;ng, va<ina bJ domcsli< ca!tle. e11ttle-bornc disca<es, wt1ing o1 ~etationand Jo oo.

4. That undcsinbl( comrocrcial actr.ltics and noo<:<>nformiog r«realionala.:ti~ili<abc"wided,as•iolalicnsof1hcaar.dar<bu Llliddown. Fidoing.,ithrod ar.d lincfor'90fl,1Ubje<:ttolocal rqulations.i•pemiisoihleinnationalparh

5. That <*l'eflllly p!aruted arul ratric~ forci;t opcralJOM be f"""'ittcrl only when lhere •ce o"«riding ""'"""' 10 Ju•tify 1hem. ouchHthepreuinacrooomic!W!dlortimberandthercveaucdcri•'W

horn it. bt • \ICJI eases Sl<'p< mu..i be taken to""*'"'' the "'"''tic bcautyandto<C(aside~ooplou.irutcrsanauaricoor <>bhoyoum.m.

~ JOUniAL. IMJMIJAY N MUR.,<£, HIH. !,(/(,'JE1Y • .-o1. S. ~

6. TbatrwdlalldpaO..bclXllU!l'uctcdlOenableviiiiton101CO and cojoy ihc ..,.olc bcalr\y af>ll. .. ild lite ;illd lot Oie """"""' of ;lolbn;nUl .. i"' •odJ"l0!1<tirljlM11JU..with1h•l•ilaiat«~~ wilh llacDMu1&l 11ocncry.

1. nm buildinp for a~n of visiKn and sl.oll" be

<Xmlruclod. bul <hat thoy be ao unobl'""''" as .,.-"Ne and in ""'""-"'Y .. ith their ourrounding:o. While IUAUJ)f fur .m1(Q ;. llO! ~ord .. irab!e.lherc'llhouldbo • high.iaadanlol1he balio requifvocnh or 11>< f'l'CSC':lHlay 1ra.-cller.

8. lbal appropri~te ·11ops bt tnl.., IO "'°"OJ" rublici!y 10 attraa •-isilon: Frum wilhin tM OOU!ltly and 1<:A11is1> from a broMI. [ n Mldibon, lull inf<Enltion 00 <ach park ohould be u oiib.ble in the form of a wd.l.tllwitraled bo;d;lel. whicti will be ol ui;e n<X onl~· IO vi.;1on.,.,1 ><1.otoreducationalpurpo•n .. "fh<a:rricaol&"ilb ahouJdbe availobl.c,il~uirrobyforcip vWl<n. h:turop»eard< J.lldO(het-oho<ililbea\11.ilablefotsalc. if 1hcreis•a.-Jlll .. ..,,.

9. Thal•Wf)' llloptak.!:oinrhede\'Cl<lprien1and..secfua1iona\ parka ()(ll)forms IOI.be 111.nduds. so that ihc uua rNy be lel1 unlmpairedfor theonjoytne>Uoffuture"'nerationa. 1f.,-crai11 doubt may an ... the ultim~te in1erot1 of CM people ol che ,........, COllJWy aaoJ ol fo!w'C ~<r.ernlions should be ta~en i<Co at00\1111

Fll'll of all ic i1 not pos:i.ible iosenemlisc"" chc suti;ect or ro ""1riulatcafCJ<'ttclire-cunrrolpolicy,.'hiclJl't·ouldbcacoep1abletJJ all COtririclr, or even to all region• in 1ny "'""' COWll<y. Only inU:il&iYC otudiel conductetl in e.td> region .. •YCfl in .aAAlpatk«1Uldenalkoo~1<>rumc

1<>aoy ~ioilorolicydecliimlurapar1icuknplacc.

f'or ;.....,._ wlla~ miahl be the fitt.«lntrol polio;y in cxtt..iu roc.1s orlll.QunalparholCanad;i""'y""'bcarilablcforput• o/. AJ!boor llldia.l't'h<:n lho i.:..a!C<l<ldi•i<JN<>fdilNlle.M~t

aad wild tu.. are 1oul!y dift:oro~~ ~1ptaklni-i1d\ollldberecognl..dlhatwhcrewdru::.

diliom W. thau • lun:o.trirecould bcvay....:ldca, >el)"widnprcad, alJd 11\"""''n& a V"'Y !up uoa, thtn the fu:o ha~ is yay &RM and !he pOllonlial lusi 10 ..,j)d life, II ,...,u U"' llmber. >WY cuisidtt~blc:.

Sath. dangerOUf CO<lditioos exist in part1 d !he Unitod SWet and Ca....ia, that clabonto procautions are tal.:tn in p1uu d lhcK two <Xl<mlriniofi&ht&c. In oocriedthenali<inal 1'2dt dlhesot1wo rountri ... where there Rrc vazt .....,, of pine fcr<Olt" ~ro\ ii doncqotso111uchio .. ..., Che limbtr (forthiliall<ll expkncd u• forest l'eSOll<Oe)but 10 ~diollprenlCDI of lhe put and IO pwt«t.thcwild lifo!tomdeltruc\ioo.

Hettitllholildbementionodl!wit il(ICllWlllyadmittodby wildlife~tlouilt:sin. thcUnitedSutea•i>dCanada{Nweli u in Africa and Jodla)that · (I") nc.ortyall v.ild life ..,.,a..1 'aft

dependent ur- habitatt "'hictl haV<: not rcachod the limit ot flolal ~i.~arc"'1l>-cllmu';(h")ftrci1oneot!hedlletca1M1of

•· ...,b-climax wputiou: and (iii) ...,;Ill mammalo require iubrlimac6c grU1U andreedt, and trow:sm, mnmma.ta-iu..iaq....., !Upf!ly ot m.d·lea""1 i.... aod lllrul» """1di aft""' cften .....ru.tcdwith •<:limu.JfC'l"lhintocnepnrtldtheworld.

Forest fi""'can bedMded into two types: mu--camed {eilhcr deliberate or 1<:<:idcntall and li&htoirl&<•--1 (natural). Jn Ii. United St.ates the official policy of the Nalioml Park Service ii 'lo tmuco the· number of ir~<a.-i firu to tbt ...,a11es1 atUoinable minirnum.•lll110combat•nyfln:•;hidioccur.,~of,.;zc,.

origin.or location. Lightnin(:fa,,..•fewftres inea.ic:l'fl •.eas b=iu .. lhedeciduousveg<:11tioi>is usuonyarecn""h<nli@btni11S W>rm1oi:cur. lnthewe11emr.rc .. liaJ>tnin1 lllld"'811-ct.;usedfuw • rc nf1bautrqllllioccurre<>ee.'

As 111Cusull.otthi1 policy a peculiar pOeitionhHarisen in some of the nMionll po:rb o( the United Slates, for i""-"nce in Yd'°"" stone. Manyyean d fue oupprcssionha.., realited in •Wllsido:rabk arno<llll of dead and highly imllammabk ! <HI. bn!lchcs and l<n>alyil\.IC<llhc~roundallOYertheparl<.. Thut.~""'Pf"C"lin!

aU\ocafued~nd Wllllfircaasituationbuuilenin ""hidt.should • fi"' "°""'·it might bewme 10 Jeri<Jul.and ..,....,espttad u liOdo rarll"IOl"edarnap. 1tonetimolhanwouldhavebtt<ldoocby•Utho intermillcQt localised fires. Thier~ afl'llC a <:0ntroven)I io Y~llowst(lne as to whcolhr;r lightn.iog-uoused, n1uiinil. localiocd fuu lhould no!. after all ~allowed 10 nm lhe;r oounoHl!ICyhavedooetincetim<> immemorial. and•• to whether rompleto f"°""uppreaioo is~ M:tu&Uy..,, undesirable act of inW...nli<ln hy ll"an in lhc roum of na lure..

4611 Wllt<NAL, "°1'111AY NATUt<At. HIST. SOCltTY. Y"'. iJI (2)

Fife..JuJll>l'C6Dl)l'I •rld controlled bunung have hem lhc wbjett of much di9cusAon ia manyPl'!UolAfrica. Ptrl\ap5 the ,_ interal• ing cue in thil cmlineat ii 1~ bim;Jey of the conmweny ia the ICC11>er ~ CO<ljlO. For IOM.v ~ors tbc Bdfian Govemmmt pnctlKd die idu l of oomplctc 11C111..;111crvm1illn. Mm • minimum of .,.;Id life manag.-nt Al pan. of tltis policy. man-caui<d fire&and also lightning-<>luud~=ri&idlyfllppre..ed,th"'Pf""

dllci"I ~climax 'YP8 of vegetation quite umuirabk for the httbivotou$

lillimaL! Ylttidl cxiol '"""' ia la!Jt" numbers. Thi.I WllS partitululy so in the Pa~ Natioml Alb<n.. ..tiero

!hrollgh tbc cawiiriq llllll)' of the aatclopq and other manuni.!i of tlteRwindil'b.iuhadbecomcJl)tcialisedfortJ<lateticeiu•h<lon >llkl.illll.I: type of >qttalion lm:itiaht about by nUurel ~IU. It turnedoutthat lheuwt~poodyadoptodlo1hecU .... x!JfO"'lh..tlidl followo:ltbcdiminalkmofburniol. Thu-.torupprmflrcsalt~ wa1 nocrally a policyofncm·inlttVftltioobutwas infactuact of illlcr"V<nUoa by man. The: BolPn .u1horities realil<lll. !hit,. and r<:>.-.e<ilbtirpo:ilM:yandpcnniUedfuutot\lfl thei< c........,i"tbc ParcAlbert..-.-tothebead\tolt!tewilttllfcofthatpark.

In Iba Screll#(i National P1111< ol Tanganyib. in Ead. Africa ~ iQerC11ing<:a$C>°"""rred...tienbumina:l'""O"edl!eooliciol towild lifc comeovati<Jn. Africanvillogcnli.ingou1>idetbel*1f:boundarittln the ttgjm d. Scrcneri burned oft k>IDe d. their gnzing &real in order roatltKI the park animall outside tit• iwt" whore rhty C<llM shO('ll them. Th< f':l.rk Warden dt,-crly courucred 1hil rroove by bumi!IJ olf a !aJBc Ml'OCI within the pad boundarin--wirh ~

In SoutJi Africa controlled burning oftbc vel<lr hu heen done in ordtr'1<>impnwt''thegrazingbydestloyi0ijlhedcrwehighgn.ss of !he pr~ yc•r. II Jiu been ramd in !he Kni&<r National Pait. howtver,that'tbepoowth ollhen...-aodpalal&blcobool.li1l'OOll <hecttd,aodin a ""'"1timc:1hetcndorcurr .. ul!f<l"'1hooLmbul'lll!tl \'cld!.whilcleuoon.pieuousfJ,)thehumarioye,il~ylalkr

o.ndJr<lbabl.ymoreobun<l.lnt' C<msoqumtly•nilllUCif:atioa..,,. cooductodiodctenrlne the racta. An •mpk area.""--"· wao 11 m being burned fJ,) provide mn1 .. 1a1 for audy.

ln lhil•uboontlnoeN.,,.,.oltltowildlileisfamdinoraear lhe m«Y<>d fortsls. whiclt are ,._..11y protcelod opina mu-

ca...i&lldlighlnin~llMCl flfUlnOf<ktto~lhetlrnbet. Ont rnelhc>d (If ffrc-~pr.ns~ai is CIX!ltdlcd bufn\111 <>I lbe higbly inltam11111bk puay ateaJ inoidc all<! around l<:cuta. oneo oand~od in !he U dy pm (If the dry oeasoo "'hon 1ho ~hantd is lea.. lhls'edd tnrniot' done in llwe &l'W)'are&J is unda<iblodly -a1 for II»~ oC lh• horbivorom m~rrunals, "'him dlri~ on the rau!UuH >Ub-di""'x typo oC vegetation.

lnK.aziranga....,,...,_yoCAssam,b<lrnins<lllbe~lllll

•lephud.gnuo is done in patcha. each yur, th1111 pnwidinf, suiloblo> attu oC aib-dlma<~aodrttd• furgrar:ini anll alsn leavill:g

U<'U ofdill"9Xgn:Mthwhid! pt<widt l>CCCf$&f)'CD\iUf(ll'thc ..ild ~f."'.,.. Wlet\llry.

In Jaldapua &nctuary d. n<W"th B<:npl coouollod bumitig oomdKJw""""' 1nbewspendod furl<ll!leyean, tt"'1tir.g in•dimll type of :mponemNe ~ wtrllitahlt for IM purpooc f« M!ic:h tlocJ111'1Ctuary -..u in~-thopreocrvationoCllle llldian~

aiid<>tlricrhcrbiVUOU1wiJd Liro. TIU1!ault. f undmtand,haobeen ~and <>OnlTd)ed bumJ111t hM &pin bun inRi!Wd.

AA opinim " ' RO!nlly cxprened b)' a. Cbid eau.erv.cor ol f«esuolaor!Ulh llllila Statotl'lltburninai:ltcnst UCM reduces 1t.. nwnhcn(lf~in\ll\Clesitablo>in.soct1.111Cti 111icb. Prnbably bmdicialin.5«U.ru,lllllso aetdoltr0)'•d.and thi1 Wllldbca 111bjcct ctfunhermocardl.

Fr.,.., a f...,,,.iypnintofview l wdentand!haltlu:narur.J ~cnerationoC""'1.ltin ln:clin lncljais a<.1ullybco:fitodbyoon

troled bumiqg. while that ol cthcro i• adverxly alleded. From tllo wild lac Rnndpoint. the bumint1 nf climax lj:rOWtb in pillchcs and thusproducins • reu<l.oul>-cllmaxve;etation"<l'Jldbcgi:ocrally duirabk:----aoopt ~;hen >ldo burning occurred during lhB bttofing SU..... nl birdl and ce:rtain 1ni11111tu1h.

A n.thcrbencfitdorivedfrornth• burnini <l.climllx graMud oaub~hinnaticoal p1rbandpno1..,,.;.s O.thoimpmvod >'isibililyfotlhoviJiWR"'hoC<J<Mtn .. o"'ildli&. NIM __ .

ort...n.mvalue'Df ..,ild lifca•• fcttSl<TOpi•veryvcat. ilic impor!lrtl 1ohave "I'"" AttllS ..ti<l'll' herbivoroou munmala, q v.dll.6 chcifjlrU!al<n,canbe..-andphotogniphe4byvirl1<1n.

'· $"""'"'" Bwninf i:l ""geta.\ial. eith ... man.caused or li$btnW!g-c:a._.i.

CM be detlruotivo lo ,.jld life ii UllOOlltrollcd or too Mdetprud. Onlbe ~hand.,,.trictod andio<afised ,.tunl fif'N«cootrollcd

"7Q 1()1)11.N Al.. MJl.IBAl' NAT'IJll.AL JI/ST. WC/C~ . ..... 9' (2)

bufo»n&. "'f*iall)> of l.l.U demo l fllHN llQI) W>derj roo.ttl. will podUoe tM Rd><timQ type of -.iotion not onlJ' beneficial 10 ~ often ......,tial for th~ cxislencc ot llcrt>i¥orous ..-.m11111ls and Olher •ilcllifc.

COnlrdledbomi~ of .. "tllballdjl:{11'!)"11r.a1 in MdaNWld r ......... ...SllJ>Ctulriea, tbc:refore, ohoukl coo1inuotobcpnc1ixdin lndla ,..,....,....;1 ls frund,aftercarefu1 mid)ofloca.lconditionl,lhat il willbobeclelicial to .,..ildlife MdnotJttrimcntllltootllcr ia1eruto.

l t iolhepoliC)'of d1c ll>diatlllollrdfot Wild Life tolifld...Wl&bl<> alttmatiw homtl in India for some of tM taru op«:iel. lo the: ea"" dlhebodiu JOM, for example. it,....,, neolved at ll>t lnaapral. Se&PM ot lhe&oe.rdat My..,..., in Deoombcr 1 ~2 tha1an lldd:itional k><:alicybcf<l<l!ldfor thi1tpecioo.~·i1hlRil1 /on•~~and,..i1h

St1itablcOQBdili<:io\i: of cnviror:uncm NarcsW.uf lhi; ~UfiM.it,.•lllh6<quonllyproposcd •o

...,... a r ..... tiooi1 from the Oir ~ In OO'th·- l ndi91 iNo IM o...killForti.lin Ut11rPradoeh. Thia:m11snoo 11caK ol i~1r(lducinc ~new q>Odes inlO M aru. bolt DI r<·introdllcin11 11 ,pea.. into I •;i.blo locil~y wilhin its r ... mc:r .-.nie ""d wilh 1uiublie rondiliooo ol eav;....,.....,L • ·hid1 bin .-cordanct wich the """"P(ed p-indf~"'

dpn:srn1-.dlywild lifc~nt.(Tilcred<ln ...,Y~l&ble <Ondl1icmofm>i mmnmt'l'lavr 1obc ... rchtdfof"ithinthcformcr nnacislllat dimatj(,llJld "'Ftotivc oonditiono;., 1.r:w:1;,, ba"' <hllnged ~ialhelut lhooloandycarJOfOO. RCJiono inlhea«th·

-SC.on::<:gtCU11ll\d fcrtzlt allll hnlding_,timammlla"aslherhino.. havo oowbecoolct>wron"11steo.)

Su~y,,,,,,..,_,thereh&•bceo•~putforward

tbati:are s:peci« frQfllotberp>rt••:lllldiabeolllainrdf..-m-«Ocl'.i,. ~"1'id! t" SOO"oe•>tcnthovebocoolt dcpktcd<Jf\rikl~f• by po1chiq. p..- cQJnplc. it "11J oru "w:gc>:Ud thu • kw< J.,diao ~ lrom1>ortlH:aSll Jl>lli:tbcintroduc:edintoPeriyar S.11<111uy in

KtnlA; al!d d!.u a rcw 111'amp d..,.. frun UU&r P1Mksb. m.U: deot froml'.aahmir.brovt-lcteddurf,..,.,, Manip.1t,andchfobrafrom llOrlh Nld eetr1Tal rnc1;,, C<IUld wolf be ln1roduced iofu Mudt.malal Salltlwll)' in Madras.

Now 1"' .. e:umine thdC lllgCQ<Olll Tt i1 ob>ious lhRo lbc: mu1t deer, whltll ;.11 ~ ofVl:r)' hi:tltl ~l!itudes "'*'!he 1nOW lin.. aiod 9tbichfcedsonmos ... ,1lchon1,.11nd1uch· likl!..,.,blioo. ll(l<lJd not thri"" in Mud.-naW. It n Wo."' coa...,, dooobtful ;r""'

chinkam, "1tich is"" ..,,;ma\ of dry an.I oren rctJoos,. would thrive then. Thetef<>R>. mull: decrand cilinl:am ·ca.. bo ruled Olll.

On the olhcr hand it is pco.oible dw rhino, rwarnp deer. and brow .. ntkn>.1 deer would lhrive in Muduma1aicrr Periyar. for lheK opecics do ,.dl in zoological prd«ls in other «>Wllries. Flut is it desirabletoiruroducCtheso opecle1asoowspcciesinto1hosetwo senctuarics which may bewme nali<nal parl:. in lbc near future?

The staled d:>jcd of ifirrodudng now opocie1 into Mudurnalai was 1M1il'wiUootonlyJ110taincllein~inwildlifcbucalsoa11ratt touriscoaftic'. Thenbj«:to:l in1roducingtherhinointol'eriyar wa1 'tomalelho .. nciuarymorepopularwilhvititon • ndtwrbtl'.

Thua.theobjecth'einlhesetw11COS<$appcaredno1toboto pnwidelUitabkalttrnali~home&f«1•1l'speciesKltha11heymay

otandmorechanceof>U<Yi•1'L lf1hl1 ,.11S !hcpimarymotiY<O.theri it could ,.ery SC"""!ly be. argued tlwlc lh...., a~ fu lllOle suitable 'allemative homt1" for the""""'" deer in centr:ol and north.c11s1 Tndia. andfi;rlherhiooandbr<>""..,mleredd«<innot1h•lld north· eH India "wilhm their former range and ,.ith suitable conditions of environmen,.

Therealrrotivewasto~thuesr«i«fromnortharulnonh·

caSI India wi!h a view to aumcting more ..;.;ion and touril.u to lhcir $0.nctuariel. N(lll'. is this lypc of human inlen"entim. i.e introducingR<W~inoolertoaUtaa!DClrevisit<n,perm.icslbk in a wild life salle\Uary err n1uional po.r~? Certainly not. by the present-day in"'1"rwionally acccpled f"incipks and slano.Ia.nh of nariona! J111rk adminiscru1ioo.

Al lhe motti"I! of lbc E.xC>CUtive C'cmmin ... of the lndian BoaJd for Wild Life hdd a t Pm,ar in January 1957 it was rcsot....i lhat in wch c• ..,. a tl>oro1"" crological study ol 1he oonditioni; bolh ol: lho .,......,1 home of a species (Sldl as lhe Kllinnga home of 1he rhino) and ~bo the f\ropowl re•oiving ..,nrniary (pogolbly Periyar) i.hould alway1P"ecede • nydeftnireplanslorsucbmoves. Thisi• • cu=t <!«is.ion. but unfortunately it impliet Iha! if lh.c ei.."OIOgic:al dudie£irulicated11\a11bcspeciei(sayrhirn)wouldlhlivewhen mo•ed from the supfllying am (Oiiy K• rirdnga) to the receiving area (sayPerfyar).then thelntroductioooouldtake[>lace. ThereliOhlrion doesnottakeintoaccountlheprincif\k$whi(hgo\efnnationa\ park adminiotrati<Yl a ndwhichdonotpermi1thein1roductionolncwspecie& !tom owAA.

6':llh Mudwnabi and Pl:riyar are >al.uable wild life sanctuarie< wilh PfOS11CCU of bcill$ creaced u national parks in lbc f<:O'.e.ecab\e

472 IOUfl.IML. BOMllAY NATUfl.Al II/ST. SOC/f.Tr. r..i. ff Q)

future. Now. tbe cmphu .io in the"""' o( nati<lnal porls and wild Ji1c.anctuariel it piacedonoonoavilljjlbc11ilfi"""";ldUfe.on pruening th< ~.<Wing (harOCI<!' d the~, on inocr>·ing the

rypkal or rr[Jf'tMllUltN~ '"''"" onJ (>or« in an """' 11~ u111poill fur fuwrc rcneratkin-. 11 4 not pumiss.ibte. iu:cnnlina to inteniaticw.llyao:cp(edprinci~and•nodardl,toallowhumao

intervcntioo. wch .. 1ht introdudion from cutsidc d """" ~ 0... of the most valtlliblc and interesting facu about Ille Gir

fucsti1 1i...1 itcoola in1 1ht lndianlionnaw livi""- u i1didinfam1cr d11y1Mdpoooiblyoinoc1imc i~~·1.,.. a wild anlmal in itt

-.vd habi.bt. Similarly. Ka>iralQI houoel the lndlan rhino in iU ll<llurol habit.I~ /tit! a• it probably dld many tha .... nds d ycan ago. The trow-Mtlered d..,,. of Manipur live in thei r Jut manhy strangh<lldm th.>Lo(:takLlk· .fnlh<irf""imevall'ftVW"dhabluL

Ttteralltlad soo.uh Jndian50J!Clllllrie$.also.hold a O<imilaruniquc p<>lilimubcing1ru/yffPr¥_,ratiwof 1hcrcgjan in whichthcy are r.,..,..i, having o:imd tJuo:rc rrom 1imo hnmtmorial. Now to put rhloo frorn !Ca:<innp intc Pcciyar. or br<>w...,,tltnod doocr lrom Manipur into MWumaLAI. ond so on. <>r «'f!vcndy to put 'bison' fnm Pmy>ir into the (Jif Form.. or <:ft;tal from Mudul'.Mllli into !Ca~wouldbc • roseofputtlngeocciesintoplac.• "~ they

ha\IO never fonncrly ..,.;.u.i. Sllch an tmu....1i<>n "nuld be tantamount to .W.rilli !he pri.'1i•"' imemty and na~ml """11ly ol lbeMfino~Nolon(:lerwouldtheoriginalfa..,,,be"""'1

in its nomrol ..,Jt>ri{lilld ltoN1a1. bw • mi.,,.flany o( wild 11nirna\o fro1t1 dilferent pan1of!ho1..ti-o:.u;rK111 would be rroupcd tO@!Olher

ha~y.fothemanncrat~parks.

Inanycuc the introdoctiond . .. y, a pairdrtiinointo l'eriyar would no1 solve lhe problem of how to provide moo: 111111ction ro vlilion-"uni- "'- aeaiur .. after importation were confint<l ir1 an erl<locureatlheoldcofthe lakeandu1ificioUy ledbyhalld, a1 in• _,l<lgica\part. For rhino are .olitarybeastsandp=t wandEtcn. n.ey..,•oolr1....,t>ablynot remaill,.. • poif.butv.tllllr1waoderfar af;dduindividuall 1ndwouldh<111n:ly ifevcr....,,by/lllY()Mtllat ii !I they rurvlved bein• sluot bv pollCllcn or by cultivaton !n dcfcnccof theircroi-

Similorly.lheln!roJu<tionof a pair,ore•m1e>eralpoirs.of swamp deer into MudurnaW would not provide •he answer to !ho problem ThcyW<'uldfl'<>bablyJ.i1pcncandben.rdy_,,by vlsiton~•ut if Ille "11d dos< Wtte 1)'$tt:mltiallly n:duced or<:~· leffllilated bdoretwv:I. They wwld also JYOballly f>Jl VOS)' U<f

victirnslotiFlllldJcnr>ml,cspecl• \ly af1o:rg.ptu«:,U•"'l'Of1M\oll and introdudlan inkl • siranae and oc:w habitat. Uke UlO ,.,,;_ ow11'11p deer .,.d brooil.-ntlercd d«r arc tn:al ~i.

Tbe oameot>t<aiomwouldapplytu•nyrroposal\o~...,

rhino in10 theOlrbet.t Nabona1 P"'k"' into the Haz:niblllh l"ationsl Park. ""here they arc belie\'«! to ha••e O<IC:< o..U.t<d. If lot kw.>le illlo thno parks. mino """'Id be >Ofe in wnoda hi; afocld inlo u.., culri•-alod-t~destroylhocropsdvillapn,nulacaitlomcd'°

wch beosu. Eftfl if !he) •uni\1>CI rhe wmth ol lho •illagen, .1ny cah"U OOm would tun a gmvo N.k ol bei"I! kilkd by ligers-dlino cal•'<•appcartobt a farourii.ofuodol'ti~inK.m-.np.

At lhispaintltohrn.dd porliap1beadn>iUcd 1hatthe110lhtt.<rorocould no1 w innu1'0 in nlJlt!bcnUtO ~=mo a nuisan<c 01hllnnful ptot u in lheeuecf tl..,rnd deor in New z.,laJod a<id tht oc:ind<:<:r

in AhW<L Tbtobjection totl>< lnlroduc:tion of lh- lh-..,..OCS from oorth .nd north<a&t Jndi.a. Uitc llOuth Tn:lia would.....,, to be based0111hefan1hltthtyW0111d bca lniluie 1nd thenfore1"..ue Qf...ont)'.inld<lltioo!Obci'l!••iobotionol~principlt.o{not

in1rocfuein&,_1recin h110any "'feL Tbo1..., IM1·.....,ti<>ned ohje<;liooa (fli\1n ~nd waaot rnonc,tJ

_ld......,101/1)1ymrher~ocntpropoes.ll0irarud'uco: 11ilpiin1<1

Swld;pvr ~~...,. fr<>m ><>me po.n or Madh)~ Pradot.h. When lhe peirwecc pboedin 1 rinrfence ,_rthe••<Kt111ry,eventhe~·

""'1d oot be Id\ in U... ~me eDCl<!surc 111 lhe hull as lhcbner uicd t<>lillhi> proopcctivemate. \li'hcntumcdiocGcinl<>lhelaJl<"luary, it>ttmollprobahlctbatlhcyl"OU1doepanie.•ndultimMelyfa11 victlmll<>til)fninlhi•new~

A furthorobio<1lon"' •""" introductiun• ;. u .. t 'th<tt'e i1 C\'idciu thal pa,,,.ilcs - di .. a,... of introd110ed mllmmall att a( bst panly ln.lllfcrml ,.;,h their hoots to new biol.a'

If it ii beoomin@ inr=irlgly Jifficuh to find wLkl life in cqtain uncflw'ics.l.lld!!itlo 1~uiTedbylhe aulhoritleoadrnilliltmi,, lhe..,

i:hccslhat lhereibouldbem<llewildlifeforvililor1 1<> ttt.itIUftly1hc6nt ondfuo'Cril0$llhi111 1r1Mi9lo•"'1wepOIOChing and othor illcpldl0o;itinabolhind1o n<i8hbotlrl!oodof thc-.ncluuic• 111\d a lt<> '"ilhill lhe sani.1uariet thcm111:Jves.

Sumy itwooldbei1•hisablctopro~1hcin1<Jrit1 ol'lhtse N'.:> po1cnlial national PQrlol el Perjyar ~•u:I Mudumalai, ~od ~Ill'

allow 1hchitflstarll1n:l1ofwiWlifclllllRllgemmt~edMtht.

::::.. So""°" <1' the foclio.11 Board fOI: Wild Ufc to \aptC inw

I! i1 c11cntial that tbese high .standanh be rigidly presetved. This subjecl has been thoroughly euminod by othc..-counlrie.which

have been llUdying the °"""""ation cl nature°'""• grat number olyeal'L May India not fall to profit fmmtbeexpn"iftlc< ofoth« wuntries. and may she continue to follow the hjpest oianda!ds ot kllctllll!ionally acceplcd national park Mlministtatlon.

Rare ano vanW>ms spoc1t1 ran be oafe@""!ded by<n<»m,. a rcw individuols m a new\0<:1li1y; butlhi1 n.,.loealityshould.ilp;>aS]ble. be"·ithin tM/omtrrro1t~andl'l'ith auitobleoonditionlolemil<lQmen!. s..:h a move diruld al,.,.y1 be~by& catrlul ccok>gicol•ruclyofthe.conditionsbochcflllesupplyiJWandolthc N>Oeivilljllocalities.

In IMC!uariu and national pNl<5 where wild Ille lw become deplered through poaching.the firol dq>>h<'Ukl•l"'llys betoptian Cfldtopoadlinsllldtoto-habil it1te tht~wi1dlife.

t nif'Qlb.tionofnew•f'Ccle•into a newloc:>lityi1 usually a lailuro and a wastcofll>Olll<~et:SIWX'OlllJ)ilnied"byundciinible.cx·

f'C!Wivcand artilicial rrot<>cti•"<'~ One d lhe ittlenlationally a=pled standards of WK:tuarieo and

nation1lpubi11hatthcnotivt wild tifc should be..,.,_ved.and thatoo"""-nativeopocie1 1hooldbeintrodllCCd. ll iodesirablethal: Ibis standud 511ould be maintained in India.

Thcdefiniti<JIO d a national park in l ndia ulaOl down by the Indian Doud ~ Wild Life al it> inaut••• l oeaion at My"°"" in 19S2 ;., 'An ara dedi<ll!ed . . to romtf\'e the. scenery and na"nl .. . objeds • . .' Th....,foreit ·••ooldappeartol<flow thal the ploming of trr« and .t>rnh! in a .aoctuorv or national p11rl;

thouldl"ea•·Qided Also.oneofthegenerall)iai:ccp1cdprinciple•ol"'ild lifcooo·

mvation and manqement cl national parb and :1tneruarit1 it that 1bcplantlng ofln!<!• within•'"ncl'""1'orpark11'0Ukl amnuntto an act d human irkr>'Cn!ion..,. illlerfetence with nature ..ttich would be undesirable.

ButilO~rtaincoun~. •ud!asJodia.whcrcO\'er....,..,.nsby dom«li<: cattle or exce6Sivc k llins ror rimbe:r ud fiuwood bas

INDIA'S Wll.I) UFI> iilNCTUAJll.£$ AND NATIONAL ,ARKS f'IJ

r«11hcd1111hedisa~nuo:l\TJldltl•-ecovcraad[<lrdtt,iltllilY be ad\'isa~~ dcoinbk- to ~ I<> all'<>rcswlo<>. For iu th.il; ~such alh:iRoution OJ plu~tion wed: in . • nctuuy might be ncccao.ary in 0<der I<> tcmc:dy the mllCb ~ ioterlcr<n<e by man

!':..ithe50~.michha$n:aullc<linbaRandaridcooditim.t,Sllil crooioo

Uitdaco>eclleJli"MniW.ngunecuwmical f01.olandttplacillgitwilblreea d'eoo>lllOrC'ial...W..tbtneacheucW<lllidha"81<> bejl>llgc<lonitsnwt1mtri1Llf•Statc~tC<>UldjUAliy !he planiliig d' aid> planu.""'11 in a •nauary on tho l'(IUnd d' pos&iaiDXKll>micl>Oe<h.,lhiamiptl.ll•~O-.'UputtlyWi\d lifcronaid<rationa. Butit 1udiplantaliontca11be avoidcdoritlhc phnlalioru; Cl.II beQUlside the <anctuary to t«•e q a bufftr """'lhio will be 'iU'J much moredeo.l<*ble.

However, in <loi"i n y kind of ofJ......wkin or plonwion work iniidesaoctuarieo.tbe loUawiflap<Wn1$C<>tlldwetlbeobocrYEdinonler to adlie\'I: !ho be$t r=ks with tb< minimum all!OWll DI dill.urbtnu tolbtnaturalbeautyoftbc~ :

I . J'lanwiona llhoukl .. w 1t posail* be on or near tbe edp cftbeSlllCIUal)'. Thisbelp Ha methCJdcfdc""""8lionoflhe bolmdariel • nd q aprotcctiooag1.iustillogalincunbtb)·cullivaton. va=. and poad>en. (lllis hu hoen tried out wilb 1uc=1 at Laol;Jl,owaSanctuaryillAuam.)

2. l'l&ntatlom$bould u fara•possible (exc<ptlntbe cue d' lhoaeonthcboulldaricswbich...,..J,cl follow 1bedir«tioDofthc boundarieilbeinq:ular&lldn01uro.l-lndci"1inlllapa. Jn other wordslbeytbould avoidreguiaraq111V11&1ldl'OCUl!iUb.rpU1C:rmand i1raight lilwo,10 .. IOmdethon:..,ltanLartificially-produccdf<lt'UI later oo oppear to be~ lllllllnl one.

3. 1 beintr<>ductionotc.wticopccielotutc1&1ldohruti.llhouki be aY<>ided..lltl>O&<indigenou<.Joi:ali(!Ccie1wbidloreDICOl.boac6cial were to be pan1c<1. W. "oukl be very C<lftUtlClldablc.

4. lftbcplanwjo111conldbeofmil<.Odipecicf."'itbafcwtree1 wllid:i uc benc~cial to wild life--<udt as lhooo wilh berrieo palatable to birdl or .Wtable lor their nesting. a w;ch lea,"Ct polauible to

beit>il'Ofous onim&ls.~'°011-lhll••'<NklqsistiJl.;u.ti!J"iqtbe ......

I. Tlicc.><a<:1dc:finnoonoflhc term ·,.·;w 1ile'shouldbegivuiill 1herules &overnini: eritriesfCfl thecxWbitlan. lleri~llRd

butaniclll &11t;e<t.s are ro bt included. tMs ohol1Ld bt dearly ttaled: olherwiso ic niighc bt aiwmed 1lla1 Liie cncria ahould ind..te only 1nammals, binb • ..,po;i... and &heo. Dilln<:.lt O«tioru; cao be o.rrangedforcacbhrnrd>olwildlilc.it~advi.._blc.

2. lbeterm'wildlile"""-mldbtfurtherdclined.oo .. to exclude all entricl <kpi<tin& capti.,.. or came animall web u ue fOU<lll iil:roo.. Onlypbowgra!*• of~Wnewild&11imalltakcnin

a ow.e o( natu..., Le. in their wild otate, •hould be enen:d. If 1cqui1ed. 11 i.er-rat• otction or ,u.i. can be m.ck for photo&r•tfl•ol ..Umo1•whlcl.aftcapri\OC<>r ltme.. Ahernati\'efy, thecxhibition coul~ bt rermed 11 ·na1un1 hi,i:ory u.hibicioo' • ..,d chest rft<>Wln.ph• olcaplivcCfl1arue anima!. coulo.lbti""luded· butlnthlo a1 .. il .OO..Wbtclearly.ia1cdoobolb1heentryl""""'"00""1bephoco. IP"Pt<tha.tthe•ubjo«wu in captivity.

3. The panel o( jeldaeo ""°'11<1 comi;ri.e an udd numbs, prt:

f,..ably fl.,..: aod !hcte j...i,e. .oould ho.vc hild 1111pk>~cl phc«>gnpti11& the IUbjca. cl the e~bibitioo, namely wild Ii!... Amona 1bejud&o=s•houklbe atleaaonepenoiiwilhaulllo:ier(k"""'lcdg•of lilOlu<*lhi5W")'10jud~lhc~l lt!Eritofef'llricl.Ofwildlifc ;. 1oindudcentomo!opca1andbutanica1 ..,bject1, 1hcn a n appropriate rroponioo1 o( the judae- ""°"kl have h.-1npcrialc<ol1M1 typoofpl>otc&fa?y.)

4. In iudiin& wild ~le plto!Of111~' 1bc follcwina llllporlAnt point•mu1dalwaytbtlool.:edfor·

(o) The main .,bject lhoukl be crit.ically •harp (b)Compooition:lhemain•ubi«tiJJQUldberUcdyplaeed and

Li&l>ted,lltllpropcrlybalanccd. (c)A1leuttomeol1bonatutalhabita.1ohooklbc •""'"''" (d) Then: >houkl ho ~ctail in bolb highlii;ht ...i shadow. MThc print sllrukl he nicely bul. plainly mounted, and All)

•pot•ordu>tmarbcarofully<ewu:.tiedw 1batlheycanncCbe~

Any paniailar1y objectlonablc hit!hlighl shotild be toned down. (f)The~obooldt...ve naturalbi11oryin1~.0ther

lhinp boing cq111~ prdewice •hould bt g;_, to rubjoedo of 11ea1cr bioulogicaliruerer.t,oucbupict=• oflV«Wildlile.orwikllilc ....., in inle:ruti.!a cirrumot""""•

;[_rz:t.,~~~d.::.:.:=.J, H"°"".;: ..... ~.

S. MarU for cod! e•ll<)" mlahr be 1iven If\ the followin& ~ ]'.dliOI\;

Tcdwc:ol and .,,;.,_;., •=llmce (Qauu4(o) •o(d)J 40',il. Biologj<:alintercso:ofsubjectllRlhabi1r.t[Clause 4(J)J 40')!, rr-r.tation. nlOWUilJtl. I~ etc. (O&UllC ~ (~)) 20:.C.

6. The judges i.hemi<\VCS may •ubmit pluJI~ (w tho ei<hibitioo.buttheysh.011\dlea•·•lllc nxim """'°~-.,,ontn...

...,,,.,. up for !ide«im. A!ternativei}·. a spe<lll! >«lion ol lhc edtibilionC<>Uldboe ~tocomi&..,tirely oi'lh• workoflhe

jia<Sg<s.

Pl.oc"1J>1Jll 1" Ro:ro101><vCASJ:S Of fu...ClllNG. Btwtu~Oll· F<SH."'<"-

ln m11ny case& M actiol\is ta.Un~ the authorities. to"'"°"' repa"U of poaching ur humbing have been oer.t.. .,,..~to the fact mat cilber imllf!lcient dala have been given or lhe rqxrt hu b«tl ~iUbmitl~. TbefollO\l:in;:n<.lleiJ incenoled101..Wthe WOtlkl·b& n:rono..1 .... m1>or, o1 1he public in c<.>m•1.1 n:ron1..., and tberebywis1Cij inrnsorvinHwildlife 100inefllllfiliji a_,lir,.....ofbollafldulf)Orlfc. 1hel1.11uie.

I. H ow 1 0 r e p<Jrl 11 n inci .J cn1

(i) l li1....,...ry101Pve allpuo.tiblcinlonnatima1towiU>eS1oe1 ot tho IB:ident or ma\prac.U:<:, ••a..1 loca.lion. e>.acl dale, UllCl Um& and alla•-ailabkduesao t<Jthe idemlly oflhio allqcd.culprit(l)

WI lt ii: llO<'U6AfJ' lo submit I.he UJXl't a• ooonas p<>Wbk aftcl the incidcnt c.mo\practicchaooccurn:'1.

(iii) II ii. ad....,_bl<> to 111ri1e the rcron in factual aW corre<:IJ,y phnued lu~ .. lhe reportmayb&copiedroelhenan.Jrcferml

ro•-(i>'} ll ii:advi$oble to ~iven:••o•is for"'~· •·S.finilyasa

wdl-M..,....oflndia &.iri!1$. to co-°""'ato "'ilh the -.rthoriticstlt lho prcvenlim of law bn:a.klng. -idly to pr..., • .., a r ...... -....iohiolg national utOl frorn wanion datruodor~ •nd thirdly to cruuu the C(l<ll~oltport for bonalidoq)<)ll$1ncn,.hooboytbelaw1 ll>d

lllh UUl pe>"Q~ll, J;ccnces. tl<:,

(Y) lciso.d•i .. l;iktottqucst,lnreturnlororie'' ~lp1nrepuui"llo

adi:.-~t ot' lhe report. In 1ome cues one~~ also Ml<. lorintimalion intluc«111r"u lowl1AtK!\onha1bccn 1al:cn. F-vcn bttltt, p!f'oonaionrtQ(t roukl llOflltti.mH be ~bi~ with tl>e

...Cbol'ities in the matkr. If "" a.:t"""'lcd(lement ot' • rq.ut i•

f\X:civcd, a '"'ninder .OOuld be •"111 with .. wpy l<l the next seni"" cfficcr for informatk<i. II. after that, no reply i• r«:oived a copy ul lkB lull repuri >l>ould I:>< >eoll lu the Head ul !he Dep;mmont ~<l!l<mned, Wilk c~inj Idler. l'<>r lhi> i l ;, advi>ahle to type e>:tra ~opie• of !he report in the first in!!lonce.

2- To whom.r e ports •hould be • onl

In those SI.ale:> in wiud1. iheo:e is a •eparnte Wdd Lile "" Game D<p<1rtrmml, O:ll reports ohould l>e •ent to 1110 Olli= or Warder. '°'"'"'"""d In States wheru there i• ""separate Depunnent fo<

Wi!dLlie.1hi•subjoclu>U11llyfall>uodo:rl1Hldillerentadrnini•trnti\•c departllleflts the ForeM Department and tho Civil Anthoritie> (Pulice).

(i)1'a.liunal. Parks.. Wild Life Sanctuari<s. Gamo R•-vo•. Rese1"\lcdFOIC£1nnd•ooncruICunderthejmisdietionoftke F«est Dopotrtmenl. Report• cl iocidc'lls or mnlpxti<cs in ll=o place• 1.'ioold be >OJll to the Foreot Officer in cl1Mg~ of th• place. lf lleat Olliccn(k""""1in>hll;u_')"..eornitted.1lie1l.OX!liigherofficeristlt., l{;u),ge Offictr. Abov• him;, iii• Divi>Kmal Forest Officer. Abo\" him i• tl><Cooser•11toroftlteCinic. AtthchclldoftheDepartmenl i>lh<Cki<IConse<vatorolFett>t•(io~ Stateslhaearnv•ri&

ti<"'' of this title). Above him i• lh• hlr,,.\Mllti>t<r. (ii) Ouuide tl>ose ploce• und..- tlte Foreot Dopartmcot"' li•ted

in No. (i). nil pla<es u•uolly fall undcr tlte jurisdiction of lho Civil Authoritie• and \he Pdi<e. Thcrdore 1110 report sb..,uld be Kill Lo !ho local Magi>l<"-le concornod, ie. the Suh·DMsi01ml Officer (or •Qilivaleill). the Deputy n""mill,iooer (or Collector} Above thc;e

=~i~;,:!; Comnii•!iooor lin rotne States). AOOvi: him is the

In Norlh·oo:.t India there art additional adminis!Illtive areas: (i)N<l<lhEastFrontietA;:cncy,cootainingfourFrootierDivi1ioru

uf Kam<ng FronliM Divi •ion. Siang Frontier Division, Luhit Frm~ier Divi>rion •IKi r.rap I'roo\icr Di >"isi<:<l. Ropart. shn1ld ho"""' to the neor« t officer tlf the Frootier Dh·i'i<"' roncerned. eillier Forest or Civil-J""f.n.hly the funnor. Al>m·e him i< th~ Dir-cctor of Fu<eQ'i. N.E.F.A. Shillong.

(ii)Naga Land. For oll'e1ICC5 rn lh,. State reporu should he add.re=<! to lho F ote£! Oi&er, Noga Loil<I, Mai!.ipu:r Road P.O. Above him is the Commisfiloner. N~a Laru:l, Kobill!o. P.O.

(iii) Hills Di.Uicl< under VI S<iledule in A.;sam '/11..e Hilb Dimicu are Unit.d No<th Cachar and Mikir Hill • District. United

IND/A"S WILD U FE SAl'iCTtlJ1 /! /EJ AND NATIONAL l'A/!KJ 47'

Klwi •nd. I .wit.a Hilli D:.tricl, Garo tt;lli Distr;ct. M:ZO H.1ls IXolria. et<:. R opons en ollcJ>Oel in R-rved Fol"0$1$ ill tbi'o;c

D;ltricu lhaWd be it:nl 10 the D.visi<ma.l Fcnot OJ!ii:cr oonccmcd. Fer cll"cnces .,.,..:.i. tho Rcw:n 'UI fo....u in m. .. D.$1r:C~ ,..,pert• shuukl lie addffl.oed to lhc Foreu Ol6cct of the D.$1r.« Coun.:ol concerned. or IO th& Ch.et fuccul:.,.. Member of that D-ilf;ct Council

ll Scrv1<ePeniooilclareA1Speaedofanoll<ftCe.arq:w:rn..t>wkl be oent IO tbe C.ommarul.fll OllicCI of tbe Un:1 coro:cmo<I (witb a ""PY IO lhe local o:v.siciml Fcrest Cffica). l1le Otleb of SU.If ol tbcth~ScrvilOOlhaveplcrlge<llheirfull • u['l'Oflf<Jl"lh<<nlcrccmcu;

of the 0..0. Laws, Shoal:.oa Rlllo&, o1c. &mOl'i lhej p<QCllllCI. who areboundtoob")'theseintheoamowaya1C:vian1are. Serv:CO penannol have no ~\Oial righn or pr:vilc&co w'.ih regard to ihoot· U., and mhitrg in R...crved Fcrcw and clocwhett. and mu<! tah out permiu and lic:encoo; from lhc .,,!horil:C. In jUSI. the .amc way tllate:villantmustdo. lnthe=olArmyPr....,.,nol ifnowlslaction i• received from the CMllll.mt:na Otrnr. • "'l"'fl nuy be ..01 to lhc sub-Ara er Atta Conmwider. or in e>lrf:lll<. cases to lhc Adjutanl Gc...,.,,or s Dnmch d O.:Cf d' Army SU(f. New Delhi. Reference """Y be m• dc to Army Ordon 214/56 an:J 593/57.and to the Nuticeo; publilhod in A nny Ordcrt <!ate:I who (lflen:I lhe ~,,,.. I•,.~ d a Slllte or fut m:ol. Go>«nmcnt ammunitialic~p!Oli''"- In the Nrt:ce d.olod 2J·S-S6 thcrdcvantex1r:>e1fromthc lodianf"Mer:C.Aet, J297.S«:t:on 4( l). ii tep1a!nccd: ·11 any pr....,., us .. lJI)" ifynlln(u Of odtct cxpkiLWI 111bstanco in any Yi'l.tcr w:tb inl:erit tbereby to cuch or .ie.truy Illy of tlle &II !bat nny be th~:n. M !hall be p.nilhabl.c with imp-:..,.,.. moru. for a urm which ma)· ll:>i.t•nd to twu mon!hi. <:II" w:th line wh:ch may a.tend to two hu<ldred r upees.•

4. Ad d itio n a l R ecommcndalio n t

( i) lt l•rccomrncndcdlh~l l<Xlp)'oferql<Pflbcoa>l l<> any

pcnon who.> i• doscly CC'llCCmed. ror infOrm1uion mly. If it Is known !bat this w:U h<lp m11ucn.

fil 11. In 1p:te of corn!Clly rcponiqg I clcar..:ut t t !IO. no lld·.,,, ;, tak<fl "'""" wlten .. m in !he la<! i11>W10c to the Headd' the Depanmcnl. then the mouer ohrold be llokcD up wilh !he Minillcr

"

4'0 IOIJttllAL, JOMUl'llATIJ/f.ofL HIST.SOCIBTY. Vol. 9(2,l

CUIOCCn.ed. Ullimateb', if "" &Won is 1lleo, the manor should be np0nodrothcffonon.tyReciOOAISecn:WJ'. ol.the~ cooc.med,. lnd.an BNrd for W.k! l...fe, or ro Ille Socrctacy, ln:liaa lloard ror Wild Uc, t.lin...w)'ctAgr""'J.l.ure. Ne-w Dcllli. PubliciQ' ol.thc¥ofloletuc1DayalaobegivcniothePrut,IO-.pul::W ouppcn-for pubtc op.n>on is i,,. far the lttOIJ&CSl ally of •LI in the li&Ql "PJUI ...moo de$1.rua.ori of. vlluable natioml • SKL

Many poople, wben Ibey ue or bear ol. po&ehinJ. bonibina. occ. beq ~ uc apt to be<xme ~ther • ll#l (iOmellml!S wriluig an in1i..lettcrto10111C01UJ,Q"fnatraled (SOllll:timcslali"1""""'""' 111IJ,). Sl.dlpooplcUSll&lly ny iolhcmW.. .. : 'Whalislhcuso of Rporlins? Notlti!ij: w.11 ho dcrlc about it. The 1ulhor;1;u W mselvesluiveahl.ndinthend<e!I'

llUlilthc•b<mo~io correc1rcportina1n1fullyfolloweci

""'f>ONQ)tfl. IWU<ll.sii aod Olbet memben d. the publ.il>, it it c:Mainlhatappropriatcacticnwilliomauea>CSbctakoo,boc.auso all Govunroew Depanment• arc pledjed to cDforllo the game la.-s etc. In moSI cues 8CUon will be la.ken by the lim o11icer IO whom therepcrtisoent. a!ld~ illooldbcnoneed forthe lllbsequcni

"""""led praaduR. lf a membctoflhepublicrernainlsilo11:11ld~ntlllddoc.

not<cpot1 a caK.hcis to1<WDCexlell1 1011.U~O,illlhcmisdecd. ar hcdocsrq>Qn.be isnotonlydoW&;bisdlllyHagood.citlzmbu1 lllohcisaclivdy<XllllribUlUlgtotheprc$a .. tiotlof1valuableM Wi-van41\ifl& na.ticoal .l$lieL

! Nf'(ti{A.TION T1wus POii SA!<CTUAllES. NATXlfW. P.uxs. llTC

Seuona!.,d:miai..ii;.IOcio&otlical.~icalandQthcr a:indlllons

vary1<>muchno:n frgmplacc10pia.;einthcsameCOWW)'. lhat ..,.,,. oyucni ot 11.bui.tiq information as to the timca of lhc year wbCJISllilabkrond;t;oru may beco1:owuacd fur particut.r objioclivd becon\EJ desinlN~

Nea<l)' no:ryone is familiar with the seuonal and dimelie vuilIO>a of thc<Xlll\Uy. or al lcD the region, lo whicbbe has =i&d for IClmll time. But 1 visitor from Europe or North Americl. ea.a be vesy llnlc~ofthech•rvin&coodillOlllfromrcgico10rcgioo Qfccuntri&inAfricaandA!.ia,andvic:evctoa.

lo many part1 Qf Afdca and Aao then: areoue "'""'"rainy oeuom durin& whi<:h """"' Qf !he pub{,_._ ~ quil6 in111:c:11ssible. Thae rlin)' seucat are often~ by dry, hot and <1uuyperlods.10 befollowedb1spri,.,.lil;corsummer-llkc con-

INDJA.'S. WILD LIFE S.A.NCTUA.RIE$ A.ND NJU'/VNA.L l'.fRli 4&1

ditioru. EYen if the seaional andcl:maticconditiomof .&givon regiun ot roLJll!cy could be fully a...:eria.;ned inad\2ru:e, lhereue manyothcrcorulitiooswh:charenotaltoeether dependentoo••"''oo" and ctimate. but whh:h VlltY acronl."!! tc a llitudc, cxil<lenco ur t.>lhct· wi•c or water, types of t..-rain arul '°CSCtalioa. migraOOna ol cwain spec;o•of wtld life and so ori.

F<>t imtonce, in Eoot Afr:co 1here arc t\YI> short taioy ""'"'""" with ,·ary;o11 "'infall;,, d Jkrerit port. of Ilic country; and dut;og Lheoewet spdlscot!ainporb/rc•crvc. may !X dosed to lh• public. 1, it not de•rtable to know beforthllrxl exactly when 1heoe rainy =oomnocw, andwhidl.parkoarcclo!;edfcrwh:cb.period'· und what lhocorulitiOllOarel<J;:eimmediaLC!ybcforeandaftctlhel;orainy spell.<?

AlooinCeylon tbercionoorth-eo•t""'ruoonand a...,utli-~

lnaliOOO,butexac1\yv.'hendotheo;eoccur1 lt i•rcportodthatboth tlu:m•inpuboftheCOllntcyarccfosed during Scp1ernbcr--amonth of oot eXCOllsive rainfall. I nfmnat""1 Tattes, w;a i~ numbers 0 to ~. WO\lld app.ior to be mo.t desirable in Oi"dct to convey tQ

in>e00ingvi5"1or. whe.n1hey.,.nb .. 1,·Jsittheparl<softh'.1 countty. Alwin India,"' anothn example, it i• esselll:at that inttn<lin,!·

Mltist' arxl \ 'i$itol'i should klww that the Coibett Park;,, cla>od from June 10 Ol:hlbot, and Kalllra Parl< irnposs.ible to visit from !be middle of July to the middle of Nm·embet. At Ibi s very SClSOO, however, Dachivim and Sbivpuri iue a t lhefr host, anduthet place5 orcwel! \rofrh vilitiugd11rini the .. ltJL"1.th• in India. In the ea•• of India"• b ird soncrnarr .. it i• essent<al ro know th•t the breeding of water birds in Ra"l:anth;ttoo i• uou•ll)' at U best in J une, Jnly l!ld Ansust; K.ollleo Ghatlll. usually a l il• boot Jn A"£u•t. September Aud Octobct;and Vedanthangolusuallyatit.bestinNovcmbcr.Dccernt>ct, J~nual)' 1U1a Febr""'IJ'·

Accordini:ly it is SUJlll<>;IO their best ndvantagc. Only by 1uch """'"'can vioiv; be •ucces,fully plonned t')' pcl'iCi!• rrom f:ar-away COlliltries witlioutfrustrafam,<lirapJ'°'ntrncotandunncc"""")'CJLpert••·

Ai.first >ight it mi£1;lt appear tliatthere"""1ld be adangcroftoo much ('C()Wd;o~ of ,·isitors dirr:o~ the months which arc •huwn on tiLe T "ble '" be the most 1ui1able "'""tho ror a visit. In &ctua\ exptticocc.b.owevec.exactly tbc opposit• i• thcrcsult. Forb)' otudyill,![thc apprcpriateTablebctorehandv;.i(ors ~1k!socata

4'l NURNAI.. JIOMa..Y NA'IVll.AL !/In'. S«ll>TY, Vol. ., (l)

&laow:olhllt cem.:11 mon1b1 arc mon popllar with •be gmen.l pt1Wk. lllltl lll<f~•·•1 c.:.11J41><J,d1Dc$Cr~h ~spcc.ally iJ

ttna.n<11llermorullsar•f&•\l11rabkfor ptttio;ularot>~"uud

illlliv.<11.1>1 "'~"'* l 'or i"'-ltallCe"""'enationalpsrb inSoolhAiricoarc>U)'

~dur.£11ccrti,nodloolhol.4lypu;ods./\.......Culi1..J.7ol Tabb i'T.11& iDki<mat.ou about Lh<>io po.d:1 ~Id re~ lb.- thi1 CfOOl'.ie.J KallOO wuld be avo;dcd. Yl'ith 0111::re1y ...iislactory 1nulti. Ap'.D lhccroYl"dfld ~ K ""°" f.llt IOlllO oft)>o, llat.cflal i-rb of North Anxtu d11t:"8 Ille wootbo 0: July llml August, Yl'hilo. ' """' Ml! Sep<cmhtr arc alrn<»t as good hta"VCry much""" crov.d<d and tbebQtmomllsft:irpiotc>t;rapby <.>fw;Jd•o..malsintllemarc actullll,y AprJndOclober.

Part:cul•r iten11c:ui be$br.n\•n iotheTableoforJlO"l<llW"'ilhspocil.I inlert.U. e.g.lhc ll<>•e.;Qgtimesofk>l>ttandhigh<r a\titudellowrn, autwimal <'Cllolin.""'1mcr1ths forfuh:na inr:w_rsllftd ialakes. t>Cll """'1h1 for lll!,lUllt&nur:nii and $0 on. " ' theu t<mes ofttn d .ffuft-Or.11l>Oooc"b:Qia1troctth•gre:i.tcrbolid.Jyef0Wd .. lhtn would be a wider ldcdiOQ of months ~!ting in lwcrowdi>l& and l•a d.~t for pmo"' with 1pec;a1 intem11. Ti. infQl"llll· t:OU wntaioed m ~ T~bl"' y,·iU be of beoe.lit bo<h kl thole w:lh K:..iti6c or 1pe<::a!:w.I interest•"' ... a ... ao lhc SUIOD1 publ~

111-. .., l.u fl'ORI rc1<1h:na in 11vcm<>Wl(q dur:..g the n1>h lll<llllhs, -n Ta""" wvuld llClu:Jly produ<:e a ltwlliD&·<IUI dlccl, bodi IO the bencf~ ()( the "'11<lUaf)'/puk/r=rve ad.W.Uuat.ion an:l 1o 11M:v'.sitonlhcm1ch'C1. Manyucbcrq~alllld.-Q&perwnal cl0ih:flg.tobc...,m.•lu:pmcn1t>Jbetakl;n1nd00Qaaulbc ~ect:Ydy and oxac:..,1y a11swcttd in =-11 a Table.

ln chc6rstplxc, a"'P"cal< "fabltisnece61U)"for<achS111r<1UUYf parii;/r=rvc.1obedm•111upbytbeadminlscnu.ivcollioenand~ bestacqua:otcd9t·j1hlocalcood:t:011s. Thcn a wmprdcms:¥tThblc lbowJigthc~:.,.1parb/~st<\'CSOfaC00111ry.pttfcnbl1regiclri

by rqijool. 1:~:"1 montllly indcl. li~ur•• only. coukl be mMlc. °'''" cnabl:n(t ,...silOl'Sto rlan b<lorelm1~ a Wllr lO ill<:ludc aoVtt.111 pb<:a in 1hcQll.lcr!•Mt:r:h1hc toOQ.f1\IOllrlblcccod:t:ons1orlheir P'rticWlf obje<"livet a:>uld b< found. It stx:h Tables could be inten1a1!11Gltl)'aa:q>bll!ld>t:uldardiocd. ~lt9dval'(~·

""'ukl ~lt. ATd>kfora .. nctu..il')'/park/naor.,.... oa...-.mad<:, need not reauun

u 1 r:g;d llll.i ronna1m:u ft."<turc : amen~m.:nls &nil mod:ftcat;ors can bo ...adcahu1otodybothd.humuand c/.w;ldi:rcu.teresi.. l 11 cus

l'rhered:sturbanccbyvisitonmigh1beharmful.sucltasthe brced:ni "'""'""' an<l locslit:e• or me spoci ••. 1h:o item of inForm.ilioo ~ould ho •>.eluded from the Table. Improvement. in mll-weathei road• ~od accommodal.ion may cnab1o an up-gr>td:"G of H low-jmleJ<W moolh to a hi,i!heT r:uing to be mode..

Two BpCC'.rnen Tables ore given: (i) a Table fur Ksz:t1lllgl. Sanctuaey in India. w:lh which the l'lr:terhilS been ckx;dy a..ociat«l for ove:r thirty-four yc:m, and (ii) a comprehon•:vc Table for the wlrole of ln~i~ show:ng the dt:Of wild Ue o:tnctuar:cs region by

__ _,1_~_'"_1 _w ... 11er , 1~:fr~: I i F.,.,~-;- 4, I ~r0:!~;~~~~Y· -j Fino..cool J !{I '-5 l(;!"" bcingburnto,T.Bc01

! I . 00 """ ~"'~· -·-· W ~ ' ~.1ra,.srowifl1 up.Good

95 7ll !C'oodhiomururb.ill.Allrisht

7'1i~~~~~~ I

95 751

ll ' ''i8;.==·•~'hi~hio 7.< ! jtljFAZ,:'":t.:;~~<.

"*'! /()(JllUiAJ.,..8(.INB.tYNATUIULlllST. M>Cl£TY, l'<tl.P. m

•~-~ y..._. ....,......, ..... l'lllTt.omo-r ... ,.nra Y•u .... VUJni<o l-...'I WW>lna S-C.u..a"'"°'"""' _,.L pA"""

This sygtoDI of lnli:rntat:on Tah\es has (a;imDIUldably) be(n ~«I by Ille lndjan &onl fQr W".ld Ute aa1 rcccmmcndcd for""" to all Stat• Gi:ivernmmto. It hu been wilised in full by the Department of To11riml. Go.-cromcnt of India. in iu ucernly publ:&hed Wild lif~&.tcluarits itl fotUo. The "fllCltl bu boon ..,n1 tothe l ntcrnat.'<tnal Union for theComervatiOfl of Nature,wh:dl hM acla!"""lc<lpd ill JfC'll pooiibililia . It bas also been sent to tilt National Part Scrviooof America and rothe Depanmcnt re'l"Jl>S.lbl• for the adinm.'sln.hon cf .,.i;.,.,.i pr.rii:1 in C1nod•: bolh lhae CO?Untrico ba•-a ex('m'KotsaJldJeallett,lhonl1nodoubl.thatagreat&alcl- llld time would be u~ the !f•lll a.dvanrace <tf ev~ «ini:emCd with die adminlllntion <Jf parb. and to lhe b<oneHt <Jf tra•"d acerv:iQandtm~nllpuhllc:..

The Management of India's Wild Life Sanctuaries and National ...

Documents

Transcript of The Management of India's Wild Life Sanctuaries and National ...