STREAM SEDIMENT SURVEYOF AEROMAGNETIC HIGH ON SHEET 32

KADUNA STATE – NIGERIA

ND PROJECT REPORT

BY

MUHAMMAD ADAMU ISAHKPT/COE/MRE/09/0373

THIS PROJECT IS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OFMINERAL RESOURCES ENGINEERING IN PARTIAL

FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OFNATIONAL DIPLOMA IN MINERAL RESOURCES

ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MINERAL RESOURCES ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF NATURAL RESOURCES ENGINEERING,COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

KADUNA POLYTECHNICKADUNA, NIGERIA

AUGUST, 2012

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this project has been done by me,under the supervision of Mr. D.K Gabako, Mr.Abdulrahman and Mr. Abdulmalik, all from the Departmentof Mineral Resources Engineering, Kaduna Polytechnic,Kaduna. I have neither copied someone’s work nor has someonedone it for me. Writers whose works have been referredhave been duly acknowledged.

_________________ _________________

Student’s NameSignature

___________________ Date

APPROVAL PAGE This is to certify that this project is an originalwork undertaken by Muhammad Adamu Isah(KPT/COE/MRE/09/0373) and has been prepared inaccordance with the regulations governing thepreparation and presentation of projects in KadunaPolytechnic.

________________ _______________MR.D.K Gabako Date SUPERVISOR

________________ _______________MR.ABDULRAHMAN Date Co- SUPERVISOR

________________ _______________MR.ABDULMALIK Date Co- Supervisor

________________ _______________ENGR. MUHAMMAD ALI Date HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

________________ _______________

EXTERNAL SUPERVISOR Date

DEDICATION

I dedicated this project to Almighty Allah for makingme to complete my ND program successfully.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All praise due to ALLAH (SWT) in his finite mercies,guided me, put me through and make this programme asuccessful one for me.

My profound gratitude goes to my supervisors Mr D.KGabako, Mr Abdulrahman and Mr Abdulmalik, for findingtime to go through these marks crept of mine and takingvarious valuable comments and effecting constructiveand effective critics which were very useful for thesuccessful completion of this project.

Also I wish to acknowledge the support of Head ofDepartment (HOD) Mineral Resources Engineering Engr.Muhammad Ali and the rest of my lecturers in thedepartment of their consistency in giving out usefulinformation and ideas during the compilation of thisproject.

I must equally appreciate the contribution of myfriends, colleagues and well wishes both and within thecampus for their loyalty and support.

ABSTRACT

This project is aimed at determining economic mineral potential that are responsible for aeromagnetic anomalies around kabala west Kadunametropolis a stream sediment survey of the area was carried out and various minerals were obtained from through panning, drying, sieving, magnetic separation and examination of sample under binocular microscope.

The minerals are identified based on their physical properties (lustre, cleavage, colour, transparency, fracture) the result shows that monazite zircon magnetite were present in the sample. The mineral identified along the stream

channel may give rise to high amount of aeromagnetic anomalies of the study area

CHAPTER ONE

1.0

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

A casual examination of the aeromagnetic map

covering sheet 32 with Kaduna town at the centre

and its environs shows that the area to the west of

the town is characterized by a number of

aeromagnetic anomalies (fig.1).

Fig. 1. Aeromagnetic map covering Kaduna and

environs (part of sheet 32)

Since these anomalies are caused by a number of

geological factors, one of which is the presence or

otherwise of magnetic minerals which may be

associated with other types of economically useful

minerals, this project has been designed to

establish whether or not some minerals have

contributed to the occurrence of the aeromagnetic

anomalies in the project area.

The theory behind the use of heavy mineral

concentrates relies on the fact that by

concentrating the heavy mineral fraction from the

samples, the dilutant light minerals which may

obscure and anomaly derived from a deposit are

eliminated, providing a clearer picture. This

allows the mineral to be examined under a binocular

microscope Particle shape of mineral grains will

commonly identify distance to source. Very abraded

grains may have travelled a good distance whereas

delicate grains are probably more local.

In some cases more elaborate separations include

separating paramagnetic fractions and sieving to

various particles sizes before analysis.

This may provide further insight into identifying

the sources of the heavy minerals.

Heavy mineral can be identified based on physical

properties. Usually they are first separated from

the majority quartz, pebbles, gravel and remains of

plant decay. Also during panning they are reduced

to the required samples needed. They can be further

separated based on their degree of attraction to a

strong magnetic field (magnetic separator).

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

The main aims and objectives of this project

include determination of economic geological

potentials of the project area by both megascopic

and microscope examination of stream sediments

which have been brought to the stream channels by

running water and to establish the heavy mineral

contents of the various samples.

Some of the objectives are:

To collect at appropriate intervals, stream

sediments and pan the materials so as to generate

heavy mineral suites and identify the various

components.

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

The result of this project should provide an

insight into the kinds of geologic materials that

occur to the west of Kaduna town as well as

possible economic minerals that may be associated

with the rocks.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The project is restricted to the determination of

heavy minerals in stream sediments derived from

streams that drain the west of Rigasa which

coincides with the southern extreme of the

aeromagnetic high West of Kaduna town. The

determination involves:.

- Collection of stream sediment samples from various

points along the streams that drain the project

area and panning of same to generate a heavy suite

from each spot,

- Drying, Sieving and magnetic separations of the

various samples in the laboratory,

- Observation of the samples under the microscope to

determine the various types of heavy minerals in

each of the samples.

1.5 Location and Accessibility of Project site

Kabala West lies between longitude 10031’09” 120N and

latitude 7019’59” 950E

Fig.2: Topographic map showing Kaduna town and the project site

1.6 Local Geology of Study Area

The study area lies wholly on the gneissic suite of

Nigerian’s Basement complex. Although largely

unexposed, the gneisses are commonly seen beside

the stream channels (fig. 3).

Fig.3: Photograph showing gneiss in the project

area.

The predominant geologic materials through which

the streams meander are essentially laterites

(fig.4).

Fig.4 Photograph showing a section through laterite

in the project is west of Kaduna

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Geology of Kaduna State

A Kaduna state lie is predominantly on metamorphic

basement complex of Nigeria (Kogbe, 1989). The

rocks consist essentially of biotite gneisses and

older granites.

In the south eastern corner, younger and older

granitic batholiths are prominent features. Deep

chemical weathering and fluvial erosion, influenced

by the bioclimatic nature of the environment, have

developed the characteristic high undulating plains

with subdued interfluves (Mortimore, 1970). In some

places. The interfluves are capped by high grade

lateritic ironstone especially in the North-West.

However, rocky granitic residuals form inselbergs

of varying sizes and shapes, and constitute the

main local relief (relative relief is less than

150m) here and there with Kufena, Kagoro Hills and

Dutsen Waikudaru Ring complex standing out very

prominently.

The valleys are shallow but wide stretching several

tens of kilometers into the headwater areas with

gentle sloping valley sides, imperceptibly grading

into flat moist to marshy alluviated bottom lands

or floodplains, called “Fadamas” in Hausa.

Although stream valley incisions and dissection of

the high plains are evident in several areas,

especially in the Zaria region, they are due more

to anthropogenic influences and climatic factor

than region geologic instability.

Climate: - Kaduna State experiences a typical

tropical continental climate with distinct seasonal

regimes, oscillating between cool to hot dry and

humid to wet. These two seasons reflect the

influences of tropical continental and equatorial

meantime air masses which sweep over the entire

country (Ebube, 1987)

High storm intensities (ranging from 60mm to 99mm

hr) plus the nature of surface run off building up

the good network of medium sized ever systems. High

evaporation during the dry season, however, creates

water shortage problems especially in Igabi, Giwa,

Soba, Makarfi and Ikara LGAs.

Soils And Vegetation;- Generally, the soils and

vegetation are typical red brown to red yellow

tropical ferruginous soils and savannah grass land

with scattered trees and woody shrubs. The soils in

the up land areas are rich in red clay and sand but

poor in Organic matter (Ebube, 1987)

Granites are also the principal source of the

precious stories and many other. Minerals found

within the younger granites series.

2.3 Mineral Resources of Kaduna state.

The following table shows mineral resources

believed to occur in Kaduna state and their

geologic environments.

Table 1: Solid mineral occurrences of Kaduna state and their geological environments: (After: P.O Oluyide, (1995)

Classificati Types Geological environment

onMetallic minerals

Cassiterite/ Tantalite

Younger granites Pegmatites, Kachia, Kutafu, Jama’a almost restricted to the eastern parts of the state.

Columbite Younger granites Pegmatites; Kaduna, Kachia and Jama’a areas

Wolfranite (ore of tungsten)

Younger granites and ring dykes: banksand Giniya hills

Llmenite Pegmatites and younger granites: Richua Ningshi hills

Rutile Granites (pegmatite); especially southof Raudeggi.

Spinel Pegmatites, younger granites dykes Jama’a area

Iron ore Schists (metasedimentary breaded iron formation BIF): Tsohon Birnin, Fadan –Gwari

Non- metallic l minerals

Talc Metasedimentary rocks shits: zon- zon river zonkwa, Wawaraji, Zaria area.

Clay Residual products weathered Pegmaties and granites: Maraba-Rido, Zaria area.

Sillimanite Schists, Metasediments: Sabon Birnin- Gwari

Kyanite Schists, metasedimentary: sabon birnin- gwari

Calcite/laterite

Superficial deposits: Auchau and many other parts of the state

Stones Granites granite gneiss, Migmatite, quartzite

All over the state

Gold Quartz vein metasediments: Birnin- gwari, Tsibiri, Mai gisheri, Muya and Yelwa.

Precious Gemstones

Amethyst Siliceous veins: Dala, Panmandina, Ikara area

Beryl Pegmatites, Quarternary basalt: sabon birnin- gwari and the eastern parts ofthe state

Topaz Pegmatites, tertiary basalts: Righua,

Ningishi hills and NOK.Tourmaline Pegmatites, Tertiary basalts: Rishua,

Ningishi hills and NOK CHAPTER THREE

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLGY

3.1 Field Sample Collection

The samples were collected at intervals of 50meter

along the stream channels that drain the area

(fig.5) these materials to some extent represent

those materials that form the underlying geologic

materials that outcrop to the surface pieces of

which are scoured by falling rain drops and moved

by running water into the stream channel. Usually

sediments from active streams, considered best for

sampling purposes, were selected.

Samples are commonly composited, i.e., at a

sampling point, several shovels of the stream

sediments are scooped from the stream bed into a

head pan until about half-way full(approximately

25kg) and panned(see Gabako,2003.). The procedure

is repeated at all sampling points until all the

predetermined points are covered. In each case, the

resulting sample is a mechanical concentrate

consisting essentially of some dark brown to

black grains mixed with some translucent and

transparent types altogether weighing about a

kilogram or less. The sample is appropriately

satched and labelled. At the end of the sampling

program, the samples are then taken to the

laboratory for further separations.

Fig.5 Satellite imagery showing location of sampling points in the project area

3.2 Laboratory Studies

3.2.1 Magnetic Separation of Samples:

Panned samples from the field were brought to the

laboratory and allowed to dry in open air.

Thereafter, each samples was exposed to a bar

magnet or reduce as much as possible, the magnetic

minerals observed in the samples. This procedure

helps to identify the quantity of magnetic minerals

associated with each of the samples.

The separation was effected by placing the

materials on a plain sheet and the magnet gently

moved through the materials. In this way, most of

the magnetite grains were removed leaving only very

few magnetic materials especially those attached to

non magnetic.

3.2.3 Microscopic Studies:

The microscope is the basic instrument for

petrographic examination of all types of mineral

samples. There are a number of different types of

microscopes classified into two main groups:

Biological and Petrographic. The petrographic is

used for study of rocks and minerals. The

microscope used for this investigation is the

binocular microscope.

The microscope consists of the following parts.

Lenses: These are magnifying glasses through which

observation are made. It enables for wide and large

view of the grain sizes.

Light source: The lights are design in the

microscope to provide a light and extense of the

sample. There are two light sources in the

microscope. The light can either be from nude with

the grains placed on the stage and at the top, the

grains are placed on a graph sheet of 1mm as shown

in fig.

Focus knob: is a screw which enable for a clear

focusing of the samples under observation to enable

sharp or blown viewing.

Stage: This is the base of the microscope where

samples are placed for examination.

Eye Piece: The microscope is binocular meaning it

posses two viewing eye piece through which the

mineral are observed.

FIG 6: Photograph Showing a Binocular microscope

FIG 7 Photograph showing the author examining a samples under the

binocular microscope.

Application: The Microscope uses reflected lights

which helps to provide detailed physical

information about the mineral being examined. It is

widely used in mineralogy, economic geology and

mineral beneficiation.

It also helps in identifying ores of mineral as

well as the texture and structure which tell us

about the composition of the various constituents.

It is important because it tells us about the

conditions under which the minerals develops and

processes by which they were deposited.

Procedure for Microscopic studies:

The Binocular microscope is plugged to electricity

supply source in order to power it. The eye piece

is adjusted to fit into the observer’s eye. The

sample is placed on a piece of 1mm graduated graph

paper on the stage and the grains observed; first

using the light from above then later switched to

the light from below the samples. The technique

involved in the analysis of each grain was followed

carefully in identifying the different grains

present. Each types of grain is observed

individually identifying physical properties such

as size, shape, colour, fracture, cleavage, lustre,

form of occurrence and the results recorded as

appropriate..

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS OF THE INVESTIGATION

4.1 General Statement

In this chapter, the results of the investigation

are presented. The presentation is to enable the

reader know the extent to which the work has been

carried out as well as make comparison with results

of similar works elsewhere in Nigeria’s basement

complex. Due to unforeseen circumstance, not all

the samples collected from the fields could be

separated with heavy liquids in order to establish

the finest details of the contents of the stream

mechanical concentrates. Thus only samples

collected from the metasedimentary suite believed

to be of great importance for exploration purposes

were treated. Others were simply examined straight

away.

4.2 Physical Properties and Identification of Minerals

A number of physical properties are used to

identify various minerals grains both in the hand

specimen as well as under the microscope. Some of

these properties include shapes, fracture, luster,

transparency, cleavage (Cornelius, et al, 1969).

Table 2: Table showing results of microscopic study of heavy minerals in the study area.

sampleNo.

Grainshape

Luster Color Transparency Facture Cleavage

Suspected Mineral

1 Triangular

Rectangular

Metallic

Dull/

BlackWhite

OpaqueOpaque

CoincidalCoincoida

l

NonePoor

Iron orequartz

2 Triangular

Triangular

Vitreous

Metallic

YellowBlack

TranslucentOpaque

CoincidalCoincidal

GoodNone

OrthoclaseIron ore

3 RoundRectangul

ar

Metallic

Glassy

BlackWhite

OpaqueOpaque

CoincidalCoincoida

l

NonePoor

MagnetiteQuartz

4 Rectangular

Rectangular

GlassyMetallic

WhiteBlack

OpaqueOpaque

CoincidalHackly

PoorPoor

QuartzMagnetite

5 RoundRound

Vitreous

Metallic

WhiteBlack

OpaqueOpaque

Coincoidal

Coincoidal l

NoneNone

QuartzIron ore

6 RoundRectangul

arAdamantin

eVitreous

Metallic“

Adamantine

Vitreous

Black“

PurpleWhite

Opaque“

TranslucentOpaque

Coincoidal

HacklyCoincoida

l“

NoneGoodPoorNone

Iron oreMagnetiteZirconQuartz

7 RoundRound

Metallic

Glassy

BlackWhite

OpaqueOpaque

Coincoidal

NonePoor

Iron oreQuartz

8 Rectangular

RoundElongated

Metallic

Vitreous

Glassy

BlackWhiteMilky

Opaque““

Coincoidal““’

GoodNoneGood

MagnetiteQuartz

Orthoclase

9 Rectangular

Round

Vitreous

Metallic

WhiteBlack

OpaqueOpaque

Coincoidal

Coincoidal

NoneNone

QuartzIron ore

10 Pentagonal”

Round

Adamantine

PearlyMetallic

PurpleWhiteBlack

GlassyTranslucent

Opaque

Coincoidal“

Coincoidal

PoorNoneNone

ZirconQuartzIron ore

Most of the samples contain Quartz with the specific

gravity of 2.6.

The heavy mineral has a specific gravity of 2.8 which

shows that quartz is categorized under light minerals.

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 DISSUSSION

Results of the stream sediment investigation reveal

that mechanical concentrates in the streams of the

areas are essentially magnetite. Mineral grains

suspected to be monazite have also been seen in the

heavy mineral suite under the microscope.

This area if carefully investigated could yield

useful information with regards rare earth elements

if our suspicion of monazite in the area holds.

5.2 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS:

The area around Kabala West has been successfully

investigated. The findings from the investigation

reveal that the area is essentially an older

granitic gneiss terrain which has been extensively

lateralized. Mechanical concentrates from stream

sediments in the area reveal that besides

magnetite, other mineral components could be

present in the gneisses.

It is to the above end that is hereby recommended

that a more extensive panning program be undertaken

of all streams that drain the western axis of

Kaduna town. Perhaps some useful information

pertaining to prolificity of some heavy mineral

concentrations which might have given rise to the

aeromagnetic anomaly in the area might be obtained.

REFERENCES

Rahaman, M.A (1988). Recent Advances in the study of

Basement Complex of

Nigeria. Published by Geological Survey of Nigeria,

Pp.11-33.

Oluyide, P.O (ed.) (1995) Toward Mineral Resources

Development in Kaduna state published Symposium

organized by NMGS Kaduna chapter P 28-32.

Gabako D.K. (1994): Small-Scale Mining in Nigeria; A

Challenge To Mining Engineers and Geoscientists.

Proceedings of 1st National engineering conference,

COE, Kaduna polytechnic, P.52-58.

Garba I. (2002): Late Pan-Africa Tectonics and Origin

of gold Mineralization and Raw Metal Pegmatite in

the Kushaka Schist Belt, North-western Nigeria J.

Mining and Geology, Vol. 38, No. 1-12

Gabako D.K. (2003): Panning: A Neglected Prospecting

and Small-Scale Mining Tool. The Nigeria Journal

of Education Vol. 1, No. 1 P 48-52