The Anthropocene: Politik—Economics—Society—Science

Volume 30

Series Editor

Hans Günter Brauch, Peace Research and European Security Studies(AFES-PRESS), Mosbach, Baden-Württemberg, Germany

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15232http://www.afes-press-books.de/html/APESS.htmhttp://www.afes-press-books.de/html/APESS_30.htm

Úrsula Oswald Spring • Hans Günter BrauchEditors

Decolonising Conflicts,Security, Peace, Gender,Environmentand Developmentin the AnthropoceneWith a Foreword by Johan Galtung and a Prefaceby Betty Reardon

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EditorsÚrsula Oswald SpringCentre for Regional MultidisciplinaryResearch (CRIM)National Autonomous Universityof Mexico (UNAM)Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico

Hans Günter BrauchPeace Research and European SecurityStudies (AFES-PRESS)Mosbach, Baden-Württemberg, Germany

ISSN 2367-4024 ISSN 2367-4032 (electronic)The Anthropocene: Politik—Economics—Society—ScienceISBN 978-3-030-62315-9 ISBN 978-3-030-62316-6 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62316-6

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer NatureSwitzerland AG 2021This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whetherthe whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse ofillustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, andtransmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similaror dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt fromthe relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor theauthors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material containedherein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regardto jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Copy-editing: PD Dr. Hans Günter Brauch, AFES-PRESS e.V., Mosbach, Germany.English Language Editor: Dr. Vanessa Greatorex, Chester, England.

The cover photo was taken by Hans Günter Brauch at the Gandhi Ashram in Ahmedabad on 28 November2018 who granted permission for it to be used here.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AGThe registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

More on this book is at: http://www.afes-press-books.de/html/APESS_30.htm.

This book is dedicated especially tothe people of the world who have experiencedcolonialism,

global and social injustice

multiple forms of violent conflicts,

lack of security, peace, and gender equality.

It is written especially for the younggeneration who during this century will facethe

projected challenges of global environmentalchange and climate change

in the Anthropocene that have beenaddressed in this book

by peace researchers from all parts of theworld

and from the Global South in particular

Foreword

Dear Reader,

Please have a look at the Table of Contents of the book in your hands. There are 25chapters, spanning fairly well the field of what today is called peace studies, peaceresearch, or something similar. Each chapter has a specialist guiding the reader in anaspect of that field. And then try to imagine that some decades ago, the field did notexist at all.

When I became the world’s first professor of peace research at the major uni-versity in a country, the University of Oslo in Norway, it was greeted by a keyconservative politician/spokesman (Carl Joachim Hambro) with the words “pro-fessorat i vroevi”—professorship in nonsense.

I am happy to say that the “nonsense” has spread. There are at least half athousand peace researchers spanning the world, and no doubt many more to come.An idea whose time had come? No. Very much overdue, I would say. Two worldwars overdue. Or massive inequality overdue. Or massive suffering and death byexploitation overdue. Today, all these issues are key topics of peace studies. Youwill find something on all of this, and much more, in this book, so pluralistic, sorich in a multiplicity of ideas developed by excellent authors, and so competently

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put together by the editors. A deep thank you to the authors and to the editors whodesigned it all.

Happy reading!

Johan Galtung, dr. dr. h.c. mult.Director

Transcend Internationalfor Peace and Development

Johan Galtung, dr. dr. h.c. mult. a professor of peace studies, was born in 1930 in Oslo, Norway.Email: galtung@transcend.org. He is a mathematician, a sociologist, a political scientist, and apioneer of peace studies. He founded the International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (1959), theworld’s first academic research centre on peace studies, and the Journal of Peace Research (1964).He has helped to establish dozens of other peace centres around the world. As a professor of peacestudies, he has taught at universities all over the world, including Columbia (New York), Oslo,Berlin, Belgrade, Paris, Santiago de Chile, Buenos Aires, Cairo, Sichuan, Ritsumeikan (Japan),Princeton, Hawaii, Tromsø, Bern, Alicante (Spain), and many others on all continents. He hasmotivated thousands of individuals to dedicate their lives to the promotion of peace and thesatisfaction of basic human needs. He has mediated in over a hundred conflicts between states,nations, religions, civilisations, communities, and persons since 1957. His contributions to peacetheory and practice include the conceptualisation of peace-building, conflict mediation, reconcili-ation, non-violence, theory of structural violence, theorising about negative vs. positive peace,peace education, and peace journalism. His unique imprint on the study of conflict and peace stemsfrom a combination of systematic scientific inquiry and the Gandhian ethics of peaceful means andharmony. He has conducted research in many fields with his original contributions to peace studies,human rights, basic needs, development strategies, a world economy that sustains life,macro-history, the theory of civilisations, federalism, globalisation, the theory of discourse, socialpathologies, deep culture, peace and religions, social science methodology, sociology, ecology, andfuture studies. In 2008, he founded the TRANSCEND University Press (https://www.transcend.org/tup/). Thirty-six of his books have been translated into thirty-three languages, for a total of 134book translations. He is founder (in 2000) and rector of the TRANSCEND Peace University(https://www.transcend.org/tpu/), the world’s first online Peace Studies University. He is also thefounder and director of TRANSCEND International (https://www.transcend.org/), a globalnon-profit network for peace, development, and the environment, founded in 1993, with over 500members in more than seventy countries around the world. As a testimony to his legacy, peacestudies are now taught and researched at universities across the globe and contribute to peace-making efforts in conflicts around the world. He was jailed in Norway for six months at the age oftwenty-four as a conscientious objector to serving in the military. In jail, he wrote his first book,Gandhi’s Political Ethics, together with his mentor, Arne Naess. As a recipient of over a dozenhonourary doctorates and professorships and many other distinctions, including a Right LivelihoodAward (also known as the Alternative Nobel Peace Prize), Johan Galtung remains committed to thestudy and promotion of peace.

viii Foreword

Preface

As a feminist peace educator, I find this volume to be uniquely attuned to the peaceproblematic of a complex, rapidly changing world. The complexity and speed ofchange has increased exponentially since the papers published here were presentedat the 2018 General Conference of the International Peace Research Association(IPRA). Yet, the editors have framed the volume in a manner sharply relevant to the2020 challenges confronting all members of the peace knowledge community,researchers, educators, and activists. A global pandemic, a resurgence of the nuclearthreat, intensification of authoritarianism, severe weather events, undeniable reve-lations of human inequality, systematic deprivation and oppression, protestedthroughout the world, now comprise the problematic of peace. Never have we beenin so great a need of such frames as those presented by the editors, Hans GünterBrauch and Úrsula Oswald Spring.

Framedwithin an exposition of the origins and characteristics of the Anthropocenegeological epoch, this work integrates multiple and varied issues, ranging from thequotidian to the cosmic, from the intimate and personal violence of child abuse tothe global violence of the systemic, continued rape of Planet Earth. In this frame, thevarious issues can be seen as interrelated elements of the larger challenge of com-prehensive peace. The editors enable us to view peace issues in the integrated, holistic,

ix

Earth-centred manner, so urgently needed by the whole field of peace knowledge.Each editor delineates fundamental elements of their frame. Oswald Spring presentsthe current problematic in a fresh perspective on the evolution of the present prob-lematic within the Anthropocene—the geological age in which human intervention inour planet’s living systems has brought us to this existential crisis. Brauch, reviewingthe stages of conceptualisation of theAnthropocene, demonstrates a “rethinking of theevolutions of peace research” in the convergence of what I would term the ecologicalimperative—the need to place the fate of Earth at the centre of all economic andpolitical decisions. This frame provides a set of invaluable conceptual tools forlearning to make the crucial changes essential to the survival of humanity and ourplanet.

The editors have, as well, shown some of the strides in defining the peaceproblematic that I have observed over the many decades of my association withIPRA. The IPRA of 1972, when I first attended a general conference in Gyor,Hungary, was markedly different from the association of 2018 that is represented inthis volume. I see a deepening of the ever-broadening field, comprised of diversepractitioners. IPRA, half a century ago, was celebrating the establishment of rela-tionships between European researchers from both sides of a melting Iron Curtain.Very few women, only two peace educators and virtually no researchers from theGlobal South were in attendance in Gyor in 1972. The gathering was far from theglobal association that convened in Ahmedabad in 2018. As noted in OswaldSpring’s chapter, its organisational culture was formed by European men. And, Iwould note, focused primarily on problems of war and weapons as research topicswith little attention to educating the public about the problems.

How different from the 1972 gathering was that in 2018! The papers the editorshave selected show researchers from the world over, men and women discussing afar wider variety of forms of violence as defined over the last five decades,including gender violence. For years, gender was ignored, and then resisted asirrelevant to the research on arms and conflict that dominated the programmesof the general conferences. But in the 1980s, the Peace Education Commissionembraced gender issues as integral to the education realm of peace knowledge. Notuntil a paper presented by a Finnish peace educator was environmental violenceconsidered within the purview of the field. Peace educators will celebrate the waythat this volume places both gender and ecology at the very centre of the peaceknowledge project. We see now a diversity of substance beyond even the frames ofstructural and cultural violence, for several decades standard features of the con-ceptual map of peace research.

Also to be celebrated is the posing of the peace problematic as a decolonisationprocess that exposes epistemological imperialism within the larger historical realityof multiple injustices of Western colonialism. Westernisation as “progress”, still acommon view among Northern policy-makers, is revealed as a force that oppressedmasses of the human family as it accelerated the consumption of the planet. Thisprocess perspective is projected on the large screen of history and forms thebackdrop for multiple issues, illuminated in small frame focus so as to highlight the

x Preface

interrelationships among effects of extraction, oppression, and the cannibalisationof Earth on human lives.

The effects on human lives are the realm of the problematic that preoccupiespeace educators who deal directly with those most vulnerable to these effects. Peaceeducation strives to educate for critical capacities to prepare the deprived forresistance and liberation and aims to prepare the privileged to understand theconsequences of the effects to our whole species, to develop a capacity for empathywith suffering humanity, and to take responsibility for a humanly abused planet. Weseek ways to present the specificities of the human within the holism of the plan-etary. Hans Günter Brauch’s introduction of peace ecology, calling upon OswaldSpring’s delineation of five pillars of peace, offers us what we seek. The concept ofpeace ecology is a fine heuristic tool for educating the suffering for resistance andliberation, and developing in the privileged capacities for empathy and responsi-bility. It is a key conceptual convergence in the overall convergences revealedthrough the lens of the Anthropocene Epoch. I see it as an example of a holistic,comprehensive mode of thinking, an epistemology and a mindset essential for thetransformative learning upon which our survival depends. Such a reconceptuali-sation of the peace problematic can free the field of peace knowledge from thelimits of the linear, reductionist world-views of its Western origins, just as authenticand comprehensive political decolonisation could free the human family from thesexism, racism, exploitation of the vulnerable, and despoliation of the planetimposed by Euro-American, patriarchal imperialism. Such a conceptualisation is, aswell, an intellectual frame for life affirming norms that could impede such recklessindividualist behaviours as those that prevent containment of the COVID-19 pan-demic, manifest the extractive greed that proposes to mine and further pollute theseas, and enacts the patriarchal hubris of nuclear “advancement”.

As I write this in August of 2020, I speculate on the themes and issues that willcomprise an IPRA general conference a decade hence. What might the cogentresearch questions posed in this book have produced in data and knowledge thatcould enable us to transcend the planetary damage of the anthropocentric andpatriarchal thinking evolved through the Anthropocene Epoch? Will papers recounthow strategies were researched and enacted to resuscitate the possibility ofdemocracy, to eliminate nuclear weapons, to establish firm benchmarks to mitigateclimate change, to design non-violent security systems and just conflict resolutionprocedures, to move towards social equity and gender equality? Will discussions beframed so as to indicate the integral interrelationships among all these realms ofpeace design? Will it reflect Brauch’s call to rethink the evolution of peaceresearch?

Preface xi

Oswald Spring and Brauch have given us a foundation for the research andlearning that might make such a conference programme possible. As peaceresearchers, educators, and activists, we can build upon what they provide towardsa body of peace knowledge that could contribute to the survival of the planet andthe lives it sustains.

New York, USAAugust 2020

Betty A. Reardon

Betty A. Reardon is a feminist peace and human rights educator-activist who has spent sixdecades in the development and dissemination of work in this field. The founder of theInternational Institute on Peace Education (IIPE) and the original peace education graduatespecialisation at Teachers College Columbia University, and one of the civil society originators ofUN Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace, and Security, she has worked in allregions of the world towards international cooperation between peace educators. Her writings onpeace education and gender issues have been widely published and include Comprehensive PeaceEducation (Teachers College Press, 1985); Educating for Human Dignity (University ofPennsylvania Press, 1995); Tolerance: The Threshold of Peace (UNESCO, 1997); and Educationfor a Culture of Peace in a Gender Perspective (UNESCO, 2001). Most recently, she co-editedwith Dale T. Snauwaert Betty A. Reardon: A Pioneer in Education for Peace and Human Rightsand Betty A. Reardon: Key Texts in Gender and Peace (Springer Briefs on Pioneers in Science andPractice, PSP Vols. 26 and 27, 2015 and 2015). On the occasion of her ninetieth birthday in 2018,Dale T. Snauwaert published an edited book on: Exploring Betty A. Reardon’s Perspective onPeace Education: Looking Back, Looking Forward. Her publications are archived in the Ward M.Canaday Centre for Special Collections at the University of Toledo.

xii Preface

Acknowledgements

This volume emerged from papers that were orally presented during the 27thConference of the International Peace Research Association (IPRA) inAhmedabad, Gujarat, India from 27 November to 1 December 2018. We thank allsponsors—especially the IPRA Foundation—who supported the participation ofselected colleagues with submitted written papers from developing and low-incomecountries. The co-editors of this book are grateful to all the authors who passed thedouble-blind anonymous peer-review process and subsequently revised theirpapers, taking the many critical comments and suggestions of these reviewers intoaccount. Each chapter was assessed by at least three reviewers from differentcountries and continents.

We would like to thank all the reviewers who spent much time reading andcommenting on the submitted texts. They made detailed perceptive and criticalremarks and suggestions for improvements—even for texts that could not beincluded here—that will help the young authors to improve their scientific writings.The goal of both editors has been to enhance the quality of all submitted texts.

The following colleagues (in alphabetical order) contributed anonymousreviews:

• Adebayo, Joseph Olusegun, Ph.D., Durban University, NRF InnovationPostdoctoral Fellow in Africa Studies, University of Cape Town, South Africa.

• Akude, John Emeka, independent specialist on Africa, former Lecturer andResearcher, Institute of African Studies, University of Cologne; former adviser,German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ),Senior Researcher at the German Development Institute (DIE/GDI) in Bonn,Germany.

• Al, Serhun, Ph.D. from Univ. of Utah, Asst. Prof., Faculty of Business, PoliticalScience and International Relations, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir,Turkey.

• Ameglio Patella, Pietro, Prof. at UNAM, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, UNAM,Mexico City, Mexico.

xiii

• Amisi, Baruti Bahati, Dr. (Ph.D.), Independent Researcher, Durban, Universityof Technology’s International Centre of Nonviolence (ICON), Durban, SouthAfrica.

• Angom, Dr Sidonia, Ph.D., Chairperson, Taskforce of the Government ofUganda to start a Constituent College of Agriculture at Gulu University,Karamoja, Uganda; author of Women in Peacemaking and Peacebuilding inNorthern Uganda, Kampala, Uganda.

• Arach, Omar, Dr., Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral, Santa Cruz,Argentina.

• Badmus, Isiaka Alani, Assoc. Professor, Department of Peace and ConflictStudies, Afe Babaola University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria.

• Bal, Bhargava Mansee, Entrepreneur, Researcher, Educator at EnvironmentalDesign Consultants and Professor at School of Architecture and Planning,Amity University Chhattisgarh, Raipur, India.

• Baser, Bahar, Dr., Associate Professor, Centre for Trust, Peace and SocialRelations, Coventry, England, UK.

• Benitez Manaut, Raul, Prof. Dr., Faculty of Political Science, NationalAutonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico.

• Braga, Camila, Ph.D., Post-Doctoral Fellow, International Relations Institute,University of São Paulo (USP/FAPESP), São Paulo, Brazil.

• Brauch, Hans Günter, Adj. Prof., PD, Dr., Free University of Berlin (ret.) andAFES-PRESS chairman, Mosbach, Germany.

• Caballero-Anthony, Mely, Professor of International Relations, S. RajaratnamSchool of International Studies (RSIS), Nanyang Technological University,Singapore.

• Cabot, Charlène, M.A., Independent Reviewer, Research in climate-conflictnexus, France; current position, Manager of the Response Innovation Lab inKampala, Uganda.

• Chatterjee, Monalisa, Ph.D. from Rutgers University, Assist. Prof. (Teaching) ofEnvironmental Studies, University of Southern California, Dornsife, California,USA.

• Chivasa Norman, Dr., Post-doctoral Research Fellow, International Centre ofNonviolence, Peacebuilding Programme, Durban University of Technology,Durban, South Africa.

• Collin Harguindeguy, Laura; Prof. Dr., Directora del Centro de InvestigacionesPolíticas y Sociales, El Colegio de Tlaxcala, A.C. Mexico.

• Collins, Andrew E., Prof. Dr., Director, Disaster and Development Network,Northumbria University, Norththumbria University, Newcastle on Tyne, UK.

• Curran, David, Ph.D., Assist. Prof., Centre for Trust, Peace and SocialRelations, Coventry University, Coventry, England, UK.

• Dalby, Simon, Prof. Dr., CIGI Chair in the Political Economy of ClimateChange, Balsillie School of International Affairs, Wilfrid Laurier University,Waterloo, Canada.

• Galaviz Armenta, Tania, Prof. Dr., UAEM, CICSER, Cuernavaca, México.

xiv Acknowledgements

• Gómez Alvarado, Luis Alberto, Dr., Universidad Nacional Autónoma deMéxico, Facultad de Contaduría y Administración (UNAM, FCA), MexicoCity, Mexico.

• Harris, Geoffrey, Prof. Dr., International Centre of Nonviolence (ICON),Technical University of Durban, South Africa.

• Henfrey, Tom, European Network of Community-led Initiatives on ClimateChange and Sustainability (Ecolise), Brussels, Belgium from the UK.

• Holsti, Kal, Prof. Dr., Prof. Emeritus, University of British Columbia, Canada,now a Research Associate with the Centre for International Relations in the LiuInstitute, Canada.

• Hove, Mediel, Ph.D., Assoc. Prof., University of Zimbabwe, HistoryDepartment, War, Peace and Strategic Studies Section, Harare, Zimbabwe andInternational Centre of Nonviolence (ICON), Technical University of Durban,South Africa.

• Irene, Oseremen Felix, Dr., National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN),Abuja, Nigeria

• Jahn, Egbert, Prof. Dr., Emeritus, University of Mannheim, Germany.• Jiminez Guzman, Maria Lucero, Prof. Dr., UNAM, CRIM, Cuernavaca,

Mexico.• Kakakhel, Shafqat, Ambassador (1994–1998), former UN Assistant General and

Deputy Executive Director, United Nations Environment Programme (1998–2007); Chair, Board of Governors, Sustainable Development Policy Institutesince 2010; Chair, Board of Directors, Civil Society Coalition for ClimateChange, Islamabad, Pakistan (2019–2020).

• Kiyala, Jean Chrysostome Kimbuku, Ph.D., Honourary Research Associate,International Centre of Nonviolence, Durban University of Technology, SouthAfrica.

• Krell, Gert , Prof. Dr., Em. Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt,Germany

• Kriesberg, Louis, Ph.D., Prof. Emeritus of Sociology, Syracuse University,Syracuse, NY, USA.

• Kurebwa, Jeffrey, Dr., Lecturer, Bindura University of Science Education,Bindura, Zimbabwe.

• Lantos, Nóra Anna, Ph.D., Department of Social Psychology, Eötvös LorándUniversity, Budapest, Hungary.

• Lundy, Patricia, Prof. Dr., Ulster University, School of Applied Social andPolicy Science and in the Faculty of Arts, Humanities & Social Sciences,Belfast, UK.

• McKerrow, Raymie E., Professor Emeritus, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.• Merwe, Hugo van der, Prof. Dr., Director of Research at Centre for the Study of

Violence and Reconciliation (CSVR), Cape Town, South Africa.• Mesjasz, Czeslaw, Assoc. Prof. Dr., Cracow Economic University, Cracow,

Poland.• Messerschmid, Clemens, Dr., independent water expert, consultant, Ramallah,

Palestine from Germany.

Acknowledgements xv

• Misati, Joseph Akuma, Dr., Lecturer, Cooperative University of Kenya, Nairobi,Kenya.

• Nadiruzzaman, Md., Dr., Research Fellow (CLICCS-B3), Centre for EarthSystem Research and Sustainability (CEN), Climate Change and Security(CLISEC) Research Group, Institute of Geography, University of Hamburg,Hamburg, Germany.

• Nayak, Amar, Prof. Dr., Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar, India.• Ngwenya Maqeda, Dumisani, Ph.D., Post-doctoral Research Fellow,

International Centre of Nonviolence, Peacebuilding Programme, DurbanUniversity of Technology, Durban, South Africa, GTH, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.

• Olokesusi, Femi, Prof. Dr., College of Social Management Sciences, AfeBabalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

• Olorunfemi, Felix Bayode, Ph.D., Assoc. Prof., Nigerian Institute of Social andEconomic Research, Ibadan, Nigeria.

• Ombati, Mokua, Ph.D. candidate, Anthropology and Human EcologyDepartment, Moi University Kenya, Eldoret, Kenya.

• Orihuela Gallardo, Maria del Carmen, Dr., postdoctoral fellow, UNAM, CRIM,Cuernavaca, Mexico.

• Oswald Spring, Úrsula, Prof. Dr., UNAM, CRIM, Cuernavaca, Mexico.• Padilla Menendez, Luis Alberto, Amb., Prof. Dr., Director, International

Relations and Peace Research Institute (IRIPAZ), Guatemala City, Guatemala.• Patel, Mukundbhai A., Prof. Dr., Foundation for Peaceful Change, FPC,

Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.• Pelling, Mark, Ph.D., Professor of Geography, King’s Centre for Integrated

Research on Risk and Resilience—An IRDR International Centre of Excellenceand Challenge Leader, Resilience to Environmental Shocks and ChangePortfolio Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF), London, UK.

• Pócsik, Andrea, Ph.D., Film Culture and Media Theory, senior lecturer,Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary.

• Qarmout, Tamer, Ph.D. from University of Saskatchewan, Canada, Assist. Prof.in Public Policy and Public Administration, Doha Institute for Graduate Studies,Qatar.

• Ramos Muslera, Esteban A., Dr., Institute for Democracy, Peace, and Security(IUDPAS), National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), Honduras.

• Reychler, Luc, Prof. Dr. Emeritus, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven,Belgium.

• Richards, Prof. Dr. Howard, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH),Research Professsor of Philosophy (Ret.), Earlham College, USA.

• Roy, Sajal, Ph.D. Candidate, MPhil (Bergen), Institute for Culture and Society,Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.

• Selim, Gamal, Assoc. Prof. Dr., British University, Cairo and University of PortSaid, Egypt.

xvi Acknowledgements

• Singer-Browdoski, Mandy, Dr., Research Associate, UNESCO World ActionProgramme, Education for Sustainable Development, Free University of Berlin,Faculty of Education and Psychology, Institut Futur, Berlin, Germany.

• Snodgrass, Lyn, Prof. Dr., Head of the Department of Political and ConflictStudies at Nelson Mandela University in Port Elizabeth, South Africa.

• Steinweg, Reiner, Dr., Peace and Conflict Researcher, Educator on Theatre andSpecialist on Gandhi, former editor of the Journal Friedensanalysen (Analyseson peace), from Germany living in Linz, Austria.

• Stensvold, Anne, Prof. Dr., Religious Studies, University of Oslo, Departmentof Humanities, Department of Culture Studies and Oriental Languages, Oslo,Norway.

• Suarez, Marcial A. G., Ph.D., Assist. Prof., International Relations and StrategicStudies, Fluminense Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

• Subert, Maria, Assistant Prof. Dr., City University of New York, Hostos C. C.,NewYork, USA.

• Tadjoeddin, Zulfan, Associate Prof. Dr. and Director of Academic Programme,Humanitarian and Development Studies, School of Social Sciences, WesternSydney University, Australia.

• Tapia Uribe, Medardo, Prof. Dr., Centro Regional de InvestigacionesMultidisciplinarias (CRIM), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México(UNAM), Cuernavaca, Mexico.

• Uwimbabazi, Penine, Prof. Dr., Deputy Vice Chancellor for Academics,Protestant Institute of Arts and Social Sciences, Ruanda.

• Vesa, Unto, Emeritus Research Fellow, Tampere Peace Research Institute(TAPRI), Tampere University, Finland.

• Ware, Helen, Ambassador, Prof. Dr., Faculty of Humanities, Arts, SocialSciences and Education, School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences,University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia.

• Weiffen, Brigitte, Visiting Prof. Dr., Department of Political Science, Universityof São Paulo, Brazil.

• Weiss, Matthew, Assist. Prof. Dr., Department of Public Affairs and SecurityStudies, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, USA.

• Wielanga, Cori, Ph.D., from the University of KwaZulu Natal, senior lecturer inthe Department of Political Sciences and the Deputy Director of the Centre forthe Study of Governance Innovation, University of Pretoria, South Africa.

This book is the result of international teamwork between Prof. Dr. Úrsula OswaldSpring as Co-Secretary General of IPRA (2016–2018), who was the organiserof the 27th IPRA Conference in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, with the local supportof Dr. Mukund Patel; and PD Dr. Hans Günter Brauch as IPRA’s cashier (2017–2018), who, with Úrsula Oswald Spring and Unto Vesa, also managed the IPRAtravel grants for young participants from Africa, Asia, and Latin America that weremade available by the IPRA Foundation, through the fundraising of Prof. Dr. MattMeyer (New York) and Prof. Dr. Polly Walker (USA). The co-editors are gratefulto Rajib Timalsina, Assistant Professor, and Roshan Pokharel, Assistant Professor,

Acknowledgements xvii

Department of Conflict, Peace and Development Studies, Tribhuvan University,Nepal, and to Dr. Senthan Selvarajah, the then editor of the IPRA Newsletter, fromthe UK and Sri Lanka for their superb local organisational support in Ahmedabad.

The editors want to thank all the financial supporters, the local organiser, and theabove anonymous reviewers who made the 27th IPRA Conference in Ahmedabad asuccess on the occasion of the 150th birthday of Mahatma Gandhi. They are alsograteful to Prof. Dr. Johan Galtung, one of the co-founders of IPRA in 1964, forwriting the Foreword and to Prof. Dr. Betty Reardon of Columbia University inNew York, USA, for writing the Preface.

Last but not least, we thank our colleagues at Springer International Publishingin Heidelberg (Dr Christian Witschel, editorial director for Earth Sciences,Environment and Geography, Ms Marion Schneider and Ms Birke Dalia) and inChennai, Tamil Nadu, in India (Mr Arulmurugan Venkatasalam, and the team oftypesetters and graphic designers). The co-editors are grateful to Dr. VanessaGreatorex (United Kingdom) for her language editing and to IPRA for funding herwork. As IPRA’s Co-Secretary General 2017–2018) Prof. Dr. Úrsula OswaldSpring (Mexico) organised the IPRA Conference 2018 in Ahmedabad, Gujarat(India) while PD Dr. Hans Günter Brauch (Germany) was responsible for thefinances of this IPRA Conference, managed the peer-review process and did thecopy editing.

Cuernavaca, Mexico Úrsula Oswald SpringMosbach, Germany Hans Günter BrauchSeptember 2020

xviii Acknowledgements

Contents

1 Decolonising Peace in the Anthropocene: Introduction: Towardsan Alternative Understanding of Peace and Security . . . . . . . . . . . 1Úrsula Oswald Spring

Part I Peace Research Epistemology for the Anthropocene

2 Peace Ecology in the Anthropocene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Hans Günter Brauch

3 Transformative and Participative Peace: A Theoretical andMethodological Proposal of Epistemology for Peaceand Conflict Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187Esteban A. Ramos Muslera

4 Peaceful Societies Through Social Cohesion? The Powerof Paradigms for Normative and Interdisciplinary Research . . . . . 209Katarina Marej

5 The National and Universal Importance of the Non-violent Policyof Mohandas K. Gandhi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245Egbert Jahn

6 Disobedient Peace: Non-cooperation with Inhuman Orders . . . . . . 279Pietro Ameglio Patella

Part II Conflicts, Peace, Gender, Families and Vulnerable People

7 Risks, Mitigation and Adaptation to Urban Climate ChangeImpacts in the Global South from a Gender Perspective . . . . . . . . 307Úrsula Oswald Spring

8 Conflicts in Kenya: Drivers of Conflicts and Assessing MitigationMeasures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333Charles Ndalu Wasike

xix

9 Human Rights and Sexual Abuse of the Girl-Child in Nigeria:Implications for Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351Janet Monisola Oluwaleye

10 The Farmer-Herder Conflicts in Nigeria’s Open Space:Taming the Tide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367Aminu Bakari Buba

11 Climate Rituals: Cultural Response for Climate ChangeAdaptations in Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385Mokua Ombati

12 Ethnically-Charged Wartime Sexual Violence: The Agonyof the South Sudanese Refugees in Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411Robert Senath Esuruku

13 Traditional Conflict and Peacemaking Processes: The Caseof Kurdish Tribes in Mardin, Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433Safiye Ateş Burç

14 Family Shame and Eloping Couples: A Hindustani Warpin Time. Steps in Progress Towards Non-violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457David Evans

15 We Are not Victims: The Roma, An Outdoor Art Galleryand the Same Old Story – Critical Thinking in Communicationfor Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481Maria Subert

Part III Peacekeeping, Peacebuilding, Peacemaking andTransitional Justice in the Anthropocene

16 A Discourse on the Norms and Ideologies of Peacekeeping . . . . . . . 503Jude Cocodia

17 Governance by Violent Non-state Actors as a Challengeto Sustainable Peace in Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521Marcos Alan S. V. Ferreira

18 Art of Peace: Cultural Practices and Peacebuilding in Mexico . . . . 539Alfonso Hernández Gómez

19 Grass-Roots Post-conflict Peacebuilding: A Case Study ofMosintuwu Women’s School in Poso District, CentralSulawesi, Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569Putri Ariza Kristimanta

20 Hydro-diplomacy Towards Peace Ecology: The Case of the IndusWater Treaty Between India and Pakistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591Saima Sabit Ali and Mansee Bal Bhargava

xx Contents

21 The Rohingya Refugee Crisis: Implications for RegionalSecurity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615Md Nurul Momem

22 An Unsustainable Price: The Opportunity Costs of TransitionalJustice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631Helen Ware

Part IV Peace, Development and Education

23 Simultaneous Intervention Strategies at Local Ecosystemsfor Sustainable Development Goals and Peace: Designand Systems Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655Amar K. J. R. Nayak

24 Citizen-Led Assessment and the Participatory Approachto Peace Education in Nepal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677Rajib Timalsina

25 Can Infrastructure-Based Development Bring Peace to WestPapua? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691Cahyo Pamungkas

About the International Peace Research Association (IPRA). . . . . . . . . . 715

IPRA Conferences, Secretary Generals and Presidents 1964–2018 . . . . . 717

About the Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719

About the Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733

Contents xxi

Abbreviations

AA German Federal Foreign OfficeACCORD African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes,

Durban, South AfricaACLEDP Armed Conflict Location and Event Data ProjectADA Amigos dos Amigos [Friends of Friends]AFD Alternative für DeutschlandAFES-PRESS Arbeitsgemeinschaft Friedensforschung und Europäische

Sicherheitspolitik—Study Group Peace Research and EuropeanSecurity Studies

AFK Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Friedens- und Konfliktforschung e.V.(German Association for Peace and Conflict Studies)

AFPRA African Peace Research Association (founded in 1985)AFPREA Africa Peace Research and Education AssociationAHRC Asian Human Rights CommissionAI Artificial IntelligenceAKF Aga Khan FoundationAMAN The Asian Muslim Action NetworkAmul-GCMMF Gujurat Cooperative Milk Marketing Cooperative Ltd.ANC African National CongressANZUS Treaty consisting of the USA, Australia, New Zealand, in 1951APP Agriculture Promotion PolicyAPPRA Asia-Pacific Peace Research AssociationAQIS Al Qaeda of the Indian SubcontinentARSA Arakan Rohingya Salvation ArmyASER Annual Status of Education ReportASPR Austrian Study Centre for Peace and Conflict ResolutionAU African UnionAWG Anthropocene Working GroupBAU Business As UsualBBC British Broadcasting Corporation

xxiii

BCE Before Common EraBFVP Bódvalenke Fresco Village ProjectBMBF German Federal Ministry for Education and ResearchBMU German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature

Conservation, and Nuclear SafetyBNP Bangladesh Nationalist PartyBOA Bank of Agriculture of NigeriaBP Before PresentCAPAZ German-Colombian Peace InstituteCAVR The Timor Leste Commission for Reception [of Timorese who

had supported Indonesia], Truth and ReconciliationCBD Convention on Biological DiversityCC Climate ChangeCCGPS Civil Society Groups for Peace and SecurityCCMS The Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society of NATOCDC Centre for Disease ControlCES Community Enterprise SystemCGT syndrome Chosenness-Glory-Trauma syndrome (by Johan Galtung)CILSS Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the

SahelCLAES Centro Latino Americano de Ecología Social (Latin American

Centre for Social Ecology)CLAIP Consejo Latinoamericano de Investigación para la Paz

(Latin American Peace Research Association)CLAs Citizen-Led AssessmentsCMPS Conflict Management and Peace ScienceCNTE National Coordination of Education WorkersCO2 Carbon DioxideCoE Council of EuropeCoHR Commission on Human Rights in South SudanCOP 21 Conference of Parties (UNFCCC) in Paris in 2015COVID-19 Global pandemic in 2020CPA Comprehensive Peace AgreementCRECO Constitution and Reform Education ConsortiumCRISPR Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic RepeatsCTAP Conflict, Terrorism, and Peace group, University of AucklandCV Comando Vermelho [Red Command]CVEX Truth Commission for El Salvador (Comision de la Verdad Para

El Salvador)D3E Centre for Development, Economy, Ecology, and EquityDDR Demobilisation, Disarmament, and ReintegrationDGFK German Association on Peace and Conflict ResearchDMA syndrome Dualism-Manicheism-Armageddon syndrome (by Johan

Galtung)DoD Department of Defense (USA)

xxiv Abbreviations

DPA Dialogic Performance AnalysisDPC District Peace CommitteesDSF Deutsche Stiftung für Friedensforschung (German Foundation

for Peace Research)DvPCs Divisional Peace CommitteesECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the CaribbeanECOWAS Economic Commission of West African StatesEGRA Early Grade Reading AssessmentEIA Energy Information AgencyELI Environmental Law InstituteENCOP Environment and Conflicts ProjectENVSEC Environmental Security InitiativeEPU European Peace UniversityERO Education Review OfficeESA Earth Systems AnalysesESRL NOAA Earth System Research LaboratoriesESS Earth Systems SciencesEU European UnionEUPRA European Peace Research AssociationF.D. Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt [US President, 1933–1945]FAO UN Food and Agriculture OrganisationFDMN Forcibly Displaced Myanmar NationalsFDN Família do Norte [Northern Family Criminal Organisation]FGD Focus Group DiscussionsFPO Farmer Producer OrganisationGATT General Agreements on Tariffs and TradeGDP Gross Domestic ProductGEC Global Environmental ChangeGECHS Global Environmental Change and Human Security ProjectGHG Greenhouse GasesGKST Gereja Kristen Sulawesi TengahGP Gram Panchayat or WardGSSP Global Boundary Stratotype Section and PointGSU General Service UnitGWSP Global Water Security & Sanitation PartnershipHCNM High Commissioner on National MinoritiesHDI Human Development IndexHIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acquired

Immune Deficiency SyndromeHuJI Harkat ul Jihad IslamiHUJI-A Harkat ul Jihad Islami-ArakanIBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentICBL International Campaign to Ban LandminesICG International Crisis GroupICP International Coalition for West Papua

Abbreviations xxv

ICRC International Committee of the Red CrossICS International Council of ScienceICS International Commission on StratigraphyICTJ International Centre for Transitional JusticeICTR International Criminal Tribunal for RwandaICUPRI International Christian University Peace Research InstituteIDPs Internally Displaced PersonsIDR Indonesian RupiahIEP Institute for Economics and Peace, Sydney, AustraliaIFAD International Fund for Agricultural DevelopmentIGAD Intergovernmental Authority on DevelopmentIGBP International Geophysical and Biological ProgrammeIGOs Inter-Governmental OrganisationsIISS International Institute for Strategic StudiesIMF International Monetary FundINC Indian National CongressINEGI National Institute of Statistics and Geography [Mexico]INR Indian RupeeIO Industrial OrganisationsIOM International Organisation on MigrationIPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeIPRA International Peace Research AssociationIR International RelationsIRIPAZ Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales e Investigación para la

Paz (Guatemala)IRO International Refugee OrganisationISA- International Studies Association, Peace Studies SectionISE Institute of Social EcologyISEE International Society for Environmental EconomicsISI Pakistan Inter-Services IntelligenceISÖ Institut für Sozialökologie, Siegburg, GermanyISOE Institut für Sozialökologische Forschung, FrankfurtISSC International Social Science CouncilIT Information technologyITD Inter- and TransdisciplinarityIUCN International Union for Conservation of NatureIUDPAS Instituto Universitario en Democracia Paz y Seguridad

[Honduras]IUGS International Union of Geological SciencesIWT Indus Water TreatyKMMTTP Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport ProjectKNBS Kenya National Bureau of StatisticsKNCHR Kenya National Commission on Human Rights

xxvi Abbreviations

KSI Dutch Knowledge Network on Systems Innovation andTransition

LGA Local Government AssociationLPCs Location Peace CommitteesLVC La Via CampesinaMAD Mutual Assured DestructionMATCC Myanmar’s Anti-Terrorism Central CommitteeMEA Millennium Ecosystem AssessmentMFF Multiannual Financial FrameworkMIBUC Military-Industrial-Bureaucratic-University-Congress Complex

[in USA]MOOC Massive Open Online Course on Environmental Security and

Sustaining PeaceMSG Melanesian Spearhead GroupNASA National Assessment of Student AchievementNASPA National Adaptation Strategy and Plan of Action on Climate

ChangeNATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganisationNATO CCMS NATO’s Committee on the Challenges of Modern SocietyNCIC National Cohesion and Integration CommissionNCPACS The National Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, New

ZealandNDCs National Determined Commitments (Paris Agreement, 2015)NEMA National Emergency Management AgencyNFD Northern Frontier DistrictNGEU Next Generation EUNGN Nigerian NairaNGO Non-governmental OrganisationNIRSA Nigeria Incentive-Based Risk Sharing System for Agricultural

LendingNOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationNOAA/ESRL NOAA Earth System Research LaboratoriesNRC National Research CouncilNS Natural SciencesNSC National Steering CommitteeNSC-68 National Security Council Paper No. 68 [1950, USA]NSPCC National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to ChildrenOAS Organisation of American StatesOCHA United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian

AffairsODIHR Office for Democratic Institutions and Human RightsOECD Organisation of Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentOHCHR United Nations Office of the High Commissioner on Human

Rights

Abbreviations xxvii

OSCE Organisation of Security and Cooperation in EuropeOSI Open Society InstitutePA Painter APAR Participatory Action ResearchPB Painter BPCC Primeiro Comando da Capital [First Capital Command, criminal

organisation]PCDMB Post-Conflict and Disaster Management Branch (UNEP)PDHRE People’s Decade for Human Rights EducationPG Painter GPGP International Priority Graduate Programme, Japanese

GovernmentPIC Person in ChargePIF Pacific Islands ForumPIK Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact ResearchPJSA Peace and Justice Studies AssociationPNG Papua New GuineaPO Producer OrganisationsPPF Provincial Peace ForumPpm Parts per millionPRIF Peace Research Institute FrankfurtPRIO Peace Research Institute OsloPSAJ Peace Studies Association of JapanPSS(I) Peace Science Society InternationalR2P Responsibility to protectRPF Rwandan Patriotic FrontRSO Rohingya Solidarity OrganisationSAARC South Asian Association for Regional CooperationSCN Social Cohesion NetworkSDG Sustainable Development GoalSEATO South East Asia Treaty OrganisationSECASA South Eastern Centre against Sexual Assault and Family

ViolenceSGBV Sexual and Gender-based ViolenceSIPRI Stockholm International Peace Research InstituteSJPG Social Justice Policy GroupSPLA-IO Sudan People’s Liberation Army-In OppositionSPLM Sudan People’s Liberation MovementSPLM/A Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/ArmySS Social SciencesSTRN Sustainability Transition Research NetworkTAPRI Tampere Peace Research InstituteTC Terceiro Comando [Third Command, criminal organisation,

Brazil]TCC’s Troop-contributing Countries

xxviii Abbreviations

TRC Truth and reconciliation commissionsUCI University of California in IrvineUDHR United Nations Universal Declaration of Human RightsUK United KingdomULMWP United Liberation Movement of West PapuaUN United NationsUNAH Universidad Nacional Autónoma de HondurasUNAM National Autonomous University of MexicoUNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (1994)UNCh United Nations CharterUNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeUNECE United Nations Economic Commission for EuropeUNEP United Nations Environment ProgrammeUNESCO United Nations Environment, Science and Cultural

OrganisationUNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeUNGA United Nations General AssemblyUNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for RefugeesUNHRC UN Human Rights CouncilUNICEF United Nations Children’s FundUNIDIR United Nations Institute on Disarmament ResearchUNMISS The United Nations Mission in South SudanUNODC The United Nations Office on Drugs and CrimeUNSC United Nations Security CouncilUNSC United Nations Statistical CommissionUNSG Secretary General of the United NationsUNTEA United Nations Temporary Executive AuthorityUNU United Nations UniversityUPEACE The United Nations-mandated University for PeaceUS(A) United States of AmericaUSA United States of AmericaUSD US dollarUSIP US Institute of PeaceVDC Village District CouncilVHP Vishwa Hindu ParishadVNSA Violent Non-state Actors in BrazilWBGU Wissenschaftlicher Beirat Globale Umweltfragen (German

Advisory Council on Global Change)WCED World Commission on Environment and Development [Report]WEF World Economic Forum in DavosWHO World Health OrganisationWMR World Migration ReportWP Warsaw PactWPNCL West Papua National Coalition Liberation Front

Abbreviations xxix

WPNLA West Papuan National Liberation ArmyWTO Warsaw Treaty OrganisationWTO World Trade OrganisationWUSC World University Service of CanadaWWII World War II

xxx Abbreviations