Proceedings of 2011 2nd International Conference on

Instrumentation Control and Automation (ICA 2011)

Aula Timur - Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia November 15·17, 2011

IEEE Catalog Number: CFP1179p·DVD ISBN: 978·1·4577·1460·3

Organized by:

Instrumentation & Control Research Group

Faculty of Industrial Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology

Sponsored by:

+IEEE Faculty of Industrial Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

Supported by:

Center for Unmanned System Studies (CentrUMS), ITB

Center for Instrumentation and Technology Automation (CITA), ITB

Society of Automation, Control & Instrumentation (SACI), Indonesia

Proceedings of

2011 2nd International Conference on

Instrumentation Control and Automation

Copyright © 2011 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All right reserved.

Copyright and Reprint Permission Abstracting is permitted with credit to the source. Libraries are permitted to photocopy beyond the limit of U.S. copyright law, for private use of patrons, those articles in this volume that carry a code at the bottom of the first page, provided the per-copy fee indicated in the code is paid through Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923

Other copying, reprint, or reproduction request should be addressed to IEEE Copyrights Manager, IEEE Service Center, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331

IEEE Catalog Number : CFP1179P-DVD ISBN : 978-1-4577-1460-3

Additional copies of this publication are available from:

Secretariat of ICA 2011 TP Rachmat Building, 2nd Floor. Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132 Indonesia Phone: (62)22 250 4424, Fax: (62)22 2506281, Email: secretariat@ica-itb.org Web Site: http://ica-itb.org

WELCOME TO ICA 2011

On behalf of the entire ICA organizing committee, it is my great pleasure to welcome all participants to the 2011 2nd

International Conference on Instrumentation, Control and Automation (ICA2011) in Bandung, Indonesia. This is the

second international conference of the previously known ICA 2009 after for more than 20 years had conducted

similar events for national scale. ICA becomes regularly biannual event held by Instrumentation and Control

Research Group, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology. The rapid growth in

instrumentation and control areas has motivated us to improve the previous conference into an international

conference that will be held frequently with inclusion of automation topic.

ICA2011 has attracted a great number of academicians, scientists, engineers, postgraduates and other professionals

all over the world. The aim of the conference is to stimulate interaction among engineers, researchers, and scientists

active in these areas. It provides a high-level international forum to present, to exchange and to discuss recent

advances, new techniques and applications in the field of instrumentation, control and automation.

This event is co-sponsored by Faculty of Industrial Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology. I would like to take

this opportunity to express my special thanks for their great support, which is very important for our conference.

In addition, we are fortunate to have a team of world-renowned plenary speakers, including Prof. Dr. Jenny

Dankelman (TU Delft, The Netherlands), Prof. Marzuki Khalid (UTM, Malaysia), Prof. Osamu Ono (Meiji University,

Japan), Prof. Shin Bo Hyun (Konkuk University, Korea) and Dr. Endra Joelianto (ITB, Indonesia), for sharing their

perspectives on the current status of research on instrumentation, control and automation.

Of course, special thanks also goes to all individuals and organizations such as the international program committees

(IPC), the conference organizers, the reviewers and the authors, for their contribution in making ICA2011 not only

successful international conference but also as a memorable gathering event. I am also grateful for the support of

publication service of IEEE. We hope that the conference could give you wonderful memories to bring home in

addition to new insights and friendship gathered during the conference.

We hope that you will enjoy ICA2011 in this relaxing environment ata beautiful city Bandung known as Parijs van

Java (Paris of Java).

Best regards,

Dr. Suprijanto

General Chair of ICA2011

CONFERENCE ORGANIZATION

Organizing Committee

General Chair

Suprijanto

General Co-Chair

Estiyanti Ekawati

Finance Chair

Endang Juliastuti

Award Chair

Parsaulian I. Siregar

Secretariat Chair

Augie Widyotriatmo

Special Program Chair

Eko Mursito Budi

International Program Committee:

Technical Program & Session Chair

Endra Joelianto

Publication Chair

Moh. Rohmanuddin

Corporate Support

Sutanto Hadisupadmo

Local Arrangement

Agus Samsi

Ubirajara Franco Moreno, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil

Werner Kraus Junior, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil

Amoranto Trisnobudi, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia

Andrianto Handojo, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia

Deddy Kurniadi, Dr. Eng, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia

Edi Leksono, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia

Farida I. Muchtadi, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia

Harijono A. Tjokronegoro, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia

Robert Saragih, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia

Yassierli, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia

Aulia M T Nasution, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Indonesia

Bambang Lelono W, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Indonesia

Gea O. F. Parikesit, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia

Sihana, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia

Keum-Shik Hong, Pusan National University, Korea

Sang Chul Won, POSTECH, Korea

Dedy H. B. Wicaksono, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia

Eko Supriyanto, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia

Marzuki Khalid, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia

Yudi Samyudia, Curtin University of Technology, Malaysia

Mohammad A. Gondal, KFUPM, Saudi Arabia

Yogi Ahmad Erlangga, Alfaisal University, Saudi Arabia

Marcello H. Ang Jr, National University of Singapore, Singapore

DSc. Ph am Thuong Cat, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Vietnam

ii

Yogi Ahmad Erlangga

Alfaisal University, Saudi Arabia

Agus Samsi

Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia

Augie Widyotriatmo

Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia

EdiLeksono

Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia

Endra Joelianto

Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia

Janson Naiborhu

Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia

Moh. Rohmanuddin

Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia

Rianto Adhi Sasongko

Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia

Suprijanto

Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia

Suyatman

Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia

Tedy Setiawan

Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia

Tutun Juhana

Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia

Adit Kurniawan

Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia

Andrianto Handojo

Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia

Harijono A. Tjokronegoro

Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia

Robert Saragih

Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia

Prof. Yudi Samyudia

Curtin University of Technology, Malaysia

Ari Legowo

International Islamic University, Malaysia

LIST OF REVIEWERS

iii

Agus Budiyono

Konkuk University, Korea

Benjamin Soenarko

Maranatha Christian University, Indonesia

Ling Keck Voon

Nanyang Technology University, Singapore

Claudio Brunelli, Ph.D

Nokia Research Center, Helsinki, Finlandia

Diah Chaerani

Padjadjaran University, Indonesia

Sang Chul Won

POSTECH, Korea

Keum-Shik Hong

Pusan National University, Korea

Aulia M T Nasution.

Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Indonesia

Bambang Lelono W

Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Indonesia

Melania Suweni Muntini

Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Indonesia

Nugraha P. Utama

Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

Werner Kraus Junior

Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil

Ubirajara Franco Moreno

Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil

Gea O. F. Parikesit

Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia

Sihana

Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia

Dedy H. B. Wicaksono

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia

Eko Supriyanto

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia

Xu Han

University of Rochester Computer Science, USA

WELCOME SPEECH

CONFERENCE ORGANIZATION

LIST OF REVIEWERS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PLENARY SESSION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Practical and Advanced Image Processing for Security and Recognition by Thermal

Distributed Image Features

Osamu Ono

ii

iii

iv

(Meiji University, Japan) 1

Tropical Wood Species Recognition System based on Multi·Feature Extractors and

Classifiers

Marzuki Khalid, Rubiyah Yusof, Anis Salwa Mohd Khairuddin

(Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia) 6

Current Technology on Minimally Invasive Surgery and Interventional Techniques

Jenny Dankelman, John J. van den Dobbelsteen, Paul Breedveld

(TU Delft, The Netherlands) 12

Networked Control Systems: Time Delays and Robust Control Design Issues

Endra Joelianto

(Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia) 16

PARALLEL SESSIONS

H1·1·A Emerging Actuator Technology

Active Damping of Smart Piezoelectric Plates Using Variational Approach

Ibrahim Sadek, Ismail Kucuk 26

Disturbance Reduction on the Small Satellite Actuator

Dong-Ik Cheon, Daegyun Choi, Eunjeong Jang, Hwa-Suk Oh 31

Integrated Rate and Inertial Dependent Prandtl·lshlinskii Model for Piezoelectric

Actuator

V. Hassani, T. Tjahjowidodo 35

H1·1·B Feedback and Reference Control

Transient Response Improvement of PID Controller using ANFIS - Hybrid Reference

Control

Endra Joelianto, Deddy Candra Anura 41

Model Reference Adaptive Control of Cavity Pressure in Injection Molding during Filling

and Packing Phases

Gunawan Dewantoro, Feriyonika 47

iv

H1-1-C Fuzzy Control Systems

Design of a Novel Fuzzy Adaptive PI Controller for Monitor Hydraulic AGC System of

Cold Rolling Mill

Shirin Khosravi, Ahmad Afshar, Farshad Barazandeh 53

Fuzzy Controller for Beam Stabilization in a Heavy·lon Synchrotron

Jochen Grieser, Harald Klingbeil, Jurgen Adamy 59

An Adaptive Neuro fuzzy Controller for Cement Kiln

Mehrad G. Sharabiany, Alireza Fatehi, Babak N. Araabi 65

H1-1-D Bio·engineering Analysis and Instrumentation

Observation of Acupuncture Stimulation on Human Stamina Improvement using EMG

Farida I. Muchtadi, Suprijanto, Gunawan Ismail, H. Susanti, Maria E. Prasetyo 71

Wavelet Denoising to Analyze Electroencephalogram Signal of Perfect Pitch and Non

Perfect Pitch Subjects

Suprijanto, Renata Amelia, A. Sabdono Sudarsono, Joko Sarwono 77

H1-2-A Instrumentation and Image Processing Techniques

Batik·lnspired Wax Patterning for Cloth·based Microfluidic Devices

Azadeh Nilghaz, Dedy H.B. Wicaksono, F. Adibah Abdul Majid 82

Compact Computer Vision for Black Tea Quality Evaluation Based on the Black Tea

Particles

Suprijanto, Amalia Rakhmawati, Endang Yuliastuti 87

Haar Wavelet Based Reduced Reference Quality Assessment Technique for

JPEG/JPEG2000 Images

Antony Halim, Irwan Prasetya Gunawan 92

Estimation of Rice Milling Degree using Image Processing and Adaptive Network Based

Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)

Deden M. F. Shiddiq, Yul Y. Nazaruddin, Farida I. Muchtadi, Sapta Raharja 98

H1-2-B Systems Modeling, Simulation and Control

Modeling and Simulation of a DC Motor Control System with Digital PID Controller and

Encoder in FPGA Using Xilinx System Generator

Behzad Behnam, Masoud Mansouryar 104

A Receding Horizon Control of a Cooperative Multi Target Tracking System

Ehsan Moradi Pari, Mohammad Haeri 109

Just·in·Time Control Method for a Free·joint Manipulator

Yuji Usui, Sumiko Majima 113

Hardware in the Loop Simulation of Railway Traffic Re·scheduling by Means of MILP

Algorithm

Endra Joelianto, Aan Setiawan, Diah Chaerani 119

v

H1·2·C Sliding Mode Control Designs

Synchronizing Two Different Fractional Order Hyperchaotic Systems Using Generalized

Fractional Order Sliding Mode Control

Ali Abooee, Mohammad Haeri 125

Controller Design for Inverted Pendulum System using Discrete Sliding Mode Control

R. Ngadengon, Y. M. Sam, J. H. S. Osman, R. Ghazali 130

Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control of Injection Velocity in Injection Molding during Filling

Phase

Feriyonika, Gunawan Oewantoro 134

Stabilization a class of fractional·order polytopic differential inclusion systems and

variable structure control

Saeed Balochian 140

H1·2·D UAV, Helicopter and Rocket

Determination of Flight Attitude using Kalman Filter for an Agricultural Unmanned

Helicopter

H. J. Park, Y. M. Koo, H. B. Park 146

Robust Switched Linear Controller for Multimode Helicopter Models

Salmah, Solikhatun, Noorma Yulia Megawati, Endra Joelianto, Agus Budiyono 152

Dynamic UAV Path Planning for Moving Target Intercept in 3D

H. H. Triharminto, T. B. Adji, N. A. Setiawan 157

Surface Control Design of Rocket using MIMO PID Robust Integral Backstepping

Beni Kusuma Atmaja, Endra Joelianto 162

H2·1·A Model Predictive Control

Hybrid Modeling and Discrete Controller Design of Three·Tank Benchmark System

Cyril Joseph, V. I. George, P. R. Venkateswaran 170

Bake Plate Control using A Robust Multiplexed Model Predictive Control (RMMPC)

Endra Joelianto, Iqbal Ginanjar Prasetia 175

H2·1·B Imaging & Medical Instrumentation

Imaging Tools for the Analysis of Microvessel and Angiogenesis Development in A

Tridimensional Cell Culture System

Irza Sukmana 181

Comparison of Two Sagittal Pelvic Tilt Measurement Protocols using Newly Calibrated

Novel Pelvic Sensor

Isniza Ismail, Aqilah Leela T. Narayanan, Oedy H. B. Wicaksono 184

Prototype Design of Low Cost Four Channels Digital Electroencephalograph for Sleep

Monitoring

Muhammad Salehuddin, Suprijanto, Farida I. Muchtadi 188

vi

H2·1·C Natural Phenomenon Prediction and Monitoring

Monitoring the Quality of Ozone towards the Prevention of Further Global Warming

M. Amir Abas, A. Khusairy Azim, M. Hilmi Fadzil, M. Dahlui 194

Design of Horizontal Seismic Sensor with Spherical Inverted Pendulum and Magnetic

Levitation

Mohammad Rohmanuddin, Eko Mursito Budi, Rakhmadian Purnama 200

Maritime Weather Prediction Using Fuzzy Logic in Java Sea

Aulia Siti Aisjah, Syamsul Arifin 205

H2·1·D Embedded Systems, Design and Implementation

Implementation of 4 Axes Digital Read Out (ORO) as an Embedded System for Machine

Tools

Muzie Hikmah, Arko Djajadi, Maralo Sinaga 209

The Design of Recorder Radius Tools to Play Four Wheel Vehicle Based on

Microcontroller

Dandy Oktodify, Hilda Rizky Aulia, Tiara Nurul Anggraeni 214

Algorithm Payload for Test Load Rocket Lapan 2009 using ATMEGA 128

Ageng Maulana, Yah an Nuryadi, Naniek Anidani 220

H2·2·A Mathematical Control Theory

Optimality Conditions for a Hierarchical Control Problem Governed by a POE

Anthony J. Kearsley 224

Safety Analysis of Linear System with SOS for Complex Eigenvalues

Noorma Y. Megawati, Salmah, Indah E. Wijayanti, Endra Joelianto 231

Discrete Time Riccati Equationsin Open Loop Nash Gamesfor Descriptor Systems

�m� �6

The Open·Loop Zero·Sum Linear Quadratic Diferential Game for Index One Descriptor

Systems

Muhammad W. Musthofa, Jacob Engwerda, Salmah, Ari Suparwanto 240

H2·2·B Network Management and Automation Systems

Perfomance Evaluation of Soft Handover Parameters in WCDMA System

Ruhani Ab Rahman, Muhammad Ibrahim, Wan Nazirah Wan Md Adnan, Murizah Kassim, Mat

Ikram Yusof 246

Simple SNMP Based Optical Power Meter

Karel Siavicek 252

Implementation of Sensor Network for Automation of Bottle·Capping Assembly Station

using IEEE 802.15.4

Kunal UUekar, Rahul Gosavi, Sarthak Lad, Jagruti Kamat 258

vii

H2·2·C Measurement System Analysis

Density Measurement System using Magnetically Operated Reed Switch

P. Kalpana Mitra, P. H.Thyagaraju, SKSatpati, S.B. Roy, Y. S. Ladola 262

Simultaneous Multiple Assays on Microfluidic Cloth·Based Analytical Devices

Azadeh Nilghaz, Oedy H. B. Wicaksono, Eko Supriyanto 266

Summation Convolution Filtered Back Projection (SCFBP) and Algebraic

Reconstruction Technique (ART) in Ring Array Ultrasound Tomography Based on Time

of Flight

Khusnul Ain, Oeddy Kurniadi, Amoranto Trisnobudi, O. Santoso 269

Source Separation using Independent Component Analysis Techniques for Machine

Fault Detection in the presence of Background Noise

Ohany Arifianto 274

H2·2·D Automation System Design

Accuracy Evaluation of Delivered Measurements to HMI in a Real SCADA Automation

System

H. Khazaei Targhi, H. Sheisi, H. Moradmand 279

Integration of Real·time Decision·Making in Time·triggered Software Architectures for

Certifiable Autonomous Unmanned Systems

Jens Halbig, Andre Windisch, Patrick Kingsbury, Norbert Oswald, Wolfram Hardt 284

Design of Automatic Change over Unit ATIS PAE time as well as maintaining the

presence of E 5000 M and T6T Airport·Jakarta

Sumardi, Munnik Haryanti, Yohannes Oewanto 290

Design of Proximity Warning System Simulator for Train Driver

Sang Aji Jaya Suseno, Yohannes Oewanto 295

H2·3·A Robotics Control and Autonomous Systems

LQR Controller of One Wheel Robot stabilized by Reaction Wheel Principle

Kadam Shishirkumar Namdev, Seth B. 299

Implementation of Guidance System in Modeled Autonomous Mobile for Obstacle

Avoidance Behavior

Yin Mon Myint 304

Developing a Quadrupedal Robot with Speech Recognition Movement Control

Andreas, Erikson F. Soonggalon, Ketut Tejawibawa 310

Motion Simulation for Propeller·Driven USM Underwater Glider with Controllable Wings

and Rudder

Khalid Isa, Mohd Rizal Arshad 316

vii i

H2·3·B Controls, Robotics and Mechatronics

Control Architecture of Material Handling Vehicles

Augie Widyotriatmo, A. K. Pamosoaji, G. -Y. Hong, Keum-Shik Hong 322

Towards Implementation of the Optimized Inverse Kinematics Solution of a Six·Legged

Robot using a Field Programmable Gate Array

M. I. Petra, L. D. Silva, M. A. Ahadani, V. N. Yoong 328

Performance·guaranteed Distributed Coverage Control for Robotic Visual Sensor

Network with Limited Energy Storage

Risvan Dirza, Azwirman Gusrialdi 334

Robust and Low·Cost Proximity Sensor for Line Detection Robot using Goertzel

Algorithm

Rayi Yanu Tara, Teguh Barata Adji 340

H2·3·C Custom Acoustic Instrumentation and Application

Application of Acoustic Emission Technique to Observer the Engine Oil's Viscosity

Othman Inayatullah, Aidy Ali, Nordin Jamaludin, Mohd Jailani Mohd Nor 344

Designing Acoustic Transmitting Receiving System for Measurement of Fish Density

Henry M. Manik 349

Simulation and Analysis of Acoustical Comfort in an Intensive Care Unit

Febi Rhiana Joko Sarwono, FX Nugroho Soelami 352

Implementation of Secure Speaker Verification at Web Login Page Using Mel Frequency

Cepstral Coefficient·Gaussian Mixture Model (MFCC·GMM)

B. Putra, Suyanto 358

H2·3·D Optimization and Modeling System

Modified Feedback Configuration via Observer Based Sensor Compensation

Ernie Binti Che Mid, S.S. Yang 364

Development of Seismic Sensor Application using Micro Electromechanical Systems

Mohammad Rohmanuddin, Eko Mursito Budi, Fikri Ferdiana 370

Optimization of Partial Slip Surface at Lubricated·MEMS

M. Tauviqirrahman, R. Ismail, D.J. Schipper, J. Jamari 375

AUTHOR INDEX 380

ix

Simultaneous Multiple Assays on Microfluidic Cloth-Based Analytical Devices

Azadeh Nilghaz1,2, Dedy H.B. Wicaksono,1,* and Eko Supriyanto2

1Dept. of Biomechanics & Biomedical Materials and 2Dept. of Clinical Science and Engineering Faculty of Health science & Biomedical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia

E-mail: dedy.wicaksono@biomedical.utm.my

Abstract—This paper describes a new class of point-of-care (POC) diagnostic devices for quantifying multiple assays by fabricating microfluidic devices on cotton cloth. This kind of microfluidic systems is appropriate for colorimetric assays that are low-cost, portable and simple to fabricate and to operate. Hydrophilic channels with hydrophobic barriers can be created using wax-resist patterning technique on cotton cloth fabric inspired from traditional batik technique. Using capillary force, the porosity of woven fabric and threads can wick micro volumes of aqueous samples from sample inlet into reaction zones across the hydrophilic channels for the mixing of their contents. These devices can be designed to perform single and multiple colorimetric assays of body fluids. The result can be observed by unaided human eye or by using digital camera and image analysis software.

Keywords-component; microfluidic device; multiple assays; cloth; wax; low-cost; point-of- care.

I. INTRODUCTION Point-of-care diagnostic test based on microfluidic

technique using inexpensive substrate was presented by Whitesides and co-workers [1], which can carry out the requirements of simplicity in fabrication and operation. They used hydrophilic paper to create microfluidic channels that are bounded by hydrophobic polymer–poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), photoresist or wax [2-4]. Point-of-care testing (POCT) is required in home healthcare and developing countries because it can decrease costs and provide clinical services for people in low resource settings [5]. In these devices, the working principle is based on visible colorimetric detection for qualitative analyte where flow is directed along the hydrophilic parts by capillary action.

In this study, we report the use of cotton cloth as a structural material for fabrication of the simple microfluidic systems. Microfluidic channels can be created on the layer of hydrophilic cloth which is confined by hydrophobic boundaries. Fabrication process can be done using technique inspired from ancient traditional wax patterning technique (Batik) in ~20 min. Cloth-based microfluidic devices can wick aqueous sample into hydrophilic channels by capillary action and makes it possible to perform colorimetric assays. The ability to create different types of pattern on cloth using hydrophobic wax allowed us to design a variety of microfluidic devices for the various protocols.

Wicking and mixing concept was examined using three types of ink solution representing reagent and sample. Finally, colorimetric detection of protein and glucose in

simulated body fluid is carried out using microfluidic cloth-based analytical devices (µCADs). The colorimetric result can be observed visually without any specific equipment. This is particularly appropriate for developing countries and remote areas.

II. MATERIAL AND METHODS We utilized commercial cotton [6-7] cloth fabric to

create microfluidic devices. This kind of cloth is hydrophobic which can be treated by hot chemical (e.g., Na2CO3) bath solution to promote its hydrophilicity [8]. Treated cotton cloth can be patterned readily by hot wax-resist to create hydrophilic micro-channels by batik wax-patterning technique [9]. Wax penetrates into the thickness and surface of the cloth and makes the hydrophobic regions. The simple fabrication process leads to the development of a variety of two (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) designs. One layer of wax-patterned cloth can be used as a 2D µCADs and can be folded to create 3D microfluidic systems.

These devices can transport liquid via capillary action through hydrophilic channels without external pump and pressure. To prove this concept and examine the wicking properties in 2D and 3D microfluidic devices, we prepared different dye solutions (blue, red and yellow). Different dye solution was dropped into detection zones as a reagent and dried in ambient condition for 15 min. Yellow dye solution was utilized as a sample and added into the sample inlet. In this study, we show the microvolumes of liquid sample was distributed vertically and horizontally into hydrophilic channels and mixed with another color in the predetermined reaction zones.

Finally, colorimetric detection of glucose and protein was utilized to validate the devices. To detect glucose, 0.2- 0.5 μl assay reagent [solution of glucose oxidase/peroxidase enzyme activity dissolved in deionized water (500 units of enzyme activity and buffer salts in 39.2 ml deionized water) added to 0.8 ml of the o-Dianisidine reagent] was spotted in glucose detection zone. Also, for protein assay, we dotted 0.2- 0.5 μl of the reagent solution containing 250 mM citric buffer (pH 2) and 3.3 mM bromophenol blue (BPB) in 95% ethanol into detection zones [2, 7, 10] using a micropipette. The reagents were dried in ambient conditions for 20 min and could still interact with glucose and bovine serum albumin (BSA) to form a yellowish-brown and blue coloration, respectively. An artificial urine was prepared as reported by Chutipongtanate et al, that contained 200 mM Urea, 1 mM Uric acid, 4 mM Creatinine, 5 mM Sodium citrate, 54 mM Sodium chloride, 30 mM calcium chloride, 15 mM

2011 2nd International Conference on Instrumentation, Control and Automation15-17 November 2011, Bandung, Indonesia

978-1-4577-1460-3/11/$26.00 ©2011 IEEE 105

ammonium chloride, 3 mM Calcium chloride, 2 mM magnesium sulfate, 2 mM sodium bicarbonate, 0.1 mM Na2C2O4, 9 mM sodium sulfate, 3.6 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.4 mM disodium hydrogen phosphate, all mixed in Millipore-purified water. The pH of the solution was adjusted to 6.0 by the addition of 1.0 M hydrochloric acid [11]. All inorganic reagents were purchased from Sigma– Aldrich. We detected unknown amounts of glucose and BSA in simulated human urine using 2 D µCADs.

All measurements and observations were carried out with optical light microscopy technique using Leica DM2500M Optical Microscope.

Figure 1. Images of 2 and 3D microfluidic cloth-based analytical devices. One layer of wax-patterned cloth used as 2D microfluidic device (A-C) which demonstrate how the yellow dye wick in 2D microfluidic device and mix with blue and red dye solution in the detection zones. Sample inlet and reaction zones are defined in one layer of cloth. Blue and red dye solution have been dropped in detection zones. Hydrophilic channels can wick and distribute the microvolumes of aqueous solution (yellow ink) from sample inlet point into arrays of detection zones. 3D microfluidic channels defined in three different layers of cloth fabric (D). Reagent spotted before device assembly into detection zones defined in bottom layer of the device. Dye solution applied through inlet point to distribute across the hydrophilic region and react with reagent within detection zones (E, F).

III. RESULTS AND DISSCUSION The cotton cloth was used as a substrate for fabrication

of microfluidic channels using low-cost wax patterning methods which can wick the fluid from wet to dry region. Figure 1 shows the images of 2D and 3D microfluidic devices which were evaluated by three different dye solutions. The yellow, red and blue dye solutions had been utilized to perform colorimetric reactions which were manually dropped at the detection zones and yellow dye solution was added into sample application zone using micropipette. Hydrophilic channels wick the yellow dye sample through its weave porosity and threads (Figure 2) to reaction zones to mix with blue and red dye-reagents at the specific detection zone.

Our approach in this study was based on colorimetric bioassays. We utilized of 2D device for performing multiple bioassays in parallel. Then, 0.3 µL of glucose and

protein assays reagent spotted in the detection zones and dried in room temperature. Then, 5 µL of artificial urine containing glucose and protein was dropped into the sample inlet. The glucose and BSA detection model was adopted from the ref. [7]. The localized glucose and protein reagents can interact with sample in the reaction zones to form yellowish-brown and blue color, respectively (Figure 3). The results can be judged by the naked eye. The objective of multiple assays is to carry out chemical analysis with a minimal amount of analyte solution that each reaction zone can be intended for an assay.

Compared to biosensors used to detect glucose (cf. [12]) our device is not that quantitative. However, it is intended for a low-cost early detection that could be used at remote areas where the use of special equipments is not practical or too expensive. Furthermore, its performance can be improved to semi-quantitative analysis, as proposed by different group recently [10].

Figure 2. Microscopic images of wicking phenomena of yellow dye solution in microfluidic channel fabricated in hydrophilic cloth which taken 2 (A) and 2.5 (B) seconds after adding the yellow ink solution. Hydrophilic channel wick yellow dye through its threads (A, B) and weave porosity (C).

Figure 3. Photographs of multiple assays using 2D microfluidic device. Glucose and protein assay reagents spot into reaction zones and dried in ambient condition for 20 min (A). 3 µl of artificial urine containing unknown amount of glucose and protein, drop in the sample inlet. A assaytifiand mix with reagent in the detection zones. Results can be observed with naked eye (B).

IV. CONCLUSION This paper describes the cotton cloth as a new platform

for diagnostic devices. Microfloidic cloth-based analytical devices can be fabricated using ancient wax patterning technique (batik) that is simple, inexpensive and familiar in developing countries.

(A) (B)

1 cm

(C)

(C)

1 cm

(A) (B)

(B)

(D)

(E) (F)

(A)

1 mm

(A) (B)

2011 2nd International Conference on Instrumentation, Control and Automation15-17 November 2011, Bandung, Indonesia

106

In this method, cloth can absorb the hot wax to defined hydrophobic barriers into hydrophilic substrate which create narrow hydrophilic channels. Porosity of threads and weave led to wick the liquid samples from inlet point to detection zones by capillary action without additional pressure. These devices applied for quantifying simultaneous multiple colorimetric bioassays using small amount of liquid sample. Our approach was validated by performing colorimetric detection of glucose and protein in artificial urine. The results can be observed by the unaided eye.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We would like to express our gratitude and deepest thanks to Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) for giving us support through Tier-1 Research University Grant under project No. Q.J130000.7136.01H65. and 4D004. We also would like to thank Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Rafiq Abd. Kader for his support at Mediteg Lab, Faculty of Healt Science and Biomedical Engineering. UTM.

REFERENCES [1] A. W. Martinez, S. T. Phillips, G. M. Whitesides and E. Carrilho,

"Diagnostics for the developing world: microfluidic paper-based analytical devices.," Analytical chemistry, vol. 82, 2010, pp. 3-10.

[2] A. W. Martinez, S. T. Phillips and G. M. Whitesides, "Three-dimensional microfluidic devices fabricated in layered paper and tape.," PNAS, vol. 105, 2008, pp. 19606-19611.

[3] S. T. P. Emanuel Carrilho, Sarah J. Vella, Andres W. Martinez,† and and G. M. Whitesides, "Paper Microzone Plates," Analytical Chemistry, vol. 82, 2009, pp. 5990-5998.

[4] E. Carrilho, A. W. Martinez, et al, "Understanding Wax Printing A Simple Micropatterning Process for Paper Based Microfluidics," Analytical Chemistry, vol. 81, 2009, pp. 7091-7095.

[5] W. Dungchai, O. Chailapakul and C. S. Henry, "Use of multiple colorimetric indicators for paper-based microfluidic devices.," Analytica chimica acta, vol. 674, 2010, pp. 227-33.

[6] X. Li, J. Tian and W. Shen, "Thread as a versatile material for low-cost microfluidic diagnostics.," ACS applied materials & interfaces, vol. 2, 2010, pp. 1-6.

[7] M. Reches, K. A. Mirica, R. Dasgupta, M. D. Dickey, M. J. Butte and G. M. Whitesides, "Thread as a Matrix for Biomedical Assays " ACS applied materials & interfaces, vol. 2, 2010, pp. 1722–1728.

[8] A. Nilghaz, D. H. B. Wicaksono, D. Gustiono et al., “Flexible Microfluidic Cloth-based Analytical Devices Using Low-Cost Wax Patterning Technique,” Lab on a Chip, in press, 2011.

[9] Belfer, Batik and Tie Dye Techniques: Dover Publications, 1992. [10] W. Wang, W.-y. Wu, W. Wang and J.-j. Zhu, "Tree-shaped paper

strip for semiquantitative colorimetric detection of protein with self-calibration," Journal of Chromatography A, vol. 1217, 2010, pp. 3896-3899.

[11] S. Chutipongtanate and V. Thongboonkerd, "Systematic comparisons of artificial urine formulas for in vitro cellular study.," Analytical biochemistry, vol. 402, 2010, pp. 110-2.

[12] L. Yang, et al., "Direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase and biosensing for glucose based on boron-doped carbon-coated nickel modified electrode," Biosensors and Bioelectronics, vol. 26, 2011, pp. 3801-3805.

2011 2nd International Conference on Instrumentation, Control and Automation15-17 November 2011, Bandung, Indonesia

107