Product Concept Collaborative Manufacturability and Sustainability Assessment with (EPES) Eco...

EPES White paper: Product Concept Collaborative Manufacturability and Sustainability Assessment with (EPES) Eco Process Engineering System

© EPES Consortium 2014 Version 28.3.2014 1

EPES WHITE PAPER

Product Concept Collaborative Manufacturability and Sustainability Assessment with (EPES) Eco Process

Engineering System

Juhani Heilala1, Reino Ruusu1, Jari Montonen1, Saija Vatanen1, Pablo Bermell-Garcia2, Simon Astwood2, Conroy Iwhiwhu2, Carlos Kavka3, Fabio Asnicar3, Laura Ricco3

Sebastian Scholze4, Cristina Grama4, Oliver Kotte4, Alberto Armijo5 Corresponding author; [email protected]

1VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland

2EADS Innovation Works UK, 3ESTECO

4ATB 5Tecnalia

Acknowledgement The research presented in the paper has been carried out within the frame of the EPES, “Eco-Process Engineering System for Composition of Services to Optimize Product Life-Cycle” collaboration project co-funded by the European Commission under FoF-ICT-2011.7.3-285093 contract. The authors wish to express the acknowledgement to EC for the support and to all project partners for their contributions during the development presented in this paper.

More info: www.epes-project.eu



Product Concept Collaborative Manufacturability and Sustainability Assessment with (EPES) Eco Process Engineering System

Abstract

The focus of engineering design on achieving a superior product, processes or services from functional and economic factors is now shifting towards sustainable design which considers environmental, economic and social aspects. This can be achieved by integrating the sustainable aspects into the engineering design and analysis tasks throughout the product’s lifecycle. Life Cycle Thinking (LCT), Design for Environment (DfE), eco-efficiency and eco innovation should be part of collaborative product development.

New tools are needed in the development of products, processes and related services, e.g. Product Service Systems (PSS), which provide customer and business value but significantly decrease environmental impacts. Eco-Process Engineering System (EPES) is the methodology and provides related ICT tools as a service for the development of PSS. The goal is to improve customer value and eco-efficiency, i.e. reduce energy and resource consumption, emissions, and the use of hazardous substances through the holistic analysis of PSS and its life cycle. The EPES project carries out research and development to improve the sustainability performance of end-users operations, products and services. EPES project integrates existing tools, enhances further and provides them as configurable services for non-ICT experts.

This white paper shows a case study for conceptual product assessment using EPES system. The EPES system support design and manufacturing engineers to make informed decisions on the performance of design concepts from the manufacturing and sustainability perspective and enables the validation of production scenarios, e.g. future factories, at the early stages of design. Improved decision making for an optimal manufacturing facility will also be supported.

The EPES system provides new supporting services for sustainability assessment in Design for Manufacturing and Assembly using traditional manufacturing KPIs such as resource utilization, and production rate, and sustainability aspects of the production processes. In the case study shown, the analysis is based on Discrete Event Simulation (DES), Multi-Objective Optimization (MOO) and Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) calculation techniques.

The essential questions answered through this assessment are: • Productivity KPIs: What is the level of production rate and resource utilization for a product

design using a given set of processes and resources? Or what is the optimal number of resources and tooling to achieve desired capacity?

• Sustainability KPIs: What are the energy consumption, the emissions and the hazardous material waste resulting from the manufacturing for a design using a given set of processes and resources?



1.INTRODUCTION

1.1Sustainabledevelopment,manufacturingandeco‐efficiencyThe definition of sustainability in the Report of the Brundtland Commission report 1987 [1] is

well known: "Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs". Sustainability is built on three pillars: economic, environmental, and social sustainability. As sustainability covers a broad area of different aspects, it is very difficult to make it measurable (note Fig. 1.). Sustainable innovation wants to achieve improvements by the integration of economic (Profit, Prosperity), environmental (Planet) and social (People) concerns.

Figure 1. Three pillars of sustainability and related indicators [2]

Sustainable Manufacturing has been defined by the U.S. Department of Commerce [3] as: “The creation of manufactured products that use processes that are non-polluting, conserve energy and natural resources, and are economically sound and safe for employees, communities, and consumers.”

Eco-efficiency has been defined by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) [4]: "eco-efficiency is achieved by the delivery of competitively priced goods and services that satisfy human needs and bring quality of life, while progressively reducing ecological impacts and resource intensity throughout the life-cycle to a level at least in line with the Earth’s estimated carrying capacity."

WBCSD pointed out that high eco-efficiency products or services can be achieved through improving seven key eco-efficient elements as shown here (REDUCES, in short) [4].

1. Reduce material intensity; 2. Energy intensity minimized; 3. Dispersion of toxic substances is reduced; 4. Undertake recycling; 5. Capitalize on use of renewable resources; 6. Extend product durability, and 7. Service intensity is increased.



To summarise those definitions; sustainable development, sustainable manufacturing and eco-efficiency: “Creating more value with less environmental impact” – doing more with less. Eco-efficiency indicators in the business sector are commonly based on the ratio of product, process and service (PPS) value/environmental impact (see Fig. 2.).

Figure 2. Eco-efficiency

Thus engineers and managers need to identify possible improvements to products, processes

and services with lower environmental impacts across all life cycle stages. The first step is to identify what to measure and monitor. Most environmental aspect indicators focus on the consumption of energy, materials and waters, in general resource efficiency, and the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) as shown in the following chapter.

1.2Enterprisereportingonsustainabilityandeco‐efficiencyobjectivesEnterprise level reporting is typically based on Sustainability Reporting Framework developed

by Global Reporting Initiative (GRI, https://www.globalreporting.org/Pages/default.aspx). The Global Reporting Initiative is a leading organization in the sustainability reporting field. GRI promotes the use of sustainability reporting as a way for organizations to become more sustainable and contribute to sustainable development.

Typical sustainability targets, or eco-efficiency objectives, often self-reported by manufacturing enterprises [5, 6, 7], are:

Energy-savings, (electricity and fossil fuels), including increased use of renewable energy sources

Reduced carbon dioxide emissions (CO2); other emissions, like volatile organic compounds (VOC)

Reduced the fresh water usage Reduced raw material consumption Reduced amount of waste Workplace safety, zero work-related accidents GRI based reporting is on enterprise level, reporting period is one year, and these reports does

not show efficiency of operations, e.g. input output ratio. Naturally the enterprise has more detail data available, since report is aggregated from factory or production unit level. Reporting of GRI based values need to be normalised, with for example production output. This normalisation enables benchmarking on efficiency.

The enterprise level reported indicators and strategic objectives should also drive the development efforts. Similar and compatible indicators should be used in decision making, in the comparison of design alternatives.

For the manufacturing industries and manufacturing processes, the OECD Sustainable Manufacturing Toolkit, Seven Steps To Environmental Excellence, (OECD, http://www.oecd.org/innovation/green/toolkit/) gives useful tips: How to improve the efficiency of



production processes and products, in the way to contribute to sustainable development and green growth. Some other useful links, on eco-efficiency are listed in the Appendix.

1.3LifeCycleManagementandThinkingLife Cycle Management (LCM) aims to minimize the environmental and socio-economic

burdens associated with product or product portfolio throughout its entire life cycle and value chain. LCM makes life cycle thinking and product sustainability operational for businesses through continuous improvements of product systems, as well as, supporting business assimilation of, for example, integrated product policies. LCM is not a single tool or methodology but a management system collecting, structuring and disseminating product-related information from various programs, concepts and tools. It incorporates environmental, economic, and social aspects of products, which are applied throughout a product’s life cycle. [8]

Life Cycle Thinking (LCT) is one essential approach to sustainable development. It is about going beyond the traditional focus on production site and manufacturing processes to include the environmental, social, and economic impact of a product over its entire life cycle. The main goals of life cycle thinking are to reduce a product’s resource use and emissions to the environment as well as improve its socio-economic performance throughout its life cycle [8]. Life Cycle Thinking has been adapted to European Commission policies [9]. With LCT, shifting of potential environmental burdens between different life cycle stages can be recognized. This helps to avoid local optimizations that simply transfer burdens to other stages. Life cycle thinking should be integrated as a part of any new material or product development already at the early stage of the development. LCT can be applied without going into details of a full Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study [10].

Figure 3. Four Phases of LCA (based on ISO 14040 standard series)

LCA is used in assisting the engineer in the product design but it possesses drawbacks.

Conducting LCA according to ISO 14040 standard series (see Fig. 3.) requires special expertise and large amounts of data, and is usually time-consuming. To conquer these challenges, simplified, automated and understandable tools and methods are needed in order to guide the designer in developing sustainable products, processes and services. The goal of the EPES project is to create such an integrated tool. [11].



1.4StandardizationlandscapeisevolvingThe ISO has published in 2012 an International Standard (ISO 14045:2012) of eco-efficiency.

The object of eco-efficiency assessment standardization was to make an environmental management tool to companies where environmental impacts are evaluated alongside with product value. Eco-efficiency assessment is a quantitative management tool which enables the study of life-cycle environmental impacts of a product system along with its system value for a stakeholder. Eco-efficiency assessment is a tool to develop more economical and environmental aware product systems (Fig. 4.). Evaluation of eco-efficiency is to maximize the value of the performance of these systems products to improve their ability to do more with less. The eco-efficiency assessment shares with LCA (ISO 14040:2006) many principles such as life cycle perspective, comprehensiveness, functional unit approach, iterative nature, transparency and priority of scientific approach.

Figure 4. Eco-efficiency assessment (ISO 14045) Here are listed some environmental and eco-efficiency related standardization.

ISO 14040:2006 Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework.

ISO 14044:2006 Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements and guidelines.

ISO 14045:2012 Environmental management - Eco-efficiency assessment of product systems - Principles, requirements and guidelines.

ISO/DIS 14046.2 Environmental management - Water footprint - Principles, requirements and guidelines (under development).

ISO/TS 14067:2013 Greenhouse gases - Carbon footprint of products - Requirements and guidelines for quantification and communication.

ISO/TR 14069:2013 Greenhouse gases -- Quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions for organizations -- Guidance for the application of ISO 14064-1.

ISO 14064-1:2006 Greenhouse gases -- Part 1: Specification with guidance at the organization level for quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions and removals.

ISO 26000:2010 Guidance on social responsibility ISO 50001:2011 Energy management systems -- Requirements with guidance for use



There are also other new standards, here is listed few examples related to machine tools and automation systems:

ISO/FDIS 14955-1 Machine tools -- Environmental evaluation of machine tools -- Part 1: Design methodology for energy-efficient machine tools. Under development.

ISO 20140-1 Automation systems and integration -- Evaluating energy efficiency and other factors of manufacturing systems that influence the environment -- Part 1: Overview and general principles. Accepted 2013.

2.METHODSFORCOLLABORATIVEPRODUCTDEVELOPMENT

2.1VirtualcollaborationnetworkVirtual factories, e.g. extended enterprises with multiple stakeholders and actors, are the

current way of working in the development of technical Product Service Systems (PSS). Creation of customer value by integrating products and services in a distributed organization creates new challenges in communication, process management and knowledge management. Service-oriented ICT tools are one enabler for efficient networking and the PSS development. Due to increased system complexity, distributed multidisciplinary engineering is often required. Easy-to-use tools are needed to enhance the efficiency, transparency and traceability of such multidisciplinary optimisation and decision-making processes. Business process management (BPM) of the multiple engineering processes is also required to orchestrate the activities carried by the various actors.

The design phases of most products, processes or services are often determinant for the sustainability and environmental performance throughout their life cycle. The majority of environmental impacts will be determined during the design phase. The environmental impacts of products can be significantly reduced through optimised design. Another issue is how the well the product or process is operated, managed and maintained, but this is not covered in detail in this paper, even though the functionalities of the EPES system [11] cover some of these product aspects as well.

2.2Productdevelopmentwitheco‐efficiencyaspectsThe focus of engineering design on achieving a superior product, process or service, from the

currently prevalent point-of-view of functional and economic factors, is now shifting towards sustainable design. Sustainability-related issues are increasingly important in business decision-making. Examples of the drivers of this development are:

Cost savings, resource efficiency Society-set regulations, directives, standards, etc. Customer requirements and communication, business reputation

The number of regulations that are related to sustainability has been steadily growing,

presenting new legal obligations to industry. Enterprises are also becoming increasingly aware of the importance of being able to credibly present facts about the sustainability of their performance to the public, which is increasingly aware of its importance. The aim of the EPES system [11] is to move from typical goals, i.e. functionality and cost, to several simultaneous goals, i.e. sustainability and life cycle aspects.

In addition to the drivers presented in chapter 1.2 and here, there are many more objectives, parameters and key performance indicators (KPI) used in industrial decision-making. EPES



system and methodology applies life cycle thinking and the existing eco-standards as presented in chapters 1.3 and 1.4.

2.3DecisionmakingwithadvancedmodellingandsimulationAs most decisions that affect sustainability need to be made in the design stage, at which

actual measurements cannot yet be made, simulation is a crucial tool for evaluating the forthcoming effects of the design decisions in the following life-cycle stages. Advanced modelling and simulation requires special expertise, and multi-disciplinary modelling is often necessary in order to take into account all the various aspects of sustainability. This creates a need for efficient co-operation between analysts of various backgrounds.

Traditionally, engineering processes are affected by manufacturing knowledge and product performance-oriented factors. However, nowadays this traditional concept of performance needs to be extended into a wider meaning, with sustainability being one of the main factors. The contribution is not only at the level of the end product, but also applies to the manufacturing systems that are used for producing the product. Eco-constraints need to become a part of the wider assessment of the overall product feasibility analysis. This analysis needs to consider not only traditional cost and productivity-oriented parameters, but also eco-constrains that are derived from all the relevant stages in the product’s whole life cycle.

Figure 5. Connecting eco-KPI calculation to simulation, based on [12]

Manufacturing and production system simulation can be enhanced by taking into account

sustainability aspects. Some commercial DES (discrete event simulation) software applications already support energy consumption and related CO2 emissions modelling, for example as presented by Heilala et al [12]. Sustainability KPIs can be calculated by combining the simulation results with product, process, resource and related environmental data (see Fig. 5). The results typically consist of sustainability accounting data, i.e. environmental inventory data, which can be used for the calculation of predictions of sustainability KPIs. For the full life cycle environmental analysis, proper LCA tools and experts are required.

2.4Multi‐objectiveandmultidisciplinaryoptimisationSelection of the best design among a set of alternatives is a very important task in the

development stage of a product or process. Introduction of multiple criteria and constraints to be considered increases the complexity of a decision-making process. As sustainability cannot be limited to a single stage of the life-cycle of an industrial product, it is always a very complex issue, and presents a need for complex multi-objective decision-making, in which compromises need to be made between mutually exclusive criteria. This also greatly increases the quantity of good-quality data that is needed to be presented to decision-makers.



3.EPESSYSTEM–ANEWWAYOFWORKINGThe EPES project is developing a comprehensive software platform that allows engineering

issues to be addressed from the point-of-view of sustainability. The EPES system is an integrated process-management platform that provides general advantages as an engineering and/or decision-making platform. Its focus is on efficient inter-disciplinary co-operation, communication, data collection and management. It also serves as a tool for communicating information from the engineering community to the strategic decision-makers, allowing them to make informed decisions at the earliest stages of the product, process or service development.

The EPES platform combines both data and procedures—both human and computer—into a package that allows its users to both codify and automate the various tasks that are necessary for addressing complex issues like sustainability. By using business process management and simulation automation techniques, the platform streamlines analysis processes by reducing repetition, especially in set-up tasks. Automating simulation and numeric optimization tasks also help to ensure that the outputs from a set of similar analysis tasks are consistent and thus easily comparable.

Instead of directly addressing sustainability, the main focus of the platform is on streamlining the processes that are necessary for addressing it. In practice, by reducing the amount of required effort, the application of the solution also results in more sustainable outcomes, by allowing the enterprise to more efficiently use the available engineering resources, both human and computational.

EPES project objective is to develop a novel eco process engineering system based on the Business Process Management (BPM) approach, which will constitute a comprehensive process-oriented platform, enabling dynamic composition of services, so called EPES Services, that are adaptable to different products and operating conditions (see Fig. 6.). The EPES solution will also support continuous improvement of processes and products in operation along the life cycle, applying optimization and simulation strategies for the operating phases and for improving future product designs.

In EPES project the core eco-efficiency objectives are: Increasing product or service value Optimizing the use of resources Reducing environmental impact The EPES platform makes use of many existing solutions as parts of its integrated

comprehensive platform. Additional software components have been developed in order to facilitate the integration of these existing solutions. These solutions include:

Alfresco: An Enterprise Content Management (ECM) system Activiti: A business process modelling and execution framework SOMO by ESTECO: An optimization and simulation integration platform Pentaho: A business intelligence platform

3.1EPESSystemcomponentsThe key software modules of the EPES solution are (see also Fig. 6.): • Virtual Collaborative Network (VCN): A collaborative Enterprise Content Management and communication platform, which allows the tracking of business optimization opportunities and the discovery of eco-constraints and objectives through a networked business infrastructure. It



also provides collaborative web content, document content management capabilities and business process workflows execution capabilities, enabling human interaction. • Service Generator (SGM): A tool for configuring EPES Services, deploying them, to provide a web-based UI cockpit to access to the EPES solution, and capabilities to connect the EPES Services to the VCN workflow, bridging the gap between business and IT layers. • Decision Making Module (DMM): Support and guide the user in the process of analysis and processing of information gathered from the life cycle of the product, allowing its comparison with the “should be” performance metrics which are the output of the simulation. DMM can also help the expert to identify the “best” solution from among a set of reasonable alternatives, which are the output of the optimization. • Simulation Module (SM): A tool to facilitate the set-up and execution of external simulation tools in order to provide data for calculation of to-be key performance indicators (KPI). The simulation module is integrated with the DMM optimization features and provides services for automating the management of simulation workflows and optimization plan definitions. The SM enables the integration of a wide variety of simulation software tools that can be executed without user intervention.

Figure 6. General scheme of EPES solution

3.2EPESMethodologyThe EPES methodology presents how to use the EPES software platform and software

components. The main steps in the EPES methodology (see Fig. 7.) are: 1. Collaborative Space definition 2. Collaborative project planning 3. Business Process management cycle, PDCA

The EPES system is a collaborative work environment, comprised of Collaborative Spaces,

and a portal to a product service system (PSS) based ecosystem. This work environment can be extended beyond the group of people who directly participate in the development processes. This



enables, for example, a more direct form of feedback from the users to the engineers. It also connects varies engineering disciplines, group of engineers.

Each of the actors in the defined Collaborative Spaces system has a role. The role could be, for example, an owner of the product, a user of the product, a service provider, a manufacturing or product-related engineer, a sales representative or a business decision-maker. Using the collaborative parts of the EPES system, any group of actors in the product service system community can distribute knowledge, collaborate, pin-point eco-constraints, bottlenecks and solve problems.

Figure 7. EPES Methodology main steps

4 CONCEPTUAL PHASE PRODUCT DFMA AND SUSTAINABILITYASSESSMENT

For an assessment of the sustainability of a product design, the overall product sustainability performance is the ultimate criteria. The process or manufacturing system assessments are only its sub-elements. To be specific, the sustainability assessment of a manufacturing process would not cover the other phases of the life-cycle of a manufactured product. An optimized manufacturing process does not necessarily mean that the product itself is optimal, considering its sustainability performance. On the other hand, to achieve an optimal overall sustainability performance while designing a product, the corresponding manufacturing processes and resources need to be optimized based on some sustainability criteria.

4.1EPEScasestudyIn one of the industrial demonstrators of the EPES project, the aim is to create a simulation and

optimisation service for non-ICT experts dedicated to the early product and manufacturing system design phase. The aim is to compare design concepts for aircraft wings and to optimise both the product and its manufacturing system (i.e. future factory concept). The targeted users are people from multiple engineering disciplines: product architect, aeronautics, materials, structural, load, cost, manufacturing, environmental engineering etc.



The EPES system will support users to make informed decisions on the performance of design concepts from the eco-efficient manufacturing perspective using manufacturing simulation and optimisation. The EPES system has been set-up to integrate the assessment of traditional manufacturing KPIs such as production rate, resource utilization, waiting times, work in progress, with those related to the sustainability of the production processes, e.g. energy consumption, CO2 emission etc. The engineers are doing sustainability and Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA) assessment. The essential questions answered through this assessment are:

Productivity KPIs: What production rate, resource utilisation can be achieved for a design using a given set of processes and resources? Or what is the optimal number of resources and tooling to achieve desired capacity?

Sustainability KPIs: What are the energy consumption, the emissions and the hazardous material waste resulting from the manufacturing for a design using a given set of processes and resources?

Simulation parameters include the list and number of resources and processes, product routing

and cycle times, factory calendar and work shifts, required tooling etc. The EPES system provides optimization services to find out optimum value of any of the parameters while some other parameters are set constant and some results are set as defined objects, i.e. optimum number of resources to reach defined capacity. The optimisation engine is based on the SOMO solution from ESTECO and the simulation engine used in the demonstrator is GeSim from VTT.

The SOMO platform has been developed for automating simulation tasks that have a relatively small and static set of parameters. In order to expand the possible uses of SOMO, the EPES platform includes tools that automate some of the manual tasks that are involved in setting up an optimization task (see Fig. 8.). These tools allow the configuration of an optimization task to be performed automatically for a set of similar models that include a variable number of objects, each with its own set of associated input and output parameters.

Figure 8. A high-dimensional automated simulation workflow in SOMO, created by tools in the

EPES platform without user intervention.

This combination of tools allows the users to perform an optimization of any manufacturing concept on a powerful server, using a browser-based user interface or as an automated task in an executable business process flowchart model, without any of additional manual tasks that are usually required for such analysis tasks. No input or output data for the simulation needs to be downloaded from the ECM system. Instead, it is directly accessed from the repository by the



optimization and simulation tools. The simulation results are automatically stored in a human- and machine-readable form in the ECM system.

Benefits and challenges found during EPES early prototype testing are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Estimated benefits and challenges in the case study based on early prototype Benefit Challenge Integration of engineering disciplines and methods, traditional productivity and sustainability assessment for early DFMA (Design for Manufacturing and Assembly) analysis

Data harmonisation and integration of existing legacy systems. Tool and data interoperability to orchestrate heterogeneous methods and systems to support the business case

To predict the performance of a manufacturing system considering both productivity and ecologic performance

The accuracy of data in the early design phase. Integration of environmental and productivity indicators in a single environment

Automation of engineering task, fast analysis cycles. To transform ad-hoc simulation studies into service oriented capability by exploiting EPES architecture

Development of service oriented analysis for non-simulation experts. Fast and adaptive decision support implemented and usable to industrial practitioners

5.DISCUSSIONANDCONCLUSIONEnsuring the sustainability of manufacturing requires an integrated systems approach and

spans technical, economic, ecological, and societal issues. Interactions within and across these issues are critical to the fundamental understanding of sustainable manufacturing, because focusing on any single issue alone could result in a suboptimal solution or other unidentified consequences. Industry recognizes that (1) sustainability challenges in manufacturing can only be addressed through multi-disciplinary methodologies and (2) implementing these methodologies can have significant economic benefits for sustainability in general, and sustainable manufacturing in particular [13].

In order to reduce the environmental impact of a product under development, designers must have suitable information made available with a reasonable effort. If they do not feel that the information is suitable or can be utilized with a reasonable effort, they will not make use the information, nor the method for deriving it [14]. When developing products, designers have to consider the consequences of their decisions in a number of fields ranging from economy, reliability and ease of change to the environmental impact. In most engineering environments, designers need to be encouraged to integrate environmental aspects by increasing the availability of suitable tools and knowledge. In short, the main requirements should include: A simple and easy to use method; Availability of appropriate data; Clear and easily communicable results; and Traceable conclusions. Above all, any tools or information deployed as part of Design for Environment (DfE) should be fully integrated in an existing design process, procedures and manuals. Environment should become a new key parameter to consider in decision-making, alongside technical performance, safety and cost [14].

The connections between products, processes and manufacturing systems are becoming more complex. Sustainability-related issues are important and they are adding heavily to the complexity of the design process. The amount of data that is needed for decision-making is growing and multiple parameters and constraints must be considered simultaneously. Digital Manufacturing methods, i.e. simulation & modelling are useful for analysing the product and production system both from the point-of-view of traditional performance measures such as productivity, efficiency,



cost etc. and the point-of-view of sustainability-related performance measures (see Fig. 5). Because multiple engineering disciplines and multiple life cycle stages are involved in the goal of sustainability, multidisciplinary optimisation (MDO) and multi-objective optimisation (MOO) techniques can seldom be avoided. When these techniques and tools are provided as services, the transparency and traceability of the decision making processes can be improved.

Provision of engineering analyses, optimisation and simulation as services, e.g. automation of an engineering analysis processes using cloud computing, is one of the advantage of the EPES platform. When combined with knowledge management, communication and collaboration, business intelligence, and business process modelling and execution, a comprehensive platform is created for tackling the comprehensive problems of sustainability.

The EPES project is still an on-going work. A prototype of the EPES system has been built. The integration, assessment and demonstration phases start in 2014. The assessment of a PSS with the EPES System can guide the development towards more sustainable solutions and provide information on the aspects that require further study. Instead of several desktop applications, engineering islands of analysis, the EPES system provides both integration and automation of the assessment methods that are necessary for tackling sustainability.

EPES system can cover whole product service system lifecycle, eco-efficient solutions: Optimized performance by design Dissemination of best environment practices within the supply chain, virtual collaboration

network Sustainable, cleaner manufacturing processes Supporting efficient product operations Recycling and re-use at end-of-life

The methods used in the case study (chapter 4) are generic and useful also other branches of manufacturing industries. DISCLAIMER. This document does not represent the opinion of the European Community, and the European Community is not responsible for any use that might be made of its content. Mention of commercial products or services in this report does not imply approval or endorsement by authors, nor does it imply that such products or services are necessarily the best available for the purpose.

References [1] Brundtland Comission Report (1987), “Our Common Future”, the United Nations World

Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) 1987. [2] Dr. Ram Sriram (2009). Sustainable and Lifecycle Information-based Manufacturing.

Presentation at Tampere Manufacturing Summit. June 2009 [3] U.S. Department of Commerce, http://www.commerce.gov/ accessed 7.1.2014 [4] World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD),

http://www.wbcsd.org/home.aspx Accessed 7.1.2014 [5] Metso Sustainability report 2012 [6] Sandvik Sustainability report 2012 [7] EADS Corporate Responsibility and Sustainability Report 2012 [8] UNEP, United Nations Environment Programme (2007). Life Cycle Management. A Business

Guide to Sustainability. ISBN: 978-92-807-2772-2, DTI/0889/PA. http://www.unep.org/pdf/dtie/DTI0889PA.pdf Accessed 23.3.2014



[9] European commission. Life cycle thinking. Available at: http://lct.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ Accessed 7.1.2014

[10] Baumann, H. & Tillman, A-M. 2004. The Hitch Hiker’s Guide to LCA. An orientation in life cycle assessment methodology and application. Studentlitteratur AB. ISBN 91- 44-02364-2.

[11] EPES Concept. 2013. Public project deliverable D100.3. http://www.epes-project.eu/ accessed 7.1.2014

[12] Heilala, J., Vatanen, S., Montonen, J., Tonteri, H., Johansson, B., Stahre, J. & Lind, S. 2008. Simulation-Based Sustainable Manufacturing System Design. Proceedings of the 2008 Winter Simulation Conference. Mason, S. J., Hill, R. R., Mönch, L., Rose, O., Jefferson, T. & Fowler J. W. (Eds.). IEEE, pp. 1922–1930. http://www.informs-sim.org/wsc08papers/237.pdf.

[13] SMART 2020 report SMART 2020: Enabling the low carbon economy in the information age. Available at http://www.smart2020.org/_assets/files/02_Smart2020Report.pdf .

[14] Design for Environment, Airbus Corporate Answer to Disseminate integrated Environmental Management sYstem (ACADEMY), ISSUE N°1 ACADEMY. available at http://www.airbus.com/company/environment/documentation

More details on EPES also in project public deliverables available at web www.epes-project.eu and in following conference presentations:

J. Heilala, M. Paju, J. Montonen, R. Ruusu, M., Sorli, A. Armijo, P. Bermell-Garcia, S. Astwood, S. Quintana. (2012). Discrete Part Manufacturing Energy Efficiency Improvements with Modelling and Simulation. Conference Proceeding of APMS 2012. International Conference on Advances in Production Management Systems (APMS). "Competitive Manufacturing for Innovative Products and Services", Rhodes, Greece, 24-26 September 2012. Athena Research and Innovation Center.

J. Heilala, M. Paju, J. Kiirikki, R. Ruusu, J. Montonen, P. Bermell-Garcia, S. Astwood, K. Krishnamurthy, S. Quintana-Amate (2012). Simulation with Sustainability Aspects in the Manufacturing System Concept Phase. Proceedings of the 2012 Winter Simulation Conference (editors S. Jain, R. Creasey, J. Himmelspach, K. P. White, and M.C. Fu), December 9-12, 2012, Berlin, Germany. http://informs-sim.org/wsc12papers/includes/files/pos154.pdf

M. Sorli, A. Armijo (2013). EPES: Engineering System for Optimization of Product Life-cycle through Adapted Eco-services. Procedia Engineering. Volume 63, 2013, Pages 310–317. The Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference, MESIC 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.08.177. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705813013908

S. Scholze, J. Barata, O. Kotte (2013) Context Awareness for Self-adaptive and Highly Available Production Systems. Technological Innovation for the Internet of Things, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, p210-217, 2013

S. Scholze, O. Kotte, D. Stokic, C. Grama, (2013) Context-sensitive decision support for improved sustainability of product lifecycle, KES IDT 2013, 5th International Conference on Intelligent Decision Technologies, Sesimbra Portugal, 2013

S. Scholze, C. Grama, O. Kotte (2014). “Eco Process Engineering System for highly customized industrial products, processes and services..

J. Heilala, R. Ruusu, J. Montonen, S. Vatanen, P. Bermell-Garcia, S. Astwood, C. Iwhiwhu, C. Kavka, F. Asnicar, L. Ricco (2014). “Product Concept Manufacturability and Sustainability Assessment with Eco Process Engineering System”. Accepted for presentation to SDM'2014. International Conference on Sustainable Design and Manufacturing. 28-30 April 2014 Cardiff, Wales, UK



APPENDIX. Eco-efficiency guidelines There are public guidelines on eco-efficiency available in the internet, here are listed few examples. WBCSD World Business Council for Sustainable Development (http://www.wbcsd.org/home.aspx WBCSD Tool Box, http://www.wbcsd.org/publications-and-tools.aspx, WBCSD, World Business Council for Sustainable Development, Eco-efficiency learning module. http://www.wbcsd.org/pages/EDocument/EDocumentDetails.aspx?ID=13593&NoSearchContextKey=true WBCSD, World Business Council for Sustainable Development, June 2000.Measuring eco-efficiency. a guide to reporting company performance. ISBN 2-940240-14-0. http://www.wbcsd.org/web/publications/measuring_eco_efficiency.pdf UNEP, United Nations Environment Programme (http://www.unep.org/) UNEP has guidance document available (http://www.unep.org/publications/, specifically http://www.unep.org/resourceefficiency/ http://www.unep.org/resourceefficiency/Publications/tabid/55588/Default.aspx http://www.unep.org/resourceefficiency/Assessment/LifeCycleApproachesandIndicators/tabid/55531/Default.aspx http://www.unep.org/resourceefficiency/Home/Assessment/LifeCycleApproachesandIndicators/Publications/UNEPPublications/tabid/101299/Default.aspx ), UNEP (2011). Global Guidance Principles for Life Cycle Assessment Databases. A basis for greener processes and products, United Nations Environment Programme, 2011. ISBN: 978-92-807-3174-3. DTI/1410/PA. (http://www.unep.org/pdf/Global-Guidance-Principles-for-LCA.pdf). UNEP (2011). Towards a Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment - Making informed choices on products ISBN: 978-92-807-3175-0, Job Number: DTI/1412/PA http://www.unep.fr/shared/publications/pdf/DTIx1412xPA-Towards%20a%20LCSAMakingInformedChoice.pdf OECD, The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, http://www.oecd.org/ OECD (2011). Sustainable Manufacturing Toolkit, Seven Steps to Environmental Excellence, (http://www.oecd.org/innovation/green/toolkit/) OECD (2009). Sustainable Manufacturing And Eco-Innovation. Framework, Practices and Measurement. http://www.oecd.org/innovation/inno/43423689.pdf EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency. (http://www.epa.gov/ ) Lean Manufacturing and the Environment, http://www.epa.gov/lean/environment/ http://www.epa.gov/lean/environment/toolkits/environment/index.htm European Commission. Life cycle thinking. Available at: http://lct.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ And many more which are not listed here.

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