The Christian Sogdian Manuscript C 5as an Example of "Translation Literature":

Work in Progress1

CHlA RA BARBATI, Rome

1. Introduction

Among all the Christian fragments in various scripts and languages which werefound at the beginning of the last century in the ruined monastery at Shui-pangnear Bulayiq is the Sogdian gospel lectionary C 5. It is a unique example of amonoglot lectionary with rubrics and headlines in Syriac. It belongs to a laterperiod, the 9th_10th centuries, when part of the service, such as the readings,was sogdianized. It contains part of the gospels of Matthew, Luke and John,intended to be read during the mass. Since he was dealing with a holy text, thetranslator tried to translate it word for word as faithfully as possible: the resultis a Sogdian text which is a very accurate translation of its Syriac source butwhich also displays its own features.

The Sogdian lectionary C 5 consists of 27 fragments of folia from a book(breadth x length: 14-14,5 x 19,5-20 cm): what we have are 30 pages which con­tain about 800 lines. From the content it is clear that no more than a small partof the original book has survived. Now, 18 of these are housed in the archive ofthe Turfanforschung, Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften;a further 9 fragments have been lost but luckily we have photo-reproductions inthe Andreas papers in the Staats- und Universitatsbibliothek in G6ttingen.

Most of the larger fragments of C 5 were published for the first time byMULLER in 1913 and re-edited later by SUNDERMANN in three articles (1974,1975, 1981) which completed what MULLER had done and also added new frag­ments. MULLER printed the text in the original characters followed by a tran­scription and a translation. He also arranged the fragments according to theNew Testament but more or less at the same time, two other scholars, BAUM­STARK (1915) and BURKITT (1925), showed that this order is wrong because C 5follows the order of the lectionaries of the Nestorian church in Central Asia.Following BAUMSTARK and BURKlTT, SUNDERMANN gave the correct order in

This contribution is a part of a doctoral thesis at the "Sapienza", University of Rome,under the supervision of Prof. CARLO G. CERETI.

2 CHIARA BARBATI

his work and also pointed out examples of passages which belong only to a pe­culiar tradition of the "Church of the East". In fact, the scholar (1975, pp. 70-71)refers to three fragments of C 5 which are devoted to several Saints and whichform the last part of this lectionary. In his work SUNDERMANN gave a completetransliteration and a translation of the unpublished fragments only and addedphilological and linguistic commentaries to the others already published. Thereason for doing a re-edition of C 5 is the necessity to put all this material to­gether for the first time. That means, on the one side, to give for each fragment atransliteration, a translation and a philological and linguistic commentary and,on the other side, to take a fresh look at it, to revise it and to add another pointof view with reference to the phenomena of translation literature. Therefore myre-edition includes an analysis of the Sogdian text in comparison with the origi­nal Syriac. Moreover, to make the study more comprehensive, I am compiling aSogdian- Syriac glossary and a Syriac-Sogdian glossary.

In this paper I want to analyse a peculiarity of this Sogdian gospel lectionaryas an example of this kind of work with reference to translation literature.

2. A peculiarity of CS

The lectionary C 5 has a peculiarity which we do not find in other ChristanSogdian manuscripts: in 9 cases2 where the original Syriac text is immediatelyfollowed by the Sogdian translation.

Normally, passages of the Syriac New Testament included in Christian Sog­dian manuscripts and written in red ink3 are never translated into Sogdian. Thisis because during the mass, the priest, at the beginning, usually read these for­mulas in Syriac, the language of God's word, and then proceeded to the read­ing of the Sogdian translation of the text, otherwise the Sogdian-speaking con­gregation would not have understood what he was saying. Besides such Syriacformulas, the lectionary C 5 shows some sentences in both languages, Syriacand Sogdian. The Syriac formula is immediately followed by a Syriac sentence,which in turn is the first sentence of a gospel text, upon which in its turn theSogdian translation follows.

2 Three more cases are also actually attested (see the fragments n 413d + T Il B 66, Iv/8-9/;TIll 99a Id 7-81 and n 165 Ivl 8-12/) but they are so damaged that we can read only afew words.

3 In contrast, these 9 cases are written in black ink.

The Christian Sogdian Manuscript C 5

3. Syriac sentences followed by the Sogdian translation in C 5

1. n 153 Ivl 18-191 (John, 9, 39)Syr. w'/?1r ysw' lkiiS' dyhwd'

"and Jesus spoke to the crowds of Jews"Sogd. 't w'nw fr'm'y xwt'w yswy qw cxwd'n)! 'W'Z)!t s'

"and so spoke the Lord Jesus to the crowds of Jews"

2. n 158 11r! 4-61 (Matthew, 10, 15)Syr. '/?1r ysw' [ltl](m)ydwhy

"Jesus spoke to his disciples"Sogd. w'nw frm'y 4 xwt'w yswy qw xyp8 [i}wxsqt' s'

"So spoke the Lord Jesus to his disciples"

3. n 15811r! 6-71 (Matthew, 10, 16)Syr. h' 'n' msdr 'n' lkwn

"behold, I am sending you"Sogd. n'y zw fS'mmsqn sm'xy'

"behold, I am sending you"

4. T 11 B 66 + n 159 b Ir/ 8-101 (Luke, 24, 36)Syr. wkd knysyn hww [tlmyd'} (m)/;d'

"and when the disciples were gathered immediately"Sogd. 't c'nw 'wst m'tnt iwxsqt' pr wy'q

"and when the disciples were gathered immediately"

5. n 162 Ivl 8-91 (Luke, 6, 12)Syr. hw' dyn bywmt' hnwn

"but it was in those days"Sogd. pyst b' pr dy.wnt my'8qry.t

"but it was in that period"

6. n 163 Ivl 1-31 (Matthew, 13,24)Syr. ['/;rnJ' ri:ltl' ['/?1tl] lhwn W'/?1r

"he showed another parable to them, and spoke"Sogd. ('n)[y prz}(br) 'ndy'sd'rt qw wy'snt s' xwt'w [yswy} 't w'nw fr'm'y

"he showed another parable to them, and the Lord Jesus so spoke"

7. T 11 B 39 Ilvl 15-171 (Matthew, 25, 31)Syr. m' d't' dyn brh [dJ'nS' bswb/;h

"but when the Son of man will come in his glory"Sogd. pyst C'nw qt Y$t [mr}txmy' z'ty. pr xyp8 ywbty'

"but when the Son of man will come in his glory"

4 Defective for fr'm'y.

3

4 CHIARA BARBATI

8. n 164/r1 6-7/ (Matthew, 16,24)Syr. '1?1r yS[w'}ltlmydw(hy)

"Jesus spoke to his disciples"Sogd. w'nw !r'm'y xwt'w y(s)wy qw xyp8 iwxsqt['J 5'

"So spoke the Lord Jesus to his disciples"

9. n 164/r/8-10/ (Matthew, 16,24)Syr. mn [d$b'} d[n}(')t' btry nkpwr bnps(h)

"whoever wants to come after me should give up his soul"Sogd. (xwn)y ,dy [qt qj(')rftt (qt ')Y$t mn' p(s)ys' pstw't [pr xyp8) yj(r)yw

"whoever wants to come after me should give up his soul"

4. Analysis

4.1 Retention of the word-order of the original text

The common feature shared among all these sentences is the exact retention ofthe Syriac word-order. In fact, the Sogdian verb which should regularly be atthe end of the sentence is in these cases (and generally in the whole manuscriptC 5) in the initial position because the Sogdian translation follows the Syriacword-order. The result is an artificial syntax in a language, Sogdian, which isgenealogically and typologically different from the Syriac.5

4.2 Verbal forms

Regarding the verbal forms, the Sogdian text tries to avoid Syriacisms and tofollow its own morpho-syntactical structures. So, the use of verbal forms inSogdian is regular.

For example, in sentence n. 6 the Sogdian transitive preteritum 'ndysd'rttranslates the Syriac perfect '1?1tl. Note that Syriac '1?1tl is a perfect of the Aphelconjugation which functions primarily as a factive/causative: the Sogdian uses'ndysd'rt the stem of which 'ndys- is a causative from ':·handaisaya-.6

In sentence n. 7, the Syriac 't' (yd sing.) perfect is translated into Sogdian with'y$t yd sing. subjunctive which is identified as such by the dots.

5 Since the retention of the Syriac word-order with the verbal form at the beginning ofthe sentence is a main feature of translation literature, we also find it in other Christiantraditions. Just to mention the main studies on this topic, we can point to the study byDURKIN-MEISTERERNST (2006, pp. 1-19) regarding the Pahlavi psalter in relation to itsSyriac source, the study by ZIEME (1974, p. 667) regarding the Old Turkish fragments inSyriac script which come from Bulayi'q and Qurutqa, and the works of LAZARD (1978,pp. 45-49) and GINDIN (2003, pp. 15-30) on Judaeo-Persian.

6 GERSHEVITCH 1954, §548.

The Christian Sogdian Manuscript C 5 5

In sentence n. 9, the first Sogdian subjunctive q'ri:tt (Yd sing.) is used to ex­press eventuality and translates the Syriac perfect $b' (yd sing.). The secondSogdian subjunctive 1$t is the verbal form that we usually expect in a purposeclause introduced by qt exactly in the same way as the imperfect n't' (yd sing.)introduced by d- is used in Syriac. Finally, the exhortative value that we find in

"should give up" is expressed by the imperfect nkpwr, yd sing., in Syriac, and bythe subjunctive pstw't, yd sing., in Sogdian.

In sentence n. 3, the Sogdian fS'mmsqn 1st sing. durative present translates theSyriac present progressive formed by the active participle + a pronoun used to

indicate the subject. The Sogdian uses the durative particle -sqn to express theSyriac present progressive. The presence and the position of personal pronounsin Christian Sogdian texts was explained by TELEGDI7: in his view the first Syr­iac 'n' before the participle msdr has the function of stressed the personal pro­noun, and the second 'n' after the participle msdr has the function of a personalending.8 But the Sogdian translation is zw fS'mmsqn. TELEGDI9 argues that therepetition of a personal pronoun is a structure completely foreign to Sogdian.So, the translator translates the first pronoun - because his task is to translatethis holy text as faithfully as possible - and omits the second. lo

The imperfect fr'my (yd sing.) - in sentences n. 1,2, 8 - and the imperfect b'(yd sing.) - in sentence 5 - are some of the few cases of the presence of the im­perfect in CS. In fact, in C 5 and generally in Christian Sogdian, the imperfectis rare and its place is taken by a compound verbal form ll (the past stem and theauxiliary "to be" for an intransitive verb, the past stem and the auxiliary "tohave" for a transitive verb).

Regarding the Sogdian verb frmy which usually translates Syriac 'rrtr "to

say, to speak, to tell", TELEGDI I2 noticed that it acquires this same meaning inChristian Sogdian instead of "to order, command" when an important person­age speaks: in the New Testament, of course, this is Jesus. I add that we havefurther evidence of this in the fragment n 153 Id 7/: in this case the verb frmyis used to refer to the speech of a simple person but it has been deleted and re­placed in the margin by wyd'rt13 the yd sing. transitive preteritum of the verbw'b/wyt "to say, speak" which obviously does not have the connotations of theverbfrmy.

7 TELEGDI1938,pp.205-233.8 The participle is followed by personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person, for the }Cd

person the participle is used alone (THACKSTON 1999, pp. 38-39).9 TELEGDI 1938, p. 21l.

10 Normally the Sogdian pronouns - which appear in Christian Sogdian texts only whenthe original Syriac has them - follow on the verbal form. Cf. TELEGDI 1938, p. 209.

11 TELEGDI 1938, pp. 216-217.12 TELEGDI 1938, p. 23l.13 The Syriac text has the same verbal form '7!lT.

6

4.3 Nominal forms

CHIARA BARBATI

Despite the great respect for its source - since it is a holy text - the Sogdiantranslation retains its own nominal morpho-syntactical structures and avoidsSyriacisms. We have proof of this in sentences n. 1,5 and 7.

In the first example, the role of the Syriac preposition d- with a followingnoun - dyhwd' "of Jews" - is played by the Sogdian adjective l4 cxwd'ny preced­ing the substantive to which it refers.

In the sentence n. 5, "those days/ that period": Syriac ywmt' hnwn "thosedays" is formed with the substantive fern. plur. emphatic state + a demonstrativeadjective masc. plur. and Sogdian dywnt my8qryt l5 "that period", a demonstra­tive adjective masc. plur. + a substantive direct plur. Normally, in Syriac thedemonstrative adjective can be placed before or after the substantive withouta difference in meaning or function; in Sogdian, on the other hand, adjectivesregularly precede the substantive.

In the sentence n. 7, the Syriac brh [d]- 'nS' "Son of man" is an idiomaticexpression which shows the Syriac genitive construction with an additionalpossessive pronoun (lit. "son-his of man"). The Sogdian translation [mr]txmyz'ty is a literal translation ("of man, son") which retains the morpho-syntacticalstructure of its own language.

Regarding the use of the pronouns in both languages, the Syriac reflexivesuffix -h (yd sing.) is always adequately expressed in these sentences by the Sog­dian xyp8.

As showed by the sentence n. 9, the Sogdian pronoun xwny ,dy "who" is theusual translation for Syriac pronoun mn "id.".

The Syriac formations composed of a preposition + a personal pronoun aretranslated into Sogdian sometimes with the oblique case of the personal pro­noun and sometimes with an analytical form. In sentence n. 3, the Syriac 1­kwn, preposition + the enclitic pronoun 2nd plur. is translated in Sogdian withan oblique case of the personal pronoun 2nd plur. sm'xy. Sometimes the SyriacI-kwn is translated also with qw sm'x 5', a circumposition + direct case of thepersonal pronoun 2nd plur. An example from the same fragment, n 158 /lr/1/: 'trst' frm'ymsq zw qw sm'x 5' "and truly, I am saying to you" from Syriac w- 'myn'mr 'n' I-kwn "id.". From what I have been able to observe so far, it seems thatin translating Syriac I-kwn, the pronoun of the 2nd plur. oscillates between theoblique case and the circumpositional form with the direct case. 16

14 It belongs to the class of adjectives formed from nouns designating persons: GERSHE­

VITCH 1954, §§ 1040-1041.15 The singular substantive myiJqry means "day", the plural myiJqryt means "period":

SIMS-WILLIAMS 1985, p. 216.16 This is also the case with other prepositions: Syr. b- "at, in (place); on, at (time); with

(instrumental)", Sogd. pr "at, in, upon (place); on, at (time); for",

The Christian Sogdian Manuscript C 5 7

The analysis of the other personal pronouns seems at the moment to showthat for the 1st sing. and yd sing. the circumpositional forms with genitive caseprevail (1 st sing.: Syr. l-y =Sogd. qw mn' 5'; yd sing.: Syr. l-h =Sogd. qw wyny5'); for the 1st plur. and yd plur. the circumpositional forms with the direct caseprevail (1 st plur.: Syr. l-n = Sogd. qw m'x 5'; yd plur.: 17 Syr. l- hwn = Sogd. qwwysnt 5').

4.4 Use of conjunctions, adverbs, interjections, prepositionsand postpositions

As we can infer from these sentences, the Sogdian version uses conjunctions,adverbs, prepositions and postpositions regularly and correctly. The Sogdianconjunction 't "and" is the equivalent of Syriac conjunction w "and"; the Sog­dian conjunction c'nw "as, while, when, since" translates the Syriac kd "id."

The Syriac adverb (m)/:Jd' "immediately" is translated by the Sogdian pr wy'q"id.". In this case the Sogdian employs a preposition followed by a substantive totranslate the Syriac adverb. It is also true that pr wy'q is attested as an adverb (cf.SIMS-WILLIAMS 1985, "Glossary", p. 230).

The Sogdian circumposition qw 5' "to" translates the Syriac preposition l-"id.". The Sogdian preposition pr "in" translates the Syriac preposition b- "id.".In sentence n. 9, to translate the Syriac btry "after me" formed by btr "after" andthe enclitic pronoun 1st sing. -y, the Sogdian uses the genitive case mn' of thepronoun 1st sing. followed by the postposition psys' "after, then, afterwards".The use of prepositions and postpositions is regular. 18

The Sogdian interjection ny "10, behold" usually at the beginning of thesentence, is the correspondent of the Syriac interjection h' "id." (in the sameposition).

4.5 Stylistic choices

Analysing the examples n. 1,2 and 8 we can see that the whole sentence "and sospoke the Lord Jesus" has been standardised in Sogdian. In this case, the Sog­dian adds to the original text the adverb w'nw "so" and in apposition to Jesusthe word xwt'w "the Lord". The Syriac correspondent of xwt'w is mry' andis used alone or with 'lh' "God" but not with yswc

• In both cases the Sogdian

17 With other prelpostpositions we also find the oblique case wysnty. So, n 158 III vi 15/:den) w(y)Snty prw "with them" from Syriac 'm-hwn "with them". Normally in Sogdianthe circumpostion dn ... prw is employed with the oblique case but cf. n 158 III vi 2/: dnsm'x p(r)[w} "with you" from Syriac 'm-kwn "with you".

18 At this point it is interesting to note that in the Pahlavi psalter - which is also a transla­tion from an original Syriac text - one of the results of the retention of Syriac word­order is that the preposition abar is, sometimes, at the end of the sentence (DURKIN­

MEISTERERNST 2006, pp. 13-14). On the contrary, the position of preposition andpostpositions in the Sogdian gospel lectionary C 5 is always regular.

8 CHIARA BARBATI

translation is xwt'w byy: so in the Sogdian text xwt'w is never alone but is al­ways used as an epithet. Some other examples of it are:- T II B 38 Id 9- 101 ... 't xwt'w byy dsty m't ... "... and the hand of the Lord

God was ..." is a translation of Syr. w- 'ydh d-mry' 'yt hwt ... "and the handof God was ... "19

- T II B 38 Id 131 xwt'w ysr'yl by "the Lord God of Israel ... " is a translationof Syr. mry' ,lhh d-ysryl "the Lord God of Israel ... "20

- T II B 38 Ivl 81 xwt'w byy ptq'ry pyrnms' ... "in front of the image of theLord God ... " is a translation of Syr. qdm pr$wph d-mry' "in front of theimage of the Lord ... "21

In the sentences n. 5 and n. 7 we find another example of a stylistic choice re­garding the different position of the conjunction "but" in Syriac and Sogdian.Ths Sogdian conjunction pyst is usually at the beginning of the sentence, other­wise the corresponding Syriac conjunction dyn 22 is always postposed. This isa constant which in fact occurs not only in these two cases but in all fragmentsof C 5.

4.6 Mechanical translations

Sometimes the result of a faithful translation from an original text is a mechani­cal translation as appears in examples n. 6 and 7. In n. 6, in the second sentence,the Sogdian makes an addition which seems to be mechanical. Normally wehave ':-'t w'nw fr'm'y xwt'w yswy. in this case the Sogdian translator adds xwt'wyswy at the beginning of the sentence according to the Sogdian word-order butthen reverts to translating the Syriac and retains the Syriac word-order. Theresult is a mechanical addition and an artificial syntax which shows in the initialposition the apposition xwt'w and the substantive yswy, in the middle positionthe coordinate conjunction 't followed by adverb w'nw and at the end the verb['., ,Jrmy.

Sentence n. 7 offers another example of this kind of mechanical translation.Normally, the Sogdian conjunction qt "that" translates the Syriac conjunctiond- "id.", but in this case the Syriac d- is a unique unit with m' with the meaning

19 Moreover in this case Sogdian follows its nominal morpho-syntactical structure: therole of the Syriac preposition d- is played by the Sogdian genitive byy which normallycomes before the substantive. For this reason we have Sogdian word-order. With theverb in middle position the Sogdian text is reproducing the Syriac word-order, even ifthe position of the verb is unusual.

20 Sogdian has a preposed genitive for the Syriac do. Interesting is also Syr. ysryl and Sogd.ysr'yl. Christian Sogdian has both ysr'yl and the form ysryl. In C 2 ysryl alone occurs(SIMS-WILLIAMS 1985, p. 236); in the Sogdian dictionary ysr'yl is given as the Christianform (GHA RIB 1995, p. 448). The lectionary C 5 only has the form ysr'yl.

21 Both languages follow their own nominal morpho-syntactical structures. The Sogdianpostposition pyrnms' translates the Syriac preposition qdm.

22 From Greek: see BROCK 1975, pp. 80-108.

The Christian Sogdian Manuscript C 5 9

of "when, at such time as". The translator retains this meaning using the Sog­dian c'nw but also adds qt which has no function of its own. Moreover, I canadd that the analysis of the whole of C 5 seems to show that this mechanicaltranslation of Syriac d- with Sogdian qt occurs frequently.

5. Conclusions

At the end of this analysis we can argue that the Sogdian text tries to follow theoriginal Syriac word for word. One of the most important consequences is theintroduction of the Syriac word-order (YSO) even if that is entirely contrary tothe Sogdian word-order (SOY).

The employment of verbal and nominal morpho-syntax is regular in Sog­dian: sometimes there are divergences and adaptations in the translation possi­bly due to the fact that Syriac and Sogdian are typologically and genealogicallydifferent languages.

Moreover, the Sogdian text shows some stylistic divergences from the origi­nal Syriac and there are also examples of mechanical translations.

Bibliography

BAUMSTARK, A. 1915: "Neue soghdisch-nestorianische Bruchstiicke." In: OC 4,pp. 123-128.

BURKITT, F. C. 1925: The Religion of the Manichees. Cambridge.BROCK, S. 1975: "Some Aspects of Greek Words in Syriac." In: Synkretismus im

syrisch-persischen Kulturgebiet. Bericht uber ein Symposion in Reinhausen beiGottingen in der Zeit vom 4. bis 8. Oktober 1971. Ed. by ALBERT DIETRICH.Gottingen, pp. 80-108.

BROCKELMANN, C. 1928: Lexycon Syriacum. Halle.DURKIN-MEISTERERNST, D. 2006: "The Pahlavi Psalter Fragment in Relation to its

Source." In: Studies on the Inner Asian Languages 21, pp. 1-19.GERSHEVITCH, I. 1954: A Grammar ofManichean Sogdian. Oxford.GHARIB, B. 1995: Sogdian Dictionary. Sogdian-Persian-English. Tehran.GIN DIN, T. E. 2003: "The Tafsir of Ezechiel: Four Copyist or Four Authors?" In: L.

PAUL (ed.): Persian Origins - Early Judaeo-Persian and the Emergence of NewPersian. Collected Papers of the Symposium, Gottingen 1999. Wiesbaden (Ira­nica 6), pp. 15-30.

LAzARD, G. 1978: "Remarques sur le style des anciennes traductions persanes duCoran et de la Bible." In: Bulletin d'Etudes Orientales 30 (Melanges offerts aHenri Laoust, t. 11), pp. 45-49.

MULLER, F. W.K. 1913: "Soghdische Texte I." In: APAW.NOLDEKE, T. 1898: Syrische Grammatik. Leipzig.

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SIMS-WILLIAMS, N. 1985: The Christian Sogdian Manuscript C2. Berlin.1992: "Sogdian and Turkish Christians in the Turfan and Tun-Huang Manu­scripts." In: Turfan and Tun-Huang: the texts. Encounter of civilizations on theSilk route. Ed. by ALFREDO CADONNA. Firenze, pp. 43-61.

SUNDERMANN, W. 1974: "Nachlese zu F. W. K. Mullers 'Soghdischen Texten 1'.1. Teil."In: AoF 1, pp. 217-255.

1975: "Nachlese zu F. W. K. Mullers 'Soghdischen Texten 1'. 2. Teil." In: AoF 2,pp. 55-90.

1981: "Nachlese zu F. W. K. Mullers 'Soghdischen Texten 1'. 3. Teil." In: AoF 3,pp. 169-225.

TELEGDI, S. 1938: "Notes sur la grammaire du sogdien chretien." In]A 230, pp. 205-233.THACKSTON, W.M. 1999: Introduction to Syriac. An Elementary Grammar with

Readings from Syriac Literature. Bethesda, Maryland.ZIEME, P. 1974: "Zu den nestorianisch-turkischen Turfantexten." In: G. HAZAI/P.

ZIEME (eds.): Sprachen, Geschichte und Kultur der altaischen Volker. Berlin,pp. 661-668.

IRANICA

Herausgegeben von Maria Macuch

Band 19

2010

Harrassowitz Verlag . Wiesbaden

Ancient and MiddleIranian Studies

Proceedings of the 6th European Conferenceof Iranian Studies, held in Vienna,

18-22 September 2007

Edited byMaria Macuch, Dieter Weber

and Desmond Durkin-Meisterernst

2010

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ISSN 1860-1812ISBN 978-3-447-06422-4

Contents

Preface .

Abbreviations of Periodicals, Series and Books

. VII

. IX

.77

115

CHIARA BARBATIThe Christian Sogdian Manuscript C 5 as an Example of "TranslationLiterature": Work in Progress . 1

ALIREZA ASKARI CHAVERDI and PIERFRANCESCO CALLIERIPreliminary Report on the Irano-Italian Stratigraphic Study of the Toll-eTakht, Pasargad. Investigations on the Material Cultureof the Achaemenid and Post-Achaemenid Periods in Fars 11

IRIS COLDITZZur onomastischen Erschlie6ung der mitteliranisch-manichaischen Textefur das Iranische Personennamenbuch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

TouRAJ DARYAEEWhen the End is Near: Barbarized Armies and Barracks Kingsof Late Antique Iran 43

PAOLO DELAINIThe Strange Case of the Plant rivas. How the Middle-Persian Tree of LifeBecame the Protagonist of an Episode of Austrian History 53

ELA FILIPPONEXerxes Persepolis h, §4 in the Light of the Old PersianInformation Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

TOMMAso GNOLIMithras and the Stars: a Note.

MOHAMMAD-TAGHI IMANPOURThe Communication Roads in Parsa during the Achaemenid Period. . 87

THoMAs JUGELOn the Origin of the Ergative Construction in Iranian:Evidence from Avestan 99

GOTZ KONIGDer Pahlavi-Text Zand 1Fragard Zjuddevdad

MARIA MAcucHIncestuous Marriage in the Context of Sasanian Family Law 133

VI Contents

245

. . . . . . . . 255

. . . . . . . . 265

GABRIELE PUSCHNIGG

The Hellenistic Reception in the Pottery from Merv. . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

ENRICO G. RAFFAELLI

Bundahisn 26 and the Pahlavi Sih-rozag: Comparative Notes 161

ULLAREMMER

Altiranische Namen in der Nebeniiberlieferung.Elamisch Mi-za-pir-za-ka, griechisch 'Pqwn<; und die altiranischeSequenz -ava- in griechischer Vermittlung . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ... 179

KHODADAD REZAKHANI

Balkh and the Sasanians. The Economy and Society of NorthernAfghanistan as Reflected in the Bactrian Economic Documents . 191

ADRIANO V. ROSSI

Elamite halmarris - vieux-perse dida- est-elle vraiment une forteresse ? (I) 205

MARTIN SCHWARTZ

Lexical Cruces of Yasna 29 and the Serial Cross-Textual Compositionof the Gathas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

GOLFAM SHARIFI

Etude des differentes sortes de paronomases dans les textes Pahlavis . 225

YUHAN S.-D. VEVAINA

Hubris and Himmelfahrt. The Narrative Logic of Kay Us' Ascentto Heaven in Pahlavi Literature 231

BURZINE K. WAGHMAR

Preliminary Remarks on Bactrian Diplomatics . . . . . . . .

DIETER WEBER

Writing Exercises in Late Sassanian Times. A Contributionto the Culture of Writing Pahlavi .

CHLODWIG H. WERBA

The Title of the Achaemenid 'King'. Etymology, Formationand Meaning of Old Persian xsayatJiya- .