References

Chapter 1

Adams, C.S. and E. Riis (1997): Prog. Quantum Electron. 21,1 Almay, G.M. and F.M. Sparks (1933): Phys. Rev. 44, 365 Amdur, 1. and H. Pearlman (1939): Rev. Sci. Instrum. 10,174 Aminoff, C.G., A.M. Steane, P. Bouyer, P. DesbiolIes, J. Dalibard, and C. Cohen-Tan-

noudji (1993): Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 3083 Anderson, R.W., V. Aquilanti, and D.R. Herschbach (1969): Chem. Phys. Lett. 4, 5 Andersson, M., J.L. Persson, and A. Rosen (1996): J. Chem. Phys. 100, 12222 Andresen, P., H. Joswig, H. Pauly, and R. Schinke (1982): J. Chem. Phys. 77, 2204 Andresen, P., R. Düren, and H. Joswig (1983): J. Phys. B 16,3423 Andrews, M.R., C.G. Townsend, H.-J. Miesner, D.S. Durfee, D.M. Kum, and W. Ketterle

(1997): Science 275, 637 Aseyev, S.A., V.V. Petrunin, and V.S. Letokhov (1996): Comments At. Mol. Phys. 33,41 Ashkin, A. (1978): Phys. Rev. Lett. 40, 729 Asscher, M. and G.A. Somorjai (1992): in Atomic and Molecular Beam Methods, Vol. 2,

ed. by G. Scoles, p. 488 (Oxford University Press, Oxford) Auerbach, DJ. (1992): in Atomic and Molecular Beam Methods, Vol. 2, ed. by G. Scoles,

p. 444 (Oxford University Press, Oxford) Balykin, V.I. and V.S. Letokhov (1989): Phys. Today 42, 23 Barat, M., D. Dhuicq, R. Fran90is, C. Lesech, and R. McCaroll (1973): J. Phys. B 6, 1206 Barker, J.A. and D.J. Auerbach (1984): Surf. Sci. Rep. 4,1 Barnes, A.H. (1930): Phys. Rev. 35, 217 Baum, G., K.S. LubeH, and W. Raith (1970): Phys. Rev. Lett. 25,267 Baumert, T. and G. Gerber (1995): Adv. At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 35, 163 Beck, D. and H. Förster (1970): Z. Phys. 240, 136 Becker, E.W., K. Bier, and W. Henkes (1956): Z. Phys. 146,333 Becker, E.W. (1986): Z. Phys. D 3,1 Bederson, B., J. Eisinger, K. Rubin, A. Salop (1960): Rev. Sci. Instrum. 31, 852 Bederson, B. and E.J. Robinson (I966): in Molecular Beams, ed. by J. Ross, p. 1 (Wiley,

NewYork) Bederson, B. (1968): in Methods ofExperimental Physics, VoI.7A, ed. by B. Bederson and

W.D. Fite, p.67 (Academic Press, New York) Beeck, O. (1934): Ann. Phys. 19, 121 Bell, G.D. and E.F. Tubbs (1970): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 41,435 Belyaev, V.A., B.G. Brezhnev, and E.M. Erastov (1966): JETP Lett. 3, 207 Bennewitz, H.G. and W. Paul (1954): Z. Phys. 139,489 Bennewitz, H.G., W. Paul, and Ch. Schlier (1955): Z. Phys. 141,6

300 References

Bergmann, K., U. Hefter, and J. Witt (1980): J. Chern. Phys. 72, 4777 Bernasek, S.L. and G.A. SornOljai (1975): Prog. Surf. Sci. 5, 377 Bernstein, R.B. (1966): in Molecular Beams, ed. by J. Ross, p. 75 (Wiley, New York) Bernstein, R.B. (1982): Chemical Dynamics via Molecular Beam and Laser Techniques

(Oxford University Press, Oxford) Bernstein, E.R. (ed.) (1990): Atomic and Molecular Clusters (Elsevier, Arnsterdam) Berry, H.W. (1949): Phys. Rev. 75, 913 Berry, H.W. (1955): Phys. Rev. 99, 553 Berry, M.V. (1966): Proc. Phys. Soc. 88, 285 and 89, 479 Bewig, L., U. Buck, C. Mehlmann, and M. Winter (1994): J. Phys. Chern. A 100, 2765 Bewig, L., U. Buck, S. Rakowsky, M. Reymann, and C. Steinbach (1997): J. Phys. Chern.

A 101,6538 Beyer, W. and H. Haberland (1984): Phys. Rev. A 29, 2280 Billups, W.E. and M.A. Ciufolini (eds.) (1993): Buckminsterfullerenes (VHC Verlagsge­

sellschaft, Weinheim) Birge, R.T. (1941): Rev. Mod. Phys. 13,233 Bjorkholrn, J.E., R.R. Freernan, A. Ashkin, and D.B. Pearson (1978): Phys. Rev. Lett. 41,

1361 Black, G.W., M.A.D. Fluendy, and D. Sutton (1980): Chern. Phys. Lett. 69,260 Black, G.W., M.A.D. Fluendy, and S.L. Lunt (1983): Mol. Phys. 50,153 Bledsoe, J.R. and S.S. Fisher (1974): Surf. Sci. 46, 129 Blythe, A.R., A.E. Grosser, and R.B. Bernstein (1964): J. Chern. Phys. 41, 1917 Boato, G. and P. Cantini (1983): Adv. Electron. Electron Phys. 60, 95 Boato, G. (1992): in Atomic and Molecular Beam Methods, Vol. 2, ed. by G. Scoles, p. 340

(Oxford University Press, Oxford) Bonin, K.D. and M.A. Kadar-Kallen (1993): Phys. Rev. A 47, 944 Bonin, K.D. and M.A. Kadar-Kallen (1994): Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 8, 3313 Bonin, K.D. and V.V. Kresin (1997): Electric-Dipole Polarizabilities 0/ Atoms, Moleeules

and Clusters (World Scientific, Singapore) Borkenhagen, u., H. Malthan, and J.P. Toennies (1975): J. Chern. Phys. 63, 3173 Borkenhagen, U., H. Malthan, and J.P. Toennies (1979): J. Chern. Phys. 71, 1722 Born, M. (1920): Phys. Zeitschr. 21, 578 Bösiger, J. and S. Leutwyler (1987): Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 1859 Böttner, R., U. Ross, and J.P. Toennies (1976): J. Chern. Phys. 65,733 Brack, M. (1997): Sci. Am. 277, 30 Braun, J. (1997): Max-Planck-Institut für Strömungsforschung, Report 11, Göttingen Brenot, J.c., D. Dhuicq, J.P. Gayacq, J. Pomrnier, V. Sidis, M. Barat, and E. Pollack

(1975): Phys. Rev. 11,1245 Brooks, P.R. (1976): Science 193, 11 Bruch, L.W., M.W. Cole, and E. Zarernba (1997): Physical Adsorption: Forces and Phe-

nomena (Clarendon Press, Oxford) Brunger, MJ., A.G. Middleton, and P.o. Teubner (1998): Phys. Rev. A 57, 208 Brusdeylins, G., R.B. Doak, and J.P. Toennies (1980): Phys. Rev. Lett. 44, 1417 Bucher, J.P., D.C. Douglass, and L.A. Bloomfield (1991): Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 3052 Buck, U. (1974): Rev. Mod. Phys. 46, 369 Buck, U. (1975): Adv. Phys. Chern. 30, 313 Buck, U., F. Huisken, H. Pauly, D. Pust, and J. Schleusener (1975): in 50 Jahre Max­

Planck-Institut for Strömungs forschung, ed. by MPISF, p. 380 (Hubert & Co. Göttingen)

Buck, u., F. Huisken, J. Schleusener, and H. Pauly (1977): Phys. Rev. Lett. 38, 680

References 301

Buck, U., F. Huisken, l Schleusener, and J. Schaefer (1980): J. Chern. Phys. 72, 1512 Buck, U. (1986): Comments At. Mol. Phys. 17, 143 Buck, U. (1988a), (1988b): in Atomic and Molecular Beam Methods, Vol. 1, ed. by G.

Scoles, p. 499 and p.525 (Oxford University Press, Oxford) Buck, u., G. Hoffmann, J. Kesper, D. Otten, and M. Winter (1988): Chern. Phys. 126, 159 Buck, U. (1991): in Intermolecular Forces, ed. by P.L. Huyskens, W.AP. Luck, and T.

Zeegers-Huyskens, p. 317 (Springer, Berlin) Buck, U. (1995): Adv. At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 35, 121 Buehler, R.l and R.B. Bernstein (1969): J. Chern. Phys. 51, 5305 BuH, T.H. and P.B. Moon (1954): Discuss. Faraday Soc. 17,54 Butz, K.W., H. Du, DJ. Krajnovich, and C.S. Parmenter (1988): l Chern. Phys. 89,4680 Campani, E., R. DeSalvo, and G. Gorini (1980): Nuovo Cirnento Lett. 29,485 Cardillo, MJ. (1981): Annu. Rev. Phys. Chern. 32, 331 Chamberlain, G.E. and lC. Zorn (1963): Phys. Rev. 129,677 Chaprnan, W.B., MJ. Weida, and D.l Nesbitt (1997): l Chern. Phys. 106,2248 Cheng, P.Y., D. Zhong, and A.H. Zewail (1996): l Chern. Phys. 105,6216 Childs, W.l (1972): Case Stud. At. Phys. 3, 215 Chu, S., L. HoUberg, J.E. Bjorkholrn, A. Cable, and A Ashkin (1985): Phys. Rev. Lett. 55,

48 Chu, S., lE. Bjorkholrn, A. Ashkin, and A. Cable (1986): Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 314 Chu, S. (1992): Sei. Am. 266, 79 Cole, M.W. and D.R. Frankl (1978): Surf. Sei. 70, 585 Cornsa, G. and R. Poelserna (1992): in Atomic and Molecular Beam Methods, Vol. 2, ed. by

G. Scoles, p. 463 (Oxford University Press, Oxford) Continetti, R.E., D.R. Cyr, D.L. Osborne, DJ. Leahy, and D.M. Neumark (1993): l Chern.

Phys. 99, 2616 Corkurn, P.B., N.H. Burnett, P. Dietrich, and N.Y. Ivanov (1995): in Atomic Physics, Vol.

14, ed. by DJ. Wineland, C.E. Wieman, and SJ. Srnith, p. 405 (AlP, New York) Crews, lC. (1962): J. Chern. Phys. 37, 2004 Crosby, D.A and J.C. Zorn (1977): Phys. Rev. A 16, 488 Dagdigian, PJ., B.E. Wilcornb, and M.H. Alexander (1979): l Chern. Phys. 71,1670 Dagdigian, P.J. (1988): in Atomic and Molecular Beam Methods, Vol. 1, ed. by G. Scoles,

p. 569 and p. 596 (Oxford University Press, Oxford) Dagdigian, P.l (1989): J. Chern. Phys. 90,2617 and 6110 Dalfovo, F., S. Giorgini, L.P. Pitaevskii, and S. Stringari (1999): Rev. Mod. Phys. 71, 463 Datz, S. and E.H. Taylor (1956): l Chern. Phys. 25,389 Davis, B. and A.H. Bames (1929): Phys. Rev. 34,152 and 1229 Davis, B. and AH. Bames (1931): Phys. Rev. 37, 1368 de Heer, W.A. (1993): Rev. Mod. Phys. 65,611 de Heer, W.A. P. Milani, and A Chatelain (1989): Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 2834 de Wette, F.W. (1984): Comments Solid State Phys. 11, 89 Derntröder, W. (1996): Laser Spectroscopy, 2nd edn. (Springer, Berlin) Doak, R.B. (1981): Max-Planck-Institut für Strömungsforschung, Report 14, Göttingen Doak, R.B., U. Harten, and J.P. Toennies (1983): Phys. Rev. Lett. 51, 578 Doak, R.B. (1992): in Atomic and Molecular Beam Methods, Vol. 2, ed. by G. Scoles, p.

384 (Oxford University Press, Oxford) Dodd, lN. and A. GaHagher (1969): l Chern. Phys. 50,4838 Dornbrowski, H., D. Grzouka, W. Hamsink, A Khoukaz, T. Lister, and R. Santo (1997):

Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 386, 228 Dorrestein, R. and lA Srnit (1938): Proc. K. Ned. Akad. Wet. 41, 47

302 References

Dowling, J.P. and J. Gea-Banacloche (1996): Adv. At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 37, 1 Dunning, F.B. (1990): AlP Conf. Proc. 205, 519 Dunnoyer, L. (1911): Cornptes Rendus 152, 594 and Le Radium 8, 142 Dunnoyer, L. (1913): Le Radium 10, 10 Düren, R, M. Kick, and H. Pauly (1974): Chern. Phys. Lett. 27, 118 Düren, R, U. Krause, and G. Moritz (1980): 1. Phys. B 13,503 Düren, R., E. Gersing, S. Kita, W. Kracht, H. Pauly, E. Schädlich, and M. Vondersehen

(l986a): 1. Chern. Phys. 85, 2738 Düren, R, H. Hübner, S. Kita, and U. Krause (1986b): 1. Chern. Phys. 85, 2751 Eastes, W., U. Ross, and 1.P. Toennies (1979): 1. Chern. Phys. 70, 1652 Eccles, J., G. Pfeffer, E. Piper, G. Ringer, and 1.P. Toennies (1984): Chern. Phys. 89, 1 Ekstrom, C. (1990): Report CERN 9Q.--{)4, 184 Engel, T. and K.H. Rieder (1981): Springer Tracts Mod. Phys. 91, 55 English, T.C. and 1.C. Zorn (1974): in Methods 0/ Experimental Physics, Vol. 3 B, ed. by

D. Williams, p. 669 (Acadernie Press, New York) Estermann, I. and O. Stern (1930): Z. Phys. 61, 95 Estermann, 1., R. Frisch, and O. Stern (1931): Z. Phys. 73, 348 Estermann, I. and O. Stern (1933): Z. Phys. 85,17 Estermann, I. and R.G.1. Fraser (1933): 1. Chern. Phys. 1,390 Estermann, I. (1946): Rev. Mod. Phys. 18,300 Estermann, 1., O.C. Sirnpson, and O. Stern (1947): Phys. Rev. 52, 535 Estermann, I. (1959): in Recent Research in Molecular Beams, ed. by I. Estermann, p. 1

(Acadernie Press, New York) Faubel, M. (1976): Max-Planck-Institut fur Strömungsforschung, Report 29, Göttingen Faubel, M. and 1.P. Toennies (1980): Adv. At. Mol. Phys. 13,229 Faubel, M., K.-H. Kohl, 1.P. Toennies, K.T. Tang, and Y.Y. Yung (1982): Faraday

Discuss. Chern. Soc. 73, 205 Faubel, M. (1983): Adv. At. Mol. Phys. 19,345 Faubel, M. and G. Kraft (1986): 1. Chern. Phys. 85,2671 Faubel, M. (1985): in Fundamental Processes in Atomic Collision Physics, ed. by H.

Kleinpoppen, 1.S. Briggs, and H.O. Lutz, p. 503 (Plenum Press, New York) Faubel, M. (1992): in Status and Future Developments in Transport Properties, ed. by

W.A. Wakeham et al., p. 73 (Kluwer Acadernic Publishers, Arnsterdam) Faubel, M., F.A. Gianturco, F. Ragnetti, L.Y. Rusin, F. Sondermann, U. Tappe, and 1.P.

Toennies (1994): 1. Chern. Phys. 101,8800 Fiedler, S. (1995): Report IPPIIII209, MPI ftir Plasmaphysik, Garehing Fisher, S.S. and 1.R Bledsoe (1971): 1. Vac. Sei. Technol. 9, 814 Fite, W.L. and S.Datz (1963): Annu. Rev. Phys. Chern. 14,61 Floeder, K., P. Hörner, W. Raith, A. Schwab, G. Sinapius, and G. Spicher (1988): Phys.

Rev. Lett. 60,2363 Fluendy, M.A.D. and K.P. Lawley (1973): Chemical Application 0/ Molecular Beam

Scattering (Wiley, New York) Fluendy, M.A.D., K.P. Lawley, C. Sholeen, and D. Sutton (1981): Mol. Phys. 42, 1 Fluendy, M.A.D. and S. Lunt (1983): Mol. Phys. 49, 1007 Ford, K.W. and 1.A. Wheeler (1959): Ann. Phys. N.Y. 7, 259 and 287 Fraser, RG.1. (1931): Molecular Rays (Carnbridge University Press, Cambridge) Fraser, RG.1. and L.F. Broadway (1933): Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A 141, 626 Fraser, RGJ. and 1.V. Hughes (1936): 1. Chern. Phys. 4, 730 Fraser, R.G.1. (1937): Molecular Beams (Wiley, New York) Friedburg, H. and W. Paul (1950): Naturwiss. 37, 20

References 303

Friedburg, H. and W. Paul (1951): Naturwiss. 38,159 Friederich, B., G. Niedner, M. NolI, and J.P. Toennies (1987): J. Chern. Phys. 87, 5256 Frisch, R. and E. Segre (1933): Z. Phys. 80, 610 Frisch, R. and O. Stern (1933): Z. Phys. 85, 4 Frisch, R. (1933): Z. Phys. 86, 42 Gentry, W.R. and C.F. Giese (1977): J. Chern. Phys. 67, 5389 Gersing, E., E. Hundhausen, and H. Pauly (1963): Z. Phys. 171,349 Gersing, E., H. Pauly, E. Schädlich, and M. Vonderschen (1973): Faraday Discuss. Chern.

Soc. 55, 211 Gierz, U., N. NolI, and J.P. Toennies (1985): J. Chern. Phys. 83,2259 Goerke, A., G. Leipelt, H. Palrn, C.P. Schulz, and I.V. Hertel (1995): Z. Phys. D 32, 311 Goldenberg, H.M., D. Kleppner, and N.F. Rarnsey (1960): Phys. Rev. Lett. 5, 361 Goodrnan, F.O. and H.Y. Wachman (1976): Dynamics 01 Gas Surface Scattering (Aca-

dernic Press, New York) Gordon, J.P., HJ. Zeiger, and C.H. Townes (1954): Phys. Rev. 95,282 Götting, R., H.R. Mayne, and J.P. Toennies (1986): J. Chern. Phys. 85, 6396 Gottwald, E., A Mattheus, and K. Bergmann (1987): J. Chern. Phys. 86, 2680 and 2585 Green, S., H.-M. Keller, R. Schinke, and H.-J. Werner (1996): J. Chern. Phys. 105,5416 Greene, E.F., R.W. Roberts, and J. Ross (1960): J. Chern. Phys. 32, 940 Greene, E.F., AL. Moursund, and J. Ross (1966): in Molecular Beams, ed. by J. Ross, p.

135 (Wiley, New York) Grice, R. (1975): Adv. Chern. Phys. 30, 247 Gruebele, M. and A.H. Zewail (1990): Phys. Today 43, 24 Gruebele, M. and A.H. Zewail (1992): J. Chern. Phys. 96, 198 Grynberg, G., B. Lounis, P. Verkerk, J.-Y. Courtois, and C. Salornon (1993): Phys. Rev.

Lett.70,2249 Guella, T.P., T.M. MilIer, B. Bederson, J.AD. Stockdale, and B. Jaduszliwer (1984): Phys.

Rev. A 29, 2977 Guella, T.P., T.M. Miller, J.AD. Stockdale, B. Bederson, and L. Vuskovic (1991): J.

Chern. Phys. 94, 6857 Gunnarsson, O. (1997): Rev. Mod. Phys. 69, 575 Haberland, H. (1994): in Clusters 01 Atoms and Molecules, Vol. 1, ed. by H. Haberland, p.

207 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg) Hagley, E.W., L. Deng, M. Kozurna, J. Wen, K. Helrnerson, S.I. Roiston, and W.D. Phillips

(1999): Science 283, 1706 Hall, G., K. Liu, M.J. McAuliffe, C.F. Giese, and W.R. Gentry (1984): J. Chern. Phys. 81,

5577 Hall, G., C.F. Giese, and W.R. Gentry (1985): J. Chern. Phys. 83,5343 Hall, G., K. Liu, MJ. McAuliffe, C.F. Giese, and W.R. Gentry (1986): J. Chern. Phys. 84,

1402 Hall, W.D. and J.c. Zorn (1974): Phys. Rev. A 10, 1141 Hänsch, T.W. and AL. Schawlow (1975): Opt. Commun. 13,68 Hänsch, T.W. (1995): in Atomic Physics, Vol. 14, ed. by DJ. Wineland, c.E. Wiernan, and

S.J. Srnith, p. 63 (AlP, New York) Harten, U., J.P. Toennies, and Ch. Wöll (1985): Faraday Discuss. Chern. Soc. 80, 137 Hasanein, AA. (1993): Adv. Chern. Phys. 85,415 Hebard, AF. (1992): Phys. Today 45,26 Hemmerich, A. and T.W. Hänsch (1993): Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 410 Hepburn, J.W. (1992): in Atomic and Molecular Beam Methods, Vol. 2, ed. by G. Scoles, p.

261 (Oxford University Press, Oxford)

304 References

Herschbach, D.R (1960): 1. Chern. Phys. 33, 1870 Herschbach, D.R. (1966): in Molecular Beams, ed. by 1. Ross, p. 319 (Wiley, New York) Herschbach, D.R. (1973): Faraday Discuss. Chern. Soc. 55,233 Herschbach, D.R. (1987): Faraday Discuss. Chern. Soc. 84,465 Herzberg, G. (1932): Ann. Phys. 15,677 Hoinkes, H., H. Nahr, and H. Wilsch (1972): Surf. Sei. 30,363 Hoinkes, H. (1980): Rev. Mod. Phys. 52, 533 Holrngren, L., H. Gronbeck, M. Anderson, and A. Rosen (1996): Phys. Rev. B 53, 16644 Horne, 1.M. and D.R. Miller (1978): Phys. Rev. Lett. 41, 51 I Hostettler, H. U. and R.B. Bernstein (1959): 1. Chern. Phys. 31,1422 Hughes, H.K. (1947): Phys. Rev. 76, 1675 Hughes, V.W. (1949): Phys. Rev. 76,474 Hughes, V.W., L.1. Fraser, and E.R Carlson (1988): Z. Phys. D 10,145 Hughes, I.G., P.A. Barton, T.M. Roach, and E.A. Hinds (1997): 1. Phys. B 30, 2119 Hundhausen, E. and H. Pauly (1965): Z. Phys. 187,305 Hurlbut, F.C. (1959): in Recent Research in Molecular Beams, ed. by I. Estermann, p. 145

(Acadernie Press, New York) Hüwel, L., 1. Maier, RK.B. Helbing, and H. Pauly (1980): Chern. Phys. Lett. 74, 459 Hüwel, L., 1. Maier, and H. Pauly (1981): J. Chern. Phys. 74,5613 Hüwel, L., 1. Maier, and H. Pauly (1982): J. Chern. Phys. 76,4961 Hyder, G.M., M.S. Dababueh, Y.-F. Hsieh, W.E. Kauppila, C.K. Kwan, M. Mahdavi-

Hezaveh, and T.S. Stein (1986): Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 2252 Jawtusch, W. (1952): Z. Phys. 133,541 Jawtusch, W., G. Schuster, and R. Jaeckel (1955): Z. Phys. 141, 146 Jessen, P.S. and I.H. Deutsch (1996): Adv. At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 37, 95 Johnson, L.K., R.S. Gao, K.A. Srnith, and RF. Stebbings (1988): Phys. Rev. A 38,2794 Kadar-Kallen, M.A. and Bonin, K.D. (1994): Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 828 Kantrowitz, A. and J. Grey (1951): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 22, 328 Kappes, M. and S. Leutwyler (1988): in Atomic and Molecular Beam Methods, ed. by G.

Scoles, p. 380 (Oxford University Press) Kappes, M. (1988): Chern. Rev. 88, 369 Kasevich, M., K. Moler, E. Riis, E. Sunderman, D. Weiss, and S. Chu (1991): in Atomic

Physics, Vol. 12, ed. by 1.C. Zorn and RR Lewis, p. 47 (AlP, New York) Keller, H.-M., H. Floethrnann, AJ. Dobbyn, R Schinke, H.-1. Wemer, C. Bauer, and P.

Rosrnus (1996): 1. Chern. Phys. 105,4983 Kellogg, J.B.M. and S. MilIrnan (1946): Rev. Mod. Phys. 18,323 Kernpter, V., B. Kübler, and W. Mecklenbrauck (1974): 1. Phys. B 7, 149 Kernpter, V. (1975): Adv. Chern. Phys. 30, 414 Kern, K. and G. Cornsa (1988): in Chemistry and Physics ofSolid Surfaces VII, ed. by R.

Vanselow and R.F. Howe, p. 67 (Springer, Berlin) King, 1.G. and 1.R. Zacharias (1956): Adv. Electron. Electron Phys. 8, I Kleppner, D. (1997): Phys. Today, S0, I I Kleyn, A.W., E.A. Gislason, and 1. Los (1980): Chern. Phys. 52, 81 Kleyn, A.W., E.A. Gislason, and 1. Los (1981): Chern. Phys. 60, I I Kleyn, A.W. (1994): Surf. Rev. Lett. 1, 157 Knauer, F. (1933): Z. Phys. 80, 80 Knight, W.D., K. Clernenger, W.A. de Heer, A.W. Saunders, M.Y. Chou, and M.L. Cohen

(1984): Phys. Rev. Lett. 52,2141 Knight, W.D., K. Clernenger, W.A. de Heer, and A.W. Saunders (1985): Phys. Rev. B 31,

2539

References 305

Kondow, T., K. Kaya, and A. Terasaki (eds.) (1996): Structures and Dynamics olClusters (Universal Acaderny Press, Tokyo)

Kopfermann, H. and G. Wessei (1951): Z. Phys. 130, 100 Kopidakis, N., J. Venturas, and H. Herold (1996): Astron. Astrophys. 308, 747 Kröger, M. (1925): Z. Phys. Chern. 117,387 Kroto, H.W., J.R. Heath, S.C. O'Brien, R.F. Cur!, and R.E. Srnalley (1985): Nature 318,

162 Kusch, P. and H.M. Foley (1948): Phys. Rev. 74, 250 Kusch, P. and V.W. Hughes (1959): Handbuch der Physik Vol. 3711, ed. by S. Flügge, p. I

(Springer, Berlin) Lackschewitz, u., J. Maier, and H. Pauly (1982): Chern. Phys. Lett. 88, 233 Lackschewitz, U., J. Maier, and H. Pauly (1986): J. Chern. Phys. 84, 181 Lamb, W.E. and R.C. Retherford (1950): Phys. Rev. 79, 549 Lawley, K.P. (ed.) (1975): Molecular Scattering; Physical and Chemical App/ications

(Wiley, UK) Lee, Y.T., J.D. McDonald, P.R. LeBreton, and D.R. Herschbach (1969): Rev. Sei. Instrum.

40, 1402 Lee. Y.T. (1987): Science, 236, 793 Lee, Y.T. (1988): in Atomic and Molecular Beam Methods, Vol. 1, ed. by G. Scoles, p. 553

(Oxford University Press, Oxford) Levine, R.D. and R.B. Bernstein (1987): Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Chemical

Reactivity (Oxford University Press, Oxford) Levy, D.H., L. Wharton, and R.E. Srnalley (1977): in Chemical and Biochemical App/ica­

tions 01 Lasers, Vol. 2, ed. by C.B. Moore (Acadernic Press, New York) Levy, D.H. (1984): Sei. Am. 250, 68 Lew, H. (1967): in Methods 01 Experimental Physics, Vol. 4A, ed. by V.W. Hughes and

H.L. Schultz, p.390 (Acadernic Press, New York) Lewenstein, M. and L. You (1996): Adv. At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 36, 221 Liepack, H. and M. Drechsler (1956): Naturwissenschaften 43,52 Lievens, P., P. Thoen, S. Bouckaert, W. Bouwen, E. Vandeweert, F. Vanhoutte, H.

Weideie, and R. Solverans (1997): Z. Phys. D 42, 231 Lilienkamp, G. and J.P. Toennies (1983): J. ehern. Phys. 78, 5210 Lin, J.J., D.W. Hwang, S. Harich, Y.T. Lee, and X. Yang (1998): Rev. Sci. Instrurn. 69,

1642 Link, J.K. (1966): J. Opt. Soc. Am. 56, 1195 Liu, K., G. Hall, M.J. McAuliffe, C.F. Giese, and W.R. Gentry (1984): J. Chern. Phys. 80,

3494 Lock, A. (1991): Max-Planck-Institut rur Strömungsforschung, Report 2, Göttingen Loesch, H.J. (1980): Adv. Chern. Phys. 52,421 Lorents, D.C. (1997): Comments At. Mol. Phys. 33,125 Lu, Z.T., K.L. Corwin, M.J. Renn, M.H. Anderson, E.A. Cornell, and C.E. Wieman (1996):

Phys. Rev. Lett. 77,3331 Luhrnann, T., Ch. Gerth, M. Groen, M. Martius, B. Obst, M. Richter, and P. Zimmermann

(1998): Phys. Rev. A 57, 282 Mais, W.H. and LI. Rabi (1934): Phys. Rev. 45,565 Mattera, L. (1992): in Atomic and Molecular Beam Methods, Vol. 2, ed. by G. Scoles, p.

366 (Oxford University Press, Oxford) Maxwell, L.R., S.B. Hendricks, and V.M. Mosley (1935): J. Chern. Phys. 3, 699 Mayer, N.G. and J.H. Jensen (1955): Elementary Theory olNuclear She/l Structure (Wiley,

NewYork)

306 References

McCabe, P.R., L.B.F. Juurlink, and A.L. Utz (2000): Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71, 42 McDaniel, E.W., J.B.A. Mitchell, and M.E. Rudd (1993): Atomic Collisions (Wiley, New

York) Menner, B., T. Hall, L. ZehnIe, and V. Kernpter (1981): J. Phys. B 14, 3693 Mewes, H.-O., M.R. Andrews, N.1. Druten, D.M. Kurn, D.S. Durfee, C.G. Townsend, and

W. Ketterle (1996): Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 988 Meyer, G. and J.P. Toennies (1980): Chern. Phys. 52, 39 Meyer, G. and J.P. Toennies (1982): J. Chern. Phys. 77, 798 Meyer, H. (1994): J. Chern. Phys. 101,6686 and 6697 Miller, T.M. and B. Bederson (1977): Adv. At. Mol. Phys. 13, 1 Miller, T.M. and B. Bederson (1988): Adv. At. Mol. Phys. 25, 37 Minkowski and Bruck (1935): Z. Phys. 95, 284 Molof, R.W., H.L. Schwartz, T.M. Miller, and B. Bederson (1974): Phys. Rev. A 10,1131 Mueller, C.R. (1970): in Physical Chemistry, an Advanced Treatise, Vol. 4, ed. by D.

Henderson, p. 709 (Acadernic Press, New York) Mühlbach, J., K. Sattler, and E. Recknagel (1981): Surf. Sei. 106, 18 Müller, U., U. Majer, R. Reichle, and M. Braun (1997): J. Chern. Phys. 106,7958 Naude, S.M. (1934): Phys. Rev. 45, 280 Nelissen, L., J. Reuss, and A. Dymanus (1969): Physica 42,619 Nesbitt, D.1., J. Nibler, A. Schiff man, W.B. Chapman, and J.H. Hutson (1993): 1. Chern.

Phys. 98, 9513 Neugart, R. (1987): in Progress in Atomic Spectroscopy D, ed. by H.1. Beyer and H.

Kleinpoppen, p. 75 (Plenum Press, New York) Neumann, W. and H. Pauly (1970): 1. Chern. Phys. 52,2548 Neumark, D.M., A.M. Wodtke, G.N. Robinson, C.C. Hayden, and Y.T. Lee (1985): J.

Chern. Phys. 82, 3045 Neynaber, R.H. (1968): Methods ofExperimental Physics, Vol. 7A, ed. by B. Bederson and

W.L. Fite, p. 476 (Acadernic Press, New York) Neynaber, R.H. (1969): Adv. At. Mol. Phys. 5, 57 Neynaber, R.H. and G.D. Magnuson (1975): Phys. Rev. A 11, 865 and A 12, 891 Niedner-Schattenburg, G. and 1.P. Toennies (1992): Adv. Chern. Phys. 82, 553 Nöller, H.G., G.W. Oetjen, and R. Jaeckel (1949): Z. Nat.forsch. A 4, 101 Oates, C.W., K.R. Vogel, and J.L. Hall (1996): Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 2866 Oliphant, M.L.E. (1929): Proc. Roy. Soc. A 124, 228 Oliphant, M.L.E. and P.B. Moon (1930): Proc. Roy. Soc. A 127,388 Palstra, T.T.M., O. Zhou, Y. Iwasa, P.E. Sulewski, R.M. Fleming, and B.R. Zegarski

(1995): Solid State Commun. 93, 327 Parson, J.M., P.E. Siska, and Y.T. Lee (1972): J. Chern. Phys. 56, 1511 Paul, W. (1941): Z. Phys. 117,774 Paul, W. and G. WesseI (1948): Z. Phys. 124,691 Pauly, H. (1959): Z. Phys. 157,54 Pauly, H. (1960): Z. Nat.forsch. A 15,277 Pauly, H. (1961): Fortschr. Phys. 9,613 Pauly, H. and J.P. Toennies (1965): Adv. At. Mol. Phys. 1, 195 Pauly, H. and J.P. Toennies (1968): in Methods of Experimental Physics, Vol. 7 A, ed. by

B. Bederson and W.D. Fite, p. 227 (Acadernic Press, New York) Pauly, H. (1974): in Physical Chemistry, an Advanced Treatise, Vol. 6 b, ed. by H. Eyring,

W. Jost, and D. Henderson, p. 553 (Acadernic Press, New York) Pauly, H. (1979): in Atom-Molecule Collision Theory, A Guide to the Experimentalist, ed.

by R.B. Bernstein, p. 45 (plenum Press, N ew Y ork)

References 307

Penselin, S. (1978): in Progress in Atomic Spectroscopy, ed. by W. Hanke and H. Kleinpoppen, p. 463 (Plenum Press, New York)

Peters, A., K.Y. Chung, and S. Chu (1999): Nature 400,849 Pettiette, C.L., S.H. Yang, M.J. Craycraft, J. Conceicao, R.T. Laaksonen, O. Cheshnovsky,

and R.E. Srnalley (1988): J. Chern. Phys. 88, 5377 Phillips, W.D. and H. Metcalf (1982): Phys. Rev. Lett. 48, 596 Phillips, W.D. (1992): in Fundamental Systems in Quantum Optics, ed. by J. Dalibard, J.M.

Rairnond, and J. Zinn-Justin, p. 165 (Elsevier, Arnsterdam) Phillips, W.D. (1995): in Atomic Physics, Vol. 14, ed. by D.J. Wineland, C.E. Wieman, and

S.J. Srnith, p. 211 (AlP, New York) Ploog, K. (1988): in Atomic and Molecular Beam Methods, Vol. I, ed. by G. Scoles, p. 416

(Oxford University Press, Oxford) Poelserna, B. and G. Cornsa (1989): Scattering of Thermal Energy Atoms (Springer, Hei­

delberg) Pritchard, D.E. (1991): in Atomic Physics, Vol. 12, ed. by lC. Zorn and R.R. Lewis, p.165

(AlP, New York) Rabi, l.I., J.R. Zacharias, S. Millrnan, and P. Kusch (1938): Phys. Rev. 53, 318 Rafac, R.J., C.E. Tanner, A.E. Livingston, K.W. Kukla, H.G. Berry, and C.A. Kurtz (1994):

Phys. Rev. A 50, RI976 Raith, W., B. Olsson, G. Sinapius, W. Sperber, and G. Spicher (1990): AlP Conf. Proc.

205,633 Rarnsey, N.F. (1956): Molecular Beams (Clarendon Press, Oxford) Rarnsey, N.F. (1988): Z. Phys. D 10, 121 Reuss, J. (1975): Adv. Chern. Phys. 30, 389 Reynolds, P.J. (ed.) (1993): On Clusters and Clustering (North-Holland, Arnsterdam) Riviere, A.c. (1968): in Methods ofExperimental Physics, Vol. 7A, ed. by B. Bederson and

W.D. Fite, p.67 (Acadernic Press, New York) Roach, T.M., H. Abele, M.G. Boshier, H.L. Grossman, K.P. Zetie, and E.A. Hinds (1995):

Phys.Rev. Lett. 75,629 Rodebush, W.H., V. Murray, and U. Bixler (1936): J. Chern. Phys. 4, 372 and 536 Rosen, B. (1927): Z. Phys. 43, 69 Rosenberg, P. (1939), (1940), and (1942): Phys. Rev. 55, 1267,57,561 and 61,528 Rosin, S. and I.I. Rabi (1935): Phys. Rev. 48, 373 Ross, U., W. Schepper, and D. Beck (1981): Chern. Phys. 61, 95 Ross, u., W. Schepper, K.H. Schepsmeier, T. Schulze, B. Thierjung, and D. Beck (1985):

Z. Phys. 320, 25 Rostagni, A. (1934): Z. Phys. 88, 55 Rothe, E. and R.B. Bernstein (1959): J. Chern. Phys. 31, 1619 Rydberg, S. and S. Svanberg (1972): Phys. Scr. 5, 209 Salop, A., E. Pollack, and B. Bederson (1961): Phys. Rev. 124, 1431 Scheffers, H. and J. Stark (1934): Phys. Zeitsehr. 35, 625 Scheffers, H. (1934): Phys. Zeitsehr. 35, 425 Scheffers, H. and J. Stark (1936): Phys. Zeitsehr. 37, 217 Scheffers, H. (1936): Phys. Zeitsehr. 37, 220 Scheffers, H. (1939): Phys. Zeitschr. 40, 1 Scheffers, H. (1940): Phys. Zeitsehr. 41, 89 and 98 Schiffman, A., W.B. Chapman, and D.J. Nesbitt (1996): J. Phys. ehern. 100,3402 Schlier, eh. (1957): Fortsehr. Phys. 5, 378 Schlier, eh. (1969): Annu. Rev. Phys. ehern. 20, 191 Schrnid, G., (ed.) (1994): Clusters and Colloids (VeH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim)

308 References

Schmieder, R.W., A. Lurio, W. Happer, and A. Khadjavi (1970): Phys. Rev. A 2, 1216 Schreel, K., J. Schleipen, A. Eppink, and J.J. ter Meulen (1993): J. Chem. Phys. 99, 8713 Schröder, T., R. Schinke, R. Krohne, and U. Buck (1997): J. Chem. Phys. 106,9067 Schurnacher, H., R.B. Bemstein, and E.W. Rothe (1960): J. Chem. Phys. 33, 584 Schweinzer, J., E. Wolf rum, F. Aurnayr, M. Pöckl, H.P. Winter, R.P. Schom, E. Hintz, and

A. Unterreiter (1992): Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 34, 1173 Scoles, G. (1980): Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 31, 81 Scoles, G., (ed.) (1988): Atomic and Molecular Beam Methods, Vol. 1 (Oxford University

Press, Oxford) Scoles, G., (ed.) (1992): Atomic and Molecular Beam Methods, Vol. 2 (Oxford University

Press, Oxford) Sengstock, K. and W. Ertmer (1995): Adv. At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 35,1 Simon, E., Ph. Laurent, and A. Clairon (1998): Phys. Rev. A 57, 436 Siska, P.E., J.M. Parson, T.P. Schaefer, and Y.T. Lee (1971): J. Chem. Phys. 55,5762 Sleator, T., T. Pfau, V.I. Balykin, and J. Mlynek (1992): Appl. Phys. B 54, 375 Smith, K.F. (1955): Molecular Beams (Methuen, London, John Wiley & Sons, New York) Smith, J.N. and H. Saltsburg (1964): J. Chem. Phys. 40,3585 Spruch, L. (1993): in Long-range Casimir Forces, ed. by F.S. Levin and A.A. Micha, p. 1

(Plenum Press, New York) Steinfeld, J.I., J.S. Francisco, and W.L. Hase (1989): Chemical Kinetics and Dynamics

(Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey) Stern, O. (1920): Z. Phys. 2,49 and 3, 417 Stern, O. and W. Gerlach (1922): Z. Phys. 9, 349 Stern, O. (1926): Z. Phys. 39, 751 Stolte, S. (1988): in Atomic and Molecular Beam Methods, Vol. 1, ed. by G. Scoles, p. 631

(Oxford University Press, Oxford) Sugano, S. (1991): Microcluster Physics (Springer, Berlin) Sukenik, c.I., M.G. Boshier, S. Cho, V. Sandoghdar, and E.A. Rinds (1993): Phys. Rev.

Lett.70,560 Tanner, C.E., A.E. Livingston, R.J. Rafac, F. G. Gerpa, K.W. Kukla, H.G. Berry, L. Young,

and C.A. Kurtz (1992): Phys. Rev. Lett. 69,2765 Tanner, C.E. (1995): in Atomic Physics, Vol. 14, ed. by DJ. Wineland, C.E. Wieman, and

SJ. Smith, p. 130 (AlP, New York) Tamovsky, V., M. Bunimovicz, L. Vuskovic, B. Stumpf, and B. Bederson (1993): J. ehem.

Phys.98,3894 Taylor, E.H. and S. Datz (1955): J. Chem. Phys. 23, 1711 Thomas, E.W. (1972): Excitation in Heavy Particle Collisions (Wiley, New York) Tobiason, J.D., J.R. Dunlop, and E.A. Rohlfing (1995): J. ehem. Phys. 103, 1448 Toennies, J.P. (1962): Discuss. Faraday Soc. 33, 96 Toennies, J.P. (1965): Z. Phys. 182,257 Toennies, J.P. (1966): Z. Phys. 193,76 Toennies, J.P. (l974a): in Physical Chemistry, an Advanced Treatise, Vol. 6a, ed. by W.

Jost, p. 227 (Academic Press, New York) Toennies, J.P. (1974b): Appl. Phys. 3, 91 Toennies, J.P. and K. Winkelrnann (1977): J. ehern. Phys. 66,3965 Toennies, J.P. (1984): J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 2, 1055 Toennies, J.P. (1987): Phys. Scr. T 19, 39 Toennies, J.P. (1991): in Sur/ace Phonons, ed. by W. Kress and F.W. de Wette, p. 111

(Springer, Berlin) Trischka, J.W. (1948): Phys. Rev. 74, 718

Referenees 309

Trisehka, J.W. (1962): in Methods of Experimental Physics, Vol. 3, ed. by D. Williams, p. 589 (Acadernie Press, New York,)

Trujillo, S.M., R.H. Neynaber, and E.W. Rothe (1966): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 37,1655 Udseth, M., C.F. Giese, and E.R. Gentry (1973): Phys. Rev. A 8, 2483 van den Biesen, J.J.H. (1988): in Atomic and Molecular Beam Methods, Vol. 1, ed. by G.

Seoles, p. 472 (Oxford University Press, Oxford) van Leeuwen, K.A.J., E.J.D. Vredenbregt, P.G.M. Sebel, J.PJ. Driessen, M.D. HoogerIand,

and H.C.W. Beijerinek (1996): AlP Conf. Proe. 360, 731 van Leuken, J.J., J. Bulthuis, S. Stolte, and J.G. Snijders (1996): Chem. Phys. Lett. 260,

595 van Zyl, B. and M.W. Gealy (1987): Phys. Rev. A 35,3741 van Zyl, B., M.W. Gealy, and H. Neumann (1989): Phys. Rev. A 40,1664 Varentsov, V.L. and D.R. Hansevarov (1992): Nuel. Instrum. Methods A 317, I Walther, H. (1994): Adv. At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 32, 379 Warrington, R.B., D.M. Lueas, D.N. Staeey, and C.D. Thompson (1995): Phys. Sero T 59,

424 Webster, H.C. (1930): Proe. Cambridge Philos. Soe. 27, 116 Werner, H.-J., C. Bauer, P. Rosmus, H.-M. Keller, M. Stumpf, and R. Sehinke (1995): J.

Chem. Phys. 102, 3593 Wien, W. (1919): Ann. Phys. 60, 517 Wiese, W.L. (1968): in Methods ofExperimental Physics, Vol. 7A, ed. by B. Bederson and

W.D. Fite, p.117 (Acadernie Press, New York) Williams, B.R. (1971): J. Chem. Phys. 55, 3220 Willis, P.A., H.U. Stauffer, R.Z. Hinriehs, and H.F. Davis (1999): Rev. Sei. Instrun. 70,

2606 Wilseh, H. (1978): Atomic and Molecular Scattering from Surfaces: Elastic Scattering, p.

135 (Plenum Press, New York) Woenekhaus, J., R. Schäfer, and J.A. Beeker (1996): Surf. Rev. Lett. 3, 371 Wöll, Ch. (1987): Max-Planek-Insitut rur Strömungsforschung, Report 18, Göttingen Yang, x., J. Lin, Y.T. Lee, D.A. Blank, A.G. Suits, and A.M. Wodke (1997): Rev. Sei.

Instrum. 68,3317 Yencha, A.J., D. Kaur, R.J. Donavan, A. Kvaran, A. Hopkirk, H. Lefebvre, and F. Keller

(1993): J. Chem. Phys. 99,4986 Yoshikawa, H., H. Ohashi, K. Tabayashi, M. Suzui, T. Horigome, K. Hayakawa, S. Kato,

K. Shobotake, K. Ito, and T. Fujimoto (1999): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 70,1806 Young, L., W.T. Hill, SJ. Sibener, S.D. Priee, C.E. Tanner, C.E. Wieman, and S.R. Leone

(1994): Phys. Rev. ASO, 2174 Zabel, R.M. (1933): Phys. Rev. 44, 53 Zabel, R.M. (1934): Phys. Rev. 46,411 ZehnIe, L., E. Clemens, PJ. Martin, W. Sehäuble, and V. Kempter (1980): in Coherence

and Correlation in Atomic Collisions, ed. by H. Kleinpoppen and J.F.W. Williams, p. 457 (Plenum Press, New York)

Zhong, D. and A.H. Zewail (1998): J. Phys. Chem. A 102, 4031 Zinoviev, A.N. (1992): in The Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions, ed. by W.R.

MacGillivray, I.E. MeCarthy, and M.C. Standage, p. 105 (Adam Hilger, Bristol) Zorn, J.C., G.E. ChamberIain, and V.W. Hughes (1963): Phys. Rev. 129,2566

Chapter2

Adams, C.S. and E. Riis (1997): Prog. Quantum Eleetron. 21, I

310 References

Andrews, M.R., C.G. Townsend, H.-J. Miesner, D.S. Durfee, D.M. Kum, and W. Ketterle (1997): Science, 275, 637

Angel, G.C. and R.A. Giles (1972): J. Phys. B 5, 80 Bagnato, V., D.E. Pritchard, and D. Kleppner (1987): Phys. Rev. A 35, 4354 Bagnato, V. and D. Kleppner (1991): Phys. Rev. A 44, 7493 Beenakker, J.J.M., V.D. Borman, S. Krylov, and S. Yu (1994): Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 514 Beijerinck, H.C.W. (1975): Thesis, Technical University Eindhoven, Netherlands Beijerinck, H.C.W. and N.F. Verster (1975): 1. Appl. Phys. 46, 2083 Berkling, K., R. Helbing, K. Kramer, H. Pauly, C. Schlier, and P. Toschek (1962): Z. Phys.

166,406 Berman, A.S. (1965): 1. Appl. Phys. 36, 3356 and erratum 37, 2930 Boltzmann, L. (1887): Sitzungsber. Akad. d. Wissenschaften Wien, 96, 891 Bowley, R. (1996): Introductory Statistical Mechanics (Clarendon Press, Oxford) Castin, Y., J. Dalibard, and C. Cohen-Tannoudji (1995): in Bose-Einstein Condensation,

ed. by A. Griffin, D. W. Snoke, and S. Stringari, p. 173 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge)

Chandler, D. (1987): Introduction to Modern Statistical Mechanics (Oxford University Press, Oxford)

Chapman, S. and T.G. Cowling (1970): The Mathematical Theory 0/ Non-Uniform Gases, 3rd edn. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge)

Clausing, P. (1929): Physica 9, 65 Clausing, P. (1930): Z. Phys. 66,471 Clausing, P. (1932): Ann. Phys. 12,961 Cercignani, C. (1969): Mathematical Methods in Kinetic Theory (MacMillan, London) Dalfovo, F., S. Giorgini, L.P. Pitaevskii, and S. Stringari (1999): Rev. Mod. Phys. 71,463 D' Ans-Lax (1967): Taschenbuchfiir Chemiker und Physiker (Springer, Heidelberg) Datz, S., R.E. Mintum, and E.H. Taylor (1961): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 32, 210 Dayton, B.B. (1965): Vacuum 15, 53 De Marcus, W.C. and E.H. Hopper (1955): J. Chem. Phys. 23, 1344 De Marcus, W.C. (1957): Report 1302, Union Carbide Nuc1ear Company, Oak Ridge, TN Einstein, A. (1925): Sitzungsber. Preuss. Akad, Wiss. 3, 18 Ensher, J.R., D.S. Jin, M.R. Mathews, C.E. Wieman, and E.A. Comell (1996): Phys. Rev.

Lett.77,4984 Everdell, M.H. (1975): Statistical Mechanics and its Chemical Applications (Acadernie

Press, New York) Flory, C.A. and L.S. Cutler (1993): 1. Appl. Phys. 73, 1561 Fowler, R. and E.A. Guggenheim (1965): Statistical Thermodynamics (Cambridge Uni­

versity Press, London) Fried, D.G., T.C. Killian. L. Willmann, D. Landhuis, S.C. Moss, D. Kleppner, and T.J.

Greytak (1998): Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 3811 Garrod, C. (1995): Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics (Oxford University Press,

Oxford) Giordmaine, J.A. and T.C. Wang (1960): J. Appl. Phys. 31, 463 Golyatina, R.I., A.N. Tkachev, and S.1. Yakovlenko (1997): Laser Phys. 7, 449 Greytak, TJ. (1995): in Bose-Einstein Condensation, ed. by A. Griffin, D.W. Snoke, and

S. Stringari (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge) Griffin, A., D.W. Snoke, and S. Stringari (eds.) (1995): Bose-Einstein Condensation

(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge) Han, D.1., R.H. Wynar, Ph. Courteille, and D.1. Heinzen (1998): Phys. Rev. A 57, R4114

References 311

Haynsworth, E.V. and K. Goldberg (1964): in Handbook 0/ Mathematical Functions, ed. by M. Abramowitz and LA. Stegun, p. 803 (Dover Publications, New York)

Helmer, J.C. (1967): J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 4, 179 Herzberg, G. (1950): Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure, Vol. I (van Nostrand,

NewYork) Hirschfelder, J.O., C.F. Curtiss, and R.B. Bird (1954): Molecular Theory 0/ Gases and

Liquids (Wiley & Sons, New York) Holland, L. and W. Steckelmacher (1952): Vacuum 2,346 Hostettler, U. and R.B. Bernstein (1960): Rev. Sci. Instrum. 31, 872 Howard, W.M. (1961): Phys. Fluids 4,521 Huber, K.P. and G. Herzberg (1979): Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure, Vol. 4

(van Nostrand, New York) Ivanov, B.S. and V.S. Troitskii (1963): Sov. Phys.-Tech. Phys. 8, 365 Johnson, J.C., A. T. Stair Jr., and J.L. Pritchard (1966): J. Appl. Phys. 37, 1551 Keldysh, L.V. (1995): in Bose-Einstein Condensation, ed. by A. Griffin, D.W. Snoke, and

S. Stringari, p. 246 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge) King, J.G. and J.R. Zacharias (1956): Adv. Electron. Electron Phys. 8,1 Kleppner, D. (1997): Phys. Today, 50,11 Knudsen, M. (1909): Ann. Phys. 28, 75 and 999 Levdanskii, V.V., N.V. Pavlyukevich, and Khoang Van Viet (1992): J. Eng. Phys. Ther-

mophys. 63, 914 Levi, G., M. De Simon, and J.C. Helmer (1995): Vacuum 46,357 Levine, P.D. and J.R. Sweda (1997): J. Vac. Sci. Technol. AIS, 747 Levy-Leblond, J.-M. and F. Balibar (1990): Quantics (North Holland, Amsterdam) Lewenstein, M. and L. You (1996): Adv. At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 36, 221 London, F. (1938): Phys. Rev. 54, 947 Mahan, G.D. (1993): Many-Particle Physics (Plenum Press, New York) Mathur, B.P. and S.O. Colgate (1972): Phys. Rev. A 6, 1266 Mathur, B.P., J.E. Fie\d, and S.O. Colgate (1975): Phys. Rev. A 11, 830 McQuarrie, D.M. (1976): Statistical Mechanics (Harper Collins Publishers, New York) Münster, A. (1969): Statistical Thermodynamics, Vol. 1 (Springer, Heidelberg) Nelson, R.N. and S.O. Colgate (1973): Phys. Rev. A 8, 3045 Nelson, R.N. and S.O. Colgate (1984): J. Phys. E 17, 606 Neudachin, LG., B.T. Porodnov, and P.E. Suetin (1972): Sov. Phys.-Tech. Phys. 17,848 Olander, D.R., R.H. Jones, and W.J. Siekhaus (1970): J. Appl. Phys. 41,4388 Pathria, R.K. (1996): Statistical Mechanics, 2nd edn. (Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford) Pauly, H. (1979): in Atom-Molecule Collision Theory, ed. by R.B. Bernstein, p. 111

(Plenum Press, New York) Pauly, H. (1986): Max-Planck-Institut für Strömungsforschung, Report 103, Göttingen Pauly, H. (1988): in Atomic and Molecular Beam Methods, Vol. I, ed. by G. Scoles, p. 83

(Oxford University Press, Oxford) Pratt, G.L. (1969): Gas Kinetics (Wiley, London) Roesner, K. (1971): Z. Angew. Math. Mech. 51, Tl 63 Rosenberg, P. (1942): Phys. Rev. 61, 528 Siekhaus, WJ., R.H. Jones, and D.R. Olander (1970): J. Appl. Phys. 41,4392 Silvera, LF. (1995): in Bose-Einstein Condensation, ed. by A. Griffin, D.W. Snoke, and S.

Stringari, p. 160 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge) Smoluchowski, M.von. (1910): Ann. Phys. 33, 1559 Snoke, D.W. and G. Bayrn (1995): in Bose-Einstein Condensation, ed. by A. Griffin, D.W.

Snoke, and S. Stringari, p. 1 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge)

312 References

Steckelmacher, W. (1966): Vacuurn 16, 561 Steckelrnacher, W. and K.F. Man (1985): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 56,58 Steinruck, H.-P. and K.D. Pendulic (1986): Vacuurn 36,213 Tait, P.G. (1887): Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 33, 251 Turrell, G. (1997): Gas Dynamics (Wiley, New York) Uzunov, I. (1993): Theory ojCritical Phenomena (World Scientific, Singapore) Wilrnoth, R.G. (1972): J. Vac. Sei. Techno!. 9,1121 Yasunaga, H. (1976): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 47, 726

Chapter3

Abraham, F.F. (1969): J. Chern. Phys. 51, 1632 Abraham, F.F. (1982): Rep. Prog. Phys. 45, 1113 Abraham, 0., S.S. Kirn, and G.D. Stein (1981): J. Chern. Phys. 75,402 Acheson, D.J. (1990): Elementary Fluid Dynamics (Oxford University Press, Oxford) Anderson, J.B. (1972): AIAA J. 10, 112 Anderson, J.B. (1974): in Molecular Beams and Low Density Gas Dynamies, ed. by P.P.

Wegener, p. 1 (Dekker, New York) Anderson, J.B. and J.B. Fenn (1965): Phys. Fluids 8,780 Andres, R.P. and M. Boudart (1965): J. Chern. Phys. 42,2057 Andres, R.P. (1969): in Nuc/eation, ed. by A.C. Zettelrnoyer, p. 69 (Dekker, New York) Ashkenas, H. and F.S. Sherman (1966): Rarefied Gas Dynamics 4, Vol 2, ed. by J.H. de

Leeuw, p. 84 (Academic Press, New York) BartelI, L.S. (1990): J. Phys. Chern. 94, 5102 BartelI, L.S. and T.S. Dibble (1991): J. Phys. Chern. 95, 1160 Becker, E. (1969): Gasdynamik (Teubner, Stuttgart) Becker, E.W., I. Bier, and H. Burghoff(1955): Z. Nat.forsch. A 10,7 Becker, E.W. and W. Henkes (1956): Z. Phys. 146,320 Becker, E.W., K. Bier, and W. Henkes (1956): Z. Phys. 146,333 Becker, E.W., H.D. Falter, O.F. Hagena, P.R.W. Henkes, R. Klingelhöfer, H.O. Moser, W.

Obert, and I. Poth (1979a): in Fusion Technology, p. 331 (pergamon Press, Oxford) Becker, E.W., P. Bley, U. Ehrfeld, W. Ehrfeld, U. Knapp, and G. Krieg (l979b): Rarefied

Gas Dynamics 11, Vo!. 1, ed. by R. Campargue, p. 587 (CEA, Paris) Becker, E.W. (1986): Z. Phys. D 2/3, 101 Beijerinek, H. and N. Verster (1981): Physica 111C, 327 Beijerinek, H., R. van Gerwen, E. Kerstel, J. Martens, E. Vliembergen, M. Srnits, and G.

Kaashoek (1985): Chern. Phys. 96,153 Berkling, K., R. Helbing, K. Kramer, H. Pauly, C. Schlier, and P. Toschek (1962): Z. Phys.

166,406 Bier, K. and B. Sehrnidt (1961): Z. Angew. Phys. 13,34 Bird, G. (1976): Molecular Gas Dynamics (Oxford University Press, Oxford) Bird, G. (1981): Rarefied Gas Dynamics 12, Vo!. 2, ed. by S.S. Fischer, p. 681 (AIAA,

NewYork) Bossei, u., R. David, M. Faubel, and K. Winkelmann (1975): Rarefied Gas Dynamics 8,

ed. by G. Karamcheti, p. 235 (Acadernie Press, New York) Brady, J.W., J.D. Doll, and D.L. Thornpson (1979): J. Chern. Phys. 71, 2467 Brady, J. W., J.D. Doll, and D.L. Thornpson (1980): J. Chern. Phys. 73, 2767 Brady, J.W., J.D. Doll, and D.L. Thornpson (198Ia): J. Chern. Phys. 74, 1026 Brady, J.W., J.D. Doll, and D.L. Thornpson (198Ib): in Potential Surfaces and Dynamics

Calculations, ed. by D.G. Truhlar, p. 213 (Plenum Press, New York)

Referenees 313

Braun, J., P.K. Day, J.P. Toennies, G. Witte, and E. Neher (1997): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 68, 3001

Brusdeylins, G. and H.D. Meyer (1979): Rarefied Gas Dynamics 11, Vol. 2, ed. by R. Carnpargue, p. 919 (CEA, Paris)

Carnpargue, R (1984): J. Chern. Phys. 88,4466 Carafoli, E. (1956): High Speed Aerodynamics (Editura Tehniea, Bukarest) Cattolica, R.J., RJ. Gallagher, J.B. Anderson, and L. Talbot (1979): AIAA J. 17,344 Chaprnan, S. and T.G. Cowling (1970): The Mathematical Theory of Non-Uniform Gases,

3rd edn. (Carnbridge University Press, Carnbridge) Chatwani, A. and M. Fiebig (1981): Rarefied Gas Dynamics 12, Vol. 2, ed. by S.S. Fisher,

p. 785 (AIAA, New York) Chidiac, C., M.Y. Perrin, and J.P. Martin (1991): Phys. Fluids A 3, 1991 Collins, F.C. (1955): Z. Elektrochemie, 59, 404 Cox, AJ., J.1. Nainpararnpil, M.F. Tabet, A. Hosseini-Tehrani, and F.K. Urban (1995):

Thin Solid Films 270, 637 Crist, S., P.M. Sherrnan, and D.R. Glass (1966): AIAA J. 4, 68 De Saint-Venant, B. and L. WantzeJ (1839): J. de l'Ecole Polyt., Cahier 27, 27 Dornbrowski, H., A. Khoukaz, and R Santo (1997): Nucl. Phys. A 619,97 Edwards, RH. and H.K. Cheng (1966): AIAA J. 4, 558 Edwards, RH. and H.K. Cheng (1967): Rarefied Gas Dynamics 5, Vol. I, ed. by C.L.

Brundin, p. 819 (Aeadernic Press, London) Faber, T.E. (1995): Fluid Dynamics for Physicists (Carnbridge University Press, Carn-

bridge) Farges, J., M.F. de Feraudy, B. Raoult, and G. Torchet (1981): Surf. Sei. 106,95 Gallagher, R.J. and J.B. Fenn (1974): J. Chern. Phys. 60, 3487 and 3492 Gatz, P. and O.F. Hagena (1995): J. Vae. Sei. Technol. A 13, 2128 Gough, T.E. and R.E. Miller (1983): J. Chern. Phys. 78,4486 Gspann, J. (1982): in Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions, ed. by S. Datz, p. 79

(North-Holland, Arnsterdarn) Haberland, H. (1994): in Clusters of Atoms and Moleeules Vol. 1, ed. by H. Haberland

(Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg) Hagena, O. (1974): in Molecular Beams and Low Density Gas Dynamies, ed. by P.P.

Wegener, p. 93 (Dekker, New York) Hagena, O. (1981): Surf. Sei. 106, 101 Hagena, O. (1987): Z. Phys. D 4, 291 Hagena, O. (1992): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 63, 2374 Harne!, B.B. and D.R. Willis (1966): Phys. Fluids 9,829 Harich, S. and A.M. Wodtke (1997): J. Chern. Phys. 107,5983 HirschfeJder, 1.0., R.B. Bird, and E.L. Spotz (1948): J. Chern. Phys. 10,968 Hirschfelder, 1.0., C.F. Curtiss, and R.B. Bird (1954): Molecular Theory of Gases and

Liquids (Wiley, New York) Hugoniot, H. (1887): J. de l'Ecole Polyt., Cahier 57, I Janzen, A.R and R.A. Aziz (1995): J. Chern. Phys. 103,9626 Kantrowitz, A. and 1. Grey (1951): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 22, 328 Kappes, M. and S. Leutwyler (1988): in Atomic and Molecular Beam Methods, Vol. I, ed.

by G. Scoles, p. 380 (University Press, Oxford) Klopfer, G.H. and M. Holt (1976): Symposium Transonicum, ed. by K. Oswatitsch and D.

Rues, p. 376 (Springer, Heidelberg) Klots, C.J. (1988): J. Phys. Chern. 92, 5864 Knuth, E.L. (1964): UCLA Report 64-53

314 References

Kutscher, H. (1955): Z. Angew. Phys. 7, 229 Kobayashi, H., T. Nakagawa, and M. Nishida (1984): Rarejied Gas Dynamics 14, ed. by H.

Oguchi, p. 501 (Tokyo University Press, Tokyo) Konz, E., V. Fabelinsky, G. Marowsky, and H.-G. Rubahn (1995): Chern. Phys. Lett. 247,

522 Koura, K. (1981): Phys. Fluids 24, 401 Kratzenstein, M. (1935): Z. Phys. 93, 279 Labowsky, M., S.B. Ryali, J.B. Fenn, and D.R Miller (1981): Rarejied Gas Dynamics 12,

Vol. 2, ed. by S.S. Fisher, p. 695 (AIAA, New York) Laney, C.B. (1998): Computational Gasdynamics (Carnbridge University Press, Cam-

bridge) Lec1erc, J.L., R Balrner, and S. Taylor (1996): J. Appl. Phys. 79, 1173 Lipprnann, D., W.c. Schieve, and C. Canestaro (1984): J. Chern. Phys. 81,4969 Lülf, H.-W. and P. Andresen (1985): Rarejied Gas Dynamics 13, Vol. 2, ed. by O.M.

Belotserkovskii, M.N. Kogan, S.S. Kutateladse, and A.K. Rebrov, p. 911 (Plenum Press, New York)

Mate, B., G. Tejeda, and S. Montero (1998): J. Chern. Phys. 108,2676 Matsuoka, M. (1995): Fusion Technol. 27, 540 Mazely, T.L., G.H. Roehrig, and M.A. Srnith (1995): J. Chern. Phys. 103,8638 Middlernan, S. (1997): An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics: Principles 0/ Analysis and

Design (Wiley, New York) Miller, D.R and R. Andres (1967): J. Chern. Phys. 46, 3418 Miller, D.R and RAndres (1969): Rarejied Gas Dynamics 6, Vol. 2, ed. by L. Trilling and

H.Y. Wachmann, p. 1385 (Acadernie Press, New York) Miller, D.R. (1988): in Atomic and Molecular Beam Methods, Vol. 1, ed. by G. Scoles, p.

14 (Oxford University Press, Oxford) Muntz, E.P. (1966): Rarejied Gas Dynamics 4, Vol. 2, ed. by J.H. de Leeuw, p. 128 (Aca­

dernic Press, New York) Muntz, E.P. and RB. Harnel (1974): Rarejied Gas Dynamics 9, ed. by M. Becker and M.

Fiebig, p. Rl (DFVLR-Press, Porz-Wahn) Muntz, E.P. and T.L. Deglow (1979): Rarejied Gas Dynamics 11, Vol. I, ed. by R.

Campargue, p. 573 (CEA, Paris) Murphy, H. and D. Miller (1984): J. Phys. Chern. 88,4474 Ni-Irni, T., T. Fijirnoto, and N. Shirnizu (1991): Rarejied Gas Dynamics 17, ed. by A.E.

Beylieh, p. 1482 (VCH, Weinheim) Owen, P.L. and C.K. Thornhill (1948): Aeronaut. Res. Council, UK R&M 26 I 6 Philippe, L.c. and M.Y. Perrin (1991): Rarejied Gas Dynamics 17, ed. by A.E. Beylieh, p.

1096 (VCH, Weinheim) Poulsen, P. and D.R. Miller (1976): Rarejied Gas Dynamics 10, Vol. 2, ed. by 1.L. Potter,

p. 899 (AIAA, New York) Prandtl, L. (1965): Führer durch die Strömungslehre, 6th edn. (Vieweg, Braunschweig) Pullman, D.P., B. Friedrich, and D.R Herschbach (1990): J. Chern. Phys. 93, 3224 Pullman, D.P., R Friedrich, and D.R. Herschbach (1995): 1. Chern. Phys. 99, 7407 Pust, D. (1973): Max-Planck-Institut für Strömungsforschung, Report 127, Göttingen Rabitz, H. and S.-H. Larn (1975): 1. Chern. Phys. 63, 3532 Raghurarnan, P., P. Davidovits, and J.B. Anderson (1977) Rarejied Gas Dynamics 10, ed.

by J.L. Potter, p. 79 (AIAA, New York) Rao, M., BJ. Berne, and M.H. Kalos (1978): J. Chern. Phys. 68, 1325 Schwartz, M. and RP. Andres (1977): Rarejied Gas Dynamics 10, Vol. I, ed. by 1.L.

Potter, p. 135 (AIAA, New York)

References 315

Sedney, R. (1970): in Nonequilibrium Flows, Vol. 1, ed. by P. Wegener, p. 160 (Dekker, NewYork)

Sikora, G.S. (1973): PhD thesis, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ. Sinha, M.P., C.D. Caldwell, and R.N. Zare (1974): J. Chern. Phys. 61,491 Slenczka, A., G. Marowsky, and M. Vodegel (1988): Appl. Phys. B 47, 41 Stein, G.D. (1985): Surf. Sci. 156,44 Takagi, T., K. Matsubara, H. Takaoka, and I. Yamada (1979): Thin Solid Films 63, 42 Takagi, T. (1984): J. Vac. Sci. Techno!. A 2, 382 Takashi, N., T. Moriya, and K. Teshirna (1985): Rarefied Gas Dynamics 13, Vo!. 2, ed. by

O.M. Belotserkovskii, M.N. Kogan, S.S. Kutateladse, and A.K. Rebrov, p. 939 (Ple­num Press, New York)

Takashi, N. and K. Teshirna (1984): Rarefied Gas Dynamics 14, Vol. 2, ed. by H. Oguchi, p. 703 (Tokyo, Tokyo University Press, Tokyo)

Tang, S.P. and J.B. Fenn (1978): AIAA J. 16,41 Tang, S.P. (1979): Rarefied Gas Dynamics 11, Vo!. 1, ed. by R. Campargue, p. 229 (CEA,

Paris) Tejeda, G., 8. Mate, J.M. Femändez-Sänchez, and S. Montero (1996): Phys. Rev. Lett. 76,

34 Toennies, J.P. and K. Winkelmann (1977): J. Chern. Phys. 66, 3965 Toennies, J.P. (1991): in Suiface Phonons, ed. by W. Kress and F.W. de Wette (Springer,

Berlin) Tritton, DJ. (1988): Physical Fluid Dynamics (Oxford University Press, Oxford) Tsipinyuk, 8., A. Budrevich, and E. Kolodney (1996): J. Phys. Chern. 100, 1475 Varentsov, V.L. and D.R. Hansevarov (1992): Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 317, 1 Varentsov, V.L., D.R. Hansevarov, and D.V. Varentsov (1995): Nucl. Instrum. Methods A

352,542 Vicenti, W. and C. Kruger (1965): Introduction to Physical Gas Dynamics (Wiley, New

York) Wang, J., V.A. Shamamian, 8.R. Thomas, J.M. Wilkinson, J. Riley, C.F. Giese, and W.R.

Gentry (1988): Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 696 Warsi, Z.u.A. (1998): Fluid Dynamies, 2nd edn. (Springer, Heide1berg) Weida, M.J. and D.J. Nesbitt (1994): J. Chern. Phys. 100,6372 Winkelmann, K. (1977): Max-Planck-Institut für Strörnungsfoschung, Report 11, Göttingen Yamada, 1., H. Usui, and T. Takagi (1986): Z. Phys. D 2/3, 137 Yamazaki, S., M. Taki, and Y. Fujitani (1981): J. Chem. Phys. 74, 4476 Yang, S.N. and T.M. Lu (1986): J. Appl. Phys. 58, 541 Yoon, S. and E.L. Knuth (1979): Rarefied Gas Dynamics 11, Vol. I, ed. by R. Carnpargue,

p. 639 (CEA Paris) Zare, R.N. (1988): Angular Momentum: Understanding Spatial Aspects in Chemistry and

Physics (Wiley, New York) Zettelrnoyer, A.C. (1977): Nucleation Phenomena (Wiley, New York) Zucrow, M. and J. Hoffman (1976), (1977): Gas Dynamies, Vol. 1 and 2 (Wiley, New

York) Zurek, W.H. and W.C. Schieve (1978): J. Chem. Phys. 68, 840 Zurek, W.H. and W.C. Schieve (1980): J. Chem. Phys. 84,1479

Chapter4

Abad, L., D. Bermejo, VJ. Herrero, J. Santos, and I. Tanarro (1995): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 66, 3826

316 Referenees

Abemathy, c.R. (1994): Mater. Sei. Forum 1481149, 3 Adams, T.E., B.H. Roekney, R.lS. Morrison, and E.R. Grant (1981): Rev. Sei. Instrurn. 52,

1469 Adams, C.S. and E. Riis (1997): Prog. Quantum Eleetron. 21, 1 Adamson, S., C. O'Carrill, and lF. MeGilp (1988): Vaeuum 38, 463 Aguilar-Navarro, A., B. Brunetti, S. Rosi, F. Veeehioeattivi, and G.G. Volpi: (1985) l

Chern. Phys. 82, 773 Aksela, S., M. Harkoma, M. Pahjola, and H. Aksela (1984): l Phys. B 17,2227 Alagia, M., N. Balueani, P. Casseveeehia, D. Stranges, G. Volpi, D.C. Clary, A. Klieseh,

and H. Wemer (1996): Chem. Phys. 207, 389 Alagia, M., N. Balueani, P. Casseveeehia, and G. Volpi (1997a): l Phys. Chem. A 101,

6455 Alagia, M., V. Aquilanti, D. Aseenzi, N. Balueani, D. Cappelletti, L. Carteehini, P. Cas­

seveeehia, F. Pirani, G. Sanchini, and G. Volpi (l997b): Israel l Chern. 37, 329 Anders, A., N. Newman, M. Rubin, M. Dickinson, E. Jones, P. Phatak, and A. Gassmann

(1996): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 67, 905 Anderson, D.T., S. Davis, T.S. Zwier, and DJ. Nesbitt (1996): Chern. Phys. Lett. 258,207 Anderson, lG. (1987): Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 38, 489 Andres, l, U. Buek, F. Huisken, l Schleusener, and F. Torello (1980): J. Chern. Phys. 73,

5620 Andresen, P. and A.c. Luntz (1980): l Chem. Phys. 11,5842 Andresen, P., D. Häusler, and H.W. Lülf(\984): J. Chern. Phys. 81, 571 Andresen, P., M. Faubel, D. Häusler, G. Kraft, H.W. Lülf, and lG. Skofroniek (1985): Rev

Sei. Instrum. 56, 2038 Angel, G.C. and R.A. Giles (1972): l Phys. B 5, 80 Auerbach, A. and R. McDiarrnid (1980): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 51, 1273 Auerbach, D.l and C.T. Rettner (1992): Rev. Sei. Instrurn. 63,3939 Aydin, R., W. Ertmer, and K. Johann (\982): Z. Phys. 306, 1 Bacal, M., H.l Doncet, G. Labanne, H. Lamain, C. Jaquot, and S. Vemey (\982): Rev. Sei.

Instrurn. 53, 159 Balykin, V.I. and V.S. Letokhov (\ 987): Opt. Commun. 64, 151 Balucani, N., L. Beneventi, P. Casaveechia, G.G. Volpi, E.J. Kruus, and J.J. Sioan (1994):

Can. J. Chem. 72, 888 Bannister, M.E. and J.L. Cecehi (1994): l Vae. Sei. Techno\. A 12,106 Bartseh, M., H. Geesmann, G.F. Hanne, and J. Kessler (\ 992): J. Phys. B 25, 1511 Bassi, D., S. Innotta, and S. Nieeolini (1981): Rev. Sei. Instrurn. 52, 8 Bauer, W., L.Y. Rusin, and lP. Toennies (\978): l Chem. Phys. 68,4490 Baum, G., W. Raith, and H. Steidl (1988): Z. Phys. D 10, 171 Baum, G., B. Granitza, S. Hesse, B. Leuer, W. Raith, K. Rott, M. Tondera, and B. Witt-

huhm (1991): Z. Phys. D 22, 431 Bauman, R.P. and N.L.S. Martin (1995): Rev. Sei. Instrurn. 66,4900 Beijerinck, H.C.W. and N.F. Verster (1975): l App\. Phys. 46, 2083 Bekooy, J.P., W.L. Meerts, and A. Dymanus (1983): J. Mo\. Speetrose. 102,320 Bergeman, T., G. Erez, and H. Metealf (1987): Phys. Rev. A 35, 1535 Berkling, K., C. Schlier, and P. Tosehek (1962): Z. Phys. 168, 82 Berthoud, P., A. Joyet, G. Dudle, N. Sagna, and P. Thomann (1998): Europhys. Lett. 41,

141 Bertino, M. (1996): Max-Planck-Institut für Strömungsforschung, Report 11, Göttingen Bewig, L., U. Buek, Ch. Mehlmann, and M. Winter (1992): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 63, 3936 Bischier, U. and E. Bertel (1993): J. Vae. Sei. Techno\. A 11,458

References 317

Bonin, V. von (1994): Forschungszentrum Jülich, Report Nr. 2943, Jülich Borst, W.L. (1974): Phys. Rev. A 9,1195 Bossei, u. (1969): Entropie 30,11 BosseI, U. (1971): Entropie 42, 12 Boszo, F., J.T. Yates, Jr., J. Arias, H. Metiu, and R.M. Martin (1983): J. Chern. Phys. 78,

4256 Brackmann, R.T. and W.L. Fite (1961): J. Chern. Phys. 34,1572 Brand, J.A., J.E. Furst, T.J. Gay, and L.D. Schearer (1992): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 63, 163 Braun, J., P.K. Day, J.P. Toennies, G. Witte, and E. Neher (1997): Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68,

3001 Brenner, T., S. Büttgenbach, J. Jacobs, M. Koster, H. Roeder, W. Rupprecht, and F. Träber

(1988): Z. Phys. D 10, 59 Brewer, P.D., D.H. Chow, and R.H. Miller (1996): J. Vac. Sci. Techno!. B 14,2335 Brinkmann, U., A. Steudel, and H. Walther (1967): Z. Angew. Phys. 22, 223 Brinkmann, U. J. Goschler, A. Steudel, and H. Walther (1969): Z. Phys. 228,427 Brinkmann, U., H. Busse, K. Pippert, and H. TeIle (1979): App!. Phys. 18,249 Brix, P., J.T. Eisinger, H. Lew, and G. WesseI (1953): Phys. Rev. 92, 647 Brusdeylins, G., R.B. Doak, and J.P. Toennies (1981): J. Chern. Phys. 75,1784 Brutschy, B. and H. Haberland (1977): J. Phys. E 10, 90 Buchenau, H., E.L. Knuth, J. Northby, J.P. Toennies, and C. Winkler (1990): J. Chern.

Phys.92,6875 Buck, U., K.A. Köhler, and H. Pauly (1971): Z. Phys. 244, 180 Buck, u., L. Mattera, D. Pust, and D. Haaks (1979): Chern. Phys. Lett. 62, 562 Buck, u., J. Kesper, H.H. Kuge, and D. Otten (1983): Max-Planck-Institut für Strömungs-

forschung, Report 103, Göttingen Budrevich, A., B. Tsipinyuk, and E. Kolodney (1995): Chern. Phys. Lett. 234,253 Burdenski, S., R. FeItgen, F. Lichterfeld, and H. Pauly (1981): Chern. Phys. Lett. 78, 296 Büttgenbach, S., G. Meisel, S. Penselin, and K.H. Schneider (1970): Z. Phys. 230, 329 Büttgenbach, S. R. Dicke, H. Gebauer, M. Herschel, and G. Meisel (1975): Z. Phys. A 275,

193 Cameron, M.R. and S.H. Kable (1996): Rev. Sci. Instrum. 67, 283 Cao, J., W.J. Balfour, and C.X.W. Quian (1997): J. Phys. Chern. A 101, 6741 Carrick, P.G. and P.C. Engelking (1984): J. Chern. Phys. 81,1661 Carrick, P.G., S.D. Brossard, and P.C. Engelking (1985): J. Chern. Phys. 83, 1995 Carter, G.M and D.E. Pritchard (1978): Rev. Sci. Instrum. 49,129 Carter, R.T., K.F. Schrnidt, H. Bitto, and J.R. Huber (1996): Chern. Phys. Lett. 257, 297 Chang, J.P., Z. Zhang, H. Xu, H.H. Sawin, and J.W. Butterbaugh (1997): J. Vac. Sci.

Techno!. AIS, 2959 Chen, P., S.D. Coison, W.A. Chupka, and J.A. Berson (1986): J. Phys. Chern. 90, 2319 Cheong, B.S. and J.M. Parson (1994): J. Chern. Phys. 100,2637 Clausnitzer, G., W. Dürr, R. Fleischmann, G. Graw, W. Harnmon, G. Hartrnann, W.

Kretschmer, H. Nahr, A. Neufert, E. Salzborn, H. Wilsch, and J. Witte (1970): Nuc!. Instrum. Methods 80, 245

Clouthier, DJ. and J. Karolczak (1989): J. Phys. Chern. 93, 7542 Clouthier, DJ. and J. Karolczak (1991): J. Chern. Phys. 94, 1 Cochrane, E.C.A., D.M. Benton, D.H. Forest, and J.A.R. Griffith (1998): J. Phys. B 31,

2203 Cornpton, K.T. (1922): J. Opt. Soc. Am. 6, 910 Conrad, H., G. Ertl, J. Küppers, W. Sesselmann, and H. Haberland (1982): Surf. Sci. 121,

161

318 References

Cossart, D. and C. Cossart-Magos (1996): Chern. Phys. Lett. 250, 128 Costes, M., C. Naulin, G. Dorthe, G. Daleau, 1. Joussot-Dubien, C. Lalaude, M. Vickert, A.

Destor, C. Vaucarnps, and G. Nouchi (1989): 1. Phys. E 22,1017 Cross, 1.B. and JJ. Valentini (1982): Rev. Sei. Instrurn. 53, 38 Crurnley, W.H., 1.S. Hayden, and 1.L Gole (1986): J. Chern. Phys. 84, 5250 Dagan, S., A. Arnirav, and T. Fujii (1995): Int. 1. Mass Spectrorn. Ion Proeess. 151, 159 Dagdigian, P.J. (1978): Chern. Phys. Lett. 55, 239 Danon, A. and A. Arnirav (1987): Rev. Sei. Instrurn. 58, 1724 Davis, S., D.T. Anderson, G. Duxbury, and D.J. Nesbitt (1997): J. Chern. Phys. 107,5661 Deck, F.J., E.A. Hessel, and S.R. Lundeen (1993): Phys. Rev. A 48, 4400 Dehnbostel, C., R. Feitgen, and G. Hoffrnann (1990): Phys. Rev. A 42, 5389 Dehnbostel, C., R. Feltgen, H. Ferkel, A. Koch, and D. Pikorz (1996): 1. Chern. Phys. 104,

3211 Dernbezynski, J. and W. Ertmer (1979): Z. Phys. A 291, 207 Dernbezynski, 1., W. Ertmer, K. Johann, and P. Stinner (1980): Z. Phys. A 294, 313 de Vries, M.S. and R.M. Martin (1983): Chern. Phys. 80, 157 de Vries, M.S., V.1. Srdanov, G.W. TyndalI, and R.M. Martin (1985): Chern. Phys. Lett.

114,233 de Vries, M.S., G.W. TyndalI, and R.M. Martin (1984a): J. Chern. Phys. 80, 1366 de Vries, M.S., G.W. TyndalI, and R.M. Martin (I 984b): J. Chern. Phys. 81, 2352 Dharmasena, G., C. Copeland, J.H. Young, R.A. LaselI, T.R. Phillips, G.A. Parker, and M.

Keil (1997): J. Phys. Chern. A 101, 6429 Dharmasena, K., J. Jefferies, G. Mu, J. Young, B. Bergeron, R. LittelI, and N. Shafer-Ray

(1998): Rev. Sei. Instrurn. 69, 2888 Dirnov, G.1. (1968): Prib. Tekh. Eksp. 5, 168 Dinneen, T., A. Ghiorso, and H. Gould (1996): Rev. Sei. Instrurn. 67, 752 Doyle, W.M. and R. Marrus (1963): Nuel. Phys. 49,449 Doyle, J.M., B. Friedrich, J. Kirn, and D. Patterson (1995): Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, R2515 Droege, A.T. and P.c. Engelking (1983): Chern. Phys. Lett. 96, 316 Dube, P., MJ. Kiik, and B.P. Stoieheff(1995): J. Chern. Phys. 103,7708 Düren, R. and H.-O. Hoppe (1978): J. Phys. B 11,2143 Ehrenstein von, D. (1961): Ann. Phys., 7, 342 Elliott, D.J. (1995): Ultraviolet Laser Technology and Applications (Acadernie Press, New

York) Engelking, P.c. (1986): Rev. Sei. Instrurn. 57,2274 Engelking, P.C. (1991): Chern. Rev. 91, 399 English, T.c. and 1.C. Zorn (1974): in Methods 0/ Experimental Physics, Vol. 3 B, ed. by

D. Williams, p. 669 (Acadernie Press, New York) Erieson, T., K. Copeland, M. Keil, Y. Apelblat, and Y.B. Fan (1994): Rev. Sei. Instrurn. 65,

3587 Ertmer, W., K. Johann, and R. Mosrnann (1982): Z. Phys. 309, 1 Ertmer, W., R. Blatt, and 1.L. Hall (1985): Phys. Rev. Lett. 54,996 Estermann, 1., O.C. Sirnpson, and O. Stern (1937): Phys. Rev. 52, 535 Estermann, I. (1946): Rev. Mod. Phys. 18,300 Evenson, K.M. and J.M. Brown (1996): Experimental Methods in the Physical Sciences, 29

B, p. 85, Aeadernie Press, New York Everhardt, E. (1962): Phys. Rev. 125,567 Fabre, c., Y. Kaluzny, R. Calabrese, L. Jun, P. Goy, and S. Haroehe (1984): 1. Phys. B 17,

3217 Fahey, D.W., W. Parks, and L.D. Sehearer (1980): 1. Phys. E 13,381

References 319

Faubel, M., L.Y. Rusin, S. Schlemmer, F. Sondermann, U. Tappe, and J.P. Toennies, J. (1994): Chern. Phys. 101,2106

Faubel, M., B. Martinez-Haya, L.Y. Rusin, U. Tappe, and J.P. Toennies (1996): J. Phys. 0 29, 1885

Faubel, M., B. Martinez-Haya, L.Y. Rusin, U. Tappe, and J.P. Toennies (1997): J. Phys. Chern. A 101, 6415

Feitgen, R., H. Kirst, K.A. Köhler, H. Pauly, and H. Torello (1973): Proc. 4th Int. Syrnp. Molecular Beams, ed. by F.M. Oevienne, p. 304, Cannes

Fink, M., J. Häger, O. Glatzer, and H. Walther (1993): Rev. Sci. Instrum. 64, 3020 Fisher, O.S., C.W. Fehrenbach, S.R. Lundeen, E.A. Hessels, and B.O. OePaola (1997):

Phys. Rev. A 56, 4656 Fluendy, M.A.O., R.M. Martin, E.E. Muschlitz Jr., and O.R. Herschbach (1967): J. Chern.

Phys. 67, 5591 Fluendy, M.A.O., D.S. Horne, K.P. Lawley, and A.W. Morris (1970): Mol. Phys. 19,659 Fluendy, M.A.D. and K.P. Lawley (1973): Chemical Application 0/ Molecular Beam

Scattering (Wiley, New York) Foreman, P.B., T.P. Parr, and R.M. Martin (1977): J. Chern. Phys. 67, 5591 Fortagh, J., A. Grossrnann, T.W. Hänsch, and C. Zimmermann (1998): J. Appl. Phys. 84,

6499 Fouquet, P. (1996): Max-Planck-Institut für Strömungsforschung, Report 16, Göttingen Freund, R. and W. Klernperer (1967): J. Chern. Phys. 47,2897 Friichtenicht, J.F. (1974): Rev. Sci. Instrurn. 45,51 Fricke, G., H. Kopfermann, and S. Penselin (1959): Z. Phys. 154,218 Gallagher, T.F. (1994): Rydberg Atoms (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge) Gallagher, T.F. (1996): Experimental Methods in the Physical Sciences, 29 B, p. 115 (Aca-

dernic Press, New York) Gangrsky, Y.P., B.K. Kul'djanov, K.P. Marinova, B.N. Markov, and S.G. Zernlyanoi

(1997): Z. Phys. D 42, 1 Gay, T.J. (1996): Experimental Methods in the Physical Sciences, 29 B, p. 95 (Acadernic

Press, New York) Geddes, J., P.N. Clough, and P.L. Moore (1974): J. Chern. Phys. 61,2145 Geesmann, H., M. Bartsch, G.F. Hanne, and J. Kessler (1991): J. Phys. B 24,2817 Gengenbach, R., H.J. Strunck, and J.P. Toennies (1971): J. Chern. Phys. 54, 1830 Gengenbach, R., C. Hahn, and J.P. Toennies (1973): Phys. Rev. A 7,98 Gentry, W.R. and C.F. Giese (1975): Rev. Sci. Instrum. 46, 104 Gentry, W.R. and C.F. Giese (1978): Rev. Sci. Instrum. 49, 595 Gentry, W.R. (1988): in Atomic and Molecular Beam Methods, Vol. 1, ed. by G. Scoles, p.

54 (Oxford University Press, Oxford) Gersing, E., E. Hundhausen, and H. Pauly (1963): Z. Phys. 171,349 Ghaffari, B., J.M. Gerton, W.I. McAlexander, K.E. Strecker, D.M. Homan, and R.G. Hulet

(1999): Phys. Rev. A 60, 3878 Giordrnaine, J.A. and T.C. Wang (1960): J. Appl. Phys. 31, 463 Giusfredi, G., A. Godone, E. Bara, and C. Novero (1988): J. Appl. Phys. 63,1279 Glab, W.L., P.T. Glynn, and F. Robicheaux (1998): Phys. Rev. A 58, 4014 Goodrnan, L.S. and S. Wexler (1955): Phys. Rev. 99, 192 Gordon, J.P., HJ. Zeiger, and C.H. Townes (1955): Phys. Rev. 99,1264 Gorry, P.A. and R. Grice (1979): J. Phys. E 12, 857 Gould, G. (1956): Phys. Rev. 101, 1828 Grosser, J. and H. Haberland (1970): Chern. Phys. Lett. 7, 442

320 Referenees

Habennan, J.A., B.E. Wileornb, F.J. van Itallie, and R.B. Bernstein (1975): J. Chern. Phys. 62,4466

Hagena, O.F. (1963): Z. Angew. Phys. 16, 183 Hagena, O.F. and P.G. Sehüller (1964): Z. Angew. Phys. 17,542 Hain, T.D., M.A Weibel, K.M. Backstrand, P.E. Pope, and T.J. Curtiss (1997): J. Phys.

Chern. A 101,7674 Hammond, M.S., F.B. Dunning, G.K. Walters, and G.A Prinz (1992): Phys. Rev. B 45,

3674 Hanes, G.R. (1960): J. Appl. Phys. 31, 2771 Hänseh, T. W. (1995): in Atomic Physics, Vol. 14, ed. by D.J. Wineland, C.E. Wieman, and

SJ. Srnith, p. 63 (AlP, New York) Harada, Y., K. Ohno, and H. Mutoh (1983): J. Chern. Phys. 79, 3251 Hardy, K.A., E. Gillrnan, and J.W. Sheldon (1990): J. Appl. Phys. 67, 7240 Harrison, H. (1970): J. Chern. Phys. 52, 901 Hart, M.W., M.S. Hammond, F.B. Dunning, and G.K. WaIters (1989): Phys. Rev. B 39,

5488 Harvey, K.C. (1982): J. Appl. Phys. 53,3383 Hashida, M., S. Sakabe, and Y. lzawa (1996): Phys. Rev. A 53, 1487 Haug, R., G. Rappenecker, and C. Sehrnidt (1974): Chern. Phys. 5,255 Hayashi, S., T.M. Mayer, and R.B. Bernstein (1978): Chern. Phys. Lett. 53,419 Heaven, M., T.A. Miller, and V.E. Bondybey (1981): Chern. Phys. Lett. 84, I Helbing, R., W. Gaide, and H. Pauly (1968): Z. Phys. 208, 215 Hendrie, J.M. (1954): J. Chern. Phys. 22, 1503 Hepburn, J.W., K. Liu, R.G. Maedonald, F.J. Northrup, and J.c. Polanyi (1981): J. Chern.

Phys.75,3353 Herbst, E. (1995): Annu. Rev. Phys. Chern. 46, 27 Hertenberger, R., K. EI Abiary, P. Sehiernenz, and G. Graw (1996): Rev. Sei. lnstrurn. 67,

1354 Hertenberger, R., Y. Eisennann, A. Hofmann, A. Metz, P. Sehiernenz, S. Trieb, and G.

Graw (1998): Rev. Sei. Instrurn. 69, 750 Higgins, D.P., R.W. MeCullough, J. Geddes, M. Schlapp, J. Woolsey, E. Salzborn, and

H.B. Gilbody (1995): Nuel. Instrum. Methods B 103, 508 Hirayama, T., A. Kanehira, and I. Arakawa (1993): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 64, 962 Hishinurna, N. and O. Sueoka (1982): Atornie Collision Res. Jap. 8, 139 Hishinurna, N. and O. Sueoka (1983): Chern. Phys. Lett. 98,414 Hishinurna, N. and O. Sueoka (1984): Atornie Collision Res. Jap. 10, 107 Hodgson, J.AB. and A.A. Haasz (1991): Rev. Sei. Instrurn. 62, 96 Hoftbauer, M.A., K. Liu, C.F. Giese, and W.R. Gentry (1983): J. Chern. Phys. 78, 5567 Hoshina, K., H. Kohguehi, Y. Ohshirna, and Y. Endo (1998): J. Chern. Phys. 108,3465 Hotop, H., A Niehaus, and A.L. Sehrneltekopf(l969): Z. Phys. 229, I Hotop, H., E. Kolb, and J. Lorenzen (1979): J. Eleetron Speetrose. Relat. Phenorn. 16,213 Huang, Y. and M. Sulkes (1994): Rev. Sei. Instrurn. 65, 3868 Huber, A., B. Gross, M. Weitz, and T.W. Hänseh (1998): Phys. Rev. A 59,1844 Hughes, V., G. Tueker, E. Rhoderiek, and G. Weinreich (1953): Phys. Rev. 91, 828 Hundhausen, E. and H. Harrison (1967): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 38,131 Hüwel, L., J. Maier, and H. Pauly (1981): J. Chern. Phys. 74, 5613 Hüwel, L., J. Maier, and H. Pauly (1982): J. Chern. Phys. 76,4961 Johnson, J.C., AT. Stair Jr., and J.L. Pritehard (1966): J. Appl. Phys. 37,1551 Johnson, R.E. and B.u.R. Sundqvist (1992): Phys. Today 45 (3), 28 Jones, R.H., D.R. Olander, and V.R. Kruger (1969): J. Appl. Phys. 40, 4641

Referenees 321

Jordan, D.C., R. Barling, and R.B. Doak (1999): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 70, 1640 Kaiser, R.I., R.M. Mahfouz, and K. Roessler (1992): Nuel. Instrum. Methods B 65, 447 Kaiser, R.1. and A.G. Suits (1995): Rev. Sci. Instrum. 66, 5405 Kaiser, R.I., Y.T. Lee, and A.G. Suits (1996): J. Chern. Phys. 105,8705 Kaiser, R.I., C. Oehsenfeld, M. Head-Gordon, Y.T. Lee, and A.G. Suits (1997): J. Chern.

Phys. 106, 1729 Kalos, F. and A.E. Grosser (1970): Chern. Phys. Lett. 5,537 Kantrowitz, A. and J. Grey (1951): Rev. Sci. Instrum. 22, 328 Kawanaka, J., M. Hagiuda, K. Shirnizu, F. Shirnizu, and H. Takurna (1993): Appl. Phys. B

56,21 Keil, M., J.H. Young, and K. Copeland (1994): U.S. Patent 5,597,495 Kellogg, J.M.B., I.I. Rabi, and J.R. Zaeharias (1936): Phys. Rev. 50,472 Kellogg, J.M.B., I.I. Rabi, Ramsey, M.F., and J.R. Zaeharias (1939): Phys. Rev. 56,728 Kent, A. (1993): Experimental Low-Temperature Physics (AlP, New York) Kesper, J. (1983):,Max-Planck-Institut für Strörnungsforsehung, Report 109, Göttingen Ketterle, W. and NJ. van Druten (1996): Adv. At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 37, 181 Kiik, MJ., P. Dube, and B.P. Stoicheff(1995): J. Chern. Phys. 102,2351 Kirn, J., B. Friedrich, D.P. Katz, D. Patterson, J.D. Weinstein, R. DeCarvalho, and J.M.

Doyle (1997): Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 3665 King, J.G. and J.R. Zacharias (1956): Adv. Electron. E1eetron Phys. 8, I King, M.E., K.M. Fiehrer, G.M. Nathanson, and T.K. Minton (1997): J. Phys. Chern. A

101,6556 Kleinpoppen, H. (1961): Z. Phys. 164, 174 Kleppner, D., M-G. Littman, and M.L. Zimmerman (1983): in Rydberg States of Atoms and

Molecules, ed. by R.F. Stebbings and F.B. Dunning, p. 73 (Cambridge University Press, Carnbridge)

Koch, N. and E. Steffens (1999): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 70, 1631 Kocher, C.A. and A.J. Srnith (1977): Phys. Lett. 61 A, 305 Köhler, K.A. (1973): Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 73 Köhler, K.A., R. FeItgen, and H. Pauly (1977): Phys. Rev. AIS, 1407 Kosehrnieder, U. and V. Raible (1975): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 46, 536 Krause, H.F. and S. Datz (1976): Chern. Phys. Lett. 41, 339 Krzykowski, A., E. Stachowska, B. Furmann, A. Jarosz, A. Kajoch, and D. Stefanska

(1997): Z. Phys. D 42, 97 Kubota, H., T. Hirooka, T. Fukuyama, T. Kondow, and K. Kuchitsu (1981): J. Eleetron

Speetrose. Relat. Phenorn. 23,417 Kuseh, P. and V.W. Hughes (1959): in Handbuch der Physik, Vol. 37/1, ed. by S. Flügge,

p. 1, Springer, Berlin Lamb, W.E. and R.C. Retherford (1950): Phys. Rev. 79, 549 Lambropoulos, M. and S.E. Moody (1977): Rev. Sei. Instrurn. 48, 131 Leasure, E.L., C.R. Mueller, and T.Y. Ridley (1975): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 46, 635 Lee, Y.T., J.D. MeDonald, P.R. LeBreton, and D.R. Hersehbaeh (1969): Rev. Sei. Instrurn.

40, 1402 Leseop, B., M. Ben Arfa, M. Cherid, G. Le Coz, G. Sinou, G. Fanjoux, A. Le Nadau, and F.

Tuffin (1998): J. Chern. Phys. 108,550 Lester, M.I., L.M. Casson, G.B. Spector, G.W. Flynn, and R.B. Bernstein (1984): J. Chern.

Phys. 80, 1490 Levine, L.P., J.F. Ready, and E. Bemal (1968): J. Quantum Eleetron. 4, 18 Lew, H. (1949): Phys. Rev. 76, 1086 Lew, H. (1953): Phys. Rev. 91,619

322 Referenees

Lew, H. and G. Wessei (1953): Phys. Rev. 90, I Lew, H. (1967): in Methods of Experimental Physics, Vol. 4 A, ed. by V.W. Hughes and

H.L. Sehulz, p. 155 (Acadernie Press, New York) L'Hermite, J.-M., G. Rahmat, and R. Vetter (1991): J. Chem. Phys. 95, 3347 Li, L. and D.M. Lubman (1989): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 60,499 Lin, C.H. and T. Imasaka (1993): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 64,3026 Linse, C.A., J.J.H. van den Biesen, E.H. van Veen, and C.J.N. van den Meijdenberg (1979):

Physiea 99 A, 166 Lo, S.-Y., J.D. Lobo, S. Blumberg, T.S. Dibble, X. Zhang, C.-C. Tsao, and M. Okumura

(1997): J. Appl. Phys. 81, 5896 Lovejoy, C.M. and D.J. Nesbitt (1987): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 58, 807 Low, R.J., T.D. Varburg, J.P. Conelly, A.R. Auty, B.J. Howard, and J.M. Brown (1993): J.

Mol. Speetrose. 161,499 Lu, Z.T., KL. Corwin, M.J. Renn, M.H. Anderson, E.A. Comell, and C.E. Wieman (1996):

Phys. Rev. Lett.77,3331 Lu, Z.T., K.L. Corwin, KR. Vogel, C.E. Wieman, T.P. Dinneen, J. Maddi, and H. Gould

(1997): Phys. Rev. Lett. 79,994 Lueas, C.B. (1973a): Vaeuum 23,395 Lueas, C.B. (1973b): J. Phys. E 6, 991 Ludwig, R. and H. Mieklitz (1983): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 54,1009 Lülf, H.-W. and P. Andresen (1985): Rarefied Gas Dynamics 13, Vol. 2, ed. by O.M.

Belotserkovskii, M.N. Kogan, S.S. Kutateladse, and A.K Rebrov, p. 911 (Plenum Press, New York)

Lülf, H.-W. (1986): Max-Planck-Institut für Strömungsforschung, Report 11, Göttingen Ma, Y., B.Y.H. Liu, H.S. Lee. K. Mauersberger, and J. Morton (1996): J. Vae. Sei.

Teehnol. A 14, 2414 Mariella, R.P., B. Lantseh, V.T. Maxon, and A.C. Luntz (1978): J. Chem. Phys. 69,6411 Masuda, S. and Y. Harada (1993): Surf. Sei. 283, 78 MeClelland, J.J., M.H. Kelley, and R.J. Celotta (1989): Phys. Rev. A 40, 2321 MeCullough, R.W., J. Geddes, A. Donelly, M. Liehr, and H.B. Gilbody (1993b): Nuel.

Instrum. Methods B 79, 708 MeCullough, R.W., J. Geddes, J.A. Croueher, J.M. Woolsey, D.P. Higgins, M. Schlapp,

and H.B. Gilbody (1996): J. Vae. Sei. Teehnol. A 14, 152 Meertz, W.L., J.P. Bekooy, and A. Dymanus (1979): Mol. Phys. 37,425 Meyer, M., E. von Raven, M. Richter, B. Sonntag, E.D. Cowan, and J.E. Hansen (1989):

Phys. Rev. A 39, 4319 Miliar, T.J. and E. Herbst (1994): Astron. Astrophys. 288, 561 MilIer, D.R. and D.F. Pateh (1969): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 40, 1566 MilIer, D.R. (1988): in Atomic and Molecular Beam Methods, Vol. 1, ed. by G. Seoles, p.

14 (Oxford University Press, Oxford) Miller, J.A., R.J. Kee, and C.K Westbrook (1990): Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 41, 345 Miller, J.C. (ed.) (1994): Laser Ablation (Springer, Berlin) Miller, J.C. and R.F. Haglund (eds.) (1997): Laser Ablation and Desorption (Acadernie

Press, New York) Mitsuke, K., T. Takami, and K. Ohno (1989): J. Chem. Phys. 91,1618 Mohr, S., K.M. Goonan, D.D. Wells, and R. Griee (1997): J. Phys. Chem. A 101, 9699 Monts, D.L., T.G. Dietz, M.A. Duncan, and R.E. Smalley (1980): Chem. Phys. 45, 133 Morris, A. J. Dyke, G.D. Josland, M.P. Hastings, and P.D. Franeis (1986): High Temp. Sei.

22,95

Referenees 323

Morse, M.D. (1996): Experimental Methods in the Physical Sciences, 29 B, p. 21 (Aea-dernie Press, New York)

Motylewski, T. and H. Linnartz (1999): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 70,1305 Müller, T. and P.H. Vaeearo (1998): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 69,406 Murphy, EJ. and lH. Brophy (1979): Rev. Sei. Instrurn. 50,635 Neher, E. and B. Sakrnann (1976): Nature 260, 779 Nelson, E.B. and lE. Nafe (1949): Phys. Rev. 75,1194 Neumark, D.M., A.M. Wodtke, G.N. Robinson, C.C, Hayden, and Y.T. Lee (1985): 1

Chern. Phys, 82, 3045 Obi, K., Y. Matsurni, Y. Takeda, S. Mayama, H. Watanabe, and S. Tsuehiya (1983): Chern.

Phys. Lett. 95, 520 Ogura, K. and T. Shibata (1994): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 65, 3455 Ohno, K., T. Takami, K. Mitsuke, and T. Ishida (1991): 1 Chern. Phys. 94, 2675 Oldenburg, R.C., C.R. Dickson, and R. N. Zare (1974): 1 Chern. Phys. 60,4032 Ora, D.M., Q. Lin, X. Zhang, F.B. Dunning, and G.K. Walters (1992): 1 Chern. Phys. 97,

7743 Ohshirna, Y. and Y. Endo (1992): J. Mol. Speetrose. 153,627 Ohshima, Y., Y. Endo, and T. Ogata (1995): 1 Chern. Phys. 102, 1493 Otis, C.E. and P.M. Johnson (1980): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 51, 1128 Paehueki, K., D. Leibfried, M. Weitz, A. Huber, W. König, and T.W. Hänseh (1996): 1

Phys. B 29, 177 Pang, H.M. and D.M. Lubrnan (1988): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 59,2460 Paolini, B.P. and M.A. Khakoo (1998): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 69, 3132 Parr, T.P. and R.M. Martin (1978): 1 Chern. Phys. 69, 1613 Parrish, D.D. and D.R. Hersehbaeh (1973): 1 Am. Chern. Soe. 95, 6133 Pastemak, L. and P.l Dagdigian (1978): Chern. Phys. 33, 1 Pauly, H. and lP. Toennies (1965): Adv. At. Mol. Phys. 1, 195 Pauly, H. and lP. Toennies (1968): in Methods 0/ Experimental Physics, Vol. 7 A, ed. by

B. Bederson and W.D. Fite, p. 227 (Acadernie Press, New York) Pauly, H. (1988): in Atomic and Molecular Beam Methods, Vol. I, ed. by G. Seoles, p. 83

(Oxford University Press, Oxford) Pearl, J.C., D.P. Donnelly, and J.C. Born (1969): Phys. Lett. 30A, 145 Pendelbury, J.M. and D.B. Ring (1972): J. Phys. B 5, 386 Persson, l, U. Berzinsh, T. Nilsson, and M. Gustavsson (1992): Z. Phys. D 23, 67 Pesnelle, A., 1 Paseale, R. Trainham, and HJ. Andrä (1996): Phys. Rev. A 54, 4051 Pikorz, D. (1994): MPI rur Strömungsforschung, Report 23, Göttingen Pobell, F. and S. Luth (1996): Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures (Springer,

Heide\berg) Pollard, lE. (1992): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 63,1771 Porter, R.A.R., G.R. Brown, and A.E. Grosser (1979): Chern. Phys. Lett. 61, 313 Povey, I.M., R.T. Carter, H. Bitto, and lR. Huber (1996): Chern. Phys. Lett. 248,470 Powers, D.E., lB. Hopkins, and R.E. Srnalley (1981): 1 Phys. Chern. 85, 2711 Powers, D.E., S.G. Hansen, M.E. Geusie, A.C. Pulu, lP. Hopkins, T.G. Dietz, M.A. Dun­

ean, P.R.R. Langrindge-Srnith, and R.E. Srnalley (1982): 1 Phys. Chern. 86,2556 Prada-Silva, G., K. Kester, D. Loffier, G.L. Haller, and J.B. Fenn (1977): Rev. Sei. Instrum.

48,897 Preseher, T., M. Richter, B. Sonntag, and H.E. Wetzel (1987): Nuel. Instrurn. Methods A

254,627 Pritehard, D.E., G.M. Carter, F.Y. Chu, and D. Kleppner (1970): Phys. Rev. A 2, 1922 Proeh, D. and T. Triekl (1989): Rev. Sei. Instrurn. 60,713

324 References

Prodan, J.V., W.D. Phillips, and H. Metealf(1982): Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 1149 Prodell, A.G. and P. Kusch (1952): Phys. Rev. 88, 184 Rarnsey, N.F. (1956): Molecular Beams (Oxford University Press, London) Rarnsey, N.F. (1996): Experimental Methods in the Physical Sciences, 29 B, p. 1 (Aca­

dernic Press, New York) Ready, J.F. (1997): Industrial Applications 0/ Lasers, 2nd edn. (Acadernic Press, New

York) Reieherts, M., T. Roth, A. Gopalan, M.-W. Ruf, H. Hotop, C. Desfran~ois, and I.I. Fabri­

kant(1997): Europhys. Lett.40, 129 Reid, S.A, F. Winterbottorn, D.C. Scott, J. de Huan, and H. Reisler (1992): Chern. Phys.

Lett.198,430 Rexer, E.F., M.P. Joshi, R.L. DeLeon, P.N. Prasad, and J.F. Garvey (1998): Rev. Sci. In­

strurn. 69, 3018 Richter, M., M. Meyer, M. Pahler, Th. Prescher, E. von Raven, B. Sonntag, and H.E. Wet­

zel (1989): Phys. Rev. A 39,5666 Riddle, T.W., M. Onellion, F.B. Dunning, and G.K. Walters (1981): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 52,

797 Riis, E., D.S. Weiss, K.A. Moler, and S. Chu (1990): Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 1658 Roberfroid, M. and P.B. Calderon (1995): Free Radicals and Oxidation Phenomena in

Biological Systems (Dekker, New York) Rochford, lJ., L.J. Powell, and R. Grice (1995): J. Phys. Chern. 99, 15369 Ross, K.J. and B. Sonntag (1995): Rev. Sci. Instrum. 66,4409 Rothe, E.W., R.H. Neynaber, and T. Trujillo (1965): J. Chern. Phys. 42, 3310 Ruf, M.-W., A. Yencha, and H. Hotop (1987): Z. Phys. D 5,9 Rundei, R.D., F.B. Dunning, and R.F. Stebbings (1974): Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 116 Rutherford, G.H., J.M. RatIiff, J.G. Lynn, F.B. Dunning, and K.G. Walters (1990): Rev.

Sei. Instrurn. 61, 1460 Rutherford, G.H., P.A Soletsky, W.H. Bryan, F.B. Dunning, and K.G. Walters (1993): J.

Chern. Phys. 99, 5112 Saenger, K.L. (1981): J. Chern. Phys. 75,2467 Saenger, K.L. and J.B. Fenn (1983): J. Chern. Phys. 79, 6043 Sakmann, B. and E. Neher (1995): in Single Channel Recording, ed. by B. Sakmann and E.

Neher, p. 637 (Plenum Press, New York) Scherer, lJ., J.B. Paul, C.P. Collier, and R.J. Saykally (1995a): J. Chern. Phys. 102,5190

and 103,113 Scherer, J.J., J.B. Paul, c.P. Collier, A. O'Keefe, and R.J. Saykally (1995b): J. Chern. Phys.

103,9187 Schindler, T., C. Berg, G. Niedner-Schattenburg, and V.E. Bondybey (1996): 1. Chern.

Phys.104,3998 Schrnidt, V. (1985): Comments At. Mol. Phys. 17, 1 Schrnidt-Kaler, F., D. Leibfried, S. Seel, C. Zimmerman, W. König, M. Weitz, and T.W.

Hänseh (1995): Phys. Rev. A 51, 2789 Schrnoltner, AM., P.M. Chu, and Y.T. Lee (1989): J. Chern. Phys. 91, 5365 Schönhense, G. (1983): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 54,419 Schohl, S., D. Klar, N.A Cherepkov, LD. Petrov, K. Ueda, S. Baier, R. Kau, and H. Hotop

(1997): J. Phys. B 30, 609 Schree1, K., J. Schleipen, A Eppink, and lJ. Ter Meulen (1993): J. Chern. Phys. 99, 8713 Schudder, M.D. and D.J. Nesbitt (1994): J. Chern. Phys. 100,7250 Scoles, G., C.J.N. van den Meijdenberg, J.W. Bredewout, and J.J.M. Benakker (1965):

Physica 31,233

Searey, J.Q. (1974): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 45, 589 Senkan, S.M. and S.C. Deskin (1997): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 68,4286 Sharpe, S. and P. Johnson (1984): Chern. Phys. Lett. 107,35

Referenees 325

Shebaro, L., B. Abott, T. Hong, A. Slenska, G. Friedrieh, and D. Hersehbaeh (1997a): Chern. Phys. Lett. 271, 73

Shebaro, L., S.R. Bhalotra, and D. Hersehbaeh (1997b): J. Phys. Chern. A 101, 6775 Sibener, S.1., R.J. Buss, c.y. Ng, and Y.T. Lee (1980): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 51, 167 Sirnpson, W.R., T.P. Rakitzis, S.A. Kandel, A.1. Orr-Ewing, and R.N. Zare (1995): J.

Chern. Phys. 103,7313 Sladeezek, P., H. Feist, M. Feldt, M. Martins, and P. Zimmermann (1995): Phys. Rev. Lett.

75,1483 Slevin, J. and W. Stirling (1981): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 52,1780 Srnalley, R.F., L. Wharton, and D.H. Levy (1977): Ace. Chern. Res. 10, 139 Srnith, K.F. (1955): Molecular Beams (Methuen, London) Srnith, G.M. and E.E. Musehlitz, Jr. (1960): J. Chern. Phys. 33,1819 Spenee, D. and O.J. Steingraber (1988): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 59,2464 Stebbings, R.F., C.J. Latirner, W.P. West, F.B. Dunning, and T.B. Cook (1975): Phys. Rev.

A 12,1453 Steirnle, T.C., K.Y. Jung, and B.-Z. Li (1995): 1. Chern. Phys. 102,5937 Steirnle, T.C., 1. Xin, A.1. Marr, and S. Beaton (l997a): 1. Chern. Phys. 106,9084 Steirnle, T.C., A.1. Marr, and D.M. Goodridge (1997b): J. Chern. Phys. 107, 10406 Sugaya, T. and M. Kawabe (1991): Jpn. 1. Appl. Phys. 30, L402 Suhm, M.A., J.T. Farrel Jr., A. MeIlroy, and D.1. Nesbitt (1992): 1. Chern. Phys. 97, 5341 Swanson, T.B., N.J. Silva, S.K. Mayer, J.J. Maki, and D.H. MeIntyre (1996): 1. Opt. Soe.

Am. B 13, 1833 Swenurnson, R.D. and U. Even (1981): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 52,559 Takezaki, M., H. Ohoyama, T. Kasai, and K. Kuwata (1995): Laser Chern. 15, 113 ter Meulen, 1.1., W.L. Meertz, G.W.M. van Mierlo, and A. Dyrnanus (1976): Phys. Rev.

Lett.36,1031 Toennies, J.P. (1974): in Physical Chemistry, an Advanced Treatise, Vol 6 A, ed. by H.

Eyring, D. Henderson, and W. Jost, p. 227 (Acadernie Press, New York) Toennies, J.P., W. Welz, and G. Wolf(1979): J. ehern. Phys. 71, 614 Trisehka, J.W. (1962): in Methods 0/ Experimental Physics, Vol. 3, ed. by D. Williams, p.

589 (Acadernie Press, New York) Tsehersieh, K.G. and V. von Bonin (1998): 1. Appl. Phys. 84,4065 TyndalI, G.W., M.S. De Vries, and R.M. Martin (1984): Chern. Phys. Lett. 110,400 Ubaehs, W., J.J. ter Meulen, and A. Dymanus (1983): Chern. Phys. Lett. 101, 1 Ubachs, W. (1986): PhD thesis, University ofNijrnegen, Netherlands Uetake, N., T. Asano, and K. Suzuki (1991): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 62, 1942 Valente, E.1. and L.S. BarteIl (1983): J. Chern. Phys. 79, 2683 Valentini, 1.1., M.1. Coggiola, and Y.T. Lee (1977): Rev Sei. Instrum. 48, 58 van den Biesen, J.J.H., F.A. Stokvis, E.H. van Veen, and C.1.N. van den Meijdenberg

(1980): Physiea 100 A, 375 van Zyl, B. and M.W. Gealy (1986): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 57, 359 Vehrneyer, H., R. Feitgen, P. Chakraborti, M. Düker, F. Torello, and H. Pauly (1976):

Chern. Phys. 42, 389 Veltman, 1., A. Durkin, D.1. Srnith, and R. Griee (1980): Mol. Phys. 37, 213 Verheijen, M.1., H.C.W. Beijerinek, L.H.A.M. v. Moll, J. Driesen, and N.F. Verster (1984):

1. Phys. E 17,904

326 References

Vestergaard Hau, L., J.A. Golovchenko, and M.M. Bums (1994): Rev. Sci. Instrum. 65, 3746

Wakasugi, M., W.G. Jin, T.T. Inamura, T. Murayama, T. Wakui, T. Kashiwabara, H. Kat­suragawa, T. Ariga, T. Ishizuka, M. Koizurni, and I. Sugai (1993): Rev. Sci. Instrum. 64,3487

Wakasugi, M., W.G. Jin, M.G. Hies, T.T. Inamura, T. Murayama, T. Ariga, T. Ishizuka, T. Wakui, H. Katsuragawa, J.Z. Ruan, I. Sugai, and A. Ikeda (1996): Phys. Rev. B 53, 611

Walther, H. (1994): Adv. At. Mo\. Opt. Phys. 32, 379 Weibel, M.A., T.D. Hain, and T.J. Curtiss (1997): J. Vac. Sci. Techno\. A 15, 22 Weibel, M.A., T.D. Hain, and T.J. Curtiss (1998): J. Chern. Phys. 108,3134 Weinreich, G. and V.W. Hughes (1954): Phys. Rev. 95,1451 Weinstein, J.D., R. deCarvalho, J. Kirn, D. Patterson, B. Friedrich, and J.M. Doyle (1998):

Phys. Rev. A 57, R3173 Weis, R., R.W. Schrittwieser, and C. Winckler (1996): Proc. 10th Int. Symp. Atornic, Clus­

ter, and Surf. Phys., ed. by J.P. Maier and M. Quack, p. 280 (V.d.F Publishers, Zürich) Weis, R., C. Winckler, and R.W. Schrittwieser (1997): Plasma Sources Sci. & Techno\. 6,

247 (IOP Publishing) White, G.K. (1979): Experimental Techniques in Low-Temperature Physics, 3rd edn.

(Clarendon Press, Oxford) Willis, P.A., H.U. Stauffer, R.Z. Hinrichs, and H.F. Davis (1998): J. Chern. Phys. 108,2665 Witteveen, G.J. (1977): Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 1131 Wolber, G., H. Figger, R.A. Haberstroh, and S. Penselin (1969): Phys. Lett. 29 A, 461 Wood, R.W. (1920): Proc. Roy. Soc. 97,455 Xu, S., K.A. Beran, and M.D. Harmony (1994): J. Phys. Chern. 98, 2742 Yamada, R., K. Nakamura, and M. Saidoh (1981): J. Nuc\. Mater. 98, 167 Yoshida, Y., Y. Okzaki, K. Ho, and S. Mizuguchi (1995): Rev. Sci. Instrum. 66, 4166 Yoshida, Y. (1996): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 67, 1006 Zeiske, W., G. Meisel, H. Gebauer, B. Hofer, and W. Ertmer (1976): Phys. Lett. 55A, 405 Zellweger, J.M., J.M. Philippoz, P. Melinon, R. Monot, and H. van den Bergh (1984):

Phys. Rev. Lett. 52,522 Zhang, J. and Y.T. Lee (1997): J. Chern. Phys. A 101, 6485 Zhou, C., W.J. Balfour, and C.X.W. Quinn (1997): J. Chern. Phys. 107,4473 Zitzewitz, P.W., E.E. Uzigiris, and N.F. Ramsey (1970): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 41, 81 Zollars, B.G., C. Higgs, F. Lu, C.W. Walter, L.G.Gray, K.A. Srnith, F.B. Dunning, and R.F.

Stebbings (1985): Phys. Rev. A 32, 3330

Chapter5

Aicher, K.P., M. Müller, U. Wilhelrn, and J. Groterneyer (1995): Eur. Mass. Spectrom. 1, 331

Alexander, M.H., P.J. Dagdigian, and A.E. DePristo (1977): J. Chern. Phys. 66, 59 Alonso, E.V. (1980): Phys. Rev. B 22, 80 Amdur, I. and H. Pearlrnan (1939): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 10, 174 Andersson, S. and V. Jostell (1974): Surf. Sci. 46, 625 Andresen, P., H. Joswig, H. Pauly, and R. Schinke (1982): J. Chern. Phys. 77, 2204 Andresen, P., G.S. Ondrey, and E.W. Rothe (1986): Opt. Commun. 58, 113 Andresen, P., N. Aristov, V. Beushausen, D. Häusler, and H.W. Lülf (1991): J. Chern.

Phys. 95, 5763 Apatin, V.M. and G.N. Makarov (1982): App\. Phys. B 28, 367

References 327

Arepalli, S., N. Presser, D. Robbie, and RJ. Gordon (1985): Chern. Phys. Lett. 118, 88 Bache\s, T. and R. Schäfer (1998): Rev. Sci. Instrurn. 69, 3794 Bahat, D., O. Chesnovsky, U.C. Even, N. Lavie, and Y. Magen (1987): J. Phys. Chern. 91,

2460 Bahr, u., U. Röhling, C. Lautz, K. Strupat, M. Schürenberg, and F. Hillenkarnp (1996): Int.

J. Mass Spectrorn. Ion Process. 153,9 Bassi, D., A. Boschetti, M. Scotoni, and M. Zen (1981): Appl. Phys. B, 26, 99 Bauer, W., L.Y. Rusin, and J.P. Toennies (1978): J. Chern. Phys. 68,4490 Becker, E.W. and K. Bier (1954): Z. Nat.forsch. A 9, 975 Becker, E.W. and O. Stehl (1952): Z. Angew. Phys. 4, 20 Beckey, H.-D. (1971): Field Ionization Mass Spectroscopy (Pergamon Press, Oxford) Bell, G.D. and E.F. Tubbs (1970): Rev. Sci. Instrurn. 41435 Bellamy, E.H. and K.F. Srnith (1953): Phi los. Mag. 44, 33 Bennewitz, H.G., W. Paul, and P. Toschek (1956): Z. Nat.forsch. A 11,956 Bennewitz, H.G. and R. Wederneyer (1963): Z. Phys. 172, 1 Bennewitz, H.G., K.H. Kramer, W. Paul, and J.P. Toennies (1964): Z. Phys. 177,84 Bergrnan, T. T.P. Martin, and H. Schaber (1989): Rev. Sci. Instrurn. 60, 347 and 792 Bergman, T. T.P. Martin, and H. Schaber (1990): Rev. Sci. Instrurn. 61,2585,2592 Bergmann, K. (1988): in Atomic and Molecular Beam Methods, Vol. 1, G. ed. by G. Scoles,

p. 293 (Oxford University Press Oxford) Bernhard, F. (1957): Z. Angew. Phys. 9, 68 Bertin, c.L. and K. Rose (1971): J. Appl. Phys. 42, 163 Beuhler, R. and L. Friedrnan (1980): Nucl. Instrurn. Methods 170, 309 Beuhler, R. and L. Friedrnan (1986): Chern. Rev. 86, 521 Bewig, L., U. Buck, S.R. Ghandi, and M. Winter (1996): Rev. Sci. Instrurn. 67, 417 Bewig, L., U. Buck, S. Rakowsky, M. Reymann, and C. Steinbach (1997): J. Chern. Phys.

101,6538 Bickes, RW. Jr., K.R Newton, J.M. Herrmann, and R.B. Bernstein (1976): J. Chern. Phys.

46,3648 BischeI" W.K. and L.E. Jusinski (1985): Chern. Phys. Lett. 120,337 Boesl, u., R Weinkauf, and E.W. Schlag (1992): Int. J. Mass Spectrorn. Ion Process. 112,

121 Bonharn, R.A. and M. Fink (1974): in High Energy Electron Scattering, p. 273 (van

Nostrand, New York) Borst, W.L. and E.C. Zipf(l971): Phys. Rev. A 3,979 Brackrnan, R.T. and E.L. Fite (1961): J. Chern. Phys. 34, 1572 Breit, G. (1933): Rev. Mod. Phys. 5, 91 Brink, G.O. (1966): Rev. Sci. Instrurn. 37, 857 and 1626 Brooks, P.R. and D.R. Herschbach (1964): Rev. Sci. Instrurn. 35,1528 Browder, R.L., RL.Miller, W.A. Thornas, and G. Sanzone (1981): Int. J. Mass Spectrorn.

Ion Process. 27,99 Broyer, M., J. Chevaleyre, G. Delacretaz, P. Fayet, and L. Wöste (1985): Chern. Phys. Lett.

114,477 Brubaker, W.M. (1968): Advances in Mass Spectrometry, Vol. 4, ed. by A. Quoule, p. 293

(Elsevier, Arnsterdarn) Brunelle, A., P. Chaurand, S. DellaNegra, Y. LeBeyec, and G. Baptista (1993): Int. J. Mass

Spectrorn Ion Process. 126,65 Buck, U. and H. Pauly (1968): Z. Nat.forsch. A 23, 475 Buck, U., F. Huisken, H. Pauly, and J. Schleusener (1978): J. Chern. Phys. 68, 3334 Buck, U. and H. Meyer (1986): J. Chern. Phys. 84,4854

328 Referenees

BueIow, S., G. Radhakrishnan, 1 Catanzarite, and C. Wittig (1985): 1 Chern. Phys. 83,444 Buntin, S.A., C.F. Giese, and W.R. Gentry (1990): Chern. Phys. Lett, 168,517 Buttry, D.A. and M.D. Ward (1992): Chern. Rev. 92,1355 Callegari, C., 1 Higgins, F. Stienkerneier, and G. Seoles (1998): 1 Phys. Chern. A 102, 95 Cameron, A.E. and D.F. Eggers (1948): Rev. Sei. lnstrurn. 19,605 Campbell, E.E.B., H.G. U1rner, B. Hasselberger, H.G. Busrnann, and LV. Hertel (1990): 1

Chern. Phys. 93, 6900 Carleton, KL., K.H. WeIge, and S.R. Leone (1985): Chern. Phys. Lett. 115,492 CavaIlini, M., G. GaIlinaro, and G. Seoles (1967): Z. Nat.forseh. A 22, 413 Cavallini, M., G. Gallinaro, and G. Seoles (1969): Z. Nat.forseh. A 24, 1850 CavaIlini, M., L. Meneghetti, G. Seoles, and M. Yealland (1971): Rev. Sei. Instrurn. 42,

1759 Cermäk, V. (1966): 1 Chern. Phys. 44, 1318 Childs, W.l (1972): Case Stud. At. Phys. 3, 215 Clarke, l, G.I. Hoffer, P.L. Riehards, and N.H. Yeh (1977): 1 App!. Phys. 48,4865 Clausnitzer, G., R. Baumann, B. Feuerstein, H.P. Flierl, M. Horoi, G. Keil, M. Mildner, D.

Ochs, E. Pfaff, and M. Preiss (1993): AlP Conf. Proe. 293, 76 Clyne, M.A.A. and I.S. MeDermid (1982): Adv. Chern. Phys. 50, 1 Cohen, V. W. (1959): in Recent Research in Molecular Beams, ed. by I. Estermann, p. 121

(Acadernie Press, New York) Collins, T.L.D., A.l MeCaffery, lP. Riehardson, R.l Wilson, and M.J. Wynn (1995): 1

Chern. Phys. 102,4419 Conaway, W.E., R.J.S. Morrison, and R.N. Zare (1985): Chern. Phys. Lett. 113,429 Conover, C.W.S., Y.T. Twu, Y.A. Yang, and L.A. Bloomfield (1989): Rev. Sei. Instrurn.

60, 1065 Conrad, H., G. Ertl, 1 Kueppers, S.W. Wang, K Gerard, and H. Haberland (1979): Phys.

Rev. Lett. 42, 1082 Conrad, H., G. Erd, J. Kueppers, and J. Sesselmann (1980): Surf. Sei. 100, L461 Constantin, E. and A. Schnell (1990): Mass Spectrometry (EIlis Horwood, New York) Continetti, R.E., B.A. Balko, and Y.T. Lee (1990): 1 Chern. Phys. 93, 5719 Cook, S.R., M.A. Hoffbauer, lB. Cross, H. Wellenstein, and M. Fink (1996): Rev. Sei.

Instrurn. 67,1781 Cook, S.R. and M.A. Hoffbauer (1997): 1 Vae. Sei. Techno!. A 15, 1553 Cooper, J. (1962): Rev. Sei. Instrurn. 33, 92, Copley, M.l and V. Deitz (1937): Rev. Sei. Instrurn. 8,314 Courant, E.D., M.S. Linvingston, and H.S. Snyder (1952): Phys. Rev. 88, 119 Curnpson, P.J. and M.P. Seah (1990): Meas. Sei. Techno!. 1,544 Curnpson, P.l (1997): 1 Vae. Sei. Techno!. 15,2407 Dagdigian, P.J. (1988): in Atomic and Molecular Beam Methods, Vol. 1, ed. by G. Seoles,

p. 569 and p. 596 (Oxford University Press, Oxford) Daley, H.L., A.Y. Yahike, and 1 Perl (1970): 1 Chern. Phys. 52, 3577 Daly, N.R. (1960): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 31, 264 Danielson, l.J., KM. MeLeod, and M. Keil (1987): 1 Chern. Phys. 87,239 Datz, S. and E.H. Taylor (1956): J. Chern. Phys. 25, 389 and 395 Davis, L., D.E. Nagle, and J.A. Zaeharias (1949): Phys. Rev. 76, 1068 Davis, R. and M. Frearson (1987): Mass Spectrometry (Wiley, Chichester) Dawson, P.H. (1976): Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry and fts Applications (Elsevier,

Arnsterdam) de Bruijn, D.P. and 1 Los (1982): Rev. Sei. Instrurn. 53, 1020 de Heer, W.A. and P. Milani (1991): Rev. Sei. Instrurn. 62, 670

References 329

Deck, F.J., E.A. Hessels, and S.R. Lundeen (1993): Phys. Rev. A 48, 4400 Dehnbostel, C., R. Feitgen, and G. Hoffmann (1990): Phys. Rev. A 42,5389 Dehnbostel, C., R.Feltgen, H. Ferkel, H. Koch, and D. Pikorz (1996): J. Chern. Phys. 105,

3340 Derntröder, W. (1996): Laser Spektroscopy, 2nd edn. (Springer, Berlin) Dennis, P.N. (1986): Photodetectors (Plenum Press, New York) Dinklage, A., T. Lokajczyk, HJ. Kunze, B. Schweer, and I.E. Olivares (1998): Rev. Sci.

Instrum. 69, 321 Dinneen, T., A. Ghiorso, and H. Gould (1996): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 67, 752 Dittner, P.F. and S. Datz (1978): J. Chern. Phys. 68, 2451 Downey, P.M., A.D. Jeffries, S.S. Meyer, R. Weiss, FJ. Bachner, J.P. Donelly, W.T.

Lindley, R.W. Mountain, and D.J. Silversrnith (1984): Appl. Opt. 23, 910 Drew, H.D. and AJ. Sievers (1969): Appl. Opt. 8, 2067 Duckworth, H.E., R.C. Barker, and V.S. Venkatasubramanian (1986): Mass Spectrometry,

2nd edn. (Carnbridge University Press, Cambridge) Dunning, F.B., A.C.H. Srnith, and R.F. Stebbings (1971): J. Phys. B 4,1683 Dunning, F.B. and A.C.H. Srnith (1971): J. Phys. B 4,1696 Dunoyer, L. (1911): Cornpt. Rend. 152,92 Düren, R., M. Kick, and H. Pauly (1974): Chern. Phys. Lett. 27, 118 Ebersohn, R.C. and M.D. Ward (1988): J. Am. Chern. Soc. 110,8623 Ehbrecht, M. (1996): Max-Planck-Institut für Strömungsforschung, Report 9, Göttingen Ehbrecht, M., H. Ferkel, V.V. Srnirnov, O.M. Stelmakh, W. Zhang, and F. Huisken (1995):

Rev. Sei. Instrum. 66, 3833 Eisei, D., W. Derntröder, W. Müller, and P. Botschwina (1983): Chern. Phys. 80, 329 Ellett, A. and R.M. Zabel (1931): Phys. Rev. 37,1112 Erdmann, P.W. and E.C. Zipf(1989): Rev. Sci. Instrum. 60, 4 Esherick, P. and A. Owyong (1983): Chern. Phys. Lett. 103,235 Estermann, I. and O. Stern (1923): Z. Phys. Chern. 106,399 and 4031 Estermann, I. and O. Stern (1933): Z. Phys. 85, 135 Even, U., I. Schek, and J. Jortner (1993): Chern. Phys. Lett. 202, 303 Everdij, J.J. and N.F. Verster (1975): J. Phys. E 8, 603 Fabrikant, 1.1., O.B. Shpenik, A.V. Snegurski, and A.N. Zavilopul0 (1988): Phys. Rep. 159,

1 Faubel, M., L.Y. Rusin, S. Schlemmer, F. Sondermann, U. Tappe, and J.P. Toennies

(1994): J. Chern. Phys. 101,2106 Feron, P., Ph. Girard, J. Robert, J. Reinhardt, and 1. Baudon (1988): Chern. Phys. 121, 155 Fisher, D.S., C.W. Fehrenbach, S.R. Lundeen, E.A. Hessels, and B.D. DePaola (1997):

Phys. Rev. A 56, 4656 Fite, W.L. (1976): Rev. Sci. Instrum. 47, 326 Flory, C.A., R.C. Taber, and G. E. Yefschak (1996): Int. J. Mass Spectrorn. Ion Process.

152, 169 and 177 Fluendy, M.A.D. (1964): Rev. Sci. Instrum. 35,1606 Frank, H., H. Hoinkes, and H. Wilsch (1977): Surf. Sci. 63, 121 Fraser, R.G. (1931): Molecular Rays (Cambridge University Press, London) Frenkel, J. (1924): Z. Phys. 25,1 Freund, R.S. (1971): J. Chern. Phys. 55,3569 Fricke, G. and H. Friedburg (1955): Z. Phys. 141, 171 Fricke, G. (1955): Z. Phys. 141, 166 Friedburg, H. and H. Kuiper (1957): Naturwissenschaften 44, 487 Friedrnan, L. and G.H. Vineyard (1984): Comments At. Mol. Phys. 15,251

330 References

Fujii, T. and H. Arirnoto (1985): Anal. Chern. 57,2625 Fujii, T. and Y. Kitai (1986): Int. J. Mass Spectrorn. Ion Process. 71, 129 Fujii, T. and H. Jirnba (1987): Int. J. Mass Spectrorn. Ion Process. 79, 221 Gallagher, T.F. (1994): Rydberg Atoms (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge) Garin, S.N., B.K. Pinkhasov, and Z.L. Fedorenko (1996): Instrum. Exp. Tech. 39, 291 Gatzke, M., B. Broers, L.D. Noordam, R.B. Watkins, and T.F. Gallagher (1994): Phys.

Rev. A 50, 2502 Gebhardt, W. and O. Osberghaus (1958): Z. Phys. 150,33 Gelfort, E. (1974): Int. J. Mass Spectrorn. 14,349 Geno, P.W. and RD. MacFarlane (1989): Int. J. Mass Spectrorn. Ion. Process. 92, 195 Gentry, W.R. and C.F. Giese (1978): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 49, 595 Gerlach, W. and O. Stern (1924): Ann. Phys. 74, 673 Gerlach, W. and O. Stern (1925): Ann. Phys. 76, 163 Gibbs, H.M. and E.D. Commins (1966): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 37,1385 GilIies,G.T. and RC. Ritter (1993): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 64, 283 Glass, A.M. (1968): Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 147 Golde, M.F. (1977): in Gas Kinetics and Energy Transfer, Vol. 2, ed. by P.G. Ashrnore and

R.J. Donovan, p. 123 (The Chernical Society, London) Gorner, R. and M.G. Ingram (1955): J. Chern. Phys. 22,1279 Götting, R, H.R. Mayne, and J.P. Toennies (1986): J. Chern. Phys. 85, 6396 Gough, T.E., RE. MilIer, and G. Scoles (1977): Appl. Phys. Lett. 30, 338 Gough, T.E. and G. Scoles (1981): in Laser Spectroscopy, Vol. 5, ed. by A.RW. McKellar,

T. Oka, and B.P. Stochef, p. 337 (Springer, Heidelberg) Gough, T.E., RE. MilIer, and G. Scoles (1978): J. Chern. Phys. 69, 1588 Gough, T.E., M. Mengel, PA Rowntree, and G. Scoles (1985): J. Chern. Phys. 83,4958 GoyaI, S., D.L. Schutt, and G. Scoles (1995): J. Chern. Phys. 102,2302 Greene, E.F. (1961): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 32, 860 Gspann, J. (1996): in Large Clusters 0/ Atoms and Molecules, ed. by T.P. Martin, p. 443

(Kluwer, Doordreeht) Günther, K.G. (1957): Z. Phys. 149,538 Haberland, H., Z. Insepov, M. Karrais, M. Mall, and M. Moseler (1995): Phys. Rev. B 51,

11061 Haberreeker, K., E. Mollwo, H. Schreiber, H. Hoinkes, H. Nahr, P. Lindner, and H. Wilseh

(1967): Nucl. Instrum. Methods 57, 22 Hadni, A., Y. Henninger, R. Thornas, P. Vergnat, and B. Wyneke (1965): J. Phys. 26,345 Hadni, A. (1967): Essentials in Modern Physics Applied to the Study of the Infrared

(pergamon Press, Oxford) Hagstrum, H.D. (1954): Phys. Rev. 96, 336 Hagstrurn, H.D. (1956): Phys. Rev. 104,672 Hagstrum, H.D. (1978): in Electron and Ion Spectroscopy o/Solids, ed. by L. Fiermans, J.

Vennik, and W. Dekeyser, p. 273 (Plenum Press, New York) Hagstrum, H.D. (1979): Phys. Rev. Lett. 43, 1050 Hall, G., K. Liu, M.J. MeAuliffe, C.F. Giese, and W.R Gentry (1984): J. Chern. Phys. 81,

5577 Hänseh, T.W. (1995): in Atomic Physics, Vol. 14, ed. by DJ. Wineland, C.E. Wieman, and

S.J. Srnith, p. 63 (AlP, New York) Harvey, K.C. and C. Fehrenbaeh (1983): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 54, 11 17 Häusler, D., P. Andresen, and R Sehinke (1987): J. Chern. Phys. 87, 2685 Hayderer, G., M. Schrnid, P. Varga, H.P. Winter, and F. Aurnayer (1999): Rev. Sei. Instrum.

70,3696

References 331

Hecht, T., H. Winter, and RW. McCullough (1997): Rev. Sci. Instrurn. 68, 2693 Heil, H. (1943): Z. Phys. 120,212 Helbing, R., W. Gaide, and H. Pauly (1968): Z. Phys. 208, 215 Hendell, E. and U. Even (1995a): XVI. Int. Symp. Mol. Bearns, Book of Abstracts, P33A Hendell, E. and U. Even (l995b): J. Chern. Phys. 103,9045 Hendell, E. and U. Even (1995c): Rev. Sci. Instrurn. 66, 3901 Henderson, W.R and H.1. Schiff(1970): Planet. Space Sci. 18, 1527 Hepbum, J.W., D. Klirnek, K. Liu, R.C. Macdonald, F.J. Northrup, and J.C. Polanyi

(1981): J. Chern. Phys. 74,6226 Herlet, A. and G. Reich (1957): Z. Angew. Phys. 9, 14 Herrrnann, A., S. Leutwyler, E. Schurnacher, and L. Wöste (1977): Chern. Phys. Lett. 52,

418 Herrmann, A., E. Schurnacher, and L. Wöste (1978): J. Chern. Phys. 68, 2327 Herzberg, G. (1950): Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure, Vol. 1 (van Nostrand,

NewYork) Herzog, R. (1934): Z. Phys. 89,447 Hillrichs, G. (1989): Max-Planck-Institut für Strörnungsforschung, Report 21, Göttingen Hilton, G.C., J.M. Martinis, D.A, Wollrnan, K.D. Irwin, L.L. Duleie, D. Gerber, P.M. Gil-

levet, and T. Twerenbold (1998): Nature 391, 672 Hines, M.A., H.A. Michelson, and R.N. Zare (1990): J. Chern. Phys. 93, 8557 Hoinkes, H., H. Nahr, and H. Wilsch (1972): Surf. Sci. 30, 363 Hollenbach, D. and E.E. Salpeter (1970): J. Chern. Phys. 53,79 Holrnlid, L. (1974): J. Chern. Phys. 61, 1244 Holrnlid, L. (1976): J. Phys. E 9, 464 HolrnIid, L. and J.O. Olsson (1981): J. Catal. 71,9 Hotop, H. and A. Niehaus (1968): Z. Phys. 215, 395 Hotop, H. (1996): in Experimental Methods in the Physical Sciences, Vol. 29 B, ed. by F.B.

Dunning and RG. Hulet, p. 191 (Acadernic, San Diego, CA) Huang, Z.S. and R.E. Miller (1988): J. Chern. Phys. 89, 5408 Huang, X., J. Zhao, G. Xing, X. Wang, and R Bersohn (1996): J. Chern. Phys. 104, 1338 Huber, A., B. Gross, M. Weitz, and T.W. Hänsch (1998): Phys. Rev. A 59,1844 Hughes, V., G. Tucker, E. Rhoderick, and G. Weinreich (1953): Phys. Rev. 91, 828 Huisken, F. (1992): Adv. Chern. Phys. 81,63 Hurst, G.S., M.G. Payne, S.O. Kramer, and J.P. Young (1979): Rev. Mod. Phys. 51, 767 Irnrie, D.C., J.M. Pentney, and J.S. Cottrell (1995): Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrorn. 9,

1293 Ionov, N.I. (1972): Prog. Surf. Sei. 1,237 Irwin, K.D., G.C. Hilton, D.A. Wollrnan, and J.M. Martinis (1996): Appl. Phys. Lett. 69,

1945 Jacobs, D.C., RJ. Madix, and RN. Zare (1986): J. Chern. Phys. 85, 5469 Jacobs, D.C. and R.N. Zare (1986): J. Chern. Phys. 85, 5457 Johnson, P.M. (1980): Appl. Opt. 19,3920 Johnson, L.K., R.S. Gao, K.A. Srnith, and RF. Stebbings (1988): Phys. Rev. A 38, 2794 Johnston, W.D. and J.G. King (1966): Rev. Sci. Instrum. 37,475 Jones, R.C. (1953a): J. Opt. Soc. Am. 43, 1 Jones, R.C. (l953b): in Advances in Electronics, Vol. 5, ed. by L. Marton, p. 1 (Academic

Press, New York) Jones, R.V. and J.C.S. Richards (1959): J. Sci. Instrum. 36,90 Jongma, RT., Th. Rasing, and G. Meijer (1995): J. Chem. Phys. 102, 1925

332 Referenees

Jongrna, R.T., G. Berden, Th. Rasing, H. Zaeharias, and G. Meijer (1997): l Chern. Phys. 107,252

Joswig, H., P. Andresen, and R. Sehinke (1986): l Chern. Phys. 85,181 Jueks, K.W., Z.S. Huang, R.E. Miller, G.T. Fraser, A.S. Pine, and W.F. Lafferty (1988): l

Chern. Phys. 88, 2185 Kadar-Kallen, M.A. and K.D. Bonin (1989): Appl. Phys. Lett. 54, 2296 Kasai, Y., A. Suzuki, H. Tanoue, T. Nagai, and S. Sakai (1995): Adv. Supereonduetivity 7,

897 Kasai, Y. and S. Sakai (1997): Rev. Sei. Instrurn. 68, 2850 Kaserno, B. and E. Törnquist (1980): Phys. Rev. Lett. 44, 1555 Kato, M. and K. Tsuno (1990): Nuel. Instrurn. Methods A 298, 296 Katzenstein, H.S. and S.S. Fried1and (1955): Rev. Sei. Instrurn. 26, 324 Kawano, H., S. Matsui, and N. Serizawa (1996): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 67,1193 Kellogg, J.M.B., I.I. Rabi, N.F. Rarnsey, and lR. Zaeharias (1939): Phys. Rev. 56, 728 Kern, K., B. Lindenau, R. David, and G. Cornsa (1985): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 56, 52 Kerstei, E.R.T., M. Beeueei, G. Pietraperzia, and E. Castellueei (1997): l Chern. Phys. 106,

1318 Khrne1', S.Y. and R.G. Sharafutdinov (1997): Teeh. Phys. 42, 775 Khrnel', S.Y. and R.G. Sharafutdinov (1998): Teeh. Phys. 43, 986 King, J.G. and lR. Zaeharias (1956): Adv. Eleetron. Eleetron Phys. 8, 43 Kingdon, K.H. (1923): Phys. Rev. 21,408 Kingdon, K.H. and I. Langmuir (1923): Phys. Rev. 21, 380 KinseI, G.R., C.D. Mowry, P.l MeKeown, and M.V. Johnston (1991): Int. l Mass Spee­

trorn. Ion Proeess. 104,353 Kinsey, lL. (l977): Annu. Rev. Phys. Chern. 28, 349 Klausrneier-Brown, M.E., lN. Eckstein, I. Bozovie, and G.F. Virshup (1992): Appl. Phys.

Lett.60,657 Knauer, F. and O. Stern (1926): Z. Phys. 39, 764 Knauer, F. and O. Stern {I 929): Z. Phys. 53, 766 Knauer, F. (1933): Z. Phys. 80, 80 Knauer, F. (1949): Z. Phys. 125,278 Kolsky, H.G., T. E. Phipps, N.F. Rarnsey, and H.B. Silsbee (1952): Phys. Rev. 87, 395 Kompa, K.L., W. Christen, H. Schröder, and H. Stulpnagel (1992): Ber. Bunsenges. Phys.

Chern. 69, 1197 Kuhnke, K., K. Kern, R. David, and G. Cornsa (1994): Rev. Sei. Instrurn. 65, 3458 Kurtsiefer, Ch. and l Mlynek (1996): Appl. Phys. B 64, 85 Lagus, M.E., lB. Boffard, L.W. Anderson, and e.e. Lin (1996): Phys. Rev. A 53, 1505 Lamb, W.E. and R.C. Retherford (1950): Phys. Rev. 79, 549 Landman, U. and L. Charles {I 992): Seience, 257, 355 Lang, H.P., R. Berger, C. Andreoli, 1. Brugger, M. Despont, P. Vettiger, Ch. Gerber, lK.

Girnzewski, 1.P. Ramseyer, E. Meyer, and H.-l Güntherodt (1998): Appl. Phys. Lett. n,383

Lankhuijzen,G.M. and L.D. Noordarn (1997): Adv. At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 38, 121 Lawrenee, G.M., lK. Link, and R.B. King (1965): Astrophys. l 141,293 Leaeh, e.A., A.A. Tsekouras, P.H. Vaeearo, R.N. Zare, and D. Zhao (1991): Faraday Dis­

euss. Chern. Soe. 91,183 LeClair, L.R. and lW. MeConkey (1993): l Chern. Phys. 99,4566 Lee, Y.T., lD. MeDonald, P.R. LeBreton, and D.R. Hersehbaeh (1969): Rev. Sei. Instrurn.

40, 1402 Letokhov, V.S. (1987): Laser Photoionization Spectroscopy (Acadernie Press, OrIando, FL)

Referenees 333

Leutwyler, S., A. Herrnann, L. Wöste, and E. Sehumaeher (1980): Chem. Phys. 48, 253 Levy, D.H. (1980): Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 31, 197 Lew, H. (1949): Phys. Rev. 76, 1086 Lew, H. (1967): in Methods 0/ Experimental Physics, Vol. 4A, ed. by V.W. Hughes and

H.L. Sehulz, p. 390 (Acadernie Press, New York) Lichtin, D.A., S. Dalta-Ghosh, K.R. Newton, and R.B.Bernstein (1980): ehern. Phys. Lett.

75,214 Lin, S.H., Y.Fujmura, H.1.Neusser, and E.W. Schlag (1984): Multiphoton Spectroscopy 0/

Moleeules (Aeademic Press, Orlando, FL) Lin, C.C. and L.W. Anderson (1992): Adv. At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 29, 1 Lin, J.1., D.W. Hwang, S. Harich, Y.T. Lee, and X. Yang (1998): Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69,

1642 Lu, C. and A.W. Czandema (eds.) (1984): Applications o/Piezoelectric Quartz Crystal Mi-

crobalances (Elsevier, Amsterdam) Lubman, D.M. and R.M. Jordan (1985): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 56, 373 Ludlow, 1.H., W.H. MitehelI, and E.H. Putley (1967): Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44,694 Lundeen, S.R. and F.M. Pipkin (1975): Phys. Rev. Lett. 34,1368 MaeAdam, K.B. and G. Rolfes (1982): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 53, 592 MacAdam, K.B., L.G. Gray, and R.G. Rolfes (1990): Phys. Rev. A 42,5269 Macfarlane, 1.C. (1968): 1. Vae. Sei. Teehnol. 5, 118 Mahon, C.R., 1.L. Dexter, P. Pillet, and T.F. Gallagher (1991): Phys. Rev. A 44,1859 Maier, F., S. Kneitz, H. Koschel, and H.-P. Steinruck (1997): Surf. Sei. 377-379, 1101 Maltsev, V.A., O.A. Nerushev, S.A. Novopashin, and B.A. Selivanov (1993): Chem. Phys.

Lett.212,480 Mamyrin, B.A. (1966): Russian patent No. 198034 Mamyrin, B.A., V.I.Karataev, D.V. Shmikk, and V.A. Zagulin (1973): Sov. Phys.-JETP 37,

45 Marenco, G., A. Schutte, G. Scoles, and F. Tommasini (1972): 1. Vac. Sci. Teehnol. 9, 824 Marsden, D.G.H. (1968): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 39, 39 Martini, K.M., W. Franzen, and M. EI-Batanouny (1987): Rev. Sci. Instrum. 56,1027 Mason, B.F. and B.R. Williarns (1972): Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 375 Mason, B.F. and B.R. Williarns (1978): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 49, 897 Mason, N.1. (1990): Meas. Sci. Technol. 1,596 Matijasevie, V., E.L. Garwin, and R.H. Hammond (1990): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 61, 1747 Mattera, L. (1978): PhD thesis, University ofWaterloo, Canada Mattes, B.L. and T.A. Pearls (1961): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 32, 332 Maul, M.K. and M.W.P. Strandberg (1969a): J. Appl. Phys. 40, 2822 Maul, M.K. and M.W.P. Strandberg (1969b): Phys. Rev. 182,522 MeDerrnott, M.N. and W.L. Lichten (1960): Phys. Rev. 119, 134 McWane, 1.W. and D.E. Oates (1974): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 45, 1145 Mecea, V.M., 1.0. Carlsson, P. Heszler, and M. Bärtan (1995): Vaeuum 46,691 Meier, W., H. Rottke, H. Zacharias, and K.H. Welge (1985): 1. Chem. Phys. 83,4360 Miller, R.E. (1982): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 53,1719 Minten, A. and O. Osberghaus (1958): Z. Phys. 150,74 Möller, K. and L. Holmid (1984): Int. 1. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proeess. 61, 323 Mordaunt, D.H., I.R. Lambert, G.P. Morley, M.N.R. Ashford, R.N. Dixon, C.M. Western,

L. Schnieder, and K. Welge (1993): 1. Chem. Phys. 98, 2054 Muga, M.L. (1987): Anal. Instrum. 16,31 Mull, Th., B. Baumeister, M. Menges, H.-1. Freund, D. Weide, C. Fischer, and P. Andresen

(1992): 1. Chem. Phys. 96, 7108

334 References

Nahr, H., H. Hoinkes, and H. Wilsch (1971): 1. Chern. Phys. 54, 3022 Nahurn, M. and 1.M. Martinis (1995): Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 3203 Nakamura, K.G. and M. Kitajirna (1995): 1. Chern. Phys. 102,8569 Neitsch, L., F. Stuhl, PJ. Dagdigian, and M.H. Alexander (1996): 1. Chern. Phys. 104,

1325 Oakes, D.B., R.H. Krech, B.L. Upschulte, and G.E. Caledonia (1995): 1. Appl. Phys. 77,

2166 Park, M.A. and 1.H. CaIlahan (1994): Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrorn. 8, 317 Parks, E.K., M. Inoue, and S. Wexsler (1982): 1. Chern. Phys. 76, 1357 Parr, T.P., D.M. Parr, and R.M. Martin (1982): 1. Chern. Phys. 76, 316 Pate, B.H., K.K. Lehrnann, and G. Scoles (1991): J. Chern. Phys. 95, 3891 Paul, W. and H. Steinwedel (1953): Z. Nat.forsch. A 8, 448 Paul,W., H.P. Reinhard, and U. von Zahn (1958): Z. Phys. 152, 143 Pauly, H. and 1.P. Toennies (1968): in Methods olExperimental Physics, Vol. 7A, ed. by B.

Bederson and W.D. Fite, p. 227 (Acadernie Press, New York) Pauly, H. and 1. Schulz-Hennig (1975): in 50 Jahre MPI f Strömungslorschung, ed. by

MPIFS, p. 468 (Hubert & Co, Göttingen) Pellarin, M., B. Baguenard, M. Broyer, 1. Lerme, 1.L. Vi alle, and A. Perez (1993): 1. Chern.

Phys. 98, 944 Persky, A., E.F. Greene, and A. Kuppermann (1968): 1. Chern. Phys. 49, 2347 Peterson, K.I., P.D. Dao, and A.W. Castlernan Jr. (1983): 1. Chern. Phys. 79, 777 Piseri, P., S. Ianotta, and P. Milani (1996): Int. 1. Mass Spectrorn. Ion Process. 153,23 Ploog, K. (1988): in Atomic and Molecular Beam Methods, Vol. 1, ed. by G. Scoles, p. 416

(Oxford University Press, Oxford) Posner, M. and W. Raith (1967): in Methods 01 Experimental Physics, Vol. 4A, ed. by

V.W. Hughes and H.L. Schulz, p. 414 (Aeadernie Press, New York) Potekhina, N.D. (1966): Sov. Phys.-Tech. Phys. 10, 1280 Pratt, S.T., P.M. Dehrner, and 1.L. Dehrner (1983): J. Chern. Phys. 78,4315 Priee, D. and lE. Williams (eds.) (1969): Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (pergamon

Press, Oxford) Putley, E.H. (1977): in Optica/ and Infrared Detectors, ed. by R.J. Keyes, p. 71 (Springer,

NewYork) Quinn, W.E., A. Pery, 1.M. Baker, H.R. Lewis, N.F. Ramsey, and 1.T. LaTourette (1958):

Rev. Sei. Instrurn. 29, 935 Quintana, E.J. and E. Pollak (1996): Phys. Rev. A 53, 206 Rabi, 1.1., 1.M.B. Kellogg, and 1.R. Zacharias (1934): Phys. Rev. 46, 157 Rarnsey, N.F. (1956): Molecular Beams (Clarendon Press, Oxford) Rasulev, u.K. and E.Y. Zandberg (1988): Prog. Surf. Sei. 28, 181 Rawluk, L.1., Y.B. Fan, Y. Apelblat, and M. Keil (1991): 1. Chern. Phys. 94, 4205 Raz, T., I. Schek, M. Ben-Nun, U. Even, J. Jortner, and R.D. Levine (1994): 1. Chern. Phys.

101,8606 Richards, PJ. and E.E. Hays (1950): Rev. Sei. Instrurn. 21,99 Riehards,1. (1984): 1. Phys. E 17, 1081 Rohwer, E.R., R.C. Beavis, C. Köster, 1. Lindner, 1. Groterneyer, and E.W. Schlag (1988):

Z. Nat.forseh. A 43, 1151 Roundy, C.B. and R.L. Byer (1972): Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 10 Sack, NJ. and R.A. Baragiola (1993): Phys. Rev. B 48, 9973 Sandner, W. (1986): in Electronic and Atomic Collisions, ed. by D.C. Lorents, W.E.

Meyerhof, and 1.R. Peterson, p. 785 (Elsevier, Arnsterdarn) Sanna, G., M. Nardi, and G. Tomassetti (1990a): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 61, 1371

References 335

Sanna, G., M. Nardi, and L. Martinis (1990b): Rev. Sci. Instrum. 61, 1379 Sauerbrey, G. (1959): Z. Phys. 155,206 Schappe, R.S., M.B. Schulman, L.W. Anderson, and C.C. Lin (1994): Phys. Rev. ASO, 444 Scheer, M.D. and J. Fine (1962): J. Chem. Phys. 37, \07 Scheer, M.D. and J. Fine (1963): J. Chem. Phys. 38, 307 and 39, 1752 Scheffers, H. and J. Stark (1936): Phys. Zeitschr. 37, 217 Schek, 1., T. Raz, RD. Levine, and J. Jortner (1994): J. Chem. Phys. 101,8597 Schlier, Ch. (1957): Fortschr. Phys. 5, 378 Schmiedmayer, J., M.S. Chapman, C.R. Ekstrom, T.D. Hammond, D.W. Keith, A. Lenef,

R.A. Rubenstein, E.T. Smith, and D.E. Pritchard (1997): in Atom InterJerometry, ed. by P.R Berman, p. 1 (Academic Press, New York)

Schnieder, L., K. Seekamp-Rahn, F. Liedeker, H. Steuwe, and K.H. Welge (1991): Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc. 91, 259

Schnieder, L., W. Meier, K.H. Welge, M.N.R. Ashfold, and C.M. Western (1990): J. Chem.Phys. 92, 7027

Schohl, S., D. Klar, T. Kraft, H.A.J. Meijer, M.-W. Ruf, U. Schmitz, SJ. Smith, and H. Hotop (1991): Z. Phys. D 21, 25

Schohl,S., H.A.J. Meijer, M.-W. Ruf, and H. Hotop (1992): Meas. Sci. Technol. 3, 544 Schultz, A., H.W. Cruse, and RN. Zare (1972): J. Chem. Phys. 57,1354 Schutte, A., D. Bassi, F. Tommasini, A. Turelli, G. Scoles, and LJ.F. Hermans (1975): 1

Chem. Phys. 62, 600 Schütte, S. (1997): Max-Planck-Institut rur Strömungsforschung, Report 7, Göttingen Seelemann, T., P. Andresen, J. Schleipen, B. Beyer, and 11 Ter Meulen (1988): Chem.

Phys. 126, 27 Shimizu, K. and F. Shimizu (1983): 1 Chem. Phys. 78,1126 Sibener, SJ. and Y.T. Lee (1979): Rarefied Gas Dynamics 11, Vol. I, ed. by R

Campargue, p. 1417, (CEA, Paris) Sibener, S.l (1979): PhD thesis, University ofCaJifornia, Berkeley, USA Simpson, W.R., T.P. Rakitzis, S.A. Kandel, A.l Orr-Ewing, and R.N. Zare (1995a): J.

Chem.Phys. 103,7313 Simpson, W.R., A.l Orr-Ewing, T.P. Rakitzis, S.A. Kandel, and R.N. Zare (1995b): 1

Chem. Phys. 103,7299 Siska, P.E. (1993): Rev. Mod. Phys. 65, 337 Smith, K.F. (1951): Nature 167, 942 Spengler, B., D. Kirsch,R. Kaufmann, M. Karas, F. Hillenkamp, and U. Giessmann (1990):

Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 9, 301 Spengler, B. and R. Kaufmann (1992): Analysis 20, 91 Stanford, A.L. (1965): Solid-state Electron. 8, 747 Staudenmeier, G., O.W. Hofer, and H. Liebl (1976): Int. 1 Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys. 11,

102 Stebbings, R.F. and F.B. Dunning (eds.) (1983): Rydberg States 01 Atoms and Molecules

(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge) Steinrück, H.-P., A. Winkler, and K.D. PenduJic (1985): Surf. Sei. 1521153,323 Steinrück, H.-P. and K.D. Pendulic (1986): Vacuum 36,213 Stephens, W.E. (1946): Phys. Rev. 69, 691 Stienkemeier, F., J. Higgins, W.E. Ernst, and G. Scoles (1994): Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 3592 Stienkemeier, F., J. Higgins, W.E. Ernst, and G. Scoles (1995): Z. Phys., B 98, 413 Stratrnan, K., R. Hohmann, HJ. Kluge, S. Kunze, 1 Lantzsch, L. Monz, E.W. Otten, G.

Passler, 1 Stenner, K. Wendt, and K. Zimmer (1994): Rev. Sci. Instrum. 65, 1847 Struve, W.S. (1989): Fundamentals olMolecular Spectroscopy (Wiley, New York)

336 References

Sullivan, P.A, 1. Axe!son, and U.R. Sundquist (1995): Rapid Commun Mass Spectrorn. 9, 377

Suzuki, T., H. Iwabuchi, K. Takahashi, M. Nornura, M. Okamoto, and Y. Fujii (1995): Int. J. Mass Spectrorn. Ion Process. 145, 131

Svanberg, S. (1992): Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, 2nd edn. (Springer, Berlin) Takeuchi, D., 1. Matsuo, A. Kitai, and I. Yamada (1996): Mater. Sei. Eng. A 217-218, 74 Tamovsky, V. and K. Becker (1993): J. Chern. Phys. 98, 7868 Tay!or, 1.B. and I. Langrnuir (1923): Phys. Rev. 44, 423 Taylor, J.B. (1929): Z. Phys. 57, 242 Taylor, J.B. (1930): Phys. Rev. 35, 375 Taylor, E.H. and S. Datz (1955): 1. Chern. Phys. 23, 1711 Theuws, P.G.A, H.G.W. Beijerinck, D.C. Schram, and N. Verster (1982): 1. Phys. E 15,

388 Thurn, F. and W.O. Hofer (1979): Surf. Sei. 90. 331 Tirnothy, L.D.C., A.1. McCaffery, 1.P. Richardson, R.1. Wilson, and M.J. Wynn (1995): J.

Chern. Phys. 102,4419 Torres, L.A., I. Hernandez-Coutreras, 1.A Guardado, and M.G. Gonzales (1994): Measure.

Sei. Techno!. 5, 52 Touw, T.R. and 1.W. Trischka (1963): 1. Appl. Phys. 34, 3535 Trajmar, S. and J.C. Nickel (1993): Adv. At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 30, 45 Treanor, C.E." 1.W. Rich, and R.G. Rehrn (1968): J. Chern. Phys. 48,1798 Uetake, N., T. Asano, and K. Suzuki (1991): Rev. Sei. Instrurn. 62, 1942 Urnbach, E., W. Gebauer, A. Soukopp, M. Bässler, and M. Soko!owski (1998): J. Lurnin.

76 & 77,641 Vaccaro, P.W., D. Zhao, A.A Tsekouras, C.A. Leach, W.E. Ernst, and R.N. Zare (1990): J.

Chern. Phys. 93, 8544 van de Runstaat, C.A., R.W. van Resandt, and 1. Los (1970): 1. Phys. E 3,575 van Dyck, R.S., C.E. Johnson, and H.A. Shugart (1972): Phys. Rev. A 5, 991 van Veen, NJ.A., M.S. de Vries, 1.D. Sokol, T. Baller, and AE. de Vries (1981): Chern.

Phys. 56, 81 Verheijen, M.1., H.C.W. Beijerink, W.A Renes, and N.F. Verster (1984): Chern. Phys. 85,

63 Vialle, 1.L., Baguenard, A. Bourgey, E. Cottanciu, 1. Lerme, B. Palpant, M. PeHarin, F.

Va!adier, and M. Broyer (1997): Rev. Sei. Instrurn. 68,2312 Viehl, A., M. Kanyo, A. van der Hart, and 1. Schelten (1993): Rev. Sei. Instrurn. 64, 732 Vohralik, P.F., R.E. MiIIer, and R.O. Watts (1989): 1. Chern. Phys. 90, 2182 Vonk, M.T., J.A. Baccon, C.F. Giese, and R.W. Gentry (1997): 1. Chern. Phys. 106, 1353 Vrakking, M.1.J., AS. Bracker, T. Suziuki, and Y.T. Lee (1993): Rev. Sei. Instrurn. 64,645 Walhout, M., U. Sterr, A. Witte, and S.L. Ro!ston (1995): Opt. Lett. 20, 1192 Wa!ter, K., U. Boes!, and E.W. Schlag (1986): Int. 1. Mass Spectrorn. Ion Process. 71, 309 Walther, H. (1994): Adv. At. Mo!. Opt. Phys. 32, 379 Wang, H., R. Craig, H. Haouari, Jian-Guo Dong, Zhendong Hu, A Vivoni, J.R. Lornbardi,

D.M. Lindsay (I 995a): 1. Chern. Phys. 103,3289 Wang, W., R.H. Harnmond, M.M. Fejer, C.H. Ahn, M.R. Beasley, M.D. Levenson, and

M.L. Bortz (1995b): App!. Phys. Lett. 67, 1375 Webb, H.W. (1924): Phys. Rev. 24,113 Weinkauf, R., K. Wa!ter, C. Weickhardt, U. Boes!, and W.W. Schlag (1989): Z. Nat.forsch.

A 44, 1219 Weinreich, G., G. Tucker, and V. Hughes (1952): Phys. Rev. 87, 229 Weiss, R. (1961): Rev. Sei. Instrurn. 32, 397

Referenees 337

Weissmann, G., J. Ganz, A. Siegel, H. Waibel, and H. Hotop (1984): Opt. Commun. 49, 335

WesseI, G. and W. Paul (1948): Z. Phys. 124,691 WesseI, G. and H. Lew (1953): Phys. Rev. 92, 641 Westley, M.S., G.A. Baratta, and R.A. Baragiola (1998): J. Chem. Phys. 108, 3321 Westmaeott, G., W. Ens, and K.G. Standing (1996): Nue\. Instrum. Methods B 108,282 Westphal, P. (1996): Annual Report, Institut rur Kernphysik der Universität Münster, HJ.

Wörtche ed., p. 58 Westphal, P., A. Koch, A. Horn, J. Sehmand, and HJ. Andrä (1999): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 70,

1326 Wexler, S. (1958): Rev. Mod. Phys. 30, 402 Whetten, R.L. and C. Yeretzian (1992): Z. Phys. D 24,199 White, F.A. (1968): Mass Spectrometry in Science and Technology (Wiley, New York) Whittaker, T.J., P.L. Jones, A. Li, and R.O. Watts (1993): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 64,452 Wieki, A., V. Marsieo, K. Kuhnke, K. Kern, L. Paratte, S. Schweizer, and P. Renaud

(1999): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 70, 3562 Wien, E. (1902): Ann. Phys. 8,244 Wiley, W.C. and I.H. MeLaren (1955): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 26, 1150 Williams, B.R. (1971): J. Chem. Phys. 55,1315 Wohlwill, M. (1933): Z. Phys., 80, 67 Wolff, M.M. and W.E. Stephens (1953): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 24, 616 Wood, C.E.C. (1980): in Physics ofThin Films, Vo\. 11, ed. by W.R. Hunter, and G. Haas,

p. 35 (Acadernie Press, New York) Woodard, M.R., R.C. Sharp, M. Seely, and E.E. Musehlitz Jr. (1978): J. Chem. Phys. 69,

2978 Woods, R.O. and J.B. Fenn (1966): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 37, 917 Woodworth, J.R. and H.W. Moos (1975): Phys. Rev. A 12, 2455 Wrede, E. and L. Sehnieder (1997): J. Chem. Phys. 107,786 Wrenger, B. and K.K. Meiwes Broer (1997): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 68, 2027 Xiaoxiang Xie, L. Schnieder, H. Wallmeier, R. Boettner, K.H. Welge, and M.N.R. Ashfold

(1990): J. Chem. Phys. 92,1608 Xu, H., N.E. Shafer-Ray, F. Merkt, D.J. Hughes, M. Springer, R.P. Tuekett, and R.N. Zare

(1995): J. Chem. Phys. 103,5157 Yang, X., J. Lin, Y.T. Lee, D.A. Blank, A.G. Suits, and A.M. Wodke (1997): Rev. Sei.

Instrum. 68, 3317 Yeneha, A.J. (1984): in Electron Spectroscopy: Theory, Techniques and Applications, Vo\.

5, ed. by C.R. Brundle and A.D. Baker, p. 197 (Acadernie Press, London) Yoshida, Y., Y. Okazaki, K.lto, and S. Mizuguehi (1995): Rev. Sei. Instrum. 66,4166 Zabel, R.M. (1932): Phys. Rev. 42, 218 Zahl, H.A. and A. Ellet (1931): Phys. Rev. 38, 977 Zandberg, E.Y. and N.I. lonov (1971): Surface Ionization (Israel Program for Seientifie

Translation, Jerusalem) Zandberg, E.Y., A.Y. Tontegode, and F.K. Yusifov (1972): Sov. Phys.-Teeh. Phys. 16,

1920 and 17,134 Zandberg, E.Y., E.G. Nazarov, and u.K. Rasulev (1980): Sov. Phys.-Teeh. Phys. 25,463 Zandberg, E.Y. (1995): Teeh. Phys. 40, 865 Zare, R.N. (1966): J. Chem. Phys. 45,4510 Zen, M. (1988): in Atomic and Molecular Beam Methods, Vo\. 1, ed. by G. Seoles, p. 254

(Oxford University Press, Oxford)

338 Referenees

Zhao, D., P.H. Vacearo, A.A. Tsekoras, C.A. Leaeh, and R.N. Zare (1991): J. Mol. Spee-trose. 148,226

Zhao, Z.-Q., W.B. Chaprnan, and D.J. Nesbitt (1995): J. Chern. Phys. 102,7046 Zhao, Z.-Q., W.B. Chaprnan, and D.J. Nesbitt (1996): J. Chern. Phys. 104,355 Zimmermann, U., M. MaIinowski, U. Näher, S. Frank, and T.P. Martin (1994): Z. Phys. D

31,85 Zimmermann, u., M. Malinowski, U. Näher, S. Frank, and T.P. Martin (1996): in Large

Clusters o[ Atoms and Molecules, ed. by T.P. Martin, p. 511 (Kluwer, Doordreeht) Zubek, M. and G.C. King (1982): J. Phys. E 15, 511

Subject Index

Numbers in italies refer to pages where the subject is explained in more detail

Absorption spectroscopy 7, 20, 21, 278,285

Acceleration, aerodynamic 9, 12,136 Accumulation detectors 215, 216, 220 Adsorption, selective 6 Alignment, in expansions 138 Approximation

Bom-Oppenheimer 288 moment method 121, 13 7 cross section 42, 112

Arrays, multichannel 76, 148-150 Atom

interferometry 4, 17,20 laser 2,4 lithography 20, 23 manipulation 4, 19 mirror 4, 19,20 optics 4,20 -surface potential 15 trap 2, 4, 19,20

Atomic dock 148 hydrogen 176, 181-184,186,188, 198,220,238,269,297 polarizability 7, 16 states, excited 10, 13,190-200 trampoline 19

Atoms, dissociated 176-189 Average gas velocity 38 Avogadro's number 40

Back pressure 106, 107 Barrel shock 105, 106 Beam

absorber 158 crossed 2,5, 12,26 flux 61 intensity 9, 12, 16,25, 125, 126 modulated 175, 201 number density 63 pulsed 149, 158, 169, 198, 180, 182,201 spectral brightness 62

Beer's law 74,155,217,285 Binary gas mixtures 136 Bolometer detector 269

cryogenic 277 detection limits 274 metal270 noise 274 responsivity 271,277 semiconductor 271-276 superconducting 279 time constant 271-273, 276, 277

Boltzmann equation 120 Bom-Oppenheimer approximation

188 Bose statistics 55 Bose-Einstein condensation 2, 4, 58 Boundary layer 104 Boyle-Mariotte's law 40 Buckminsterfullerene 3

Catalysis 16, 19 Cantilever design 221 Carrier gas 9, 136, 139, 146, 147,

148,153,163,165,170,171,178, 181,185,189,197,209,212,295

340 Subject Index

Cesium clock 148 Channeltron 259 Chemical surface ionization 230 Chemical targets 219 Cluster

beam lithography 20, 23 beams 3, 9, 22, 25 formation 17, 139-145 fragmentation 18 ion detection 262 polarizability 17, 18 research 7, 17 scaling law 143 size distribution 18 structure 3, 18 temperature 146

Coaxiallaser spectroscopy 23 Cold atoms 4, 19,213 Collection probability 293 Collision

cross section 111-113 dynamics2 e1astic 2, 8, 10 frequency 40, 41 inelastic 2, 8, 11-13 rate 40, 41, 113 reactive 2, 14

Compression wave 102, 103 Condensation target 216 Continuity equation 80, 81 Converging nozzle 89 Corona discharge 186, 193 Cross section

differential 6, 7, 10, 11, 13,26,42 effective 42 gas kinetic 42, 112 integral 7, 10

Crossed-beam experiment 2, 5, 12, 26

Cryogenic bolometer 277 Current loop pulsed valve 204

Dalton's law 40 Debye's 'f law 277 Detector

accumulation 216 bolometer 269-279 chemical target 219 condensation target 216 diaphragm gauge 224 field ionization 233 fluorescence 291 ionization gauge 223 metastable 281-384 microbalance 217 microfabricated cantilevers 221 momentum 221 pyroelectric 279 quartz microbalance 217-219 radioactivity 219 scintillation 261 semiconducting 220 spectroscopic methods 225 surface ionization 225-232 thermal conductivity gauge 223 torsion balance 221 universal 235-269

Diaphragm gauge 224 Diatomic molecules 46 Differential

cross section 6, 10, 11, 13,26,42 pumping 22, 25, 27-34, 149, 156

Dissociation degree of 51-53 equilibrium 51

Distribution function rotational 46 translational36 vibrational49

Doppler shift 17 width 20,23

Effusive sources 147-149, 154, 161, 168,172,178,190,192,240,285

Einstein coefficient of spontaneous emission 288 of induced absorption 288

Electric resonance method 7, 9 Electric polarizability 7, 16

Electron emission 281 Electron impact

excitation 190, 224 ion source 237

Electron multiplier 9,257 Electronic excitation 13, 190-194 Ellipsoidal drifting model 121 Energy

equation 80,81 internal 36, 38, 48, 49, 50,

78, 129, 133, 146 loss method 11, 13

Equation of state 40 Equilibrium

constant 51 fraction of dimers 52 degree of dissociation 51-54

Excited state, lifetime 7, 8 Expansion wave 102

Far-field flux 61 Far-field number density 64 Faraday cup 256 Fast molecular beams 7, 23, 24 Field ionization 233

ground-state particles 233 Rydberg states 234

Flow tube 187, 196 Fluorescence detector 291 Focusing fields 8 Franck-Condon factor 288 Free-jet expansion 105 Frequency standards 4, 148 Fullerenes 3

Gas discharge sources 181-187, 192-195

Gas dynamic expansion 9, 10, 17, 77,96,97,147,148,287

Gas pressure 38, 57 separation 138 sources 160 -surface interaction 10, 14

Gauges, vacuum 222

Subject Index 341

Gravitational mass 1, 7

Helium beams 16, 22, 31, 112, 124 Hollow-anode discharge 181 Hönl-London factor 288 Hyperthermal energy beams 7, 23,

24

Ideal aperture 60, 70-72, 74, 127, 147, 148, 155, 179

Intensity effusive beams 62 nozzle beams 125

Internal energy 36, 38, 48, 49, 50, 78, 129, 133, 146

Ion mirror 237, 268 Ionization gauge detector 223 Ion source 237, 268 Isentropic process 79 Isotope

rare 148, 171, 175 radioactive 216, 219, 220

Kinetic gas theory 5,35 Kingdon cage 225 Knudsen condition 60,63,77 Knudsen number 45,66, 73-75

Langmuir-Taylor detector 6, 225 Laser

ablation 169 induced fluorescence 11,287

Laval nozzle 83, 85 Lennard-Jones potential 42, 112 Lifetime 148,291,296

measurements 23 metastable states 282, 283, 287 Rydberg states 198, 199 radiative 278, 279

Mach angle 82 disk 105-107, 110, 111, 128, lines 112-114, 118 number 99-101, 104 waves 82, 102

342 Subject Index

Magic numbers 18 Magnetic

resonance 1,6, 148 sector field 240

Magnetically suspended rotor 221 Mass

action, law of 51 flow rate 85-88, 98, 110, 125, 139 spectrometers 29, 32, 240

Maxwellian distribution 1, 5, 36, 43, 45,56,61,63,74

Mean free path 5, 40, 60, 62 Mean velocity 38 Merged beams 7, 24 Metastable particle sources 190-198

corona discharge 193 electron impact 190 flow tube 196 gas discharge 192 optical excitation 197

Metastable particle detection 281 Method of characteristics 104 Microbalance 20, 217 Microchannel plate 9, 260 Microfabricated cantilevers 221 Miniature nozzle 151 Miniature skimmer 153 Molecular beam

epitaxy 22, 223 lithography 19,20,22,23 machine 25 magnetic resonance 1,6, 148

Molecular collisions 5, 6, 65, 73-75, 117, 120, 144

Molecular flow through apertures 60 through channels 66

Momentum detectors 221 equation 80, 81

Most probable velocity 37 Multichannel arrays 76, 148-151,

155, 160, 161, 190, 191 Multipass cell196 Multiplier 9, 257

Near-field flux 61 Near-field number density 64 Neutron, magnetic moment 1, 6 Normal shock wave 90 Noise 231, 235-237, 257, 274-277 Nozzle beams 9, 11,21,26, 77, 147

intensity 125 velocity distribution 120

Nuclear moments 8 Nucleation rate 141

Oblique shock wave 93 One-dimensional flow 81-92 Opticallattice 19 Optothermal spectroscopy 278 Orientation-dependent velo city slip

138 Orientation quantization 1, 6 Oscillator strength 8, 20 Oven

air -heated 164 electron bombardment heating 167 for high temperatures 165-168 inductively heated 166 molten ball technique 168 radiation heating 167 single-chamber 163 two-chamber 163,179

Particle-photon coincidence 13 Partition function 36-38, 47-52,

226 rotational 47 total 50 translational 37 vibrational49

Peaking factor 71, 126 Penning ionization 283 Photoassociative spectroscopy 20 Photodissociation 13, 21 Photo fragment spectroscopy 23 Photoionization 21, 295 Photolysis 177, 189, 297 Photon experiments 20

Photon recoill, 5, 213 Piezoelectric pulsed valve 210 Plasma diagnostics 22, 24 Polarizability, atomic 7,16 Potential

anisotropie of 11, 26 intermolecular 7,8, 10, 11,26 surface 2, 14

Prandtl-Meyer expansion 99 Proton, magnetic moment 1, 6 Pulsed beams

sources 149, 158, 169, 180, 187, 189,201

Pumping requirements 154, 202 Pyroelectric detector 279 Pyrolysis 177

Quadrupole mass filter 242 Quantum statistics 54 Quartz microbalance 217 Quench lamp 195 Quitting surface model 117, 122

Radiative decay 283 Radical sources 176-189

corona discharge 186 flow tubes 187 hollow-anode discharge 181 microwave discharge 182-185 photolysis 189 pyrolysis 177 radiofrequency discharge 182-185 Wood's discharge tube 181

Radioactivity detection 219 Rainbow scattering 10, 15 Rankine-Hugeniot equation 91 Reactive collisions 2, 8, 14 Recirculating sources 171-174 Reflectron 252,268 Relaxation, in expansions 129 Root mean square velocity 38 Rotation, molecular 46 Rotational

rainbow 12 relaxation 129-136

Subject Index 343

Rydberg atoms 198, 234, 297

Saha-Langmuir equation 226 Scaling laws 118, 143 Scattering

apparatus 26 elastic 10 inelastic 11

Scintillation detector 261 Semiconducting detector 220 Shockwave

normal 90 oblique 93

Skimmer 96, 97, 152 Slowatoms 19,213 Solenoid pulse valve 208 Sonic speed 81, 88, 103 Sources, dissociated atoms 176-189

pulsed 180,201-211 Space charge detector 224 Spatial filtering 293 Specific heat 36,50, 78 Spectral brightness 62 Spectroscopic detection 12,284 Speed

ofsound 81,82 ratio 117

Sputtering 171 Stem-Pirani detector 6, 223 Subsonic flow 103 Sudden freeze mode1117, 122 Superconducting bolometer 279 Supersonic flow 96-98, 104

over a cone 97, 98 over a wedge 96

Surface ionization 225 chemie al 230 response time 232

Surface phonons 16 scattering 15, 30

Synchrotron radiation 21

Target beams 12, 21, 26, 27, 148, 159, 160, 175

344 Subject Index

Temperature slip 136 Terminal

speed ratio 117 temperature 117

Thermal detector 269 dissociation 51-54

Thermodynamic equilibrium 35 Throat83,85,87-89, 104, 108, 127 Time constant

bolometer 271-274,276,277 electron multiplier 258 momentum detector 221 pumpout 202, 203 pyroelectric detector 280,281 surface ionization 232

Time-of-flight spectrometer 9, 248, 268 Torsion balance 221 Transition moment 287 Transmission probability 69 Two-dimensional flow 93 Two-photon ionization 296

Universal detector 8,235,265 detection limit 236 magnetic sector field 240 quadrupole mass filter 242 time-of-flight spectrometer 248

Vacuum gauges 222 Vapor pressure 62, 140, 142, 146,

148,162,174,217 Velocity

selection 9 selector 5, 6, 10, 16,26, 30, 38

Velocity distribution anisotropy 121, 122 nozzle beams 120 effusive beams 37

Velocity slip 136 Vibrational

amplitude 46,207,221 anharmonicity 49 cooling 181 energy 35, 49 frequency 50, 207, 218 mode 50, 133,213 period 146,205,206 relaxation 123, 133,212 state distribution 49, 189 temperature 107, 181 wave function 288

Wall collision rate 39 Wien filter 240, 255 Wood's discharge tube 181 Wood's horn 188,294

Springer Series on

ATOMIC, OPTICAL, AND PLASMA PHYSICS

Editors-in-ChieJ:

Professor G.F. Drake Department ofPhysics, University ofWindsor 401 Sunset, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada

Professor Dr. G. Ecker Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie Lehrstuhl Theoretische Physik I Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany

Editorial Board:

Professor W.E. Baylis Department ofPhysics, University ofWindsor 401 Sunset, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada

Professor R.N. Compton Oak Ridge National Laboratory Building 4500S MS6125, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA

Professor M.R. Flannery School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA 30332-0430, USA

Professor B.R. Judd Department ofPhysics, The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD 21218, USA

Professor K.P. Kirby Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

Professor P. Lambropoulos, Ph.D. Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany, and Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (EO.R.T.H.), Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser (IESL), University of Crete, PO Box 1527, Heraklion, Crete 71110, Greece

Professor P. Meystre Optical Sciences Center, The University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721, USA

Professor J. Mlynek Universität Konstanz Universitätsstrasse 10, 78434 Konstanz, Germany

Professor Dr. H. Walther Sektion Physik der Universität München Am Coulombwalll, 85748 Garching/München, Germany

Springer Series on

AtOIUS+PI.3SUl3S Editors: G. Ecker P. Lambropoulos I. I. Sobel'man H. Walther Founding Editor: H. K. V. Lotsch

Polarized Electrons 2nd Edition By J. Kessler

2 Multiphoton Processes Editors: P. Lambropoulos and S. J. Smith

3 Atomic Many-Body Theory 2nd Edition By I. Lindgren and J. Morrison

4 Elementary Processes in Hydrogen-Helium Plasmas Cross Sections and Reaction Rate Coefficients By R. K. Janev, W. D. Langer, K. Evans Jr., and D. E. Post Jr.

5 Pulsed Electrical Discharge in Vacuum By G. A. Mesyats and D. I. Proskurovsky

6 Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy 2nd Edition Basic Aspects and Practical Applications By S. Svanberg

7 Interference of Atomic States By E. B. Alexandrov, M. P. Chaika and G. I. Khvostenko

8 Plasma Physics 3rd Edition Basic Theory with Fusion Applications By K. Nishikawa and M. Wakatani

9 Plasma Spectroscopy The Influence of Microwave and Laser Fields By E. Oks

10 Film Deposition by Plasma Techniques By M. Konuma

ll Resonance Phenomena in Electron-Atom Collisions By V. I. Lengyel , V. T. Navrotsky and E. P. Sabad

12 Atomic Spectra and Radiative Transitions 2nd Edition By I. I. Sobel ' man

13 Multiphoton Processes in Atoms 2nd Edition By N. B. Delone and V. P. Krainov

14 Atoms in Plasmas By V. S. Lisitsa

15 Excitation of Atoms and Broadening of Spectral Lines 2nd Edition By J. I. Sobel'man, L. Vainshtein , and E. Yukov

16 Reference Data on Multicharged Ions By V. G. Pal 'chikov and V. P. Shevelko

17 Lectures on Non-linear Plasma Kinetics By V. N. Tsytovich

18 Atoms and Their Spectroscopic Properties By V. P. Shevelko

19 X-Ray Radiation of Highly Charged Ions By H. F. Beyer, H.-J. Kluge, and V. P. Shevelko

20 Electron Emission in Heavy Ion-Atom Collision By N. Stolterfoht, R. D. DuBois, and R. D. Rivarola

21 Molecules and Their Spectroscopic Properties By S. V. Khristenko, A. I. Maslov, and V. P. Shevelko

22 Physics of Highly Excited Atoms and Ions By V. S. Lebedev and I. L. Beigman

23 Atomic Multielectron Processes By V. P. Shevelko and H. Tawara

24 Guided-Wave-Produced Plasmas By Yu. M. Aliev, H. Schlüter, and A. Shivarova

25 Quantum Statistics of Strongly Coupled Plasmas By D. Kremp, W. Kraeft, and M. Schlanges

26 Atomic Physics with Heavy Ions By H. F. Beyer and V. P. Shevelko

.,

Loc.ation : ~ http ://www.springE.r .dE. / phys/

You are one eliek away from a world of physies information!

Come and visit Springer's

Physics Online Library Books , Search the Springer website catalogue , Subscribe to our free alerting service for new books ' look through the book series profiles

You want to order? Email to: orders@springer.de

Journals , Get abstracts, Toes free of charge to everyone ' Use our powerful search engine LINK Search , Subscribe to our free alerting service LINK Alert , Read full-text articles (available only to subscribers of the paper version of a journal)

You want to subscribe? Email to: subscriptions@springer.de

You have a question on an electronic product ?

.•.•..•.•...• Bookmark now;

Electronic Media ' Ge! more information on our software and CD· ROMs

Email to: helpdesk-em@springer.de

hwww: nger.de/phys/ t Springer Spnn9cr' (u5tomfr Semu HaberUr. 1 ' D,-69126 Heldeolberg. Germ.n)' Tol:+49 6221345200· F." +49 6221300186

d&p . 64"a1M NT /SF ' Gh •.