Government of Nepal

Ministry of Urban Development

Department of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC)

Babarmahal, Kathmandu

Final Report On

Preparation of Integrated Urban Development Plan (IUDP) of

Changunarayan Municipality

Volume I: Main Report

Submitted by:

Sustainable Development and Research Centre Pvt. Ltd,

C2TECH(P) Ltd and RES Engineering Consultancy (JV)

Nayabazar, Kathmandu

2077 B.S.

i

Project Information

Submission Information

Name of the Report Integrated Urban Development Plan (IUDP) of Changunarayan

Municipality, Bhaktapur District

Nos. of Volumes 5 (Five)

Version No 1

Submission Type Hard Copy and Soft Copy

Copies Produced For Client : 3 (Three)

Team Composition

S.N. Designation Name NEC No. Signature

1. Team Leader/Urban Planner Anjan Raj Shrestha 210 A Architecture

2. Urban Planner Rajendra M Shrestha 807 A Civil

3. Urban Planner Kedarman Shrestha 722 A Civil

4 Urban Planner Baburam Bhattarai 117 A Architecture

5. Urban Planner Kiran Man Joshi 591 A Architecture

6. Environmental Expert Dipak Kumar Amatya

7. Data Analyst Kiran Maharjan

8. Data Analyst

9. GIS Expert Asish Joshi

10. Gis Expert Krishna P Poudel

11 Economist/Financial expert Keshab Raj Pathak

12. Sociologist Rupa Pathak

13. Structural Engineer Binaya C Shrestha 616 A Civil

14. Structural Engineer Shivaram Dhakal 6099 A Civil

15. Water Supply/ Sanitary En Suvash Chand 1345 A Civil

16. Water Supply/ Sanitary En Mangal R Shrestha 666 A Civil

17. Geotechnical Engineer Budhi R Joshi 5570 A Civil

18. HV/AC Engineer Ramesh Khanal 460 A Mechanical

Name of the Project Preparation of Integrated Urban Development Plan (IUDP)

Name of the Client

Department of Urban Development and Building Construction

(DUDBC)

Ministry of Urban Development

Babarmahal, Kathmandu

Name of the Consultant Sustainable Development and Research Centre Pvt.Ltd, C2TECH (P)

Ltd. and RES Engineering Consultancy (JV) Nayabazar, Kathmandu.

ii

Acknowledgement

The Integrated Urban Development Plan (IUDP) of Chagunarayan Municipality has been

prepared under the Contract Agreement between Department of Urban Development and

Building Construction (DUDBC), Babarmahal, Kathmandu and Sustainable Development and

Research Centre Pvt.Ltd, C2TECH (P) Ltd. and RES Engineering Consultancy (JV) Nayabazar,

Kathmandu. We would like to convey our indebtedness to DUDBC for entrusting us the

responsibility to carry out the task of preparing of IUDP.

We would like to express gratitude to Mr. Maniram Gelal, Director General of DUDBC,

Mr.Padma Kumar Mainali, Deputy General Director of DUDBC, Mrs Mira Gywali for their

valuable suggestion and motivation. Further, we convey special thanks to Mrs. Bidya Sing

Architect, Mr. Mr. Samin Paudel civil engineer and Saurav Marasini. civil engineer

We would like to extend sincere thanks to Mr. Som Prasad Misra, Mayor of Chagunarayan

Municipality and Mrs. Bina Bastola, Deputy Mayor of Chagunarayan Municipality. We would

also like to express our special thanks to Mr. Chiranjibi Temsina, Chief Administrative officer

of Municipality & Member of steering committee, Head of technical Section, Planning Section

and other concerned section of the Municipality for their valuable time, support and for their

valuable comments and suggestions during preparation of Integrated Urban Development Plan

(IUDP). We would like to express special thanks chairman of all wards and ward member for

their coordination during field visit and project identification.

Last but not the least, we are also grateful to all technical and management team involved in

IUDP preparation. The acknowledgement will be incomplete if we ignore the support obtained

from each and every individual of the municipality along with their patience. Finally, we would

like to thanks all the helping hands involved directly or indirectly in the preparation of this report.

SDRC/C2TECH/RES

iii

Table of Content

Project Information ......................................................................................................................... i

Submission Information ................................................................................................................. i

Team Composition ......................................................................................................................... i

Acknowledgement ......................................................................................................................... ii

Table of Content ........................................................................................................................... iii

List of Chart ................................................................................................................................ viii

List of Figure ................................................................................................................................ ix

List of Map .................................................................................................................................... x

List of Table ................................................................................................................................. xi

sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z ................................................................................................................................. xiv

Executive Summary .................................................................................................................. xviii

Acronyms/Abbreviations .......................................................................................................... xxiii

Chapter 1: Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Background of the Project ................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Objectives of the Study ..................................................................................................... 2

1.3 Understanding Scope of Work .......................................................................................... 2

1.4 Expected Output ................................................................................................................ 3

1.5 Structure of Report ............................................................................................................ 7

Chapter 2: Methodology ............................................................................................................. 9

2.1 Conceptual Frameworks .................................................................................................... 9

2.2 Field Team Mobilization ................................................................................................. 11

2.3 Secondary Data Collection and Conducting Survey ....................................................... 11

2.4 Public Consultation Plan ................................................................................................. 12

2.5 Primary Data Collection .................................................................................................. 12

2.6 Preparation of GIS Base Map and Thematic Maps ......................................................... 13

2.7 Data Analysis ................................................................................................................... 13

2.8 Vision Setting .................................................................................................................. 14

2.9 Sectoral Development Plan ............................................................................................. 14

2.10 Multi Sectoral Investment Plan ....................................................................................... 14

2.11 Preparation of DED ......................................................................................................... 15

2.12 Preparation of Building Bye-Laws .................................................................................. 15

iv

Chapter 3: Existing Situation ................................................................................................... 16

3.1 Existing Scenario ............................................................................................................. 16

3.2 Municipality Composition ............................................................................................... 16

3.3 Physical Status ................................................................................................................. 17

3.4 Demographic Status ......................................................................................................... 18

3.5 Social Status .................................................................................................................... 19

3.6 Economic Status .............................................................................................................. 19

3.7 Health and Sanitation ...................................................................................................... 20

3.8 Drinking Water Status ..................................................................................................... 20

3.9 Environment Status ......................................................................................................... 21

Chapter 4: Situation Analysis of the Municipality ................................................................. 22

4.1 Trend Analysis ................................................................................................................. 22

4.1.1 Demographic Analysis ............................................................................................ 22

4.1.1.1 Population Growth Rate ...................................................................................... 22

4.1.1.2 Ethnic Distribution .............................................................................................. 23

4.1.1.3 Age and Household Size ..................................................................................... 23

4.1.1.4 Population Projection .......................................................................................... 24

4.1.1.5 Migration Trend Analysis .................................................................................... 25

4.1.2 Land Use Analysis & Urbanization ......................................................................... 25

4.1.2.1 Existing Land use 2018 ....................................................................................... 26

4.1.2.2 Housing/settlements ............................................................................................ 27

4.1.2.3 Existing Urban Structure ..................................................................................... 31

4.1.2.4 Change in the Built-Up Area, Agriculture Land, Water body, Forest ................ 32

4.1.2.5 Risk Analysis ....................................................................................................... 33

4.1.2.6 Open Space .......................................................................................................... 34

4.2 Spatial Analysis ............................................................................................................... 35

4.3 Social Analysis ................................................................................................................ 41

4.3.1 Social Infrastructure ................................................................................................ 41

4.3.2 Education ................................................................................................................. 43

4.3.3 Health ...................................................................................................................... 45

4.3.4 Other Social Institution ............................................................................................ 46

4.3.5 Recreation ................................................................................................................ 47

v

4.3.6 Inclusion .................................................................................................................. 47

4.4 Economic Analysis .......................................................................................................... 52

4.4.1 Agriculture ............................................................................................................... 52

4.4.2 Livestock ................................................................................................................. 55

4.4.3 Mining ..................................................................................................................... 57

4.4.4 Industry .................................................................................................................... 57

4.4.5 Business and Sales ................................................................................................... 58

4.4.6 Import and Export .................................................................................................... 59

4.4.7 Commercial ............................................................................................................. 59

4.5 Financial Analysis ........................................................................................................... 60

4.5.1 Income and Expenditure of Municipality ................................................................ 60

4.6 Institutional Analysis ....................................................................................................... 64

4.7 Linkage Analysis ............................................................................................................. 65

4.7.1 Linkage Analysis at Regional Level ........................................................................ 65

4.8 SWOT Analysis ............................................................................................................... 66

4.9 Demand Analysis of Infrastructures ................................................................................ 72

4.9.1 Physical Infrastructure Demand Analysis ............................................................... 72

4.9.2 Social Infrastructure Demand Analysis ................................................................... 76

4.9.3 Economic Infrastructure Demand Analysis ............................................................. 78

4.10 Potential Lead Sector Identification ................................................................................ 80

Chapter 5: Development Framework for Municipality ......................................................... 84

5.1 Vision of Municipality .................................................................................................... 84

5.2 Goals ................................................................................................................................ 85

5.3 Objectives ........................................................................................................................ 85

5.4 Strategy ............................................................................................................................ 85

5.5 Plan for Implementing Development Framework ........................................................... 86

Chapter 6: Sectoral Development Plan ................................................................................... 88

6.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 88

6.2 Physical Development Plan ............................................................................................. 88

6.2.1 Land Use Zoning ..................................................................................................... 89

6.2.2 Urban Expansion ..................................................................................................... 95

6.2.3 Infrastructure Development ..................................................................................... 96

vi

6.2.4 Physical Development Issues and Problems ........................................................... 96

6.3 Urban Infrastructure Plan ................................................................................................ 97

6.3.1 Water Supply ........................................................................................................... 98

6.3.2 Waste Water .......................................................................................................... 100

6.3.3 Drainage ................................................................................................................ 101

6.3.4 Solid Waste ............................................................................................................ 101

6.3.5 Electricity .............................................................................................................. 102

6.4 Urban Transport Plan .................................................................................................... 104

6.4.1 Road Classification with RoW .............................................................................. 105

6.4.2 Road Network ........................................................................................................ 106

6.4.3 Parking Management ............................................................................................. 107

6.4.4 Issues and Problems .............................................................................................. 110

6.5 Social Development Plan .............................................................................................. 111

6.5.1 Education ............................................................................................................... 112

6.5.2 Public Health ......................................................................................................... 112

6.5.3 Security .................................................................................................................. 113

6.5.4 Cultural and Sports ................................................................................................ 114

6.5.5 Parks and Open Space ........................................................................................... 114

6.5.6 Urban Social Service Centers ................................................................................ 115

6.5.7 Social Development Issues and Problems ............................................................. 120

6.6 Economic Development Plan ........................................................................................ 120

6.6.1 Industrial Development and Trade Promotion ...................................................... 122

6.6.2 Employment Generation, Poverty Reduction ........................................................ 122

6.6.3 Regional Competitiveness of Municipality ........................................................... 123

6.6.4 Agriculture Development ...................................................................................... 123

6.6.5 Strategic Location of Different Market Center/Product Collection Center ........... 124

6.6.6 Possible Economic Zones Based on Local Economic Growth Potentials ............. 124

6.6.7 Potentials and Problems of Economic Development Plan .................................... 126

6.7 Tourism and Cultural Development Plan ...................................................................... 128

6.7.1 Identification and Preservation of Cultural Heritages Site. ................................... 128

6.7.2 Conservation of both Material and Non Material Cultures. .................................. 129

6.8 Financial Development Plan .......................................................................................... 132

vii

6.8.1 Municipality Revenue Improvement Plan ............................................................. 132

6.8.2 Assessment of Possible Financial Resources ........................................................ 133

6.8.3 Allocation of Development Budget ....................................................................... 139

6.8.4 Promotional Strategy of private Sector and Civil Society ..................................... 139

6.8.5 Financial and Economic Analysis ......................................................................... 140

6.8.6 Issues and Problems .............................................................................................. 141

6.9 Environmental Management Plan ................................................................................. 142

6.9.1 Present Status ......................................................................................................... 143

6.9.1.1 Urban Greenery ................................................................................................. 145

6.9.1.2 Conservation of Environmental Sensitive Areas ............................................... 145

6.9.2 Issues and Problems .............................................................................................. 146

6.9.3 Strategy of Environmental Management Plan ....................................................... 147

6.10 Disaster Management Plan ............................................................................................ 149

6.10.1 Present Status ..................................................................................................... 149

6.10.2 Pre-Disaster Plan ............................................................................................... 153

6.10.3 Immediate and Post-Disaster Action Plan ......................................................... 154

6.10.4 Issues and Problems .......................................................................................... 156

6.10.5 Adaptation Strategy for Disaster Management ................................................. 157

6.11 Institutional Development Plan ..................................................................................... 158

6.11.1 Plan and Programs ............................................................................................. 158

Chapter 7: Multi-sectoral Investment Plan .......................................................................... 165

7.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 165

7.2 Short-term MSIP ........................................................................................................... 166

7.3 Mid-term MSIP ............................................................................................................. 176

7.4 Long-term MSIP ............................................................................................................ 180

Chapter 8: DED Projects ........................................................................................................ 184

8.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 184

8.2 DED of Selection ........................................................................................................... 184

8.3 DED of Major Projects .................................................................................................. 186

Bibliography ............................................................................................................................. 190

viii

List of Chart

Chart No 1: Flow Chart of Methodology ................................................................................ 10

Chart No 2: Field Mobilization Chart ..................................................................................... 11

Chart No 3: Population Projection .......................................................................................... 24

Chart No 4: Damage Status ..................................................................................................... 29

Chart No 5: Reconstruction Status .......................................................................................... 29

Chart No 6: Retrofit Status ...................................................................................................... 30

Chart No 7: Ward-wise Road Density ..................................................................................... 32

Chart No 8: Road Development Trend .................................................................................... 40

Chart No 9: Land Suitability Chart ......................................................................................... 40

Chart No 10: Ward wise Ethical Group .................................................................................. 48

Chart No 11: Religion Distribution ......................................................................................... 49

Chart No 12: Literacy Status ................................................................................................... 50

Chart No 13: Financial Source of Municipality ...................................................................... 62

Chart No 14: 15 yrs Budget Projection ................................................................................... 63

Chart No 15: Linkage at Regional Level ................................................................................. 65

Chart No 16: Local Level Interrelationship ............................................................................. 66

Chart No 17: Lead sector and Connection with Vision ........................................................... 81

Chart No 18: Organizational Chart of Ward Office .............................................................. 160

ix

List of Figure

Figure No 1: General Landscape of Changunarayan Municipality and Field consultation .... 12

Figure No 2: Recently Blacktopped Road at Changunarayan ................................................. 18

Figure No 3: Earthen Road at Municipality ............................................................................ 18

Figure No 4: Aerial View of Changunarayan Municipality 2005 &2018 ............................... 26

Figure No 5: House damaged due to Earthquake Near Changunarayan ................................. 30

Figure No 6: RCC Frame House Build after the Earthquake .................................................. 30

Figure No 7 : Built up Area of Changunarayan ...................................................................... 38

Figure No 8: Nepal Engineering College at Changunarayan .................................................. 44

Figure No 9: Kathmandu Cancer Care, Tathali ....................................................................... 45

Figure No 10: Buddha Peace Park ........................................................................................... 47

Figure No 11: Agriculture at Changunarayan ......................................................................... 54

Figure No 12: Paddy Cultivation at Changunarayan ............................................................... 54

Figure No 13: Goat farm ......................................................................................................... 56

Figure No 14: Sand and Soil Mining near Manohara River .................................................... 57

Figure No 15: Sand and Soil Mining near Manohara River .................................................... 58

Figure No 16: Hotel Hiking ..................................................................................................... 59

Figure No 17: Agriculture at Changunarayan ......................................................................... 81

Figure No 18: Changu Village ................................................................................................ 83

Figure No 19: Concept of proposed Bus Parks ..................................................................... 108

Figure No 20: Proposed Bus Stops (source: google.com) ..................................................... 108

Figure No 21: Solar Street Lamps (Source: google.com) ..................................................... 113

Figure No 22: Concept of Street Furniture in Public Places ................................................. 114

Figure No 23: Changunarayan Temple ................................................................................. 128

Figure No 24: General view of Mountain Form Changunaryan Ridge ................................. 137

Figure No 25: Tunnel farming) ............................................................................................. 137

Figure No 26: Brick Factory .................................................................................................. 138

Figure No 27: Location Image of DED I ............................................................................... 188

Figure No 28: Location of DED II ........................................................................................ 189

x

List of Map

Map No 1: Landuse Map ......................................................................................................... 27

Map No 2: Settlement Pattern ................................................................................................. 27

Map No 3: Road Networks ...................................................................................................... 32

Map No 4: Open Spaces .......................................................................................................... 34

Map No 5: Settlement Pattern ................................................................................................. 35

Map No 6: Settlement Hierarchy ............................................................................................. 38

Map No 7: Road Development in last 10 years ....................................................................... 39

Map No 8: Land Suitability Map ............................................................................................. 41

Map No 9: Education Accessibility Map ................................................................................ 44

Map No 10: Health Accessibility Map .................................................................................... 46

Map No 11: Proposed Land Use Zoning Map ......................................................................... 93

Map No 12: Infrastructure Developmental Plan ..................................................................... 96

Map No 13: Slope Map of the Municipality ........................................................................... 97

Map No 14: Water supply Map ............................................................................................... 99

Map No 15: Proposed Road Network Plan ........................................................................... 107

Map No 16: Proposed Physical Infrastructure Map .............................................................. 109

xi

List of Table

Table No 1: Field Visit Schedule ............................................................................................ 12

Table No 2: Satellite Image Info. ............................................................................................ 13

Table No 3: Municipality Composition ................................................................................... 16

Table No 4: Ward-Wise Population Growth ........................................................................... 22

Table No 5: Number of Population for Owner ........................................................................ 23

Table No 6: Migration Trend Analysis ................................................................................... 25

Table No 7: Existing Land Use of Municipality ..................................................................... 26

Table No 8: Housing Typologies ............................................................................................ 28

Table No 9: Damaged Status ................................................................................................... 28

Table No 10: Tranche Distribution .......................................................................................... 29

Table No 11: Tranche Distribution for retrofit ........................................................................ 30

Table No 12: Ward-Wise Road Density .................................................................................. 32

Table No 13: Change in Built Up Area ................................................................................... 33

Table No 14: Identified Open Spaces ...................................................................................... 34

Table No 15: Settlement Hierarchy ......................................................................................... 37

Table No 16: Built up Area ..................................................................................................... 38

Table No 17: Criteria for the Evaluation of of Land Suitability ............................................. 40

Table No 18: Social Infrastructure .......................................................................................... 41

Table No 19: List of Colleges inside Municipality ................................................................. 43

Table No 20: Description of Educational level ....................................................................... 44

Table No 21: Health Institution inside Municipality ............................................................... 45

Table No 22: Public Services Institution ................................................................................. 46

Table No 23: Ethnic Group of Changunarayan Municipality ................................................. 48

Table No 24: Religious Distribution of People in Changunarayan Municipality ................... 48

Table No 25: Ward-wise Literacy Status ................................................................................ 49

Table No 26: Designation of Women at Various Section ....................................................... 50

Table No 27: Agricultural Crop Production ............................................................................ 52

Table No 28: Percentage of Crops ........................................................................................... 54

Table No 29: Livestock Population ......................................................................................... 55

Table No 30: Milk Production ................................................................................................. 55

xii

Table No 31: Meat Production ................................................................................................ 56

Table No 32: Types of Farm ................................................................................................... 56

Table No 33: Types of Industries ............................................................................................ 57

Table No 34: Types of Business and Sales ............................................................................. 58

Table No 35: Quantity of Export ............................................................................................. 59

Table No 36: Types of Existing Cooperatives ........................................................................ 60

Table No 37: List of Existing Banks ...................................................................................... 60

Table No 38: Income and Expenditure 2074/075 .................................................................... 61

Table No 39: Income and Expenditure 2075/076 .................................................................... 62

Table No 40: 15 yrs Budget Projection ................................................................................... 63

Table No 41: Required Human Resources for Municipality Level ......................................... 64

Table No 42: Required Human Resources Ward-Wise ........................................................... 65

Table No 43: Over All SWOT ................................................................................................. 67

Table No 44: Physical Infrastructure Demand Analysis ......................................................... 73

Table No 45: Social Infrastructure Demand ............................................................................ 76

Table No 46: Economic Infrastructure Demand Analysis ...................................................... 78

Table No 47: Crop Production ................................................................................................ 80

Table No 48: Pocket Area for Agriculture .............................................................................. 80

Table No 49: High Tourism Areas .......................................................................................... 82

Table No 50: Business trend Source and Assets ..................................................................... 83

Table No 51: Occupation/ ....................................................................................................... 84

Table No 52: Proposed Land Use Zoning ............................................................................... 89

Table No 53: LFA for Achieving Physical Development ....................................................... 95

Table No 54: LFA for Achieving the Urban Infrastructure Development ............................ 103

Table No 55: Road Classification with RoW ........................................................................ 105

Table No 56: Road Network Status of Changunaryan Municipality .................................... 106

Table No 57: Upgrading the Existing Road .......................................................................... 106

Table No 58: LFA for the Urban Transportation System Development ............................... 109

Table No 59: LFA for Achieving the Social Development ................................................... 116

Table No 60: LFA for Achieving Economic Development .................................................. 125

Table No 61: LFA for Achieving Tourism and Cultural Development ................................ 131

Table No 62: Revenue Generation Plan ............................................................................... 133

xiii

Table No 63: Allocation of Development Budget ................................................................ 139

Table No 64: LFA for Achieving Financial Development .................................................... 141

Table No 65: LFA for Achieving Environmental Management ........................................... 147

Table No 66: Proposed Accommodation Area at the Time of Disaster ................................ 151

Table No 67: LFA for Achieving Disaster Management ...................................................... 155

Table No 68: Human Resources for Changunarayan Municipality ...................................... 160

Table No 69: LFA for Achieving Institutional Development ............................................... 163

Table No 70: Detail Budget on Short Term MSIP ................................................................ 166

Table No 71: Detail Budget on Mid-Term MSIP .................................................................. 176

Table No 72: Detail Budget on Long-Term MSIP ................................................................ 180

Table No 73: Multi Sectoral Investment Plan for 15 years ................................................... 183

Table No 74: DED of Selection ............................................................................................. 184

Table No 75: Criteria For Selecting Project DED ................................................................. 184

Table No 76: Sailent Features of DED Projects .................................................................... 187

xiv

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dGbgb]pk'/ / jg]kf gu/kflnsf kb{5 eg] klZrd dWok'/ l7dL gu/kflnsf kb{5 . pQ/df

sfu]Zj/L dgf]x/f / z+v/fk'/ gu/kflnsf kb{5 . rfFu'gf/fo0f gu/kflnsf sf7df08f} pkTosfsf]

xv

ltj| a:tL ljsf; e} /x]sf] If]qdf u0fgf x'G5 . To;}n] sf7df08f} pkTosf k|flws/0fn] o;

gu/kflnsfdf gofF ;x/sf] ljsf; ug{ s/Lj ̂ % k|ltzt e" efudf lj:t[t of]hgf tof/ ul/;s]sf]

5 . gu/kflnsfsf] pQ/ klZrd e" efu jfx]s ;j} If]qdf hUuf lsgj]r 38]/Lsf] ?kdf ePsf]

kfO{G5 . gu/kflnsfjf6 k|sfl;t lj=;= @)&$ sf] gu/k|f]kmfO{n cg';f/ s'n hg;+Vof %$%%)

/x]sf] b]lvG5 . hg;+Vofsf] aflif{s j[l4b/ cf}ift #=!% k|lt;t /x]sf] b]lvg cfpb5 . oxL

j[4Lb/nfO{ cfwf/dfgL cfufdL !% jif{sf] hg;+Vof k|If]k0f ubf{ (@$@@ hg;+Vof k'Ug] cg'dfg 5.

s'n gu/sf] e" efu ^@=(* ju{ ls==ld= df %^=(* k|ltzt s[lif / s/Lj @$=^# k|ltzt h+un

If]qkmn a:tL, ;:yfut, ;8s, vf]nf cflbdf kb{5 . gu/kflnsfsf] ef}lts j:t'l:ylt pNn]v ug'{

kbf{ ) b]lv #) l8u|L ;Ddsf] e"efu s/Lj &&=)@ k|ltzt 5 . vf]nf, ;8s / h+un If]q jfx]s

ef}uf]lns ?kdf j;f]jf; If]q gu/kflnsf leq !!=$$ k|ltzt x'g cfpg] b]lvG5 . ef}lts

lgdf{0fdf gu/kflnsf leqsf 3/x? clwsf+z cf/=l;=l;= jf6 jGg yfn]sf] b]lvG5.

gu/kflnsf leq s'n ;8s{ ##$=## ls=ld= 5 . o; dWo /0fgLlts ;8s %%=!( ls=ld=, lhNnf

;8s !^=^( ls=ld= / gu/ ;8s @^@=$% ls=ld=/x]sf] 5 . sfnf]kq] ^^=$! ls=ld, $)=*&

u|fj]n / w'n] ;8s @@&=)% ls=ld= /x]sf 5g\\ . gu/kflnsfdf vfg]kfgLsf] ;'ljwf s/Lj $@=!

k|ltzt 3/x?df kfO{knfO{gjf6 lnPsf] kfO{G5 . ;fy} s'jf / O{gf/jf6 %=( k|ltzt 3/d'nLn]

;'ljwf lnPsf] b]lvG5 . clwsf+z3/x?df zf}rfno ;'ljwf / ljB't ;'ljwf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] cj:yf x]bf{ s'n hg;+Vofdf &# k|ltzt ;fIf/tf ePsf] kfO{G5 . k'j{

k|fy{lds ljBfno, k|fylds ljBfno, lgDg dfWolds ljBfno / SofDk; u/L $% j6f z}lIfs

;+:yfx? /x]sf 5g\ . c:ktfn, :jf:Yo rf}sL, d]l8sn / cfo'{j]bLs :jf:Yo ;+:yfx? !! j6f 5g\

. gu/sf] j8fx?sf] kx'r cg';f/ /flvPsf] 5. gu/sf] cfly{s If]qsf] cj:yf eGg' kbf{ s'n

hg;+Vofsf] s/Lj $$=^ k|ltzt s[lif k]zfdf cfj4 ePsf] b]lvG5 . oxfFsf s[lif k]zfdf

Joj;flosd'ns t/sf/L v]tL, kz'kfng, kmnkm'nv]tLsf ljleGg ;d'xx? /x]sf 5g\ .

of]hgf ;jfn tyf cjz/x? M o; gu/kflnsfsf] d'Vo a:tLx? b'jfsf]6, v/Lkf6L, emf}v]n, ;'8f]n,

cflb x'g . sf7df08f} pkTosf k|flws/0fn] tof/ u/]sf] lj:t[t a:tL ljsf; of]hgfjf6 gu/kflnsf

gofF ;x/sf] ?kdf ljsf; x'g] lglZrt 5 . cjsf lbgx?df ;x/ lj:tf/n] gu/kflnsfdf ;fdflhs

;]jf / 3/]n' pBf]ux? :yfkgf x'g] 5g\ . s7df08f} dxfgu/sf e" efux? el/;s]sf]n] gofF ;x/sf]

?kdf v'nf :yfgsf] vf]hL ubf{ rfFu'gf/fo0f gu/kflnsf klg kg{ cfpb 5 . cfpbf lbgx?df

pkTosfdf :yfkgf x'g] gofF pBf]u / Joj;fox? o; gu/kflnsfdf klg :yfkgf x'g] 5g\ .

pkTosf leq /x]sf ;x/L lj:tf/ If]qx? dWo rfFu'gf/fo0f klg dxTjk"0f{ If]q x'g] b]lvPsf]n] ;x/L

lj:tf/n] o; gu/kflnsfdf /x]sf s[lif ks]6 If]qx? dfl;b} hfg] cj:yf x'g ;Sg] k|jn ;+efjgf

5 .

cu|0fL If]qx?sf] klxrfg tyf bL3{sflng;f]r M gu/kflnsfsf] d'Vo cu|0fL If]qx? Joj;flos s[lif

/ ko{6g xf] . rfFu'gf/fo0f / gu/sf]6 ;+u hf]l8Psf] If]qx? dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . oL cu|0fLo

If]qx?sf] cfwf/df gu/kfnLsfsf] bL3{sfnLg ;f]r to ul/Psf] 5“ko{6g s[lif / ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/

;d[4 rfFu'gf/fo0fsf] d"n cfwf/”. o;} ;f]rnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL gu/kflnsfsf] If]qut of]hgf, nIo,

p2]Zo, /0fgLlt, of]hgfx? to ul/Psf 5g .

If]qut of]hgf k|:tfj: If]qut nIo, p4]Zox? k'/f ug{sf] nflu jx'If]qut nufgLx?df s|dzM

k"j{fwf/x?sf] ljsf; lj:tf/, ;+:yfut Ifdtfdf ;'wf/,jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, s[lif, lzIff, :jf:Yo

vfg]kfgL, kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] Joj:yfkg, k|sf]k Go'lgs/0f h:tf sfo{x?nfO{ hf]8 lbO{Psf] 5 .

cfof]hgfx? th'{df ubf{ jx'If]qut nufgLsf sfo{sfn # r/0fdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . klxnf]r/0f

xvi

)-% jif{, bf]>|f] ^-!) jif{ / t]>|f] !!-!% jif{ x'g] 5 . ;do / >|f]tsf] ;'lglZrttfdf ;fgf :s]nsf

/ tTsfn lgdf{0f x'bf ;d'bfonfO{ k|ToIf k|efj kg]{ / sd nufgLdf ;DkGg x'g] of]hgf tyf

cfof]hgfx?nfO{ klxnf] r/0fsf] sfo{sfndf /flvPsf] 5 . j9L ;do nfUg] / w]/} nufgL ug'{ kg]{,

w]/} ;d'bfox?nfO{ k|ToIf kmfO{bf lbg] h:tf cfof]hgfx?nfO{ k|b]z tyf s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/ ;+u ;dGjo

u/L nufgL h'6fpg' kg]{ x'bf bf]>|f] r/0fdf ^-!) jif]{ sfo{sfndf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . j[xQ

cfof]gfx?nfO{ t]>f] r/0f (!! -!% jif{) sfo{sfndf /flvPsf] 5 .

gu/sf] ljifout If]qx?df nufgLsf] k|fyldlss/0f ug'{ kbf{ k"jf{wf/df ;x/Ls/0fsf] s8L dflgPsf]

;8sx?sf] ;'wf/nfO{ klxnf] :yfgdf /flvPsf] 5 . gu/kflnsfdf ;8sx? w]/} lj:tf/ ePtf klg

cj:yf gfh's ePsf]n] of] !% jif]{ PsLs[t ;x/L ljsf; cfof]hgfdf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;nfO{ klxnf]

k|fyldstf lbO{Psf] 5 . gu/n] ;8s lgdf{0fdf ;x/L ;8sx?sf] ;'wf/df ljif]z Wofg lbg' kg]{

b]lvG5 . o:tf /0fgLlts ;8sx?n] gu/kflnsfsf] ljleGg j8f tyf j8f ;+u ;DjGwLt a:tLx?

jLrsf] ef}lts b'/L sd ug{ e"ldsf v]Nb} cGo If]q ;+usf] kx'rnfO{ ;xh jgfpg d4t k'Ug]

b]lvG5 . ;x/ leq ljsf; x'g] ;x/L ;8sx?n] ;x/sf] u|fdL0f ahf/ tyf cf;kf;sf u|fdL0f

a:tLx?;+usf] cfk;L ;xsfo{nfO{ cem ;'b[9 u/L ;x/jf;L gful/sx?sf] hLjg ;j{z'ne jGg

jgfpg d4t k'/\ofpb 5 . o; lsl;dsf] ;8sx?nfO{ # efudf ljefhg u/]sf] 5 . klxnf] A ,

bf]>|f] B / t]>f] C df jlu{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 . oL ;8ssf] s'n nDjfO{ @^@=$% lsld 5 . cfufdL

!% jif{ leq oL ;8sx?sf] :t/pGg ug'{ kg]{ 5 . bf]>f] k|fyldstfdf kg]{ ;fdflhs ljsf;

cfof]hgfx? 5g\ . o; If]qsf] ljsf; cGt{ut ;+rfngdf cfPsf dfWoflds ljBfno :t/sf

ljBfdfg ljBfnox?sf] ef}lts ;+/rgfx?sf] ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . pRr lzIffsf ;fy}

:jf:Yo ;+u ;DjGwLt gu/ :t/Lo cfw'lgs ;'ljwf ;DkGg c:ktfn lgdf{0f ;fy} pBfg, v'nfIf]q,

;fdflhs ejg cflb ;+/rgfx?df Wofg s]Gb|Lt ug'{ kg]{ 5 . t]>|f] k|fyldstfdf cfly{s ljsf;nfO{

lnO{Psf] 5 . cfly{s ljsf;df klg s[lif / kz'kfng, Jofkf/ / pBf]usf ljsf;nfO{ ljz]if Wofg

lbg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . s'n /f]huf/ hg;+Vof $$=^ k|ltzt s[lif If]qsf] /f]huf/n] cfu6]sf] kl/k]Ifdf

;x/Ls/0f tkm{ pGd'v gu/kflnsfnfO{ cfTdlge{/ agfpb} lgof{t s]Gb|Lt s[lif hGo tyf cGo

pBf]usf] ljsf;sf of]hgfx?nfO{ j9L s]Gb|Lt ug'{ kg]{ 5 . o; jf6 ;x/L :j/f]huf/L ;[hgf x'g'sf]

;fy} ;x/ / cf;kf;sf If]q nfef++ljt x'g] / ljBfdfg cfly{s cj:yfdf Jofks ;'wf/ cfpg]

b]lvG5 .

jx'If]qut nufgLsf sfo{s|dx?sf] nfut : PsLs[t ;x/L ljsf; cfof]hgfsf] !% jif]{ sfo{sfndf

ljleGg ljifout If]qsf cfof]hgfx?nfO{ cg'dfgLt s/Lj ? !*,(^,@%,^),))) /sd cfjZos

k|If]k0f u/LPsf] 5 . pNn]lvt jx'If]qut cfof]hgfx?sf] nfutnfO{ gu/kflnsfn] k|ltjif{ s/Lj ?

!=$( cj{ dflysf] jflif{s jh]6 th'{df ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . t;y{ gu/kflnsfsf] xfnsf] jh]6

j9fpg' kg]{ x'bf s/sf] bfo/f vf]hL ug'{ kg]{, lghL If]qnfO{ nufgLsf] jftfj/0f jgfpg' kg]{, ljleGg

bft[lgsfox?nfO{ nufgLsf] jftfj/0f jgfpg' kg]{ h:tf gLlt Nofpg' kg]{ 5 .

d"Vo of]hgfx?sf] la:t[t O{l~hlgol/Ë l8hfO{gM:yfgLo ;/f]sfnjfnfx? ;Fusf] 5nkmn,

gu/kflnsfsf k|ltlglwx?, of]hgfx?sf] k|fljlws kIf tyf ;+EofJotf cWoog, gu/sf] b"/b[li6

tyf dfkb08x?nfO{ cfwf/ dfGbf b'jfsf]6 – dxfFsfn ;8s / kmf]x/ Joj:yfkgsf] k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f

of]hgfx?sf] la:t[t O{l~hlgol/Ë l8hfO{g ul/Psf] 5 .

oL of]hgfx?sf] la:t[t O{l~hlgol/Ë l8hfO{g v08 $ sf] k|ltj]bgx?df lj:t[t pNn]v ul/Psf]

5 .

xvii

k|ltj]bgsf] 9fFrf M PsLs[t ;x/L ljsf; of]hgfsf] b:tfj]hnfO{ kfFr 5'§f 5'§} efudf ljefhg

u/L tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . klxnf] efudf d"n k|ltj]bg /x]sf] 5 eg] bf]>f] efudf gu/kflnsfsf]

gu/ k|f]kmfO{n /x]sf] 5 . To;} u/L t]>f] efudf lh=cfO=;=gSzfx?, rf}yf]efudf l8=O+=l8= / kfFrf}

efudf ejg dfkb08 /x]sf] 5 . d"n k|ltj]bgnfO{ cf7 v08df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . v08 Psdf

PsLs[t zx/L ljsf; of]hgfsf] k[i7d'dL, p2]Zo, sfo{If]q tyf k|ltj]bgsf] 9fFrfnfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf]

5 eg] v08 b'O{df PsLs[t ;x/L ljsf; of]hgf th'{df ubf{ ckgfOPsf ljlw / k|s[ofx? kb{5g\

. v08 tLgdf gu/kflnsfsf] ;+If]kdf kl/ro tyf jt{dfg cj:yfsf] af/]df pNn]vul/Psf] 5 .

To;}u/L v08 rf/df gu/kflnsfsf] cj:yf laZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 eg] v08 kfFrdf ljsf;sf]

vfsfk|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . v08 5 df If]qut ljsf; of]hgf -ef}lts ljsf;, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs

ljsf;, jftfj/0f tyf lakb Joj:yfkg, ;F:yfut ljsf;_ ;dfj]; ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L v08

;ftdf jx'If]qut of]hgfx?sf] tLg r/0fdf pNn]v u/LPsf] 5 . v08 cf7df l8 O{ l8 sf] ;+If]kdf

pNn]v 5 .

xviii

Executive Summary

Introduction

In Nepal, 60 percent of the total population lives within the urban area. Even in most of the new

municipalities, access to services is low in an average area of about 70 percent. For these reasons,

the people of these settlements seem to be relocating for convenience. Even in the areas where

service facilities have been expanded within the municipality, the urban environment has

deteriorated due to unorganized urbanization, construction of infrastructures and buildings

without following the standards & norms. In the present context, the responsibility of making

unmanaged and rapid urbanization systematic relies on Department of Urban Development and

Building Construction, DUDBC. With this in mind, the main objective of report, is to formulate

Integrated Urban Development Plan (IUDP) in 185 municipalities and build sustainable urban

infrastructure by orienting the urban areas of the municipalities towards systematic development.

In order to raise the living standards of the citizens by providing a healthy and safe environment

in the municipality, the Government of Nepal implemented National Urban Policy in 2007. A

decade after the implementation of this policy, National Urban Development Strategy was

implemented in 2017. IUDP project will contribute in implementing the strategically important

projects of the municipalities including the national policy rules to operate the physical, social,

economic, environmental, institutional and tourism development in an integrated manner. If the

concerned bodies in Changunarayan Municipality make this report into action and put it into

practice, the plans and projects to be implemented will be result oriented.

Methodology/Approach

The IUDP report has been prepared by participatory method. The basic qualitative and

quantitative information required for the preparation of the plan has been collected from primary

and secondary data sources. Generally, the whole process of study is completed within three

phases, a) study of literature, table work and secondary source data collection, b) field study and

primary data collection, c) Analysis and plan preparation. Similarly, the entire field work is

divided into four sub-phases: a) first workshop seminar b) discussion at ward and cluster level,

c) seminar d) presentation of draft report. Necessary data has been collected through participatory

methods, targeted group discussions, interactions with key people and public, observations and

questionnaires. This Integrated Urban Development Plan (IUDP) is prepared by analysing as

mentioned above.

Municipality Status /Situation

Changunarayan municipality belonging to Bagmati province is declared in 2071 BS after

annexing 4 VDC’s Old Changunarayan, Chhaling, Duwakot and Jhaukhel. Again in 2074 B.S.,

addition of Mahamanjushree Nagarkot VDC into it, expanded its area. The location coordinate

of Changunarayan municipality is 27°43′00″N 85°25′47″Ewhich is surrounded by Kathmandu

district on the north and west side, Bhaktapur municipality, and Suryabinayak and Thimi

municipality on south and Kavreplanchwok on east. The municipal executive office is located at

Kharipati.The total wards. in the municipality are 9.

xix

Based on the municipal profile 2074 BS the total population is 54,550 and the average annual

population growth rate is 3.15%. Based on this growth rate, the population is projected to reach

92,422 in the next 15 years horizon. The major settlements are Duwakot, Kharipati, Jhaukhel,

Saudol, Saraswatikheland Fullbari Village etc. whereas Rakshya tole and Changunarayan area

are commercial area. The total administrative boundary area of municipality is 62.98 sq.km while

56.98 percent land is agriculture, about 24.63 per cent is forest and rest is other areas. Apart from

river, road and forest areas, the residential area is 11.44 percent within the municipality. Due to

the abundance of forests and bushes, the municipality was found to be environmentally sound.

The Municipality has altogether 334.33 km of road length which consist of all kinds of road like

Feeder Road (55.19 km), District Road (16.69km) and other Urban roads 262.45 (Km). Among

total road, 66.41 km roads are blacktop, gravel 40.87 km and 227.05 km are earthen roads.

Besides, water through Tap/ Pipe line has been the primary source of water for domestic use in

the municipality which constitutes 42.1% of households. There is no integrated sewerage system

in municipality. The major perennial stream/rivers passes is Manhara khola,. Similarly,

Municipality has electricity connection through National Grid but few wards deficit enough

power supply. Most of the areas of municipality have electricity connection.

The society is heterogeneous with different community, religions, cultures and beliefs. There are

religious places in each wards, among these, major religious places such as Changunarayan

Temple, Gumba, etc. where internal/external religious tourist visits whereas for recreation and

relaxation, there are 3 parks including Buddha peace park, picnic spots, play grounds etc.

The municipality is facilitated with 45 Private /Government Schools which providing education

from Montessori level to secondary level. The literacy rate is 73 %. There are adequate number

of pre-primary, post-primary and post-secondary in operation whereas colleges (only 3 numbers)

seem to be inadequate due to which local inhabitants rely to go Kathmandu for higher education.

Local health services are provided through 11 nos of health centers. Health posts, medical shops,

clinic, and Ayurveda health institutions are kept within the reach of each wards but has no

advance medical facilities due to which people go to Kathmandu. The police stations are located

at wards 2,6,7, whereas military camps are in wards 6, 7.

Agriculture and animal husbandry is the mainstay of the economy of the municipality. Almost

44.6 % of population is involved in agriculture. The major agricultural crops are maize, paddy,

wheat, and cash crops like vegetables, fruits etc. Livestock/animal husbandry are another major

income sources of the municipality. Beside these occupation, tourism industry is also another

source of income in the municipality. 50 numbers of brick industries are operated whereas rice

mill, furniture industry, grill industries, food industries etc. are small industries operating in the

municipality. Since, the local markets and Kathmandu are at close proximity, the local products

can be easily marketed and transported to these large cities.

The study found that the 9 co-operative, finance and offices (Money Transfer) are operating with

huge annual transaction. There are 5 commercial & development banks which are mostly located

in the ward no 1,2,5,6 areas. The banks and cooperatives are investing in industries and business.

The main income source of the municipality is tax revenue specially house and land tax (HALT),

land revenue tax, entertainment tax, advertisement tax, rent tax, business tax and vehicle tax.

xx

Total Income of municipality for fiscal year 2075/76 is Nrs 962,879,000 The internal income

(including land revenue and other revenue) is 40.80%.

Planning Issues and Opportunities

The municipality lies in hilly area. The major settlements are Duwakot, Kharipati, Jhaukhel,

Saudol, Saraswatikheland Fullbari Village whereas Rakshya tole and Changunarayan area are

commercial area. Administrative facilities, higher level education, health facilities and good road

access are available due to which people from rural settlements migrates toward these areas. The

haphazard urbanization and settlement is increasing due to which, the agricultural and forest land

is encroached. The study has identified the mainly Duwakot, Kharipati, Jhaukhel, Saudol,

Saraswatikhel and Fullbari areas for the future expansion and urbanization. These areas are highly

suitable for expansion in terms of physical, social, environmental sound, natural disaster risk

management and economic development.

This municipality also has possibility of becoming an inter-country special economic center of

the country. Moreover, it is likely to become a trade center as it is close to the Kathmandu city

with the construction of Special Economic Development Zone announced by the Government of

Nepal, various industries will come into operation.

Commercial and economic activities can be seen in the places like Changunarayan area of the

municipality. Changunarayan Temple is one of the famous religious site located in the

municipality which makes city attractive and religious. Moreover, the economic significance of

this city can be taken as the construction of a special economic development center in terms of

Agro-based and cultural tourism. Also, the Kathmandu Valley Development Authority (KVDA)

has already prepared certain area as a new city.

Although, municipality is near to Kathmandu and linked with strategic roads, the difficult

geographic formation, scattered settlement, recurrent occurrence of natural disaster, the

municipality needs more financial resources for development as an Integrated City.

Lead Sector and Vision

The main leading sectors of the municipality are business, agriculture and tourism. The areas

Chagunarayan and Nagarkot is important for tourism. Municipality has been fixed on the basis

of the leads “ko{6g s[lif / ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ ;d[4 rfFu'gf/fo0fsf] d"n cfwf/”(Tourism, agriculture and

social infrastructure are the mainstays of Changunarayan)." This is that the regional planning,

goals, goal, purpose, strategies, plans are fixed on the basis. The long-term vision of the

municipality has been decided goals, objectives, strategies and plans

Multi Sector Investment Plan (MSIP)

In order to achieve the regional goals and objectives, multi-sector investments have been made

to develop the infrastructure, improve the institutional capacity, protect the environment,

agriculture, education, health, drinking water, waste management, and disaster reduction. While

formulating the projects, the tenure of multi-sector investment has been divided into three phases.

The first phase will be Short term (0 -5 years), the second Mid-Term (6-10 years) and the third

Long Term (11-15 years). In order to ensure time and resources, small scale and immediate

construction projects that will have a direct impact on the community and be completed with low

xxi

investment have been included in the first phase. The second phase has been included in the

tenure of 6-10 years as the projects that take more time and require more investment which are

directly beneficial to many communities. The third phase of planning is long term in which those

projects and programs have been included requiring additional aids from central government and

time consuming to mobilize investment resources.

In order to prioritize investment in the thematic areas of the city, the improvement of roads, which

is considered important infrastructure, has been given the first place. Despite the extensive

expansion of roads in the municipality, the condition of roads has deteriorated and infrastructure

development has been given first priority during the tenure of the Integrated Urban Development

Plan Project. The city should pay special attention to the improvement of urban roads in road

construction. Such strategic roads seem to play a role in reducing the physical distance between

different wards of the municipality and the settlements associated with the wards that facilitate

access to other areas. The urban roads to be developed within the city will further strengthen the

mutual cooperation with the rural markets of the city and the surrounding rural settlements which

helps to make the life of the city dwellers affordable. This type of urban road is divided into 3

categories. The first A, second B and third C are classified which categories are named as Path,

Sadak, and Marg respectively by National Urban Road Standards (NURS-2076 B.S.)

The second priority is social development sector. It is seen that the physical infrastructures of the

existing educational institutions level need to be improved. The focus should be on the

construction of infrastructure with modern facilities related to higher education, health, open

spaces, social buildings, etc. The third priority is economic development. In economic

development, special attention should be paid to the development of agriculture, animal

husbandry, trade and industry. Employment in the agricultural sector will make the municipality

self-reliant and export-oriented, which will create urban employment and benefit the city and

surrounding areas. In view of the fact that 44.6 percent of the population is employed in the

agricultural sector, it is necessary to make the municipality oriented towards urbanization self-

reliant and focus more on the development plans of export oriented agriculture and other

industries. The IUDP is also focusing in the sectors of environments protections, natural disaster

mitigation and additional sectoral plans. This will create urban prosperity and benefit the city

and surrounding areas and greatly improve the existing economic situation.

It is ensured that this vision will be achieved by raise in economic activity through organic

agriculture production, animal husbandry, tourism, industry, business, commerce, cooperatives,

financial management, institutional management, tourism development and sufficient urban

infrastructures. To meet these objectives, different sectorial plans are developed including 153

projects to be completed within 15 years.

Cost of Multi-Sector Investment Programs

The estimated cost of various thematic sector projects during the 15-year tenure of the Integrated

Urban Development Plan is about Rs. 18,96,25,60,000. It seems that the municipality has to

formulate an estimated annual budget of over Rs 1.49 billion for the estimated cost. While the

total annual budget of 2074/2075 is 68, 87, 58,000.00, this amount is likely to be less. It is

necessary to find out the scope of tax, to create an investment environment for the private sector,

and to create an investment environment for various donors.

xxii

It is necessary to complete all the tasks/projects on time for achieving stated goals, objectives and

vision of the city. But, it is not easy with the resources of municipality only, the municipality has

to co-ordinate with the federal/state government, line agencies, non-governmental organizations,

international non-governmental organizations, FNCCI, private sectors, users committee to

achieve goals and objectives. In Addition, the scope of tax needs to be explored. The completion

of IUDP projects within 15 years plan horizon that leads to well-developed and facilitated city as

model city of the area. Ultimately. The living standard of people will be improved and raised in

the municipality.

Detail Engineering Design of Major Projects

Based on discussions with local stakeholders, municipal representatives, technical aspects and

feasibility studies of the schemes, vision of the city and the criteria, 1. DED of Duwakot Mod-

Mahankaal chowk - High school - Ward No 4 office 2. Integrated DED of Landfill Site with

Access Road Road has been selected for preparation of detailed engineering design.

Details of DED report has been submitted in separate volumes (VOL IV).

Structure of the Report

IUDP document have been divided into five separate volumes (Volume I: Main Report, Volume

II: Municipal Profile, Volume III: GIS Maps, Volume IV: DED and Volume V: Building bye-

laws). The main report (Vol I) has been divided into eight chapters. Chapter one is a background

introduction to the project which further presents objectives, scope and structure of the report.

The second chapter is about the details of methodology carried out for preparing IUDP. The third

chapter is a brief introduction of municipal existing context which summarizes municipal

scenario, chapter four contains situation analysis which consists of details of analysis to crystalize

for framing the development plan. Chapter five gives the development framework of the

municipality based on literature review, workshops and discussion with elected representatives.

Similarly, chapter six presents the sector development plan including physical development,

economic and social development, environment and disaster management, institutional

development including others. Furthermore, chapter seven presents the multi-sector investment

plan (MSIP). Finally, chapter eight presents short description of DED projects.

xxiii

Acronyms/Abbreviations

ADB Asian Development Bank

BOOT Built Operate Own & Transfer

BOQ Bill of Quantities

CBD Central Business District

CBS Central Bureau of Statistics

CC Climate Change

DA Demographic Analysis

DED Detailed Engineering Design

DGPS Differential Global Positioning system

DoE Department of Education

DoH Department of Health

DPR Detailed Project Report

DTO District Transport Office

DTM Digital Terrain Model

DUDBC Department of Urban Development and Building Construction

EZ Economic Zone

FAR Floor Area Ratio

FEED Front End Engineering Design

FGD Focused Group Discussion

GCPS Ground Control Points

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GESI Gender Equity and Social Inclusive

GIS Geographic Information System

GoN Government of Nepal

Govt Government

GPS Global Positioning System

HH Household

HVAC Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning

IAP Integrated Action Plan

IDP Integrated Development Plan

IGFT Inter-Governmental Fiscal Transfer

INGO International Non-Governmental Organization

IPT Integrated property tax

IRO Inland Revenue Office

IUDP Integrated Urban Development Plan

JV Joint Venture

LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

xxiv

LFA Logical Framework Approach

LPCD Liters Per Capita Day

LRO Land Reform and Management

Ltd Limited

MLD Market Linked Debentures

MOAD Ministry of Agricultural Development

MOFAGA Ministry of Federal Affairs and General Affairs

MOFALD Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development

MOUD Ministry of Urban Development

MSIP Multi Sector Investment Plan

MTMP Municipality Transport Master Plan

Mun Municipality

NEA Nepal Electricity Association

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

NRA National Rifle Association

NTB Nepal Tourism Board

NUDS National Urban Development Strategy

PDP Periodic Development Plan

PPP Public Private Partnership

Prov. Province

PS Public/Private Sector

Pvt Private

RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete

ROW Right of Way

SWOT Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat

TMO Transport Management Office

TOR Terms of Reference

UN United Nations

UTL United Telecom Limited

VDC Village Development Committee

Main Report: Integrated Urban Development Plan (IUDP) of Changunarayan Municipality

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Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Background of the Project

Nepal is one of the fast urbanizing and least urbanized country in South Asia. In developing

countries like Nepal, urbanization is both a challenge and chance to create sustainable urban

cities. Despite the comprehensive city planning, most of the towns of Nepal are clogged with

problems of poverty, unemployment, poorly developed infrastructure, inadequate public services,

and acute shelter deficits and accelerated environmental deterioration. These problems are mainly

the consequence of the discrepancy between the urbanization rate and their economic

development pace and lack of management.

Recently government has announced 293 Municipalities (including 6 Metropolitan, 11 Sub-

Metropolitan and 276 Municipalities) with restructuring of the local bodies in Nepal. Municipal

level is third tier of local government after the provincial and central government. These

municipalities are formed and declared with respect to number of populations. So most of

municipalities are combined form of previous VDCs and now constitute significant percentage

of urban population. These places have their own identity and way of life for their inhabitants.

Urbanization in Nepal, therefore, faces numerous challenges, including the issues related to health

and sanitation, solid waste management, electricity outage, inadequate infrastructure, deteriorating

law and order situation, among others. Due to the lack of the long-term development plans that has

led to uncoordinated actions of agencies involved in urban development. Therefore, the result is poor

and limited impact in urban development efforts.

Whatsoever, Nepal has been practicing the settlement planning attempts since 1944; and in 1956

first National Periodic Plan was commenced. Several past focus only on the physical planning

neglecting the demands of the grass root level several issues regarding poverty, health, and

environmental degradation. To overcome past shortcomings; National Urban Policy 2007 was

introduced which exhibits the interest of central government to support more sustainable and

socially inclusive economic growth in local level. The policy is outstanding with prioritizing

investment to the lagging regions and sectors of the urban area of the country fostering

development of regional cities and intermediate town as well. Therefore, with the aim of reducing

poverty and upgrading urban physical facilities. Despite these attempts were made, it provided

neither approved land use plan nor concrete physical plan implementation mechanism regarding the

major urban centers in the country. Municipal plans prepared in the past employing integrated action

planning technique or structure planning is found to focus mainly on physical aspects. Besides, IAP’s

overwhelming concentration on ward level problems has also led to neglect of municipal level vision

and desires. As a result, though several municipalities show some improvement in physical aspects,

progress is still found lagging in several critical urban areas such as education and health. Issues such

as social exclusion or deprivation, urban poverty, environmental conservation, economic

development, financial mobilization and municipal capacity building have remained largely

unattended in the previous planning efforts.

For systematic planning and to overcome above shortcomings, GoN has developed a guideline

and TOR and make available of fund for preparation of Integrated Urban Development Plans for

emerging municipalities including Changunarayan. Department of Urban Development and

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Building Construction (DUDBC) has gone through the contract with consultant, Sustainable

Development and Research center, C2TECH (P) Ltd. and RES Engineering Consultancy (JV) to

prepare IUDP of Chaunganarayan Municipality.

An Integrated Urban Development Plan (IUDP) comprises a system of interlinked actions, which

seeks to improve in the economic, physical, social, institutions and environmental conditions of

a city.

This proposed IUDP is a comprehensive document with multi-sectoral plans and Detail

Engineering Design of two major sub-projects. The plan has envisaged a holistic document

incorporating municipality’s vision, mission, goals, objectives, programs and projects to guide

the city for next 15 years. The document incorporates short term, mid-term and long-term

programs from 1 year to 5 years, 6-10 years and up to 15 years.

1.2 Objectives of the Study

The main objective of the proposed assignment is to prepare IUDP of Changunarayan

Municipality. However, the specific objectives can be listed as follows:

To set out Long-term Vision and overall Goal, Objective and Strategies for Municipality.

(i.e. 15 years)

To prepare Physical Development Plan, Social, Cultural, Economic, Financial, and

Institutional Development Plan; Environmental Sensitive Plan, Urban Transportation Plan,

Municipal Transport Master Plan (MTMP), Multi-sectorial Investment Plan (MSIP) and

other relevant plans, in consultation with Department of Urban Development and Building

Construction (DUDBC) and Municipality on the basis of vision, objectives and strategies.

To prepare building bye-laws to regulate development in the town integrating Land Use

and road network plan and long-term vision of Municipality.

To prepare Detail Engineering Design of two prioritized sub-projects in each municipality

amounting is not less than 30 crores for each project after consultation with Municipality

and DUDBC.

1.3 Understanding Scope of Work

Following are the scope of consulting services for preparation of IUDP.

Spell out the Vision of the Municipality.

The vision should articulate the desires of the municipality and its citizens, and will provide

the guiding principles and priorities for the plan's implementation.

Study on local economy and its activities including change in demographics and migration

trend for 5, 10- and 15-years period.

Identify the potential area for urban development based on land suitability and other factors.

For present and future (5, 10 and 15 years)

(Housing needs/ market, stock, conditions and recommend strategies for land acquisition,

distribution of land and housing in future.)

Demand in infrastructures (5, 10 and 15 years)

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Transportation, communication, electricity, water supply and sewerage system

Recommendation of complete street pattern, major and minor roads, highways, arterial

roads, traffic circulation, truck yard, bus bays and bus parks.

Study of existing social infrastructure such as health, education, sports, communication,

and security centres and other community facilities by addressing present deficiencies and

future (5, 10 and 15 years) demands.

Identify and assess critical, sensitive and other natural resources including parks, green

belts, recreational areas along with strategies for their protection, preservation and

stewardship against the adverse impact of future development and land use changes.

Identify and assess natural hazards, including how significant weather events have and will

impact these assessments,

Prepare the Proposed Land Use Plan for 5, 10 and 15 years.

Provide a full study of Land Use Zone.

Prepare Building and Planning bye-laws that clearly spells the construction of building:

The Building and Planning Bye-Laws need to be prepared in accordance with Conceptual

Building Bye-laws 2072 of Town Development, Urban Planning and Building Construction

published by Ministry of Urban Development. (MoUD).

Preparation of detail engineering design of three prioritized sectoral projects

Prepare Multi sector investment plan.

1.4 Expected Output

The complete Integrated Urban Development Plan includes but not necessarily limited to the

followings:

Municipal Profile

An up to-date municipal profile has been prepared, comprising of base-line information of the

existing physical, social, economic, demographic, environment, financial and organizational state

of the municipality. Apart from the key statistics, such base line information also includes textual

descriptions, maps, charts, diagram, and key problems prevailing in the settlements and the

municipality.

Analysis

The section l contains at least of the followings:

Trend analysis: The analysis reveals among other things growth trend of—population,

migration, land use, infrastructure provisions, import-export of goods, agricultural outputs, jobs,

and other economic opportunities of last 10 years.

SWOT analysis: This reveals potentiality of the municipality based on its strength and

opportunities. The analysis also reveals the weaker side of the municipalities which tends to pose

threat to the future development of the municipality.

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Spatial analysis: The analysis clearly reveals demand and supply situation of vacant land,

besides including land develop-ability analysis. The analysis, therefore, clearly shows the

location where the future growth can be channelized.

Financial analysis: The analysis reveals income potential (revenue and non-revenue) and

financing sources including expenditure pattern of the municipality for the past recent years and

forecast for the future.

Municipal Vision

To make the vision operational, necessary development principles to guide the sectoral activities

also need to be outlined. Vision and principles is formulated in consultation with municipality/

Municipal body, local stakeholders.

Sectoral Goals, Objectives, Output, and Programs

These is formulated mainly using Logical Framework Approach (LFA) and is supplemented by

performance indicators and means of verification of such indicator as far as practicable. Sectors,

which are required to be included, includes at least physical, environmental, social, economic

development, disaster management, financial mobilization, and organization development. Such

sectoral plans and programs may be formulated in consultation with municipality/Municipal

body, local stakeholders and programs have to be prepared giving due attention to national

concerns such as poverty reduction and social inclusion.

Long-term Physical Development Plan (PDP)

Such physical plan essentially reveals the future desired urban form of the Municipality, keeping

in view of planning horizon of 15 years and also classify the municipality land revealing broadly

urban areas, urban expansion areas, natural resource areas and also calamity prone areas. Such

physical plan is separately supplemented by the relevant data and thematic maps of existing land

use, environmentally sensitive areas, and infrastructure services such as road network with

parking spaces, transportation, water supply and drainage system, sewerage network, solid waste

management including landfill site, telecommunication network and electricity distribution

network. Also, classification of the open space has also been justified within municipality areas.

Plan is supplemented by social and economic data and thematic maps revealing the social and

economic infrastructures of the municipality.

Social Development Plan

Social development plan significantly contributes to bring qualitative improvement in the lives

of the common people. Attention is given focus on social development program when social

development program is getting priority in the present context. Plan has been formulated on the

basis of the analysis of social condition of municipal area. Such plan essentially covers the

following aspect:

Education

Public health

Security (physical as well as social)

Cultural and Sports

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Parks& open spaces

Other urban social service centers (information, library, and space for social gathering...)

Others as per Municipality requirements

Conservation, Cultural& Tourism Development Plan

Cultural development plan significantly contributes to bring qualitative improvement in the

conservation of local cultural heritage, art and architecture. Similarly, more attention is given to

the preservation of tangible and intangible cultures. Cultural planning is integrated with other

planning. Such plan essentially covers the following aspect:

Identification and preservation of important Cultural heritage sites within the Municipality

Identification of specific non-material (in tangibles) cultures in the area

Plan for conservation of both material and non-material cultures and linked them to tourism

development plan

Culture center (local craft, paint, architecture, museum, culture exchange, exhibition....)

Economic Development Plan

Economic development plan is based on the economic potentiality of the municipality. Such plan

essentially covers the following aspect:

Economic development plan: Areas of comparative advantage

Industry development (as per comparative advantage of the municipality / hinterland):

Trade promotion, Tourist development

Employment generation, poverty reduction

Regional competitiveness of the municipality

Agricultural development (commercialization of agro-forestry products- cold storage,

vegetable market)

Rural urban linkage- strategic location of different market centre/ product collection centres

Micro/small industry and business promotion

Possible EZs based on local economic growth potentials (driving forces)

Others as per municipality requirements

Financial Development Plan

The following aspects needs to be considered while formulation the financial plan.

Analysis and projection of municipality’s income and expenditure, revenue improvement

action plan,

Financial analysis and assessment of possible financial resources for the implementation of

IUDP in each municipality.

Allocation of development budget (for coming 15 year), cost sharing among sectoral

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agencies, and expenditure management action plan

Promotional strategy of private sector and civil society (PPP)

Financial and economic analysis of proposed prioritized projects

Others as per municipality’s requirements.

Institutional Development Plan

Human resources development plan and organizational development plan are the areas of the

institutional development plan. Following considerations have been in the formulation of

institutional development plan.

Decentralization, good governance and mobilization of people’s participation

Appropriate and optimum use of local skills,

Review the existing human resources and propose the institutional setup to implement the

IUDP,

Institutional coordination and establishment of network

Organizational capacity and capacity building

Building By-Laws

The complete planning and building bye-laws is formulated. This is based on the municipal vision

and objectives. This covers following;

General definition

Zoning classification and byelaws/ regulations

Implementation mechanism & procedures etc.

Multi-Sectoral Investment Plan (MSIP)

Such plan reveals short and long-term programs/projects, tentative cost estimate, and probable

financing sources prioritized in sequential manner for the planning period of each five years. Such

programs/projects are to cater to both the short-term, mid-term and long-term needs of the

municipality and the wards that will be consistent with the long-term development plan, sectoral

goals and objectives, and the vision. Furthermore, MSIP clearly reveals programs/projects for

each fiscal year for the 15 years.

Such MSIP is pragmatic and be consistent with the financial resource plan. The municipal level

plan/projects (Mega project) and the projects that can be implemented exclusively by

municipality also has been clearly mentioned in MSIP. It is suggested that the plan/projects that

have to be implemented by different line agency in MSIP, included after thoroughly consultation

with the concern offices.

Detail Engineering Design of Prioritized Major Projects

In order to prepare reliable project banks for the recent execution of different projects in

municipality, consultants are expected to prepare Detail Engineering Design of minimum 2

projects in different sector in each municipality. It contains detail engineering and architectural

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design, detail cost estimate and BOQ. The prioritized projects are identified in consultation with

concerned municipalities but with the rationale and discussed and approved by DUDBC. The cost

estimate of each project is not be less than 30 crores. Necessary details engineering drawings

have been submitted in separate volumes.

Urban Transportation Management Plan

Road classification with right of way.

Road network.

Traffic management plan.

Parking management.

Road safety.

All above parameter is integrated with proposed land use plan.

Preparation of Base Map

The Base map includes the following:

GIS based base map including existing streets (with coding system), building footprints with

building use, occupancy and general demographics based on the latest archive satellite image.

Population density and growth rate

Existing land use (housing, commercial, industrial, agricultural, natural, mixed use)

Slope and watershed analysis.

Transportation (roads with classification – national highways, feeder roads, district roads

and urban roads (administrative classification), parking space, bus park, public

transportation routes, frequencies and stops, airport and destinations)

Water supply, sewerage system (sewerage network, discharge points, treatment plant).

Solid waste (coverage of public and private collection system, formal and informal waste

management sites, recycling points).

Electricity (production and transportation infrastructure, grid power coverage, street

lighting)

Public services (health, education, police, rescue services, cemeteries, administrative

services.)

Environment (erosion, pollution, forest, water bodies)

Culture and tourism (temples, museums, cinemas, views, monuments, performance places,

festival routes)

1.5 Structure of Report

As per the join discussion held between the DUDBC and all consultants, Final report is based on

the table of content which has been jointly finalized by DUDBC in presence and facilitation by

IUDP- Technical Assistance Team. The final report is involved the following volumes.

Main Report: Integrated Urban Development Plan (IUDP) of Changunarayan Municipality

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Volume I: Main Report

Volume II: Municipal Profile

Volume III: Maps

Volume IV: Detailed Engineering Design

Volume V: Building Bye law

Main Report: Integrated Urban Development Plan (IUDP) of Changunarayan Municipality

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Chapter 2: Methodology

2.1 Conceptual Frameworks

The conceptual framework has been established for the study, analysis and formulation of IUDP

in a logical structure providing picture of how project has been carried out. Many problems exist

in community which lack common vision followed by set of objectives to achieve desired future.

Multi directional growth is the result of this which are not integrated with each other. Lack of

coordination in planning has been witnessed all over the projects especially in underdeveloped

countries like Nepal. Hence it is important to make conceptual framework for the study which

enables for the integrated approach of planning and comprehend things which are not observed

at the moment but are must in nearby future.

Project has been carried out in two primary phases where in the initial phase contextual case study

and field study has been done followed by the important phase of project identification or

planning phase. The study has been conducted on the basis of both the exploratory and descriptive

methods in the first phase followed by recommendation of integrated plan for the sustainable

development of town. Similarly, different data through the primary sources has been collected

through focused group discussions with stake holders, key informants and direct observations

which verified the existing condition of the site, perception of people towards development,

development trends and the impacts of urbanization in changing land use, social spaces,

infrastructure planning, etc. and how that change can be tackled by planning in sustained growth.

Then this information collected were analysed, evaluated and recommendation has been made

with extensive public participation. Planning phase has been extensively inclusive in its process

where vision of the Plan has been set in the primary phase and planning has been done to achieve

the target set in the vision. Planning has been carried with the consideration of existing planning

legislations, standards, policies and requirements of modern planning approaches. Plans have

been made to make it more achievable with its implementation plan and its investment plans, i.e.

MSIP. The graphical chart for the methodology of the project is represented below:

Main Report: Integrated Urban Development Plan (IUDP) of Changunarayan Municipality

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Phase Wise Development of IUDP

Chart No 1: Flow Chart of Methodology

Discussion of Consultant Team

Interaction with experts and client, concerned stake

holders Team Consolidation

Questioner, Maps, purchasing of latest satellite image

and collection / Crystallize the detail methodology,

Literature review

Submission of

Inception Reports

Set out the team for

field survey

Submission of Interim Report

Analysis and Findings of field

Preparation of IUDP (with

physical, social, economic

infrastructure plan) as per ToR

Preparation of municipal

profile.

Detailed analysis and Sectoral

Plan Preparation

LFA and preparation of

strategic plan

Multi-Sectoral Investment Plan

(MSIP)

Set out vision,

goal, objectives

and strategies for

Municipality (for

15 years)

Preparation of potential

project list selection for

DED

DED of 2 projects

(Survey, analysis,

design, cost estimate)

Preparation

Building Bye-

Laws

Legal and institutional

development

framework

Field Work and Maps preparation

Field visit/ Meeting with stakeholders

Municipal level consultations (steering, sectoral groups)

Consultation with public at Local Level (ward/community Level, FGD and Informal

consultations)

Collection/purchase of Satellite Imagery and Rectification

Generation of Contours and Digital Elevation Model

GIS Database Creation (thematic maps, data layers)

Field based Update of Base Map and GPS Survey

Final update of data

Submission of Draft Report and Presentation

Preparation of Final Reports in incorporating all comments

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2.2 Field Team Mobilization

Under the leadership of Team leader and deputy, field mobilization has been conducted in

different stages to take the primary data, gathering of information required for base maps, filling

out the checklists and conducting ward level focused group discussions. Sociologist and

economist also joined to overview social and economic aspects and also reviewed financial and

institutional aspect. Also GIS professionals along with surveyor collected and verified data traced

from satellite image and added necessary attributes properly.

Chart No 2: Field Mobilization Chart

2.3 Secondary Data Collection and Conducting Survey

Secondary data like relevant documents and maps necessary for study has been collected from

all the concerned authorities These data helped in preparation of base map and municipal profile.

municipal profile, municipal plans and other reports is critically reviewed. The topographical

map of the study area is collected and a hinterland base map of the study region is prepared

depicting name of settlements, road, water body, contour, environment sensitive area, agriculture,

forest and other pertinent geographic and geological (mines and minerals) information in the

vicinity of the Municipal area. The base map has been prepared to gather the data and verify the

data obtained from various sources. Ward level information were collected from Municipal and

other published reports. Moreover, other relevant information is collected from MoUD, DOR,

MoFALD, DUDBC and other libraries. Similarly, relevant acts, regulations and standards

regarding preparation of Integrated Development Plan and Building Bye Laws, DPR preparation,

Settlement plan, Physical Development Plan and other relevant documents and details is collected

from concerned authorities.

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2.4 Public Consultation Plan

Apart from survey, meeting and gatherings were conducted with the concerned local personnel

to ascertain the vision, and requirement of the municipality and its inhabitants. There has been

introduce workshop in municipality meeting, information dissemination meeting, focal group

discussion and ward level participatory discussion are conducted. Team has visited the different

part of municipality like parks and environmental sensitive areas, old city settlements, squatter

settlement areas, open spaces etc.

Table No 1: Field Visit Schedule

Date of Field Visit/ field work Objective

2075/04/14 Introduction - IUDP, objective, scope of work, formation of steering

committee and subcommittee, Field and secondary data collection.

2075/07/18

Discussion regarding vision set with municipality board.

Possible visions were proposed for the discussion.

Alternative vision was submitted for the approval from Municipality

council.

2075/11/21- 2075/11/26

Map verification, ward wise consultation and meeting. Major project

discussion and listing.

Selection of Municipal level important project based on the proposed vision

were done.

Among the important projects two major projects were selected for DED.

2.5 Primary Data Collection

Field visits have been conducted to have a clearer picture of the physical, social and economic

amenities. On 2075/11/21 consultants have headed for map verification. During the visit, mainly

related to the physical infrastructure, existing land use pattern, extent of newly opened roads,

their standards and quality, prevailing land values and environmental sensitive areas and areas

with existing environmental problems has been gathered during field survey through physical

mapping using GIS, on the site observation, technical investigation/ test and interview. Municipal

and ward level meetings and interview identified the major development issues.

Figure No 1: General Landscape of Changunarayan Municipality and Field consultation

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2.6 Preparation of GIS Base Map and Thematic Maps

Spatial and ground features to be captured for updating urban map have been identified on the

basis of detailed study of existing maps and satellite images. For the purpose of digitization of

key features (e.g., building footprints, rivers, and different land uses, among others) pertaining to

the latest actual ground realities, a satellite image covering the project study area has been

acquired from Digital Globe, Inc.

For the development of urban map, Digital Terrain Model (DTM) of the study area is first

prepared using multi-spectral (colored), ortho-rectified satellite imagery of at most 1m ground

resolution. A total of nine Differential Global Positioning system (DGPS) points are established

in the study area for establishing Ground Control Points (GCPs) and triangulation.

Data like building footprint, roads, water course, land use and other landmarks such as airport,

bridge are digitized using same satellite imagery. Existing base map is updated with DTM, ortho

rectification and digitized map is verified with Department of Survey and existing features

including infrastructures during field survey.

Secondary data is collected for road details, electricity authority, water supply, tele-

communication for the purpose of urban base map. GIS-based urban map is prepared with latest

features and attributes. All buildings in the study area have been mapped and linked with

photographs and relevant attributes.

Table No 2: Satellite Image Info.

After preparation of base maps, thematic maps are prepared for economic, health, education, physical

infrastructure, environment etc. after field verification for necessary attributes with the help of data

analysis. Image Supplier

Image Manufacturer: Digital Globe, Inc. ("Digital Globe")

Image (Sensor Name): World View 3

Processing Level: Radio metrically Corrected

Image Type: PAN/MSI

Resolution Spatial Pan- 0.5 m and MSI: 2m

Spectral 4 bands (R, G, B and NIR)

Bits per Pixel per Band: 16 bits per pixel

Buffering: Well cross the boundary of the project study area

Sensor Type: Satellite

Authorized: Rajdevi Engineering Consultancy Pvt.Ltd.

2.7 Data Analysis

From, literature reviews and field study, the collected data have been filtered, analysed and

presented by the planning team. The problems identified in municipality are verified through data

analysis. Software like SPSS, Microsoft office etc. have been used for interpretation and analysis.

These are represented in GIS through the preparation of thematic maps to illustrate existing

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situation and trend analysis. SWOT analysis, spatial analysis and financial analysis have been

done. Then potential areas for development of municipality has been identified. Also future needs

upto 5, 10 and 15 years demand and deficits are analysed using standard and norms.

2.8 Vision Setting

The vision has been set after identifying lead sector which provides the guiding principles and

priorities for the Plan’s implementation for next 20-30 years for municipality. It has to carry the

overall characteristics of the city. It has to be simple and precise. According to lead sector

identification, Visions are discussed and proposed in vision setting meeting. Vision and principles

has been formulated with broadly participation of municipality bodies. To make the vision

operational, necessary development principles to guide the sectoral activities has been outlined.

Based on long term vision of the town, mid-term and short-term goals and objectives have been

developed. Consultant utilizes different result-based approaches to formulate prioritized sectoral

goals and objectives. It includes generation of alternative strategies/ evaluation & selection of

preferred strategy, detailing and refinement of preferred strategy, formulating policies,

implementation tools, legitimization, monitoring indicators and feedback.

2.9 Sectoral Development Plan

Sectors, which are required to be incorporated, are physical infrastructures, environmental

management, social and economic sectors, disaster management, climate change, economic and

financial management planning and organization development plans. Such Sectoral plans and

programs has been back up by multisector investment plans prepared giving due attention to

national concerns such as poverty reduction and social inclusion.

Based on study of existing infrastructures, environmental situation, health and educational status

and future projected demographic value; an integrated urban plan is prepared. Plan proposed the

state of municipality socially equitable and inclusive, environmentally bearable, economically

viable, effective, efficient and reliable with improved and affordable infrastructure services,

providing accountability to its citizens and more responsive to their demands. These plans were

formulated using Logical Framework Analysis (LFA), which is a strategic project planning and

action tool that helps municipal executives and planners answer these four critical questions:

The consultant with close consultation of DUDBC has done the critical analysis, visioning and

recommendation of strategies of the town based on planning documents such as i) National Urban

Policy-2007, National Urban Development Strategy (NUDS), 2016 (revised), Planning Norms

and Standards, 2015 etc. It has also incorporate development control tools (such as planning and

building bye laws), placement of strategic infrastructures (physical/environmental, social/cultural

and economic) to guide and promote the urban development, and prioritized above projects.

2.10 Multi Sectoral Investment Plan

Short, medium and long term programs/projects have been identified and prioritized for planning

period of upto 5 years, 5-10 years and above 10-15 years with cost estimate and probably

financing sources. These projects are consistent with the long-term development plan, sectoral goals

and objectives, and the vision. Such MSIP are made consistent with the financial resource plan. The

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city level plans/projects (Mega projects) and projects that have to be implemented by different line

agencies in MSIP has been included after thorough consultation with the concerned offices.

2.11 Preparation of DED

In order to prepare reliable project banks for the recent execution of different projects in

municipality, consultants are expected to prepare Detail Engineering Design of minimum 2

projects in different sector in each municipality. It contains detail engineering and architectural

design, detail cost estimate and BOQ. The prioritized project has been identified in consultation

with concerned municipalities but with the rationale and discussed and approved by DUDBC.

The cost estimate of each project is not be less than 30 Crore.

The project prioritization for the DED is done based on the criteria suggested by DUDBC for the

ranking of the projects. The ranking for the prioritized project has been done. The project having

the maximum rank is selected for the DED.

2.12 Preparation of Building Bye-Laws

The building and planning bye-laws of the study area has been formulated with the overlay of

land use map of the Municipality areas. This is based on the Municipal vision and land use

objectives. Building bye laws has mainly covered the general definition, zoning classification and

bye laws/ regulations, implementation mechanism and procedures etc., and expected behavioural

change from Municipal citizens. Preparation of Building and Planning bye-laws contain

following areas regarding the construction of building:

Minimum land area

Maximum ground coverage

Maximum floor ratio (FAR)

Maximum building height

Maximum no. of floors

Right of way for roads

Set back in four sides of the building

Minimum parking area

Provisions of lifts for high rise building

Proximity with various development constraints such as water bodies, forest areas, slope,

and distance from the petrol pumps, etc.

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Chapter 3: Existing Situation

The updated municipal profile of Changunarayan has been prepared separately in Volume II of

the study which includes information of the existing physical, environmental, climate change,

disaster risk, social cultural, economic, financial and organization structure of municipality.

However, the summary of the profile is presented in this chapter.

3.1 Existing Scenario

Changunarayan municipality is situated in Bhaktapur District , Bagmati province of Nepal and is

part of the urban newly expansion part of the Kathmandu Valley. The municipality was formed

by annexing the former Village Development Committees; Old Changunarayan, Chhaling,

Duwakot and Jhaukhel in 2014 A.D. According to CBS, 2011 A.D. The total population of

municipality is 54,550. In 2017, Maha manjushree Nagarkot was merged into

Changunarayan.The UNESCO World Heritage Site Changu Narayan Complex is situated in this

municipality.

The location coordinate of Changunarayan municipality is 27°43′00″N 85°25′47″E which is

surrounded by Kathmandu district on the north and west side, Bhaktapur municipality, and

Suryabinayak and Thimi municipality on south and Kavreplanchwok on east.

3.2 Municipality Composition

This municipality is composed of various wards of previous VDC and municipality listed below:

Table No 3: Municipality Composition

S.N. New

Ward

Previous VDC /

Municipality Population

Area (sq.

km.)

Population

Density

1 1 Changunarayan (14, 15, 16) 6101 3.87 1577

2 2 Changunarayan (12, 13, 17) 6020 4.63 1300

3 3 Changunarayan (5, 6, 7) 5702 3.02 1882

4 4 Changunarayan (8, 9, 10, 11) 6024 6.78 888

5 5 Changunarayan (1, 2, 3, 4) 6398 9.61 666

6 6 Nagarkot(11, 12, 13) 4024 9.48 425

7 7 Nagarkot(8, 9, 10) 5723 9.56 599

8 8 Nagarkot(4, 5, 6, 7) 8294 7.32 1133

9 9 Nagarkot(1, 2, 3) 6264 8.7 720

Total 54,550 62.98 866

Source: Municipal profile 2074

The above table shows that there is high population density at ward 1-3 and low population

density at ward 6 whereas the population density is 1882 persons/sq.km at small area of 3.02

sq.km. of ward 3 and 1577 persons/sq.km of ward 1. Hence, with most of infrastructural services

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are available at area like Rakshya tole, Kharipati and due to presence of compact settlement, ward

1-3 can be considered as major urbanization zone of Changunarayan municipality.

Although, ward 6 has large area i.e. 9.48 sq. km, it comprises of low population density of 425

persons/sq.km. With no sufficient social infrastructures to meet the basic needs of people and low

population, Ward 6 can be considered as one of the rural areas of municipality.

3.3 Physical Status

56.98% area is covered by agriculture land, where as 24.63%, 11.44 %, 3.49% and 1.51 % area

is covered by forests, residential areas, industrial areas and institutional respectively. The data

shows that there is huge opportunity to utilize agriculture as major occupation.

Housing

Types of House

Out of 11677 houses, 33.98% houses are made up of mud bonded bricks or stone foundation,

29.59% houses have RCC pillar foundation, 16.50 % has wooden pillar, 19.93% has cement

bonded brick or stone foundation.

As for comparison on urban scenario, 29.59% of houses of municipality has RCC pillar

foundation which is more than the situation of Nepal and urban area i.e. 9.94% and 28.42%

respectively.

House with Approved Drawing

75.9 % of building are built without municipality approved norms. However, newly constructed

24.1% building have approved drawings as per municipality norms and Nepal Building Code.

Awareness for getting approval is increasing and building are being constructed with proper

norms.

Construction Year

Ward 2, 3,4 and 8 has significant urbanization, more than 80% houses are constructed within the

span of 35 years. Old houses are almost replaced by RCC structures.

Road Infrastructures

Total existing road in the municipality is 334.33 km. Road facilities are available in all wards of

municipality. Most of roads are urban and earthen roads and some are just track opened. Only

19.86 % of road are blacktop whereas 67.91 % are earthen roads.

Road Hierarchy

On the basis of ward-wise road hierarchy, there are altogether 334.33 km roads at the

municipality. The roads present are Feeder, District and Urban roads. Most of roads are urban

with 262.45 km (78.5%) while the least is district road with 16.69 km (4.99%). All wards have

accessibility of all roads except ward 4 which lacks in district road.

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The ward-wise road pavement of the municipality shows that there are only 19.86% blacktopped

while most of the roads are earthen covering 67.97 % of total roads. All wards have these three

pavement surfaces except in ward 2,3 and 7. The ward with most of Blacktop roads are wards 6-

8 while earthen roads are highly present at ward 2,4 and 5.

Present Status of Transportation Facilities

In this municipality, 55% of families do not have any vehicle. These families use public vehicles

for their movement, 41.1 % families use bike and other data of vehicular facilities are presented

in municipal profile.

Distance to 12m Motorable Road

More than 65% people are living close to road. They can reach road in 15 to 30-minute walking

distance. Only 2.1 % can reach to road in 1 hour of walking. These number are high in ward no

4 and 8 due to being rural topography.

3.4 Demographic Status

Caste

Maximum 40.9% population of the municipality are janajati whereas 29.8% of the population is

Chhetri, 23.1% of population are Brahmin and 3.3% of population are dalit. Newar and Tamang

cast are pre dominant in the municipality.

Religion

92 % Hindu religious people are living in the municipality, where as 6.2% people follows

Buddhism and other remaining people are Christian and Muslims. Changunaryan Municipality is

dominated by Hindu population.

Language

In Changunarayan Municipality, 67.6 % people having Nepali mother tongue. People with

Newari mother tongue is second in number.

Physical Disability Data

The physically disable male populations are 208 and female populations are 175. Maximum

physical disable people live in ward number 8.

Figure No 3: Earthen Road at Municipality Figure No 2: Recently Blacktopped Road at Changunarayan

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Total blind population in Changunarayan municipality is 80. Out of which 31 blinds are male and

49 blinds are female. Ward wise distribution of the blind population is presented in table 14. This

may be because male people get treated at time while female is careless for the treatment and

they are less aware.

Total mental disability population in Changunarayan municipality is 94. Out of which 51 people

are male and 43 people are female. As per municipality profile female population have less mental

disability than male population.

People with others type of disability within the municipality are 40, out of which 19 males are

suffering from other kind of disability and 21 females are suffering from different kind of

disability.

Municipality is responsible for all the citizen, so while planning the infrastructure and

formulation of programs these data of disability need to be addressed.

3.5 Social Status

Educational Level

Children from 25.2% houses are studying in basic level. All together 73% of population are

literate. Most of the child/adults are involved in education.

Other Services

The level of people livelihood is depending on the different access to the facility of the people.

94% households have mobile facility where as 90 % household have access to Television and

only 18% households are using Internet facility.

Distance to Reach School

4.4 % school lies at a distance more than one hour (walking distance) from the settlement whereas

almost 16.6% houses are very near to the academic institutions. More than 68% of household are

at 15-30 min walking distance from one or other education institution. Very few houses are at

more than one-hour walking distance. Being rural in nature ward no 4 and ward 8 have maximum

number of (112+384) which need to travel more than one hour to reach education institute.

Distance to Reach Health Center

In Changunarayan municipality, 55.4 % people take 15-30 minutes time to reach health center

and 27.8% people take 30 minutes and less than 9 % people take more than one-hour time to

reach health center. Being the rural in topography ward no 4 and 8 have more households which

need to travel more than one hour to reach at one of the nearest health center.

3.6 Economic Status

Occupation

Around 44.6% people are involved in agriculture occupation in the municipality. Only 3.3%

people are involved in foreign employment and 13.9 % people are involved in government job.

More than 50% H/H in ward on 4, 5,8 and 9 have the agriculture occupation and remaining other

wards have less no of HH having agriculture as prime occupation. Most of the land in ward no. 6

is not suitable for agriculture so only 1/3 of H/H are involved in agriculture activities.

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Business Details

Since Animal farming goes together with agriculture, large number of HH in municipality are

involved in animal husbandry. 17.7% sheep farming and 19 % family are involved in Poultry

farming. Other business is very insignificant.

Land Ownership

In Changunarayan municipality 78.4% family have self-land ownership. Summary of land

ownership table is given municipal profile.

Most of the people in the municipality use their own land for the cultivation. Only 3.6 % HH give

their land to others, where as 5.8 % HH utilize the land by taking rent from other.

Land Owned

53.8 % of the house hold have land area in between 1-5 ropani. 34.9 % HH have land less than 1

ropani. All housing plots lies in this range. People having agriculture as occupation hold the land

in between 1-5 ropani. and detailed table is given municipal profile.

3.7 Health and Sanitation

Local health services are being provided through different health centres, health posts

Community Health centers and KMC Medical College.

Latrine Availability

In municipality 96.1% household have their own latrine and 3.9 % households are not using their

own latrine although municipality is declared as open defecation free municipality.

Type of Latrine

In municipality almost 86.6 % households use Septic Tank for the sewage management and 9.7

% households have pit latrine for the sewage management. Due to lack of proper drainage people

use septic tank, which is good sign. People have awareness of not to join their sewage line directly

into the river.

3.8 Drinking Water Status

Source of Drinking Water (DW)

The Source of drinking water within the municipality are managed through pipelined networks,

spring water, uncovered wells (Dhunge Dhara) etc. 42.1% of households use tap water through

pipe networks and 36.9% households are still using the uncovered wells.

Water supply system is one of the prime infrastructures for the development. In municipality

42.1% of households use piped water as source of drinking water which is less than urban context

of Nepal i.e. 60% households.

Water Purification

In municipality about 52% population are using water directly without purification. 41.8%

population are using filter for purification and 4.7% and 0.2% use boiling and chlorination for

purification respectively. Awareness of drinking water is still less in this municipality. This may

cause many types of diseases. Summary of the water purification is shown in the municipal

profile.

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3.9 Environment Status

Types of Fuel Used

In the municipality 55.1% family used LP gas as fuel source in their kitchen where as 24.6 %

family use wood for their cooking.

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Chapter 4: Situation Analysis of the Municipality

The information has been collected from areas, interaction with local people, key informants,

observation, different meetings and workshops/secondary data. Analysis has been thoroughly

done to know the actual situation of the municipality. In this context, trend analysis, spatial,

economic, financial and institutional analysis have been done. SWOT (Strength, weakness,

opportunity, thread) analysis has been done and followed by demand analysis. These analyses

give clear pictures of potential lead sectors, opportunity sectors, gap in the demand and

availability.

The section contains the followings:

4.1 Trend Analysis

Trend Analysis is the process of looking at current trends in order to predict future ones and is

considered a form of comparative analysis. This section explains the demographic, tend of

urbanization and land use analysis of the municipality.

4.1.1 Demographic Analysis

Demographic analysis is a technique used to develop an understanding of the age, sex, and racial

composition of a population and how it has changed over time through the basic demographic

processes of birth, death, and migration. Demographic Analysis (usually abbreviated as DA) also

refers to a specific set of techniques for developing national population estimates by age, sex, and

race from administrative records to be used to assess the quality of the census carried out by the

government.

4.1.1.1 Population Growth Rate

Trend over the period between 2011 and 2018 shows that there is no change in population

significantly. The population data are derived from CBS 2011 and from municipality profile 2074

as:

Table No 4: Ward-Wise Population Growth

S.N. New

Ward New Merged VDC

Population

at 2011

Population

at 2018

Population

Density

(no's/sq.km.)

Growth

Rate

(%)

1 1 Changunarayan (14,15,

16) 5830 6101 1577 0.65

2 2 Changunarayan (12, 13,

17) 6532 6020 1300 -1.16

3 3 Changunarayan (5, 6, 7) 5420 5702 1882 0.73

4 4 Changunarayan (8, 9, 10,

11) 6211 6024 888 -0.44

5 5 Changunarayan (1, 2, 3,

4) 8129 6398 666 -3.37

6 6 Nagarkot(11, 12, 13) 4571 4024 425 -1.81

7 7 Nagarkot(8, 9, 10) 5385 5723 599 0.87

8 8 Nagarkot(4, 5, 6, 7) 7254 8294 1133 1.93

9 9 Nagarkot(1, 2, 3) 5698 6264 720 1.36

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S.N. New

Ward New Merged VDC

Population

at 2011

Population

at 2018

Population

Density

(no's/sq.km.)

Growth

Rate

(%)

Total 55,030 54,550 866 -0.13

Source: Population data from MoFALD and Municpality Profile 2074

The overall population of Changunarayan municipality reduced by 0.13% between years 2011

and 2018. On computing the ward-wise population growth rate of the municipality, there is

limited growth in population at wads. The ward with the highest growth rate is ward 8 (1.93 %)

and ward with lowest is ward 5 ( -3.37%). Based on the growth rate and population density at

each ward, we can clearly depict that wards 1,3 and 8 are the compact settlement of the

municipality with growth rate of about 0.65%, 0.73%, 1.93% respectively. Migration of people

from wards like 5,6 has also resulted an abrupt rise in population of wards 1,3,8. Hence, with

adequate infrastructure services and packed settlement, areas like Rakshya tole, Kharipati and

Changunarayan can be considered as one of the major urbanization areas of the municipality.

Thus, developmental parameters are implemented with major emphasis on these wards of the

municipality.

With adequate population at ward 9 and growth rate of about 1.36%, this ward can also be

considered as major areas for urban expansion and modernization.

Trend over the period between 2011 and 2018 shows that there is no change in population but

this is not the real case of the municipality. In conclusion, we adopted that the population of the

present municipal area grew by the average annual rate of 3.15% as suggested by the World Bank

in 2016.

4.1.1.2 Ethnic Distribution

In case distribution in population of Changunarayan Municipality, 40.9% population of the

municipality are Janajati whereas 29.8% of the population is Chhetri, 23.1% of population are

Brahmin and 3.3% of population are Dalit. Newar and Tamang cast are pre dominant in the

municipality.

4.1.1.3 Age and Household Size

Household size of municipality is 4.67. Age group like 0-14, 15-59 and 60 above population are

15.5%, 63.7% and 20% respectively. As per Municipal profile 76.9% house owner are male and

other are female. The house hold ownership is much more dominated by the male.

Table No 5: Number of Population for Owner

HH

Gender/Ward 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total %

Female 324 297 245 342 304 220 326 352 286 2696 23.1

Male 913 961 924 943 1175 684 900 1339 1141 8980 76.9

Total 1238 1258 1169 1285 1479 904 1226 1691 1427 11677 100.0

Source: Changunarayan Municipal Profile of 2074 BS

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4.1.1.4 Population Projection

One of the characteristics of an urban area or municipality is higher population densities and

corresponding higher demand for the services and facilities all of which directly demands proper

infrastructure. For sustainable supply of infrastructure and facilities, it is pertinent to forecast the

population in the future so that infrastructure can be planned and constructed accordingly.

To forecast the population in the municipality for the year 2035 A.D., the geometric method has

been used. This method assumes that the percentage of increase in population from decade to

decade is constant. This method gives high results, as the percentage increase gradually drops

when the growth of the cities reaches the saturation point. This method is useful for cities which

have unlimited scope for expansion and where a constant rate of growth is anticipated. For this

the following formula is used:

Pn = P (1+ IG/100) n

Where, IG = annual geometric growth rate (%) = 3.15%

P = Present population=54,550 (Municipality Profile 2018)

n = no. of year= 17 years

Pn=population at the end of 17thyear

In the municipality, according to the CBS 2011 the population of the municipality was 55,030.

The municipality population during 2011 was calculated by adding the population of all VDCs

which formed the municipality, 2018 which is 54,550 population was given by the municipality

house hold survey. We found during those past 6-7 years there is decrease in the population. So

we use the population growth rate of World Bank 2016 AD for the urban area of Nepal which is

3.15 %. By using this geometric method,

Population at the end of 17 years (P17)= 54550 (1+3.15/100)17

= 92,422

The projected population of this municipality on the year 2035 A.D will be 92,422. In this way

adding population by 37,871. For another 15 years, municipality population will be almost

double.

Chart No 3: Population Projection

55030 54755 5455058041

67777

79146

92422

50000550006000065000700007500080000850009000095000

100000

2011 2015 2018 2020 2025 2030 2035

PO

PU

LA

TIO

N

YEAR

Population Projection

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4.1.1.5 Migration Trend Analysis

Internal and external migration has been analysed in this section. It is done in ward level so that

effect to migration in ward level can be analysed.

Table No 6: Migration Trend Analysis

S.N. New

Ward

Population Difference in

Population at

2018

Migration

Trend 2011 2018

With 2011 growth rate

of Nepal i.e. 1.35% at

2018

1 1 5830 6101 5909 192 In-Migrants

2 2 6532 6020 6620 -600 High Out-

Migrants

3 3 5420 5702 5493 209 In-Migrants

4 4 6211 6024 6295 -271 Out-

Migrants

5 5 8129 6398 8239 -1841

Massive

Out-

Migrants

6 6 4571 4024 4633 -609 High Out-

Migrants

7 7 5385 5723 5458 265 In-Migrants

8 8 7254 8294 7352 942 High In-

Migrants

9 9 5698 6264 5775 489 In-Migrants

Source: CBS 2011 and Municipal Profile 2074

Migration trend of 2011-2018 is shown by computing the population data of 2018 as per natural

growth rate i.e. 1.35% and population at 2018. The ward with most of out-migrants are ward (2,4-

6). Massive out-migrants were seen at ward 5 with most of people migrating towards urban areas

like Rakshya tole, etc. to fulfil their basic needs. From analysis, ward 8 welcomed more of

incoming migrants from rural areas of the municipality. Major migration is seen towards wards

8 and 9. Considering natural growth rate 1.35% in 2011, 55,774 should had been population but

it is 54,550 which is not so significantly different. During filed study, it has been found that

people have migrated to Bhaktapur and Kathmandu valley. So it seems that out migration from

this municipality is being countered by in migration from places like Madandeupur, Banepa and

Shankharapur municipality etc.

4.1.2 Land Use Analysis & Urbanization

The urbanization trend took place along the urban road of Changunarayan. With the extension of

branch roads, the urbanization rate further increased. The main settlement and market centers

have been developed along the junction of urban roads and branch roads. The change in the

settlement pattern can be clearly seen through these two google image of 2005 and 2018.

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From the two images, it can be clearly observed how agricultural land has been converted into

builtup area within 10-13 years.

4.1.2.1 Existing Land use 2018

The study shows that 56.98% land is covered by agriculture, where as 11.44%, 25 % are covered

by residential and forest respectively. Other land cover sector is given below.

Table No 7: Existing Land Use of Municipality

S.N Land Use Area (sq.km) Percentage (%)

1 Agricultural 35.89 56.98

2 Barren Land 0.41 0.64

3 Bushes 0.24 0.37

4 Commercial 0.05 0.08

5 Dense Forest 15.51 25.00

6 Industrial 2.20 3.49

7 Institutional 0.95 1.51

8 Park 0.05 0.07

9 Religious 0.03 0.06

10 Residential 7.20 11.44

11 River 0.07 0.11

12 Sand 0.09 0.14

13 Plotting Area 0.30 0.48

Total 62.98 100.00

(Source: Latest Satellite Image 0.5 and Field Verification 2075)

Figure No 4: Aerial View of Changunarayan Municipality 2005 &2018

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Map No 1: Landuse Map

4.1.2.2 Housing/settlements

Changunarayan municipality

formed by annexing different

VDCs with traditional settlements.

Hence, we can see different type of

urban character in the municipality.

Historically important compact

settlement (around changu temple).

Traditional Urban

Architecture.

Traditional Rural settlement

like character.

Contemporary character,

mostly in Dhuwakot area and

Kharipati.

The construction practice of housing is changing rapidly affected by modernization. Mostly, the

construction materials are Sand, brick, cement and timber etc. The general roofing materials are

RCC or CGI sheet etc. After the earthquake, 2072 BS, most of traditional houses have been

retrofitted and constructed by RCC structures. The traditional type of building construction along

the Bazaar area like Duwakot, Jitpur, Sarswoti khel, saudol, sudal, kharipati etc has been

changing into modern earthquake resistance buildings.

Changunarayan town follows the compact development pattern in existing market centre.

Settlement along Kharipati – Jitpur – Nuwakot road has also compact settlement nature. Most of

the buildings along road have mixed types which have been using as commercial and residential

purposes.

Map No 2: Settlement Pattern

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Table No 8: Housing Typologies

Typology Municipal District

Stone and Mud Mortar Masonry 6.00% 21.70%

Adobe Structures 21.00% 11.70%

Stone and Cement Mortar Masonry 0.00% 0.46%

Brick and Cement Mortar Masonry 3.00% 4.96%

Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC)

Frame 2.00% 0.00%

Not Stated 68.00% 58.30%

Source: Municipal Profile 2075(section EQ reconstruction)

The housing typologies of Changunarayan municipality is shown in above table. Stone and mud

mortar masonry of about 6 % is present at the municipality which is quite good than the district

which consists of about 21.70 %. The adobe structures of municipality comprise of about 21 %

which is poor in terms of comparison with district (11.70 %). Stone and cement mortar masonry

is null at the municipality. Brick and cement mortar masonry comprises around 3 % and is quite

low than that of district (4.96 %).

The major parameter for urbanization includes RCC frame structures which this municipality

comprises only about 2 %. Therefore, necessary provisions are made to meet the housing

parameters within the projected year.

Damaged Sectors after 2015 earthquake

The 2015 earthquake also made impact at the Changunarayan municipality. The earthquake

hugely affected the physical infrastructures present at the municipality. The sectors which have

been disrupted due to the earthquake are as:

Private Structures

The private structures present at the municipality are highly affected by the earthquake. The

damage to the private structures were classified as:

Table No 9: Damaged Status

Damage Grade (1-2) 425

Damage Grade (3-5) 10,634

Total 11,059

Source: Municipal Profile 2075(section EQ reconstruction)

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Chart No 4: Damage Status

The above Chart presents that the total damage caused to the private structures at Changunarayan

Municipality. 4% structures are found to be moderately damaged and considered to be in range

of damage grade (1-2). 96% structure are severely damaged and considered to be in damage grade

of range 3-5. Therefore, based on the damage grade, almost all private structures at the

municipality are not safe to live in and thus, required an immediate retrofitted and reconstruction

as per recommendation.

Reconstruction Status

Table No 10: Tranche Distribution

Total Eligible HHs 10,937

PA Agreement 9,694

1st Trance received 9,694

2nd Trance received 2,799

3rd Trance received 2,654

Source: Municipal Profile 2075(section EQ reconstruction)

The reconstruction status at Changunarayan Municipality showed that 10,937 households eligible

for reconstruction. While the identified number is 10,937, the number of households entering into

the agreement are only 9694 (88.63 %) and these recipients received 1st tranche to undergo the

construction up to plinth level. Recipients for 2nd tranche came down to just 2799 (25.59 %)

households who finished their construction up to DPC level. Similarly, recipients for 3rd tranche

remained almost identical with 2654 (24.26 %) who finished their construction up to roof of their

houses.

Chart No 5: Reconstruction Status

4%

96%

Damage Status-Private Structures

Damage Grade (1-2) Damage Grade (3-5)

10,9379,6949,694

2,7992,654

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000

Total Eligible HHs

1st Trance received

3rd Trance received

Reconstruction Status

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Retrofit Status

Table No 11: Tranche Distribution for retrofit

Total Eligible HHs 212

1st Tranche received 86

2nd Tranche received 86

3rd Tranche received 0

Source: Municipality Profile 2075(section EQ reconstruction)

At the municipal level, Changunarayan has given agreement signed by 40.5 % of the households.

40 percent received the first tranche, 40 % got their second tranche and there are no third tranche

receivers.

In Changunarayan municipality, while the identified households are 212, the number of houses

entering into the agreement were only 86. Recipients of the first tranche numbered 86. The

number of second tranche receiving households are identical 86, while no one has received the

third tranche so far. As of late 2018, there is neither a record of the number of completed retrofit

houses nor of those still under construction.

Chart No 6: Retrofit Status

Therefore, the houses which are severely damaged due to earthquake are now replaced with RCC

frame structures. Also the houses vulnerable to structural collapse are demolished and are

reconstructed using modern architectural designs.

212

86

86

0

0 50 100 150 200 250

Total Eligible HHs

1st Tranche received

2nd Tranche received

3rd Tranche received

Retrofit Status

Figure No 5: House damaged due to Earthquake Near

Changunarayan

Figure No 6: RCC Frame House Build after the

Earthquake

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4.1.2.3 Existing Urban Structure

Urban structure is the arrangement of land use in urban areas, in other words, how the land use

of a city is set out. It explains where different types of people and businesses tend to exist within

the urban setting. Urban structure can also refer to urban spatial structure, which concerns the

arrangement of public and private space in cities and the degree of connectivity and accessibility.

The urban form is defined by the physical characteristics of the urban framework, customized by:

The geometry of space and construction template

The relationships between the elements of the urban framework

In Changunarayan, the major built up is concentrated in Rakshya tole, Duwakot and Jhaukhel.

The built up change in different timelines as shown in built up change of Duwakot shows that the

ribbon development is predominant in the municipality. The development usually takes place

along the main road and then along the roads connected to main road.

The population density of Changunarayan is 866 person per sq km. Ward 3 has 1882 person per

sq km and ward number 6 is least densely populated with 425 person per sq km. Looking on the

trend of urbanization, it can be predicted that ward no1,2 & 3 will get denser as major economic

activities are concentrated in these wards. Most of the houses in these area is either commercial

or under mixed land use with upper floor as residential and ground floor as commercial. The

prevailing infrastructure along with institutional establishment reveal that the area will develop

as commercial zone while the residential land use will be further pushed towards existing fringe.

Changunarayan municipality does not show any definite pattern and direction. Except the markets

in the feeder roads, municipality is basically rural setting with untouched virgin land which

provides opportunity for planned development. However, due to difficult terrain, it is great

challenge to develop even basic infrastructures in the municipality.

The road network is taken as the skeleton of the urban structure. It clears the relationships

between the elements of urban framework. Also it somehow gives the geometry of shape and

construction template. The degree of connectivity and accessibility is described below.

Urban roads link the internal settlements of the municipality areas properly. The municipality has

good road network but most of them are either earthen or gravelled. Most of the road within the

municipality area are track only i.e. they are seasonal road and are only used during dry season.

The urban road lacks drainage in major portion. The lack of municipal resources to maintain the

road standard is reflected here.

The hierarchy of the road are as follows

Nagarkot road starts form Sallaghari and end at Nagakot

Changunarayan Road

Sallaghari – Duwakot – Sangdaha Road

Pikhel – Chhaling – Telkot Road

Kamalbinayak – Sudal –Adhikarigaun – Nagarkot

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Road Density

Table No 12: Ward-Wise Road Density

Ward No: Area (sq.km) Road Length (km) Density (km/Sq.km)

1 3.87 28.49 7.36

2 4.63 36.39 7.86

3 3.03 16.21 5.35

4 6.78 45.69 6.74

5 9.61 49.64 5.16

6 9.48 38.62 4.08

7 9.56 38.52 4.03

8 7.32 37.11 5.07

9 8.70 43.65 5.02

Total 62.98 334.33 5.31

Source: Digitized Satellite Image and IUDP Field Survey 2075

The above table shows that the ward-wise road density of Changunarayan municipality.

According to urban planning norms and standards, road density of 5km/ sq.km. is required at

each ward. Above table shows that all wards have met the standards except wards 6 and 7. Hence,

necessary provisions have been implemented to meet the road density criteria of ward 6 and 7.

Here according to Urban Planning Norms and Standards 2015, a municipality should have road

on the rate of 5km/ sq.km and thus, overall road density of 5.31 km/sq.km of Changunarayan

municipality has met the standards.

4.1.2.4 Change in the Built-Up Area, Agriculture Land, Water body, Forest

The urbanization took place along urban road. With the construction of these road, the

urbanization rate further increased. The main settlement has been developed along the junction

of these major roads. Some agriculture land along the junction of road has been converted into

Map No 3: Road Networks Chart No 7: Ward-wise Road Density

7.36 7.86

5.35

6.74

5.164.08 4.03

5.07 5.02

0

2

4

6

8

10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Den

sity

(km

/Sq

.km

)

Ward No:

Road Density

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built up area very rapidly. The changes in agriculture land in these areas is very significant due

to increasing urban facilities.

Table No 13: Change in Built Up Area

S.N. Land use

2005 2017

Change in

land use Area

covered

km2

Percentage,

%

Area

covered,

km2

Percentage

%

1 Agricultural 38.01 60.35% 35.89 56.98 -3.37

2 Forest 15.51 24.63% 15.51 24.63 0.00

3 Residential 5.06 8.03% 7.20 11.44 3.41

4 Industrial 2.22 3.53% 2.20 3.49 -0.04

5 Institutional 0.95 1.51% 0.95 1.51 0.00

6 Open Spaces 0.41 0.64% 0.41 0.64 0.00

7 Urban

Expansion 0.27 0.43% 0.30 0.48 0.00

8 Bushes 0.26 0.41% 0.24 0.37 -0.04

9 Sandy Area 0.08 0.13% 0.09 0.14 0.01

10 River 0.07 0.12% 0.07 0.11 -0.01

11 Commercial 0.06 0.10% 0.06 0.09 0.03

12 Park 0.05 0.07% 0.05 0.07 -0.02

13 Religious 0.04 0.06% 0.03 0.06 0.02

Total 62.98 100.00% 62.98 100 0.00%

(Source: Image Digitization and Field Verification 2075)

From the comparison of 2005 and 2017 land use data, it shows that the forest and agricultural

land are constant and decreasing throughout years while residential and road are increasing.

About 3.37% of agricultural have been decreased over the past years. There are also slightly

changes on water body and open spaces in this Municipality.

4.1.2.5 Risk Analysis

Changunarayan municipality has faced such as natural disasters like earthquake, flood, fire, and

landslide etc. Windstorms and fire during different period of time. Landslide during rainy season

is a major risk of this municipality and flood on Hanumantakhola is a major risk factor. The

settlements which are prone to landslide are Sudal, Duwakot, Changunarayan, Jhaukhel and

Tathali etc. some previous record of events is described below:

In 2002, 49 households were affected and 9 houses were damaged in changunarayan due

to landslide. In same time 5houses were destroyed at Duwakot.

In 2002,38 houses were affected and 7 houses were damaged in Jhaukhel due to landslide

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In 2015, due to earthquake 3440 household destroyed and 7182 houses were damaged at

Changunarayan municipality.

In 2010, due to forest fire 13 house were affected and 2 houses were destroyed, large

amount of poverty were burnt.

Studying the past impact and available resources better planning for future mitigation is

necessary. Municipal representatives and local key stakeholders have also highlighted in various

level consultations that there is no preparation for hazard risk management from the municipal

level. Lack of human resources, poor logistics and facilities, low level preparedness to hazards

such as landslide, thunderstorm, fire etc. are again pushing vulnerability. Due to fragile landscape

and rapid flowing rivers, awareness and preparedness are essential for disaster risk reduction in

the municipality.

4.1.2.6 Open Space

Parks and open spaces are integral

components of the urban landscape and

the larger the proportion of parks and

open spaces the better the prospects of

a city. Equitable access to open spaces

by all must be the prime guiding

principle in urban planning. According

to Urban planning norms and standards

2015, the municipality should have 5%

of open spaces and one local park on

each ward. Thus, to satisfy the demands

for the growing population, these

standards should be met.

Few parks and open spaces are within

the municipality in ward 4. There is

community forest, which maintains the green environment around the municipality. Some of the

identified open spaces are listed in following table

Table No 14: Identified Open Spaces

Class Place Quantity Ward No:

Pu

bli

c L

an

d

Dhungana Tole 4-5 Ropani 9

Gothale Chaur 15-17 Ropnai 9

Devidada 4 Ropnai 8

Misrekatar 32-33 Ropnai 8

Dedhe Pipal 40 Ropani 8

Dulal Gau 8 Ropani 8

Ghorasaini Gau 12-13 Ropani 8

Map No 4: Open Spaces

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Class Place Quantity Ward No:

Jitpur 14 Ropnai 8

Nepal Gau 40 Ropani 8

Phuyal Gaun 5-7 Ropnai 8

Public Space 3-4 Ropani 2

Dharapakho 20-25 Ropani 8

Bagheswari (Human Organ Transplant) 5-7 Ropani 7

Hanumantar (Behind School) 3-4 Aana 3

Somthali 2 Ropani 1

KMC(Duwakot) 25 Ropani 3

NEC Area 18-19 Ropani 1

Khadaka Dil 2 Ropani 1

Pragati Tole 1-1.5 Ropani 1

(Source: Image Digitization and Field Verification 2075)

4.2 Spatial Analysis

The analysis clearly reveals settlement growth pattern, demand and supply situation of vacant

land, the analysis, therefore, clearly shows the location where the future growth can channelize.

It identifies and assesses critical and sensitive natural resources including government, Guthi and

public lands, parks, green belts, recreational areas. Strategies need to be developed for their

protection, preservation and stewardship against the adverse impact of private/public

encroachment, future development and land use changes.

Settlement Pattern

Changunaryan Municipality is formed by

annexing VDCs with traditional settlement.

Hence, we can see different type of urban

character in this municipality. Following types

of settlement are seen here

Historically important compact

settlement around Changunarayan

temple.

Traditional compact settlement like

Saudol, Jitpur, Sudal, Saraswotikhel,

Thali etc.

Traditional Rural Settlement compact but scattered in small size (settlements along the foot

hill like Jhaukhel)

Rapid Urbanizing area like Duwakot area.

Map No 5: Settlement Pattern

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New Emerging settlement like in Kharipati etc.

Settlement pattern in Duwakot area is such that around 1000 population are living there per square

kilometre.

Settlement Hierarchy

Settlement hierarchy is the rank of settlement according to infrastructures and facilities available

at the given area of settlement. The hierarchy represents the urban area at top level while rural

area at lower level. The areas with most of infrastructural facilities available at Changunarayan

municipality is shown as:

Main Report: Integrated Urban Development Plan (IUDP) of Changunarayan Municipality

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Table No 15: Settlement Hierarchy

Class Name of

Settlement

Education Health Infrastructures Commercial

Secondary

College Health

Center

Health

Post Hospital

Urban

Road

(Km)

District

Road

(Km)

Feeder

Road

(Km)

Agro-based

products

collection center

Market

(Hotels,

Farms and

Shops) Lower Higher

A Rakshya Tole 6 1 1 1 1 1 36.39 1.62 2.92 1 250

B Pragati Tole 4 1 1 1 1 26.52 0.44 1.53 178

C Kharipati 6 1 1 1 27.47 5.40 13.68 173

D Gaida Gaun 5 1 1 37.53 2.14 9.96 322

E Changunarayan 4 1 1 39.78 5.91 1 318

F Kalika Dairy 2 1 27.47 5.40 5.65 73

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The indicators that define the settlement

hierarchy are taken based on the parameters of

2015 urban planning norms and standards.

As seen, Rakshya tole is class A settlement

with most of facilities available like school,

college, health center, hospital, market and

vegetable collection center and likewise

Pragati tole, Kharipati, Gaida Gaun,

Changunarayan and Kalika Dairy serially (B,

C, D, E and F) interms of services available.

Due to services present, people are seen to be

migrating towards these areas in search to meet

their basic needs.

Rakshya tole is a class A settlement due to presence of adequate social infrastructure. Education

services are available as 6 lower secondary school, 1 higher secondary and 1 college. Health

services are available as 1 health centre, 1 health post and 1 hospital. Also, there are 1 vegetable

distribution centers and adequate number of market and shops. With closest linkage to highway

via feeder road (Sallaghari – Changunarayan), Rakhsya tole can be seen as major urbanization

zone. Similarly, other areas are ranked in hierarchy with availability of social infrastructures.

Most of the settlements are traditional which are compact settlements like Changunarayan,

Kharipati, Pragati tole, etc. These settlements are developed along the major roads of the

municipality and all the settlements are inter connected to each other which makes easy access

for import and export of goods.

The following map shows the settlement hierarchy of Changunarayan Municipality:

Change in Built Up Area

As the construction and expansion of Koteshowr- Jadibuti Road section, huge change in builtup

area has seen around the Duwakot and Jhaukhel area. Due to availability of the low-cost land and

environmentally friendly are some of the reason of development of these area as the residential

area. Some of the pocket of these area and respective data are shown below.

Figure No 7 : Built up Area of Changunarayan

Table No 16: Built up Area

Map No 6: Settlement Hierarchy

Builtup Area 2005

Builtup Area

2018

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From above table we can analyzed that built up area of Changunarayan pocket 1,2 and 3. Pocket

no 2 has been increased by 33% per annum from 2005 to 2018. It simply signifies that the

urbanization pressure is high in pocket 2. Similarly, Pocket 1 and 3 are other area where

urbanization takes place in low than packed 2.

Road Development

This municipality has total road network of 334.33 Km out of which 195 km i.e. 59 % road has

been developed in past 10 years, which signifies that huge investment has been made in the road

development. According to Urban planning norms and standards 2015, the road for a municipality

should be in the rate of 5km/sq.km. This standard is meet in this municipality. However, only

16% of the road are blacktop which should be 80%. Thus, necessary arrangements and plans

should be formulated to meet the norms.

Map No 7: Road Development in last 10 years

Comparative Chart of road development before and after 2008 AD is shown below:

Location Pocket Built up area in sq km Change in

Built up area

Annual Change

in Built up area 2005 AD 2018 AD

Duwakot Pocket 1 0.34 0.51 151% 12%

Jhaukhel Pocket 2 0.16 0.68 430% 33%

Duwakot Height Pocket 3 0.45 0.78 175% 13%

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Chart No 8: Road Development Trend

Land Suitability

Land suitability analysis is done based on some standard criteria and the established by- laws

which are presented in following table:

Table No 17: Criteria for the Evaluation of of Land Suitability

Criteria Condition Value

Non-Suitable

Slope >30 Degree

Road Buffer ROW/2

Water Body Buffer River 25m

Stream 15m

Forest All

Bushes All

Suitable Remaining Land

Due to high pressure in urbanization, agricultural land can be preserved. Based on the spatial

analysis, Municipality has total 64 percentage land as suitable for the development and the future

expansion of settlement.

59%

41%

0%0%

Road Development

Road After 2008 Road Before 2008

62.98

40.51

22.46

0

20

40

60

80

Total Land

Land Suitablity, Sq Km

Total land Suitable Non Suitable

64.33

35.67

Land Suitablity

Suitable Non Suitable

Chart No 9: Land Suitability Chart

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Map No 8: Land Suitability Map

4.3 Social Analysis

4.3.1 Social Infrastructure

Social Infrastructure enhances and governs the social–economic behaviour of the community or

people living in society. It clearly tells the cultural enhancement and physical development of the

society. Other important social infrastructure of this municipality is shown in the following table

and also represented in map

Table No 18: Social Infrastructure

Ward

No: Infrastructure Number

House

Hold (HH) Population

P_Density

(no/Sq.Km)

1

Buspark 2

1244 6101 1577

Finance 1

Government Office 1

Health Post 1

Hospital 1

Public Building 2

School 6

Temple 5

2

College 1

1229 6020 1300 Government Office 2

Hospital 1

Media 1

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Ward

No: Infrastructure Number

House

Hold (HH) Population

P_Density

(no/Sq.Km)

Police Station 1

School 6

Temple 4

3

Government Office 1

1211 5702 1882

Health Post 1

Hospital 1

School 2

Temple 4

4

College 1

1286 6024 888

Buspark 1

Government Office 1

Museum 2

Park 1

School 5

Sport 1

Temple 7

5

Government Office 2

1817 6398 666 Health Post 1

Public Building 3

School 5

6

Government Office 1

904 4024 425

Buspark 1

Health Post 1

Hospital 1

Military 1

Police Station 1

School 7

Temple 2

7

Government Office 1

1126 5723 599 Health Post 1

Military 2

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Ward

No: Infrastructure Number

House

Hold (HH) Population

P_Density

(no/Sq.Km)

Monastery 1

Police Station 1

Public Building 3

School 5

Sport 2

Temple 5

8

Buspark 1

1887 8294 1133

Government Office 2

Health Post 1

Hotel 1

Police Station 2

School 4

Temple 6

9

Public Building 1

1244 6264 720

College 1

Government Office 1

Monastery 1

School 4

Temple 6

(Source: Image Digitization and Field Verification 2075)

4.3.2 Education

From the situation analysis, it is clear that the literacy of the municipality is 73% which is lower

than province 3 (74.85%) and higher than Nepal (66%). The education sector is quite good in

municipality and some programs are needed for further improvement of the literacy rate to reach

95% within the five years and 100% in upcoming 15 years. Following map and table represents

the information regarding the schools inside municipality.

Table No 19: List of Colleges inside Municipality

S.N. College Ward No:

1 Kathmandu Medical College(KMC) 2

2 Nepal Engineering College(NEC) 4

3 Janakpur Engineering College(JEC) 9

In Changunarayan municipality, there are altogether 3 colleges for graduate/post graduate. The

existing status of the colleges are adequate in the municipality however, 1 additional college

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along with the upgradation of services of existing colleges will be met to fulfil the requirements

of urban planning norms and standards.

Table No 20: Description of Educational level

SN: Level Class

1 Basic School Below 8

2 Higher Secondary Up to 12

3 College Above 12

Source: Digitized Satellite Image and Field Survey 2075

There are altogether 45 schools, out of which 33 are basic schools, 9 higher secondary schools

and 3 graduate college. Therefore, to meet urban planning norms and standards, the municipality

should further add up 32 more basic schools and 13 higher secondary schools to fulfil the deficit

within the projected year.

This municipality has 3 bachelor level institutes and 4 higher secondary school. This is below the

norms assigned by the urban planning. Thus, in order to meet the standard set by Urban planning

norms and standards 2015, 8 higher secondary school, 1 bachelor level college and 2 universities

is still needed to meet the demand of increasing population.

The above map shows the accessibility map of educational institutions. The accessibility is

marked on the basis of average time duration that takes to reach the schools/colleges from the

local households on public bus. The accessibility for time duration is allocated as 15 min by

public bus to reach Basic School, 30 mins by public bus to reach Higher School and 45 mins by

public bus to reach College. With adequate number of Basic schools, households at every ward

is seen to be getting enough lower secondary education but the distribution of higher secondary

schools is quite not enough to fulfil the ward-wise education standards. Thus, 9 higher secondary

schools with accessibility range of 1 per 7500 population at a distance of 30min in public

transportation – 1.60 ha per site, 1 college with accessibility range of 1 per 25,000 population at

a distance of 30min in public transportation – 4 ha per site and 1 university 1 per 40,000

population at a distance of 1hr in public transportation – 10 ha per site is required to meet the

requirements of urban planning norms and standards.

Figure No 8: Nepal Engineering College at Changunarayan Map No 9: Education Accessibility Map

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4.3.3 Health

Local health services are being provided through

different health centres, health posts Community

Health centers and KMC Medical College. The

physical condition of these health post is found to be

in poor status. Health centres are serving least health

facilities that need to be provided through these

institutions. Most of the health centre are running

under supervision of Health assistant and just provide

basic medicine. Health Institutions are listed in

following table:

Table No 21: Health Institution inside Municipality

S.N. Name Type WARD

1 Community Health Center Health Center 2

2 KMC Community Health Centre Health Center 3

3 Community Health Center Health Center 6

4 Ward No 1 & 2 Health Post Health Post 1

5 Ward No 3 Health Post Health Post 3

6 Ward No 5 Health Post Health Post 5

7 Ward No: 6 Health Post Health Post 6

8 Bageshori Health post Health Post 7

9 Ward No 8 Health Post Health Post 8

10 Proposed Bir Hospital Hospital 1

11 Kathmandu cancer hospital Hospital 9

(Source: Field Verification 2075)

There is need of health institution in different wards and the infrastructures are developed

accordingly. According to the standard set by Urban planning norms and standards 2015, this

municipality should have 6 primary health post. Thus, these services should be made available as

soon as possible in order to meet the demand of growing population.

Figure No 9: Kathmandu Cancer Care, Tathali

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Map No 10: Health Accessibility Map

The above map shows that the health accessibility map of Changunarayan municipality. The

accessibility analysis is done considering to reach of 1km for health post, 2 km for Health centre

and 4km for hospital. The only ward which has no any health institutions and are also not within

the existing health institutions is ward 9. Hospital is not immediately needed here and only

primary health centres are concern.

Thus, 3 primary health centres with accessibility range of 1 per 20,000 populations (5-15 beds)

(0.25 ha per site) is required to meet the norms and standards of urban planning.

4.3.4 Other Social Institution

Social institutions are very key to the social and economic development of the municipality. This

municipality possesses plenty of public services centers as presented in the following table

Table No 22: Public Services Institution

S.N. Public Services Institution Ward No:

1 Sasatra Camp 1

2 Police Station 2

3 Army Camp 6

4 Police Station 6

5 Army Camp 7

6 Kharipati Army Camp 7

7 Police Station 7

(Source: Image Digitization and Field Verification 2075)

Therefore, the municipality should improve the facilities and services of existing security bodies

to meet the requirement of the urban planning norms and standards.

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4.3.5 Recreation

Urban recreational spaces include parks garden, sports fields, river bank, sports and recreation

facilities playgrounds, as well as facilities or areas where cultural, entertainment and social

activities take place (including cinemas, theatres, art galleries and museums).

According to National Urban Development Strategy published by the Ministry of Urban

Development, open spaces and parks in urban areas serve three major purposes – they are the

lungs of the city and provide breathing space, they improve the physical, social and psychological

health of the city as they enhance not only the city’s beauty but provide spaces for social

interaction and recreation and contribute to the liveability of a city, and serve critical purposes of

evacuation during disasters, particularly earthquakes.

There are 3 parks in the municipality which are

located in ward no 4, one of them is the world

heritage site Changunarayan Temple and

Buddha Peace Park in ward 6. Other wards don’t

have any type of recreational activities space.

So, these types of area need to be developed in

Changunarayan municipality.

At current, there is no provision of such, and

people rely on either school playground or open

space for playing and recreational space.

Changunarayan area has high possibility of

developing as recreational and tourist area and is also identified as one of the major strategic

projects of municipality during Stakeholder Meeting. Also Nagar Pustakalaya is proposed in

Duwakot in next year project proposal. Also, this municipality has 2 movie theatres and no

sporting complex which isn’t sufficient for the growing population demand and need 3 more

movie theatres and minimum one sporting complex as per the urban planning norms and

standards 2015.

4.3.6 Inclusion

Social Inclusion is process of improving the terms for individuals and groups to take part in

society and the process of improving the ability, opportunity, and dignity of those disadvantaged

on the basis of their identity to take part in society. Inclusive growth is a persistent challenge in

Nepal, with the fruits of development spread unevenly across ethnic, gender and geographic

categories. The existing socio-economic and physical conditions of certain groups like women,

children, people with disabilities, senior citizens, sexual and gender minorities, those living in

poverty and socially marginalized groups such as the Dalits, Muslims and Janajatis (Indigenous

People) are vulnerable in this municipality.

Figure No 10: Buddha Peace Park

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Ethnic Group of Changunarayan Municipality

Table No 23: Ethnic Group of Changunarayan Municipality

Ethnic

Group/Ward 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total %

Chhetri 553 390 242 224 606 40 227 582 617 3481 29.8

Brahmin 219 241 410 238 192 225 476 588 105 2694 23.1

Dalit 10 52 32 77 46 28 12 77 56 390 3.3

Janajati 439 457 479 744 585 610 450 397 609 4770 40.9

Others 16 118 6 2 50 1 61 47 40 341 2.9

Total 1237 1258 1169 1285 1479 904 1226 1691 1427 11677 100.0

Source: ChangunarayanMunicipality Profile of 2074 BS

As per municipal profile 2074 Bs, maximum 40.9% population of the municipality are Janajati

whereas 29.8% of the population is Chhetri, 23.1% of population are Brahmin and 3.3% of

population are Dalit. Newar and Tamang cast are pre dominant in the municipality. Following

bar diagram shows the ward wise population distribution in municipality based on caste

Chart No 10: Ward wise Ethical Group

Religion Distribution

In Changunarayan municipality, religious distribution of people is shown in table below. 92 %

Hindu religious people are living in the municipality, where as 6.2% people follows Buddhism

and other remaining people are Christian and Muslims. Changunaryan Municipality is dominated

by Hindu population.

Table No 24: Religious Distribution of People in Changunarayan Municipality

Religion/Ward 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total %

Hindu 1175 1217 1153 1052 1448 533 1125 1659 1379 10741 92

Buddhist 47 11 2 204 18 312 91 13 28 726 6.2

Christian 13 22 14 29 12 57 10 18 17 192 1.6

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Religion/Ward 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total %

Muslim 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

Source: Changunarayan Municipal Profile of 2074 BS

Chart No 11: Religion Distribution

Literacy Status

Literacy rate of a municipality plays a crucial role for carrying out any developmental procedures.

It enables people to be aware of about the impact and benefits of any developmental works carried

out at the municipality.

Table No 25: Ward-wise Literacy Status

Ward Literacy Rate (%)

1 78.32

2 77.88

3 74.17

4 67.70

5 65.25

6 69.14

7 80.08

8 73.45

9 71.95

Total Literacy Rate 73.0 %

Source: Changunarayan Municipality Profile of 2074 BS

Table shows the ward-wise literacy rate of the Changunarayan municipality. The ward with the

highest literacy rate was ward 7 with 80.08 % while the least literacy rate was of ward 5 with

65.25 %. And, the overall literacy rate of the municipality was 73.0 % which is poor in context

of urban area. Hence, the municipality should further add up educational institutions and launch

education awareness especially in rural areas where there is huge illiteracy rate. By this,

municipality may be able to fulfil the requirements of urban planning norms and standards.

92%

6%

2%

0%

Hindu Buddhist Christian Muslim

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Chart No 12: Literacy Status

Women’s Involvement at Decision making of the Municipality

Table No 26: Designation of Women at Various Section

S.N. Name Designation Section

1 Bina Bastola Deputy Mayor

2 Sharda Rajaure Administrative Officer Administration

3 Sushila Acharya Women's Development

Officer Social Development Branch

4 Mira Timalsina Administrative Social Development Branch

5 Manju Acharya Women's Development

Inspector Social Development Branch

6 Anita Kumari Poudel Buyer PA Branch

7 Sirjana Bhattarai Buyer Administration

8 Samita Gelal Computer Operator Account Branch

9 Ganga Subedi Revenue Operator Account Branch

10 Nanuka Bhattarai Account Branch

11 Indira Bhattarai Women's Development

Inspector Social Development Branch

12 Pramila Shrestha Sub-Engineer Earthquake Reconstruction

13 Samjhana Shrestha Engineer Earthquake Reconstruction

14 Samjhana Rijal Engineer Earthquake Reconstruction

15 Manita Shrestha Engineer Earthquake Reconstruction

16 Sangita Chankabanjar Engineer Earthquake Reconstruction

17 Manju Sukhupayo Engineer Earthquake Reconstruction

18 Elina Bajracharya Engineer Earthquake Reconstruction

19 Archana Prajapati Engineer Earthquake Reconstruction

20 Salina Shrestha Engineer Earthquake Reconstruction

73.0

27%

Literacy Rate

Total Literacy Rate total Illiteracy Rate

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S.N. Name Designation Section

21 Rita Prajapati Engineer Earthquake Reconstruction

Source: Changunarayan Municipal Profile of 2074 BS

The above table shows the involvement of women in decision making of municipality. The

women involved in decision making have acquired positions under various section of the

municipality. Changunarayan municipality is led under the vision of women deputy mayor Bina

Bastola. And the other women are seen to be involved in section such as Social Development,

Administration and Technical branch, etc.

The representation of women in municipal board is about 35% which counts 21. The

constitutional and legal provision has supported for Women’s participation in decision making

and leadership. Therefore, the municipality should involve more women’s for enhancing women

empowerment at the municipality.

Issues and problems: Problems related to social development plan are categorically listed below

so that sector plans could be identified and presented in the LFA format. Problems relating to

social development plan are as follows and social infrastructure development plan has been

proposing in map.

Lack of participation of children, women and excluded groups in the main stream of

development

Low level of women participation

Poor condition of sanitation and increasing its social consequences

Lack of disable friendly infrastructure in the municipality

Lack of public infrastructures (community hall, convention centres, community library,

public toilets etc.

Lack of proper management plan of public property (temple, statue, monastery, religious

and cultural places etc.)

Lack of public awareness programmes

Programs to be formulated in IUDP to embrace GESI parameter.

Formation of women empowerment groups and LGBT groups in ward levels

Poor and marginalized people distributed identity cards to cater them the facilities in

reasonable costs.

Development of Disable friendly infrastructures, institutions, parks, vehicles and schools.

Child labour are addressed and campaign are operated to make the streets free from children

and poor people.

Scholarship for the disable and marginalized groups

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4.4 Economic Analysis

The main occupation of the people residing in this municipality is Agriculture (44.6%). However,

some people have involved in government job (13.9%), foreign employment (3.3%), and

remaining in others for economic activities.

4.4.1 Agriculture

Due to the topography and soil type, agriculture is the number one source of income generation

in Changunarayan municipality. As agriculture is vital in these areas, statistics of agriculture can

be taken as the indicator of economic development. But lack of modern technology in farming,

lack of irrigation facilities, shortage of agricultural labor, expensive agricultural labor, become

main problems in agricultural activities. But still Changunarayan has managed its economic

growth through agro-farming. Rapid urbanization and trend of land plotting has drastically

reduced the agricultural profession.

The cash crops like vegetables has been cultivated by the farmers. Since, Kathmandu, Lalitpur

Metro-politan Cities lies near to this municipality, it has good market.

Also, there is 1 slaughter house and 2 vegetable markets which doesn’t meet the standards set by

Urban planning norms and standards 2015 which should be 2 slaughter houses and 5 vegetable

markets. Thus, one extra slaughter house and 3 vegetable markets should be established in order

to meet the demands of growing population.

Table No 27: Agricultural Crop Production

Produced Crops Crops produced Land

(Hectare) Quantity (quintal) Price (NRs)

Cereal Crops

Paddy 1154 56607.15 98496444

Maize 565 22818.74 39704602

Millet 29 351.49 632689

Wheat 687 32604.33 52166929

Total 2435 112381.71 191000665

Pulses

Soyabean, Black

Gram, Lintel etc 86 898.10 6735717

Spice Crops

Ginger, Garlic,

Turmeric, Dry

Chilli

67 697.31 23359764

Vegetable Crops

Potato 290 56639.9 311519450

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Produced Crops Crops produced Land

(Hectare) Quantity (quintal) Price (NRs)

Cauliflower,

Tomato,

Raddish, Carrot,

etc

652 117288 551253600

Total 942 173927.9 862773050

Fruits

Winter Fruits-

Peach,

Persimmon, Hog

Plum,etc.

45 2313 13880160

Overall Total 290218.4 1097749356

Source: MoAD (Statistics on Nepali Agriculture 2017/2018)

The above table shows the quantity of agricultural products obtained from various sectors of

agriculture. Cereal and vegetable crops are produced at larger quantities and have generated huge

income than pulses, fruits. Among cereal crops, people are mainly engaged in production of

paddy and wheat cultivating 56607.1 and 32604.3 quintals respectively generating an income

from wheat and paddy alone of about NRs 5.2 crores and NRs 9.8 crores respectively. And, maize

is produced at quantity of 22818.7 quintals generating NRs 3.9 crores. Millet are the least

produced cereal crops at the municipality. Thus, the overall income generated from cereal crops

is NRs 19.1 crores.

Pulses like Black Gram, Soya bean etc. are produced at moderately at the municipality with

production of only 898.10 quintals generating income of about NRs 67 lakhs.

Spice Crops are highly valued crops and Changunarayan municipality has decent production of

spice crops. The spice crops like Ginger, Garlic, etc. are produced in adequate quantity of about

697.31 quintals making income of NRs 2.3 crores.

Vegetable crops like potato, cauliflower, raddish, etc. of about 173927.9 quintals are produced

at the municipality. Potato, Cauliflower, etc. are the major production from vegetable crops.

Potato alone is produced at high quantity of 56639.9 quintals in an area of 290 hectares generating

amount about NRs 31 crores. Other vegetables make about 117288 quintals generating income

of about NRs 55 crores.

Fruits are produced least at the municipality and the variety of fruit crops is limited and seasonal.

Only winter fruits are produced in quantity of about 2313 quintals making NRs 1.3 crores.

Therefore, from above data we can forecast that agriculture as a foremost asset for income

generation at Changunarayan Municipality. Cereal crops and vegetable crops can help to generate

huge amount of income via export. Hence, implementation of modern agricultural techniques can

further help in boosting income generation and economic development of municipality.

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Table No 28: Percentage of Crops

Agricultural Crops Percentage (%)

Paddy 19.51

Maize 7.86

Millet 0.12

Wheat 11.23

Pulses 0.31

Spice Crops 0.24

Vegetable Crops 59.93

Fruits 0.80

Source: MoAD (Statistics on Nepali Agriculture 2017/2018) and Field Survey 2075

The above table shows the percentage of crops produced at Changunarayan municipality.

Vegetable crops are the highest percentage crops produced at the municipality with 59.93% while

the least produced crops are millet (0.12%). Then cereal crops are second most produced crops

which makes about 38%. Among cereal crops, paddy covers the highest production with 19.51

%. And among vegetable crops, Potato alone contributes to 19.6 % of total crops. As, spices are

highly valued crops but it makes only 0.24 % of crops. Thus, modern irrigation facilities and new

agro-based techniques can help municipality to expand the agricultural productivity of the crops.

Hence, paddy, potato and other vegetable crops alone are the foremost crops for income

generation at the municipality. Pulses, fruits and spices comprises least percentage to the total

crops at the municipality. Therefore, modern agricultural techniques emphasizing mainly in

paddy, spices and vegetables can be a great advantage in terms of boosting production and

exporting at the municipalities.

Figure No 12: Paddy Cultivation at

Changunarayan Figure No 11: Agriculture at Changunarayan

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4.4.2 Livestock

Changunarayan has also managed its economic growth through animal husbandry. There are

poultry farm, Milk dairy, cow goat farm in many areas of the municipality. Facility of different

road linkage makes easy for exporting product to nearby cities like Kathmandu.

Table No 29: Livestock Population

Livestock Population

Cattle 9001

Buffaloes 3336

Sheep 77

Goat 12180

Pigs 3245

Fowl 1003300

Duck 2399

Source: MoAD (Statistics on Nepali Agriculture 2017/2018) and Field Survey 2075

People at Changunarayan municipality are also engaged in animal farming and have managed to

earn adequate income from animal husbandry. Table 28 shows the population of livestock present

at Changunarayan. Fowl, Cattles, Goat and Buffaloes are live stocked at high numbers at the

municipality. For income generation cattle and buffaloes have played crucial role in milk

production at the municipality. Meat production of chickens, pigs are seen high at the

municipality.

Table No 30: Milk Production

S.N. Milking Cows No. Milking

buffaloes No.

Cow Milk

Produced (Metric

tons)

Buffalo

Milk

(Metric

tons)

Total

Milk

Produced

(Metric

tons)

1 1296 918 1578 2323 3901

Source: MoAD (Statistics on Nepali Agriculture 2017/2018)

Milk production is one of the major productions from animal farming at the municipality. Table

69 shows the quantity milk production done at Changunarayan municipality. There are altogether

1296 milk giving cows and 918 buffaloes. The quantity of cow milk produced is 1578 metric tons

whereas that of buffalo is 2323 metric tons. Thus, total 3901 metric tons milk production is done

at the Changunarayan municipality which are used for purpose of making yoghurt, cheese and

also for exporting. Therefore, modern milk production techniques and expansion of animal farms,

dairies can certainly uplift the economic development of the municipality.

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Table No 31: Meat Production

S.N. Meat Category Total Meat Produced (Metric tons)

1 Buff 412

2 Mutton 2.7

3 Chevon 78

4 Pork 84

5 Chicken 332

6 Duck Meat 1.14

Total 910

Source: MoAD (Statistics on Nepali Agriculture 2017/2018) and Field Survey 2075

The above table shows the meat production status

of the municipality. Total of 910 metric tons meat

are produced at the municipality. Among which,

Buff, pork and chicken meats are produced at

larger quantities of about 412, 84 and 332 metric

tons respectively. Then, Chevon meat is produced

at quantity of 78 metric tons. Duck and mutton are

the least produced meats at the municipality.

Hence, the municipality has adequate meat

productivity and thus, should expand the export as

the demand is high at neighbouring Lalitpur

municipality. Therefore, meat production can also

be core assets for income generation at the municipality and certainly enhancing the export to

other municipalities.

Table No 32: Types of Farm

S.N. Name Type Ward

1 Galfu Binayak Dairy Pvt.Ltd Milk Suppliers 2

2 Shree Tripura Sundari Poultry Farm Poultry Farm 2

3 Kamala Poultry Farm Poultry Farm 2

4 Kuldevta Poultry Farm Poultry Farm 2

5 Suneel Rabbits Farm Animal Farm 2

6 Anmol Poultry Farm Poultry Farm 2

7 Rashkin Mushroom Farm Agro-Farm 2

8 Manakamana Dairy Milk Suppliers 5

9 Kuntidevi Agro Farm Pvt.Ltd Agro-Farm 5

10 P.R.S Agro Farm House Agro-Farm 7

11 Khatri Poultry Breeding Farm Poultry Farm 9

Figure No 13: Goat farm

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S.N. Name Type Ward

12 Saroj Poultry Farm Poultry Farm 8

13 Changunarayan Boer Goat Farm and

Research Center Animal Farm 8

Source: Digitized Satellite Image and Field Survey 2075

Agricultural and animal farms are the farm types present at Changunarayan municipality. Most

of the farms are poultry farms due to which there is huge farming of chickens for egg and meat

production. Agro-farm are limited at the municipality and are only at specific places. With

increasing production of agro-based products, the municipality should expand the agro-farms to

boost the agro-based production at the municipality.

Since, there is proper income generation from milk production and also from meat production of

pork, etc. Thus, the municipality should further add up more cattle farms and animal farms to

make major economic growth from livestock farming.

4.4.3 Mining

Municipality has enhanced the economic growth through

stone and sand mining. There are many stone and sand

crushers functioning in the Changunarayan Municipality.

These resources are exported to Kathmandu and other

areas of valley.

4.4.4 Industry

There are large, medium and small-scale industries in

Changunarayan municipality. Mainly, brick industry,

furniture, rice mill, steel, metal, crushers etc. are main

industries operated in the municipality. Municipality area

has been dominated by brick industry. There are all total

50 brick industry where more than 10,000 people works every day. Each brick industry makes

average annual income of 3.0 million each year.

Except brick industry, other industries are not operated in commercial scale.

Table No 33: Types of Industries

S.N. Name Type of Manufacture Ward

1 Tripura Sundari Brick Factory Bricks

2 Qmed Formulation Pvt.Ltd Pharmaceutical Company 5

3 Gorkha Precast and Windor Pvt.Ltd Concrete 3

4 Suwal Brick and Co Ltd. Bricks 3

5 Eco Brick Company Bricks 7

6 Siddhi Ganesh Dana Udhyog Agro-products 8

7 Khuwa Udhyog Milk Products 9

8 Kanchan Flour Mill Flour Mill 8

Figure No 14: Sand and Soil Mining near

Manohara River

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S.N. Name Type of Manufacture Ward

9 Radha Krishna Agro Seed 9

10 Shikhar Deep Food Industries Pvt.Ltd. Food 5

11 Champak Rice Mill Rice Mill 5

Source: Digitized Satellite Image and Field Survey 2075

The increasing urbanization and loss of farmlands has

seen many people switching from agriculture to non-

farm occupations such as working in brick kilns. The

brick industries at Changunarayan has provided many

employment opportunities to the local households. Other

industries are cottage industries like Mills, etc.

Therefore, the municipality should expand the industries

with growing urbanization trend and allocate special

zones for operating high-scale industries.

4.4.5 Business and Sales

Business and sales indicates the economic growth of a

ward at the municipality. The good road access to Bhaktapur and other municipalities via

Sallaghari-Changunarayan and Nagarkot feeder roads have led to construction of many hotels

and restaurants and the development of local market places such as Rakshya Tole,

Changunarayan, Kharipati etc. Most local businesspersons are small entrepreneurs with limited

investment capacity.

Table No 34: Types of Business and Sales

Business

details

/Ward

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total %

Small shop 72 90 69 57 84 49 104 105 75 705 28.3

Medical shop 1 5 6 1 2 0 4 3 3 25 1.0

Stationery 2 7 12 0 3 2 6 5 3 40 1.6

Hardware 4 8 2 3 4 1 2 6 2 32 1.3

Poultry farming 25 60 24 126 59 16 37 74 52 473 19.0

Sheep farming 7 33 40 77 83 2 25 105 68 440 17.7

Animal

Husbandry 28 47 117 54 87 3 154 179 106 775 31.1

Total 139 250 270 318 322 73 332 477 309 2490 100.0

% 5.6 10.0 10.8 12.8 12.9 2.9 13.3 19.2 12.4 100.0

Source: Changunarayan Municipality Profile of 2074 BS

Figure No 15: Sand and Soil Mining near

Manohara River

Main Report: Integrated Urban Development Plan (IUDP) of Changunarayan Municipality

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Animal husbandry is the most common business carried

out at the municipality with 31.1 % and then business

related to small shops are also highly found with 28.3

%. People at Changunarayan municipality are mainly

investing in agriculture and livestock related business.

Milk business, egg production and meat production are

the major business of animal farming.

The types of business related to hardware, hotels and

resorts, restaurants, etc. are shown as:

As a major touristic place of Bhaktapur, Hotels and Restaurants are growing at the municipality.

Most of earnings from these sources are obtained in greater percentage as compared to other

businesses like hardware store, etc. As most of areas are still in developing phase, private firms

and consultancies is present in few numbers. Hence, municipality should make procedures for

constructing engineering consultancies and private firms to make economic progress and

certainly develop its own manpower and skills. Therefore, the municipality should further add up

more hotels and lodges so as to make tourism sector a leading factor for economic development.

4.4.6 Import and Export

Mainly the basic materials like food, clothing are imported by the municipality. This municipality

mainly exports milk products, seasonally vegetables like Cauliflower, potato and fruits etc.

Table No 35: Quantity of Export

Imported/Exported Products Annual Exported Quantity

(Quintals)

Total amount obtained from

Export (NRs)

Agricultural, livestock exported 2,20,105 22,74,00,000

Source: Municipality Field Survey 2075

The municipality generates NRs 22.7 crores from the export of agricultural and livestock to other

municipalities. The goods are exported Lalitpur, Bhaktapur and Kathmandu via Sallaghari and

Nagarkot feeder roads. Therefore, the exports of agro-based products, milk products, etc. can

certainly help to uplift the economy of the municipality. Hence, the municipality should build up

new links with other districts so as to make larger number of exports.

4.4.7 Commercial

Commerce refers to the exchange of goods, services or something of value, between businesses

or entities. The money movement at this municipality is done via co-operatives, finances and

banks.

Rakshya tole, Changunarayan areas are highly commercial area of Changunarayan municipality.

Kharipati and Rakshya tole exports all goods and basic materials throughout the municipality.

Many cooperatives, banking institutions, NGOs are running in the municipality.

Figure No 16: Hotel Hiking

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Table No 36: Types of Existing Cooperatives

S.N. Name Ward

1 Manohara Bachat Tatha Rin Sahakari 1

2 Tathali Saving and Credit Co-operative Ltd. 9

3 Shree Ban Bachat Tatha Shran Sahakari Sanstha 5

4 Jhajhalko Saving and Credit 5

5 Nirdhan Utthan Laghu Bittiya Sanstha Ltd. 5

6 Grameen Bikash Laghu Bittiya Sanstha Ltd. 5

7 Chhinnamasta Women Saving and Credit Cooperative Ltd. 4

8 Muhan Ganesh Saving and Credit Ltd. 7

9 Yuwa Bachat Savings and Credit 7

Source: Digitized Satellite Image and Field Survey 2075

Agricultural and multi-purpose, etc. co-operatives are under operation at the municipality. People

are seen to invest their income from agriculture, business, etc. at co-operatives present in their

ward. These co-operatives also include the scheme to provide loans for the people. Therefore, the

municipality should expand the services of co-operatives to meet the urban planning norms and

standards.

Table No 37: List of Existing Banks

S.N. Name Ward

1 NIC Asia Bank 2

2 Swabalamban Laghubitta Bikash Bank 6

3 Citizen Bank Bhaktapur Chaling BLB 6

4 Subha Labha Saccos 5

5 Bank of Kathmandu, ATM 1

Source: Digitized Satellite Image and Field Survey 2075

The above tables show the types of bank present at the municipality. Banks and financial

institutions are the indicators of development and economy. There is limited banking institution

in Changunarayan municipality. The banks have not yet started investing in the infrastructures

and other development activities. Banks are not interested to finance in sector with greater

possibility of economic development in the municipality.

4.5 Financial Analysis

4.5.1 Income and Expenditure of Municipality

The sources of income of municipality includes local sources, external sources such as sectoral

agencies, IGFT (Inter-Governmental Fiscal Transfer). Local sources are classified into local

taxes, user charges and benefits; and other such as license fees, penalties etc. Constitution of

Main Report: Integrated Urban Development Plan (IUDP) of Changunarayan Municipality

61

Nepal 2015 has empowered municipalities to impose different types of local taxes—land revenue,

and house and land tax; rent tax; enterprise tax; vehicle tax; property tax; entertainment tax;

advertisement tax and charges for the urban services parking, electricity, water, water tape, public

telephone, waste management services. Moreover, it has empowered them to impose different

types of fees such as recommendation fee, approval fee, property valuation fee, building

permission fee etc. and penalties. External sources are classified mainly into government grant

and borrowing. Generally, the municipalities have received administrative grant and development

grant from the Government of Nepal. Most of the municipalities have managed their expenditure

by external and internal sources of income/revenue. As of municipality record, land tax, house

tax, enterprise tax, vehicle tax, property tax, house design and registration fee, entertainment and

advertisement tax, and other utilities tax are main sources of revenue. Among others, Integrated

Property Tax, Business tax, building’s map approval fee, certificate/proof issue fee, and other

rent tax are potential sources of revenue in Changunarayan municipality.

Municipal expenditure can be breakdown into five categories—current expenditure, debt

repayment, social programme, ordinary capital, and capital investment. Current expenditure

includes salaries, allowances, travel and per diem, services, rent, repairs and maintenance, office

supplies, newspaper, fuel, cloth/food allowance, other materials, health supplies, fodder for

captive animal, financial assistance/donation, contingencies and ward administration expenses.

Generally, these are known as an administrative expense. Social programme component includes

the expenditure for education, health, forestry, cultural/sports, disaster relief, financial assistance,

and miscellaneous expenses. Ordinary capital component is composed of all types of expenditure

in connection to the purchase of furniture, vehicle, machinery and equipment. The capital

investment includes the land and building cost, municipal level project cost, and other

development/construction cost (MLD and GTZ/udle 2000). This is the only expenditure related

to the urban infrastructure development. The following tables shows the income and expenditure

of Changunarayan municipality:

Table No 38: Income and Expenditure 2074/075

2074/2075 Income 2074/2075 Expenditure

Internal Income and other 10,98,70,000.00 Current 52,90,00,000.00

Other aid and balance 181392000.00 Development

and other 65,97,58,000.00

Government aid 397496000.00

Total 68,87,58,000.00 Total 68,87,58,000.00

Source: Changunarayanmun.gov.np (Budget and program)

Main Report: Integrated Urban Development Plan (IUDP) of Changunarayan Municipality

62

Chart No 13: Financial Source of Municipality

From the above table, it can be derived that the main source of finance of Changunarayan is

Government aid which is 58% of total income, whereas internal income is only 16% and province

Aid is 26%.

Table No 39: Income and Expenditure 2075/076

2075/2076 Income 2075/2076 Expenditure

Internal Income and other 392,945,000.00 Current 550,879,000.00

Other aid and balance 101034000 Development and

other 412,000,000.00

Government aid 468900000

Total 962,879,000.00 Total 962,879,000.00

Source: Changunarayanmun.gov.np (Budget and program)

According to the above table, we have compared two-year municipal budget with minimum

distribution municipality administration expenditure of the total budget. But the source of income

is very little from municipality revenue. Development program depends on mostly external

source.

Budget Projection

National Urban Development Strategy (NUDS) 2015 has assessed existing conditions of

infrastructure, environment, economy and governance system of the municipalities in Nepal; and

identified prioritized strategic initiatives for investment in infrastructure. It has highlighted the

deficiency of urban infrastructures in terms of water supply, sanitation, solid waste management,

housing, transport and energy; and has also projected of financing need of the municipal

infrastructure projects. NUDS have realized that municipalities are suffering from various

constraints in developing urban infrastructure of which low revenue efforts, limited transfers from

the central government, and capacity constraints to mobilize alternative financing sources are

prominent. To meet the infrastructure deficit in the municipalities, huge investment is required

and municipalities have need to explore their own sources as well.

16%

26%58%

Source of Municipality

Internal Income and other Other aid and balance

Government aid

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63

Constitution of Nepal 2015, has also provisioned to increase revenue through raise taxes, service

charges and fees as given in the Annex 8 of the Constitution. Registration Fee-Land & House,

property tax, house rent tax, land tax/land revenue, business tax, vehicle tax, entertainment tax,

advertisement tax, tourism fee, service charge, penalties/fines are some of the sources of increase

revenue in the local bodies.

As an above discussion, Changunarayan municipality has need to increase their own sources of

revenue to meet the demands of municipal infrastructure. The internal revenue of municipality is

only sufficient for running the administration works. The municipality hugely depends on IGFT

for carrying out major developmental activities. Therefore, the income generation of the

municipality alone is not sufficient for carrying out developmental procedures. As the

municipality has huge potentiality of collection internal revenue from the tax, fee, and services

sectors. Therefore, in this study, it is assumed that 12% revenue will be increased annually in the

municipality.

Table No 40: 15 yrs Budget Projection

Year Budget Year Budget

2019 962879000 2028 2670139301

2020 1078424480 2029 2990556017

2021 1207835418 2030 3349422739

2022 1352775668 2031 3751353468

2023 1515108748 2032 4201515884

2024 1696921798 2033 4705697790

2025 1900552413 2034 5270381525

2026 2128618703 2035 5902827308

2027 2384052947

Chart No 14: 15 yrs Budget Projection

On the basis of annual average budget of 18 municipalities, 12% growth is seen in budget of the

municipality. Hence, based on 12 % annual growth the projection of budget at 2035 is tallied.

Around NRs 5.9 Arabs for current and capital expenditures are estimated to fulfil the expenditures

96

28

79

00

0

10

78

42

44

80

12

07

83

54

18

13

52

77

56

68

15

15

10

87

48

16

96

92

17

98

19

00

55

24

13

21

28

61

87

03

23

84

05

29

47

26

70

13

93

01

29

90

55

60

17

33

49

42

27

39

37

51

35

34

68

42

01

51

58

84

47

05

69

77

90

52

70

38

15

25

59

02

82

73

08

0

1E+09

2E+09

3E+09

4E+09

5E+09

6E+09

7E+09

2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032 2034 2036

Budget

Main Report: Integrated Urban Development Plan (IUDP) of Changunarayan Municipality

64

of proposed 15 yrs developmental plans. And if the expenditure of capital alone reaches 5.9 Arabs

then there is deficit of budget for multi-sector developmental plan.

Financial Investment Analysis

The land will reveal income potential and financing sources including expenditure from local

bodies, and possible investments from other line agencies private sectors/FDI etc.

4.6 Institutional Analysis

The analysis has clearly disclosed coordination mechanism, capacity building and tole and

responsibility of stakeholders involved in the town development process, governance situation,

and enable channelizing the resources implement the plan.

Municipality is a local government with substantial authority granted through constitution of

Nepal. After the recent government reform, new governing structure is formed with 8 Department

and each department has several branches. It is the newly formed municipality so it hasn't been

set-up with good institutional framework at various departments like administration, technical,

financial administration etc. Since it is declared recently it is yet to get into full shape with

required technical staffs and administrative staffs.

Ward service and stability are not set up yet. Municipality has an office building which is

insufficient and major offices are running from this building. For the institutional capacity

development, various programs are being conducted according to present Acts, Rules and

Directives. For the capacity development of the government staffs, Municipality has conducted

workshop onto expand the abilities in organizational structure and methodology, process

performance, human resource development, information management system, financial

management, and the coordination, development and extension of public relation sectors of

Municipality.

In upcoming years, various sustainable planning like drinking water and sanitation, forest

management, disaster-risk management and children friendly program will be conducted.

Changunarayan municipality is led by 1 Mayor, 1 Deputy Mayor and 9 Ward Chief’s at the

respective wards of the municipality. Since, it is newly formed municipality so it hasn't been set-

up with good institutional framework at various departments like technical, financial

administration etc. There are altogether 60 staffs including workers at the various section of the

municipality. There is limited number of staff at Planning and Information section.

The municipal office has adequate number of engineers and the workload are easily handled by

available technical human resources. Also, there are adequate number of engineers at Earthquake

reconstruction branch. Women are also given equal opportunities at most of the section of the

municipality works. The description of staff at respective section of the municipality are as:

Table No 41: Required Human Resources for Municipality Level

S.N. Designation Section Existing Required

1 Assistant Chief Administration 2 -

2 Revenue Assistant Revenue - 2

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S.N. Designation Section Existing Required

3 Information technology sub-

officer

Information

Technology - 1

4 Engineer Technical Branch 3 -

5 Sub-Engineer Technical Branch 2 -

6 Surveyor Technical Branch 2 1

Table No 42: Required Human Resources Ward-Wise

S.N. Designation Section Existing Required

1 Chief Administrative

Officer Administration 1

2 Engineer Earthquake

reconstruction 1 -

4 Sub-Engineer Earthquake

reconstruction 1 -

2 Overseer Technical - 1

3 Helper - 1

4.7 Linkage Analysis

4.7.1 Linkage Analysis at Regional Level

For the longer period of time, municipality is dependent on Kathmandu to import their local

market goods. Being market center, Changunarayan also exports goods to nearby local market

centers. Further, Municipality is developing as a New town which is linked by good road

connectivity to the Kathmandu and hence is more dependent on it for import of goods as it is a

bigger market centre. Apart from regular grocery and other products, Municipality imports fancy

clothing items from Kathmandu etc.

Chart No 15: Linkage at Regional Level

The central government is also investing to develop the infrastructures such as hospitals,

agriculture college, urban settlements, conservation of religious heritage and others

infrastructures. The current development attracts people from the vicinity areas for their better

living and opportunities. Thus, the municipality has great importance for the regional

development including Kathmandu Valley. The regional level linkage has been shown on Map

No.IL02, (Volume III, Thematic Maps).

Changunarayan Municipality Kathmandu, Lalitpur

Bhaktapur

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There is very strong linkage of Changunarayan with the neighboring settlements like Kageshowri,

Mandandeupur, Madyapur Thimi, Bhaktapur etc. The neighboring settlements are located within

25-30 km distance and most of the settlements are not well connected with motorable roads. The

people of the neighboring settlements come to the market centres like Duwakot, Sarshowtikhel

etc. for the purpose of education, health, business and markets.

Relation and coordination of Changunarayan municipality with its surrounding municipalities

have been shown in the chart below

Chart No 16: Local Level Interrelationship

The above chart clearly illustrates that Changunarayan has a strong relationship with its

neighbouring municipalities in terms of education, health, religious culture, tourism and business.

Facilitated with Kathmandu Valley outer ring road including a number of infrastructures for

health and education, the municipality is expected to achieve better contribution in the economic

and overall development at present and in the coming future.

Municipality needs to administer inter-municipal relation with priority of speeding up

development activities in and outside municipality by increasing coordination, cooperation and

collaboration with neighbouring municipality with an objective of maximizing uses of spatial

characteristics and comparative advantage.

4.8 SWOT Analysis

SWOT refers to strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. SWOT analysis is a process

where the management team identifies the internal and external factors that will affect the city’s

future performance. It specifies the objectives of the project and identify the internal and external

factors that are favourable and unfavourable to achieving those objectives.

The acronym of SWOT is:

Strengths: refers to an advantage over others of the planning/project

Weaknesses: refers to address disadvantages relative to others

Opportunities: factors in the environment that the planning project could exploit to its

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advantage; and

Threats: factors in the environment that could cause trouble for the project/planning

formulation and implementation

The municipality’s strengths and weaknesses are the internal factors and opportunity and threat

are external factors. Analysis may view the internal factors as strengths or as weaknesses

depending upon their effect on the organization's objectives. What may represent strengths with

respect to one objective may be weaknesses (distractions, competition) for another objective. The

factors may include personnel, finance, delivering capabilities, and so on. The external factors

may include macroeconomic matters, technological change, legislation, and sociocultural

changes. This analysis reveals that potentiality of the municipality based on its strength, and

opportunities. The analysis has also revealed the weaker side of the municipality which tends to

pose threat to the future development of the municipality. Development Potentials, constraints

and disaster risks has been incorporated in this analysis.

Table No 43: Over All SWOT

Strength

Agro based population – 44.6%

Agricultural land – 56.98%

Crop – 290218.4 quintal (2017/2018)

Production (Major cash crop)

Feeder Road are linked with Araniko Highway-

(Settlement growth along the Sallaghari-Dwakot-

Sangdaha sadak, Pikhel-Chhaling-Telkot Sadak,

Changunarayan Road and Bhaktapur-Nala Road.)

Very close proximity to the capital city (Kathmandu)

and Bhaktapur.

Changunarayan temple (Heritage Site).

Muhan Pokhari/Historical places.

Nagarkot and Trishuld Danda.

Strong connection of roads (to the central area) from

all the wards.

Adequate Health institutions (i.e Health post).

Water Resources (Sali Nadi and Manohara Khola)

Security institution (police and army training camp).

Adequate schools in all ward

Around 24.63% forest area.

More than 50 numbers of Brick industries.

River passes Linearly with the Municipal Area (for

efficient sewage and water body and greenery).

Weakness

Traditional way of cultivation.

Around 50% land is out of proper irrigation

system.

Inadequate Agro based collection center and cold

store.

Major link roads are seasonal (to the agricultural

land/Inadequate)

Improper/inadequate tourism infrastructures and

services (Hotel, Home stay, recreation, etc).

Unequipped Health Institutions/Poor

infrastructures and skilled man power.

Not integrated drinking water pipe connection

(Metered connection).

Not proper distribution and Challenge the

securities/security post in ward level.

Poor educational infrastructures (in lower

secondary schools) and insufficient trained

teaching Professionals.

Haphazard growth (settlement growth

aligned/concentrated) mostly on along Feeder

and District road (improper planning).

Opportunity

Huge potential for agro based economy flourishment

(Employment generation, agro based industries,

infrastructures development, advance farming, capital

investment, etc).

Promotion of residential government schools.

Primary Hospital with basic facilities like Healing

center (birthing center, trauma center, etc. Cantering

Kharipati, Saraswatikhel area too).

Exploring development of Mine, Brick industries and

urban greenery.

Threat

Decrease in Agricultural land (eg Saraswatikhel,

Jheukhel, Saudol and Challing etc) with the

development.

Loss of indigenous culture.

Over use of pesticides

Management from municipal level of markets for

agro-products

Lack of capital Investment

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Planned development (settlement expansion,

commercial development, etc).

Nagarkot (Potencial Tourist Area)

Sectoral SWOT (Lead sectors)

A) Agriculture & Livestock

Strength

56.98% at the municipality is agricultural land which

is highly cultivable and fertile.

Most of agricultural roads are linked with Araniko

highway through Feeder road e.g. Changunarayan,

Saraswatikhel, Chhaling and Saudol (export of

agricultural products).

Annual production of 112381.71 quintals of Cereal

crops at the municipality.

Higher yield of Vegetable Crops which has annual

production of 56639.9 quintals.

Milk export of 3901Metric tons to Kathmandu Valley

and Bhaktapur.

Communal farmers are in possession of an average 7-

10 cattle which they could use for socio-economic

purposes.

Weakness

No modern irrigation system. (Drip irrigation

system, canals and pipelines at

Changunarayan, Kharipati, Chhaling and

Saudal)

Seasonal agricultural roads

Insufficient agro-products collection and

distribution centers.

Absence of agro based technical school

Agriculture market are fragmented, seasonal

road,

lack of cold store

Traditional way of cultivation

Insufficient milk collection centre and dairies

Indigenous farming system and insufficient

veterinary centres

Low productive local breed cattle.

Opportunity

Implementation of Modern (Drip) irrigation system at

Changunarayan, Saraswatikhel, Kharipati and

Chhaling.

Possibility of collaboration with Road board for

upgradation of SRN

Prime Minister Agriculture Modernisation Project

development of one production pocket area in all local

levels on the basis of potentiality of crops will be

ensured (rice or Vegetable Crops)

Government plan to set up 78 wholesale agriculture

markets throughout Nepal.

Opportunity for the establishment of various food

factories like cheese factories, etc.

Threat

Drip irrigation system is expensive which

requires reservoirs, agriculture engineer

Hard terrain for road construction and

expansion

Over use of pesticides

Insufficient of capital Investment

Cattle’s are prone to various epidemics

causing drastic reduction in the milk and meat

production.

B) Trade /Economic

Strength

Presence of 50 brick industry at Kharipati

Telkot market center along Pikhel-Chhaling-Telkot

Sadak.

Presence of other markets like Fullbari Village,

Saraswatikhel and Telkot.

Haat bazar for local transaction at

Kharipati,Duwakot,Lattedanda and Changunarayan.

Weakness

Absence of proper road connectivity

(All seasonal roads).

Opportunity

Municipality can capture increase internal revenue

from haat bazzar/cold store.

Threat

Dhulikhel and Bhaktapur hindering the market

centers of Changunarayan.

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C) Tourism

Strength

Changunarayan old Heritage Site at ward 4 (Major

tourism area of Changunarayan Municipality).

Internal tourism attraction of Trishuld Danda (Ward 5),

Lattedanda (Ward 6) Muhan Pokhari and Bojeene

(Ward 7).

Hiking routes/trails to places like Nagarkot View Tower

and Trishuld Danda.

Hiking from Bhaktapur to Changunarayan Temple.

Good internal tourism due to large number of religious

spots with 57 no.

Availability of Homestay (eg: Changunarayan

Lattedanda and Dwakot).

Weakness

Not enough trained tourist guides for

emphasizing local culture and heritage to the

tourist.

unable to preserve/ conserve old heritage and

religious sites

Minimum advertisements or dissemination of

tourism areas.

Less of knowledge about tourism business.

Absence of tourist information centre.

Improper knowledge about the benefits from

the tourism to local people.

Opportunity

High possibility of religious tourism.

Possibility of religious tourism at Thuli Bramhayani

Temple at ward 8.

Changunarayan is listed in top old Heritage site is a great

opportunity for economic development.

Opportunity to establish adventurous sports like zipline.

Linked with famous tourism areas like Nagarkot.

Threat

Problem of increase in solid waste and

pollution without proper solid waste

management in place.

Impact on indigenous culture and society due to

incoming of tourists

D) Physical Infrastructure

Road and Transportation

Strength

Feeder roads are linked with Araniko Highway.

Road tracks opened in all major settlements of all wards

Urban/rural linkage and connectivity

Linkage with Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Dhukhel.

Direct transportation to Bhaktapur, Dhulikhel, and

Kathmandu valley.

Weakness

Shortage of designated parking spaces in major

markets like Telkot, Changunarayan and

Duwakot.)

Inadequate road width in other areas (except

tamaghat)

No pedestrian lanes in roads

Most of the urban-rural connectivity roads are

earthen (Seasonal Roads)

Insufficient local transportation for public

Unmanaged vehicle stands, stations and no bus

park

Unmanaged drainage system

Opportunity

Good interconnection for import and export (From/To

Bhaktapur and Kathmandu)

Good Terrain slope for drainage provision

Market place are boomed because of linkage with

national highway (Duwakot, Telkot, Kharipati,

Changunarayan) increasing economic activities

Easy transportation of Agriculture product to main

market center

Management of road tracks can lead to increase market

access of agricultural products

Threat

Road expansion becomes expensive due to

geographical terrain (slope).

ROW issue in different market places (Telkot,

Changuand Fullbari Village etc)

Investment in construction & maintenance of

road in rural areas are higher compare to long

term return

Road expansion may cause high risk of

landslide at sloping terrains.

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Water Supply

Strength

42.1% rely on piped water-supply

Abundant water source in the form natural springs and

Groundwater and Deep Boring Kuleopokhari Boring,

Dwakot Boring and Water Collection Source near

Kharipati .

Weakness

No practice of water saving schemes like in

house water tanks in household levels of rural

areas where there is individual pipeline.

Direct supply from the source without

purification technologies

Large percentage around 36% of households

still deprived from the access to piped water

Opportunity

Natural Spring source can be preserved ..

Healthy urban roads with adequate stops/side parks.

Threat

Improper plan and distribution of water supply

systems due to unallocated investments.

Risk of water Borne diseases.

Sewerage System

Strength

87% of HH has provision of toilet (ordinary/flush)

Sludge management by individual at HH level

Weakness

No regulation under practice before disposal

of sludge in field.

Absence of public toilets at bazar area

Opportunity

Promotion of Bio gas

Septic of sludge before using in agricultural field.

Threat

Direct disposal may lead to soil and air borne

disease

Solid Waste Management

Strength

H/H collection at Duwakot, Kharipati Chagunarayan

and Saudol by tractor once a week

Management of solid waste at HH level in rural area of

municipality.

Weakness

No segregation of waste at HH level and

before disposal

No regulation for separating hospital waste

and building debris

Waste currently dump waste in forest area

Opportunity

Municipality planning to develop sanitary land fill site

at Ward 4.

Threat

Maintenance and operation- challenge for

municipality with current financial and

technical capacity

E) Social Infrastructure

Education

Strength

73% literacy rate

45 educational institutions

Even distribution of primary and secondary schools at

all wards

Three multiple campus providing Bachelor level

education (Janakpur Engineering College, Kathmandu

Medical College and Nepal Engineering College).

Weakness

Poor and insufficient infrastructures

Traditional recital teaching practices in

government schools

Absence of technical education institutes

Lower percentage of female literacy

Uneven spatial distribution.

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Governmental policies for establishment of technical

education institutions

Opportunity

Development of technical human resources

Development of university/post graduate.

Streamline resources and focus on quality teachers.

Education qualified improvement programs included

each year in Annual policy and budget of municipality

Implementation of additional practical courses for

improving education standards.

Threat

Competition from schools of Dhulikhel and

Namobuddha municipalities.

Out Migration in search of higher education

leads to absence of capable youth manpower,

brain drain in municipality

Reduced student enrolment rate.

Movement of teachers for better opportunities

at Bhaktapur, Kathmandu etc. areas.

Drop-out rate

Health

Strength

Adequate Health institutions (Health posts Hospital

and Health Center).

Easy access to almost all medical facilities at KMC.

Weakness

Absence of specialized/primary hospitals 5/25

beds.

Very low percentage of population with health

insurance

Absence of 24 hrs. health services.

Unskilled manpower.

Opportunity

Governmental policies for establishment of municipal

hospital in each municipality and urban health center

in each ward.

Affiliation with Dhulikhel hospital and arrangement

for periodic visits of its clinical experts.

Opportunity of co-ordination with NGO, Red Cross

Society.

Initiative for converting primary health to hospital.

Construction of Bir Hospital at Fullbari Village with

specialized services, staffs, doctors and equipment’s.

Threat

High dependency on Bhaktapur, Dhulikhel

and Kathmandu might decline the

sustainability of health posts/hospitals.

Staffs, Doctors moving for better opportunity

at hospitals of neighbouring municipality

Bhaktapur and Kathmandu.

Social welfare and Security

Strength

Provision of social security allowance

4 Army Camp and 3 Police Station.

Weakness

Demand of increasing population does not

meet basic facilities.

Absence of war level proper security.

Opportunity

Smart security management

Development of security bodies for tourists

Threat

Connected to the highway

Huge risk of violence and theft at wards

situated very far from police bit.

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4.9 Demand Analysis of Infrastructures

The forecast of population reveals increase in city size. With development period, the city will

expand rapidly, thus escalating the demand in many urban services like water supply, solid waste

management, housing plots and road. To address these issues, the municipality has to plan

accordingly considering infrastructures large enough to cater future demand. The IUDP is

expected to accommodate the prerequisites of the growing population and the mandatory

infrastructures needed planning likewise.

Demand analysis is performed for the coming years and a supply forecast is attained based on the

“Urban planning norms and standards 2015.” Keeping under consideration the available

existing resources and amenities, a gap is identified for the deficit facilities from the supply

forecast for forthcoming years and projects/programs are formulated.

4.9.1 Physical Infrastructure Demand Analysis

An analysis is done based on “Urban planning norms and standards 2015” for achieving the

standard of city of Nepal and the forecasted scarcity in physical infrastructure is explicit in the

following table.

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Table No 44: Physical Infrastructure Demand Analysis

Types Norms Standards Existing

Infrastructure

Supply

Forecast 2035 Deficit Remarks

Road

5 km/sq.km. ROW Set-

back Footpath

Cycle

Track 5.31 km/sq.km 5km/sq.km - 5km/sq.km achieved

Express way,

Arterial, Sub

Arterial, Collector

street and Local

Street

Express-

way

Arterial 50 1 2 2 334.33km 0 Plan new and Upgrade

road network

All or 90% of

household are

within 1 km from

motor able road

Sub

Arterial 30 1 2 1.5

19.86 % Black

top 100% Black top 80.14%

Make 281.84kmroad

black top

Collector 20 1 2 1.5

Local 10 1 2 -

Water Supply

System (with

storage and

treatment facilities)

80% household

have Metered

house connection

and distribution

treatment plant.

Quantity: 80-100 lpcd

Min. diameter of distribution pipe:80mm

10 million liter per day treatment capacity

80 lpcd 100lpcd 20lpcd Upgrade lifting water

sources and gravity flow

Elevated or

underground

storage reservoir

(24 hr)

Storage capacity: 25% of total treatment

capacity

No treatment

plant 2 2

Design treatment plant

(2ha per site)

Provision of Rain

water Harvesting

in public

buildings

Storage facility: 5 to 7 thousand Litres In some public

buildings Provision of rain water

Sanitation

(Sewerage System)

Full coverage by

public sewer

system (Septic

tanks)

Min diameter of trunk line: 200mm 0.01 ha –

0.02 ha per site 36km (system) 67.1 31.1 Design 31.1km sewer

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Types Norms Standards Existing

Infrastructure

Supply

Forecast 2035 Deficit Remarks

/ Storm water

drainage system)

Sewage Pumping

Station (SPS)

Treatment plant

(TP) 5 ha – 7 ha per site (2 TP)

No treatment

plant 3 nos. 3 nos. New Plan and Design

Provision of

public latrines

(male, female,

disabled)

1/2000 passer-by at a distance of 500m 0 5 5nos. New Plan and design

Integrated Solid

Waste Management

Collection Point

(0.3

kg/person/day)

Community collection/ Door-to-Door

collection.

0.18

kg/person/day

(30 ton)

0.10

kg/person/day

(42 ton)

-0,08

kg/person/day Reduce waste by 40%

Total

waste=Around

33 tons/day

1 collection point/container/ roadside pickup

point serves a radius of 200m

Each day

collection

Add dustbins on

roadside

Transfer Station

(TS)

1 Transfer Station for 1 city if the final disposal

is at distance of more than 10 km

0.15ha-.02ha per site

3ha-5ha if recycling platform, compost plant &

window composting etc. without buffer zone

-- 1 no. 1 no. Plan a new

Sanitary Landfill

Site (SLfS)

Only 30% of total waste generated should go to

landfill site. (remaining to be reduce, reuse and

recycle

Medium (> 25 and <500 tons per day)

A buffer of at least 100m needs to be provided

2 no 2 no. 0 Upgrade

Electricity

National grid

supply line and

Alternative

energy

Consumption of Electricity work out by 2KW

per HH

1 electricity substation of 11KV for population

of 15000.

Power access to 100% coverage.

95% 100% 5% Promote solar energy in

all building through bye

laws

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Types Norms Standards Existing

Infrastructure

Supply

Forecast 2035 Deficit Remarks

Electric Sub Station 66/33 KV: 3 ha per site

Transmission Tower: 80 - 100 sq. m Distribution

Tower: 20 - 25 sq. m

Alternative

Energy (panels,

battery 400AH)

Solar Home System 150-200 W Some Private

residence All buildings

Telecommunication

Landline / mobile

100 % coverage

1 Exchange with a capacity of 6500 line capacity

Telephone Exchange office (TEO: 0.02 ha per

site)

Telephone Transmission tower (3T) Area for

storage cum workshop for maintenance (ROW

5m)

80% 100% coverage 20% Addition of points

Public telephone

booth (TB)

Telephone Transmission tower (ROW: 5m)1 TB

per 5000 population at a distance of 2.5km along

the main road (Standard booth)

Not required due to

mobile services

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4.9.2 Social Infrastructure Demand Analysis

An analysis is done based on “Urban planning norms and standards 2015” for achieving the standard of Municipality of Nepal and the forecasted scarcity

in social infrastructure is explicit in the following table.

Table No 45: Social Infrastructure Demand

Types Norms Standards Existing Infrastructure Supply Forecast 2035 Deficit Remarks

Educational

Institution

Primary ( 1-5)

1 per 3000 population at a

distance of 0.4–0.8 km – 0.4

ha per site

Max. no of students:500

33 nos. 32 nos. 0 Merge and

Improvement.

Higher

Secondary upto

+2

1 per 7500 population at a

distance of 30min in public

transportation – 1.60 ha per

site

Max. no of students:1000

9nos. 13 nos. 4 Upgrade and new

construction is needed.

Graduate/Post

Graduate

1 per 25,000 population at a

distance of 45min in public

transportation– 4 ha per site

Max. no of students:1000-

1500

3 nos. 4 nos. 1 Upgrading needed.

University

1 per 40,000 population at a

distance of 1hr in public

transportation - 10 ha per site

1 no. 2no. 1no. Establish a university

Health

Institution

District Hospital

1 per 50000 population (25 –

50 beds) (1.3ha per site) 2 2 0 Upgrading of hospital

Primary health

care center

1 per 20000 population (5 –

15 beds) (0.25 ha per site) 3 4 1

Construction of new

health care center

Open Space 5% of total city

area

1@800 population (0,4 ha per

site) 1.71 sq.km 3.14 sq.km 1.43sq.km

Improve existing

government land

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Types Norms Standards Existing Infrastructure Supply Forecast 2035 Deficit Remarks

Neighbourhood

park (with play

equipment)

1@10000 population (1 ha

per site)

Local Park 1 @ 20000 population (2 ha

per site) 1 park in each ward 9 nos. New to be planned

Community Park 1 @ 10000 population (1.5 ha

per site) community forest 1 1 Design and improved

Library

Community level

1 per 10000 population (0.5ha

per site) 0 5 5

Identify location and

construct new

0 9 9 Plan for one in each

ward

National/Central 1 per 15000 population

(0.2 hectare per site) 7 7

Identify location and

construct new

Fire Station

City level (5 to 7

km radius) 100%

coverage

1 fire station @ 1,00,000

population (10,000 sq m per

site)

1 no. 1 Design a new one

Religious

Institution

Incineration

/cremation areas

Cemetery / Burial

Ground

1number

0.5 ha per site

In community forest and

river banks New electric incineration 2

Improvise

infrastructure, add

electric chamber

Museum/Art

Gallery City Level 1number 0.5 ha per site No gallery 1 no. 1

Design and

construction of

museum

Old age home,

orphanage,

centre for

differently able

people,

sanatorium

City and

community level

1 per 20,000 population (0.3

ha per site Not identified 5 no. 5 New to be designed

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Types Norms Standards Existing Infrastructure Supply Forecast 2035 Deficit Remarks

Police post 1 per 10,000 population (0.1

ha per site) 0 10 10

Design structure and

facility of bits

Security Police Station 1 per 40,000 population (0.5

ha per site) 3 3 0 Improvement

Exhibition

Centers City Level

1 per 50,000 population (4 ha

per site) No 2 nos. 2 nos. Plan and Design new

4.9.3 Economic Infrastructure Demand Analysis

An analysis is done based on “Urban planning norms and standards 2015” for achieving the standard of Municipality of Nepal and the forecasted scarcity

in economic infrastructure is explicit in the following table.

Table No 46: Economic Infrastructure Demand Analysis

Types Norms Standards Existing Infrastructure Supply Forecast 2035 Deficit Remarks

Hall City Hall

(Multipurpose)

1 per 100000 population

(0.2 ha per site) 0 1 no. 1 no.

Plan and design new

hall

Sports

Complexes

City Level (football

ground, volley ball,

swimming pool etc)

District Sports

Center

1 per 50000 population (1ha-

3ha per site)

1 per 100000(3 ha-19ha per

site)

1 no. 2 nos. 1 no. Plan for new

complexes.

Movie Hall City and local

levels

5 seats per 1000 population

(0.6sqm/person) 2 nos. 5 nos. with 200 capacity 3 nos. New to be planned

Vegetable

Market

Neighbourhood

level

1wholesale, 1 retail and 1

Slaughter house for 2

neighbourhood (0.5 ha per

site)

1 Neighbourhood = 6000

population

4 9 wholesale market

5 Wholesale

market

( Haat bazaar)

Identify locations and

design and plan for

new

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Types Norms Standards Existing Infrastructure Supply Forecast 2035 Deficit Remarks

Parking space

Public parking

(two/ three/four

wheeler)

1 parking lot for each

neighbourhood (0.04 ha per

site)

1 neighbourhood = 3000

population

Public parking in current bus-

stop and road sides

Identify locations and

design and plan for

new

Transportation

system

Intra City Bus

Terminal (Linking

with other cities)

along with urban

service centers/

motels/ gas stations

1 parking lot for 100 buses

and 100 trucks

(4ha per site)

1 bus stop for 20 buses 1 no. - Upgrade the bus park

Intercity bus

terminals (within

the city)

1 parking lot for 100

buses(2ha per site)

Airport National Airport Airport 134-227 hectares –

National Airport 0 0 Feasibility study

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4.10 Potential Lead Sector Identification

During a visionary workshop held on 22nd, 23rd, 24th and 25th of Shrawan 2076 at the

Municipality, various lead sectors were identified based on the database, its analysis and forecast.

For the identification of lead sector population, other indicators and its role has identified and

accordingly lead sector is prioritized in the case of Changunarayan municipality.

Agriculture

Agricultural land 56.98%

Agricultural based employment opportunity: 44.6 %

Direct linkage to biggest market of Nepal i.e. Kathmandu and Bhaktapur.

Modernization of Agriculture activities are in practice in last decade in municipality i.e.

Tunnel farming heavily developed in Jhaukhel area, Kharipati, Saraswotikhel area.

Table No 47: Crop Production

Agricultural Crops Quantity Produced (Quintals)

Cereal Crops 112381.71

Pulses 898.10

Oilseed 697.31

Vegetable Crops 56639.9

Fruits 173927.9

Total 290218.4

Source: MoAD (Statistics on Nepali Agriculture 2017/2018) and Field Survey 2075

The above table shows the statistics of Changunarayan municipality which indicates agriculture

as major factor for boosting economic development at the municipality.

The whole of the Bhaktapur valley is famed for its agricultural production. There is ample score

for Changunarayan municipality to collaborate with neighboring regions for promoting

commercial agriculture. The muncipality’s strategic location and in linkage with Lalitpur and

Bhaktapur municipalities with the easily accessible networks, provides a strong driver of the

area’s development.

To capitalize on its agricultural potential, the area needs to adopt more commercial farming, take

smart decisions on what to grow where and establish market nodes and links. On the basis of their

potential, sustainable infrastructure development and the commercialization of agriculture have

been identified as having the most potential for promoting and enabling green growth in

Changunarayan Municipality.

Table No 48: Pocket Area for Agriculture

S.N. Business Pocket Area Pocket Areas

1 Paddy, Wheat Changunarayan, Kharipati

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S.N. Business Pocket Area Pocket Areas

2 Vegetables Nagarkot, Changunarayan and Chhaling

3 Seeds Saudal

Source: Municipality Profile 2075

Table 88 shows the pocket areas for

agricultural production at Changunarayan

municipality. The main business assets are

paddy, wheat for the urban area like

changunarayan, Kharipati, etc. Vegetables for

Nagarkot, Chhaling. These agro-products

helps to make growth in agricultural

production by emphasizing in pocket areas

for cultivation. Therefore, business pocket

areas are not only important for agro-

production but also serve as core area for the

export to outside of the municipalities.

Tourism

Direct linkage to Kathmandu and Bhaktapur

Location of UNESCO World Heritage site: Changunarayan area

Area like Nagarkot potential tourist area

Consist 24 % of forest area and greenery for environment.

High hills- possibility of home stay activities.

Possibility of open zoo, adventure sports like cycling, jungle safari etc.

Long-term Vision

Changunarayan

Municipality

ko{6g s[lif / ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ ;d[4

rfFu'gf/fo0fsf] d"n cfwf/

Lead Sector Agriculture

Sub-lead sector

Tourism

Social Infrastructures

Figure No 17: Agriculture at Changunarayan

Chart No 17: Lead sector and Connection with Vision

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Table No 49: High Tourism Areas

S.N. Name Importance Ward

1 Changunarayan temple UNESCO World Heritage Site, High

tourism area 4

2 Changu Museum Religious, Historical and Tourism Area 4

3 Bojinee Dam Site and Picnic Spot High Tourism area 8

4 Buddha Peace Park Religious, Cultural and High tourism

Area 6

5 Nagarkot Waterfall High Tourism Area 8

6 Muhan Pokhari High Tourism Area 8

7 Jungle and Waterfall View Point High Tourism Area 6

8 Palnge Monastery Cultural, Religious and High Tourism

Area 6

9 Aarubari Dhara Tourism area 9

10 Telkot-Changu Road Hiking touristic area 4

11 Sallaghari Picnic Spot Tourism area 6

12 Mahadev Temple of Budhathoki Cultural, Religious and High Tourism

Area 4

13 Sudal Gumba Cultural, Religious and High Tourism

Area 7

14 Budhha Stupa Cultural, Religious and Tourism Area 1

15 Jyoti Lingeshwor Temple Cultural, Religious and Tourism Area 4

16 Mahanmanjushree Religious and Tourism Area 9

17 Goukhureswor-Mahadeva Religious and Tourism Area 9

18 Kileshwor Mahadeva Religious and Historical Area 4

19 Devithan Religious and Historical Area 4

20 Chinnamasta Religious and Historical Area 4

21 Nagarkot Bat Cave Tourism area 6

Source: Municipality website and digitized satellite image

Tourism potential of the municipality can be divided into four categories. The first is ‘pilgrimage

tourism’ linked to the Changyunarayan temple and change museum as well as the sites linked to

Nagarkot. There are many temples of note in the region, such as the Jyoti Lingeshwor Temple.

The second is Hiking, as yet incipient, which includes hiking from Telkot to Changu, from

Changu to Nagarkot and from Nagarkot to Dhulikhel. The third is heritage tourism linked to the

ancient town of Changu. Changu is populated by the Newar traders and craftsmen, and much of

the old buildings are awaiting restoration and development as a prime tourism spot. The fourth

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variety of tourism in Changunarayan Municipality is

linked to resorts providing high Himalayan panorama,

local culture and cuisine and natural habitat. The

Changunarayan Resorts is a pioneering resort of this

type, and there are others being planned. On the whole,

the focus of the mayor and municipality will be to learn

from the experience of mountain tourism in nearby

Dhulikhel and Nagarkot and ensure high-quality

tourism which will also provide economic returns to the

local inhabitants at a satisfactory level.

Changunarayan Municipality has fine economic

prospects because its extensive natural resources, cultural richness and its geographical location

on the Sindhuli Highway, which promises a boost to economic activity.

Changunarayan Municipality have linkage with BP highway which have been great benefits for

trade and business for municipality with Kathmandu valley and terai. Municipality lies on route

to terai which is huge factor on trade. There are small scale farms and brick industry which are

high commercial potential.

Trade

Table No 50: Business trend Source and Assets

Ward

Number Business trend Source Major Assets

2 Rakshya Tole

Agricultural products, Milk products,

Hotel, Grocery Store, Pharmacy and

Medicine and Stationery etc.

3,4 Duwakot, Changunarayan

6 Kharipati

7 Bhageshwori

3 Jhaukhel, Karki tole

4 Fulbari Village

Source: Municipality Survey 2075

The old Newari town of Changu is situated along the trade route Changunarayan road and serves

as business hub to districts Laltipur, Bhaktapur, etc. Rakshya tole is the emerging marketplace

due to its strategic location in the middle of the municipality aside the Sallaghari-Duwakot road

section. Most local business activities in the municipality take place in Rakshya tole. Changu area

and Kharipati. It is a major place for local people to purchase consumer goods.

Figure No 18: Changu Village

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Chapter 5: Development Framework for Municipality

5.1 Vision of Municipality

For the selection of the leading sector for the development of the municipality, we look into the

occupational table of the people of the municipality. The table below gives us indication on what

should be the vision of the municipality Source: Changunarayan Municipal Profile of 2074 BS.

Table No 51: Occupation/

Occupation/Ward 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total %

Agriculture 458 296 477 685 806 369 599 832 678 5200 44.6

Agriculture

labour 10 26 8 34 23 99 15 39 87 341 2.9

Business 118 172 87 66 70 57 85 48 94 797 6.8

Daily wage 40 61 90 33 76 73 41 88 71 573 4.9

Foreign

employment 38 40 15 24 72 52 41 43 60 385 3.3

Govt job 232 211 205 147 204 70 189 242 120 1620 13.9

Others 185 229 141 156 79 111 126 206 135 1368 11.7

Private 89 165 119 90 116 23 64 101 89 856 7.3

Self employed 66 57 27 50 33 50 65 92 92 532 4.6

Total 1236 1257 1169 1285 1479 904 1225 1691 1426 11677 100.0

Source: Changunarayan Municipal Profile of 2074 BS

From the above table, agriculture is the leading occupation of the people of the municipality.

About 44.6% people are involved in the agricultural sector and with the development of proper

infrastructures in the agricultural sector, it can yield large sum of goods. Also, trade and

commerce need to be developed in order to use agricultural sector as the source of income

generation Also, this municipality has cultural heritage site and world heritage site too which

attracts domestic as well as international tourist. With the provision of proper services for the

tourist, the economic status of the municipality will rise. Thus, agriculture, trade and tourism

should be the leading sector in the development of the municipality.

A one-day discussion workshop was conducted with all the members of municipality board to

discuss about all the lead sectors. After the workshop 3 alternative vision of municipality have

been proposed.

;f]r (Vision)

! wfld{s ko{6sLo k'jf{wf/ ;lxtsf] s[lif, pBf]u / ko{6g If]qdflj:tf/ gu/kflnsfnfO{

;d[4 jgfpg] cfwf/ .

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@ ef}lts,;fdflhs / ko{6g k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df hf]8, pBf]ulzntf / ko{6gsf ]cfo

cfh{gjf6 ;d[4 jGg] gu/sf] ;f]r .

# ko{6g s[lif / ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ ;d[4 rfFu'gf/fo0fsf] d"n cfwf/

Among three, the selected vision is ko{6g s[lif / ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ ;d[4 rfFu'gf/fo0fsf] d"n

cfwf/

5.2 Goals

"jftfj/0f d}qL ef}lts, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s k'jf{wf/x?sf] Aojl:yt Plss[t ljsf; ul/ gu/nfO{ ;'/lIft,

pTkfbgzLn, s[lif, Jofkfl/s, wfld{s ko{6lso agfO{ :jR5 ;'Gb/ ;d[4 gu/ agfpg] . "

To develop Municipality as a secured, Productive, clean, prosperous municipality through

development of Environment Friendly Physical, Social and Economic Infrastructure.

To make agro-production and livestock production as major source for income generation

To promote tourism sectors with major focus in hiking tourism, heritage tourism,

pilgrimage tourism, etc.

5.3 Objectives

The main objective of the IUDP of Changunarayan is to create an environmentally sustainable,

socially inclusive and balanced society with physical, social and economic infrastructures. For

achieving the various sectoral goals, following specific objectives are set in the field of Agro

development plan, Infrastructure development plan, tourism and trade derived from the plan.

To make major improvement in tourism attraction places.

Formulation of tourism plans at Changunarayan temple.

Implementation for security plans and policies with major emphasis on Monasteries,

trekking areas and religious areas.

To accelerate exporting of agricultural and livestock products from the Municipality

To enhance village development by tourism and export of agricultural and livestock

products.

5.4 Strategy

Establishment of trade plans for the export of agro-products, fish products and milk

products.

Construction of parks at temples, monasteries, etc.

Construction of view towers at Nagarkot, Buddha Peace Park, Changu village and

Lattedada.

Developmental plan and procedures for infrastructural development at rural areas like ward

6 etc.

Establishing more no. of colleges and expanding number of schools at Changunarayan,

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Rakshya tole for improving education standards of municipality.

Road Network expansion from Duwakot and Jhaukhel to undeveloped and rural areas for

boosting housing construction at rural areas.

Adaptation of RCC frame structures for housing construction almost at all wards of the

municipality.

Preservation of archaeological, historical sites like Changunarayan and Changu museum.

5.5 Plan for Implementing Development Framework

As there is limited financial and human resource with municipality and municipality is over

dependent in federal and provincial government grant. For implementation of proposed

development plan there should be collaborated effort from three tiers government. For that

municipality development goals and objectives should be collinear with federal and provincial

government’s goal and objectives.

Implementation of the proposed development plan depends upon availability of human and

financial capacity of municipality. There is need of upgradation of financial and human resource

of municipality. So, for this purpose implementation framework has been proposed for

Changunarayan Municipality. To implement proposed plan there should principle guideline for

decision making and formulation of individual plan and programs.

Major foundations that governs the implementation of plans are:

-Municipal council decision

- Sectoral Program

- Building construction

- Program formulation

- Infrastructure Upgradation

Above subjects will be closely exercised by different unit in municipality. Different unit should

be assigned to take responsibility of implementation of plans. This unit should be formed under

municipal council and at least urban planner, sociologist, economist, civil engineers, architects,

administrative officer and accountant must be involved.

Also financial ability of municipality is major requirement to implement plans. So following

provisions should be taken.

The Municipality informs, cooperates and/or reaches cooperation and co-financing

agreements with ministries and relevant agencies for projects proposed in the MDP that

require the participation of these institutions.

The Municipality informs, cooperates and/or reaches co-financing agreements with

neighboring municipalities for projects of common interest. The Municipality cooperates

with the Agency for Regional Development in the implementation of such projects.

The municipality informs, cooperates and reaches partnership agreements with public

companies for public services in the competencies of these companies (issues of water

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supply, sewage, electricity, waste management, etc.)

The Municipality cooperates and establishes partnership agreements (PPP) with the private

sector for projects, in which both sides have a common interest

The Municipality establishes cross-border cooperation relations with municipalities of

neighboring states for projects of common interest

The Municipality cooperates with various donors for projects envisaged by the plan, whose

implementation can be assisted by various donor programmes.

The municipality supports and cooperates with NGOs in a number of projects envisaged

by the plan, especially in those dealing with awareness campaigns and promotion of

municipal values.

During the development of plans, the municipality should ensure the participation and

involvement of the public (citizens and various interest groups) from the beginning stages

and throughout the process, and undertake information campaigns as foreseen by the

provisions of the Law on Spatial Planning.

Building construction is also one of major pillar for the implementation of development plan as

it guides the urban form and spatial transformation of municipality. So, building permit should

be given according to proposed land use plan and municipality should prepare guideline for

formulation of sectoral program and project. Another major factor for implementation of

development plan is political willingness and municipal council decision should match with

development goal envisioned in proposed plan.

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Chapter 6: Sectoral Development Plan

6.1 Introduction

Sectors, which are required to be incorporated, are physical infrastructures, environmental

management, social and economic sectors, disaster management, climate change, economic and

financial management planning and organization development plans. Such Sectoral plans and

programs are back up by multisector investment plans prepared giving due attention to national

concerns such as poverty reduction and social inclusion.

6.2 Physical Development Plan

Physical planning is a comprehensive, multi sectorial master plan, which provides a planned

spatial framework of development for the physical environment within which a balanced program

of social and economic development can be carried out. It provides the legislation necessary for

the planning, controlling and implementation of the physical development process and is done to

ensure the establishment of centralized infrastructure with overall responsibility for planning,

evaluation, co-ordination, administration and implementation.

Goal and Objectives

Increasing the living standard of citizens with well-equipped physical amenities utilizing less

resources and maintaining the ecological stability.

The long-term physical development plan of Changunarayan aims to improve the urban

infrastructures of the Changunarayan. The urban infrastructures are classified as physical, social

and economic.

Objectives

To improve the land and housing demand.

To prepare a proper land use plan catering the future need.

To develop market centers in the urbanizing settlements and develop requisite infrastructure

in the scattered settlement in areas.

To connect the infrastructure with digital technology.

To operate and develop social infrastructure like Education Institution, Health Institution,

Open Space and green parks, Community Hall and Library.

To rehabilitate economic infrastructure like Parking Space, Stadium, Sports Complex, and

Movie Hall.

To identify the places for new bus, stop, parking space and construct bus stops and public

toilets in required places.

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Strategy

Proposed Formulation of Land Use Plan

The proposed developmental plan is carried out on the urban areas like Rakhsya tole, Pragati tole,

Kharipati, etc with 70% of it to be added in Rakhsya tole and Pragati tole on the basis of core

factors as:

Settlement Hierarchy

Road accessibility and Routes

Vegetable Collection and Distribution Center

Market Centers

Availability of Social Infrastructures like Education, Health, etc.

On the basis of suitability Map of Chagunarayan Municipality.

Population Movement

High building Density

Agricultural pocket areas

6.2.1 Land Use Zoning

Land use planning is an inherent duty and responsibility of municipalities. However, municipal

land use plans should be in accordance with the general or regional land use plan prepared by the

Central Federal Government which is the “top-down” approach of the planning process.

Moreover, the municipality is required to receive and consider suggestions about projects in the

municipal areas from the Ward Committees. This is the “bottom-up” approach of the planning

process. The zoning is detailed with land use plan with many infrastructure development plans.

Based on proposed land use, the conservation plan and protection plans are prepared.

The table below shows the proposed land use. The major land use of the city is for basic

infrastructures like road, drains, parks, houses etc. It is always a boon to forest and agriculture

land, which has to be conserved through the zoning ordinances and building byelaws developed

by municipality and endorse it for implementation.

Table No 52: Proposed Land Use Zoning

S.N. Zone Sub_Zone AREA

(Sq.km) Percentage(%)

1 Agricultural Cultivation 26.85 42.63

2 Barren Land Open Space 0.38 0.61

3 Commercial Commercial Zone 6.66 10.58

4 Industrial Industrial Zone 1.98 3.14

5 Institutional Institutional Zone 1.37 2.18

6 Recreational Zone Park 0.05 0.08

7 Residenial Residenial sub zone 4.91 7.80

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S.N. Zone Sub_Zone AREA

(Sq.km) Percentage(%)

Urban Expansion 3.20 5.09

Mixed Residential

Zone 0.41 0.65

Eco village Zone 0.29 0.46

8 Tourism /Cultural Heritage

Zone

Cultural Heritage

Zone 0.20 0.31

Religious 0.64 1.02

Touristic Zone 0.06 0.09

9 Transport Zone Road 1.03 1.64

10 Special Zone/Conservation

Dense Forest 14.62 23.21

Bushes 0.19 0.30

River 0.06 0.10

Sand 0.07 0.11

Grand Total 62.98 100.00

Land Use Zoning

Based on the inventory and situation analysis, the need of physical facilities for next 15 years is

identified. To guide the future development and restrict the haphazard growth in future, a land

use planning with different zoning is proposed. A proposed land use plan with the following is

prepared.

Agricultural Zone

Barren land Zone

Commercial Zone

Industrial Zone

Institutional Zone

Recreational Zone

Residential Zone

Tourism and Cultural/Heritage zone

Transport Zone

Special zone

Zoning is done based on existing land use, land potential, land suitability and future possible land

use. This is the broad framework for urban development supported by land use plan. Application

of byelaws and the investment based on the land use plan will help to create the city orderly

developed. The urban services are also based on need of zoning and control of unauthorized

development.

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1. Agriculture Zone

At present, the municipality has 35.89 sq.km coverage as an agriculture area. The area using

predominantly agriculture purposes has to be conserved from sprawl. Development control over

agriculture has to be applied through Municipality byelaws by prohibiting building houses inside

this area except building needed for farming purpose and applying unproductive tax on vacant

land. The tax of this agro-land area should be subsidized. The main aim of this zone is conserving

the food production area within the municipality, reduce ecological footprint and encourage urban

agriculture. The proposed land-use will occupy 26.85 sq.km of total area up to next 15 years.

2. Barren Land Zone

At present, the municipality has 0.41 sq.km area is occupied by open space near river bank and

other location. This area will be used for sanitary landfill site and construction of park and pond.

It occupies 0.38 sq.km area in the 15 year proposed land use zoning map.

3. Commercial Zone

Commercial zone i.e. business zone means the land covered by house, shop, hotel, exhibition

hall, petrol pump, communication or goods transacting spot or any literary, scientific or technical

service, association making available information and consultancy, haat (local market places

where transaction is done in a regular interval), etc. This zone also indicates a commercial

building constructed by Business Company or association in business zone. Commercial zone is

proposed to make urbanization for market expansion. The proposed commercial land use zone

will cover 6.66 sq.km of the municipality. It is further categorized as:

This subzone is proposed to provide services as:

To provide for businesses and services that support Central Business municipality.

To provide for business and services in a residential area.

Overnight accommodations, eating and drinking establishments.

These areas include markets, collection center, banking transactions, market centers and

facilitated infrastructure services.

4. Industrial Zone

The main feature of industrial zone is high concentration of industry in a small space. The

industrial zone at mainly focuses on following sub-zones:

Industrial zone provides a primary means of converting raw agricultural materials into value

added products while generating income and employment and contributing to overall economic

development. Since municipality is rich in agricultural resources, it can be great benefit for the

municipality to implement agro-industries. The Industrial zone is proposed to be in areas like

Rakshya Tole, Chhaling, Jhaukhal, Chundevi, Sudal etc. These industrial zones are proposed to

create small employment opportunities and to run in low-scale making the availability of daily

needs and materials. These industrial zones include industries which manufacture products like

Grills, Furniture, Food products, beverages, etc. Therefore, the overall total proposed industrial

zone of the municipality is 1.98 sq.km.

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5. Institutional Zone

The institutional zone is intended to establish areas within the developed areas of the municipality

to provide flexibility for the development of public structures and uses. Institutional zone means

academic institution including school, college, vocational education centre, university, security

body, health institution including health centre, health post, private and community hospital,

government office responsible for telecommunication, etc. Area of about 1.37 sq.km has been

proposed for such zone.

On the basis of availability of education infrastructures and services, Kharipati, Nepal

engineering college is top prior area since it already includes 2 colleges and adequate higher and

lower secondary education services. Therefore, existing education service area only requires

certain up gradation on education services due to which it is foremost area for proposing

education sub-zone.

Health services availability indicates the physical development of any area. Such areas are

proposed in places where there is advent of all hierarchy of road networks and can be easily

accessible to local households. Health services at Changunarayan will be bub due to Bir hospital

branch.

Government office responsible for telecommunication, library, elder’s home, pati (resting inn/

house), community building, banks are constructed for public use and implemented at major

urban areas. Settlement hierarchy, urbanization trend and road connectivity indicate as a major

area for public service zone.

Though many institutions are scattered around municipality, only one area is identified as an

institutional zone. The area is proposed for various government offices, health institutions, banks,

service centre etc. Since the settlement and infrastructures are scattered along the municipality,

the intuitional pocket area is identified with each ward having their own basic intuitional zone

consisting of schools, health posts, local clubs etc

6. Recreational Zone

Recreational means such as Parks, Movie Theatres are proposed in the urban areas where the

flow of people is maximum/ high. The proposed recreational zone covers 0.04 sq.km of the total

municipality area.

7. Residential Zone

Residential area is divided in three sub zone categories that are residential sub zone, urban

expansion, mixed residential zone. The proposed residential zone covers 8.82 sq.km area of the

total municipality area.

i) Residential Sub Zone

Residential area is divided in three categories. The area having density >300 per hectares are

termed as dense residential area. Similarly, density between 100 and 300 is taken as medium

density and lower than 100 is taken as low-density area. This will cover 4.91 sq.km of area which

is almost 7.8% of total area.

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ii) Urban Expansion Zone

For development of multi nuclei urban centres and to overcome the shortage of access roads,

footpath, open spaces within CBD, the new CBD and residential area are proposed. It is proposed

that the municipality will conduct land-pooling schemes and develop the new urban area

accommodating about one lakhs population in 15 years. These population are likely to be added

in major urban areas like Rakhsya tole, Pragati tole, Kharipati, etc with 70% of it to be added in

Rakhsya tole and Pragati tole. The area can have high rise, medium rise and low-rise buildings

and other urban facilities like schools, health care facilities, departmental stores, club houses etc.

The area can have high rise, medium rise and low-rise buildings and other urban facilities like

schools, healthcare facilities, departmental stores, club houses etc. There are 3 urban expansion

zones proposed by considering the regional scenario of the municipality and regional

development pattern. Urban expansion zone 1 lies on ward no 2 and its proposed density is more

than 300 ppha, similarly urban expansion zone 2 is proposed on the ward no 5 and its proposed

density is 100 – 300 ppha. Chundevi area also has potential to grow as a residential area in the

future which is proposed as the urban expansion zone of type 3 with proposed density of up to

100 ppha. Urban expansion zone of 3.20 sq. km is proposed within the municipality depending

upon the residential expansion trade. It will cover 5.09% area of the municipality.

Residential, Mix Residential and Urban Expansion Zone must comprise around 55,030 people

(say 92,422). If Zone 1, Zone 2 and Zone 3 are proposed according to population density.

Map No 11: Proposed Land Use Zoning Map

Locations of Zone 1, Zone 2, Zone 3 for urban expansion are shown in the following map:

For eg. If Zone 1 (300ppha)=40000/300=133ha (Rakhsya)

If zone 2 (200ppha)=17000/200=85ha (Pragati tole)

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If Zone 3 (100ppha)=15000/100=150ha (Kharipati)

Residential, Urban expansion and Mixed Residential area= (4.91+3.2+0.41+0.29) according to

table= 8.82 sq.km (8740 ha) but 96.33 ha is enough. Or we can change distribution of population

in every zone.

iii) Mixed Residential Zone

Mixed residential zone is type of zoning that blends residential, commercial, institutional or

entertainment uses into one space, where those functions are to some degree physically and

functionally integrated, and that provides pedestrian connections.

Mixed residential zone generally means bazaar area where buildings are used for mixed purpose

such as shops at ground floor and rental/private households living at upper storeys. Mixed

residential zone is proposed based on parameter such as market center, road hierarchy and Mixed

residential zone is proposed mainly focusing Saraswatikhel where there is passage of Sallaghari

–Duwakot-Sangdaha Sadak and most of the buildings at both sides of road are used for mixed

purpose.

Therefore, the mixed residential sub-zone will comprise of area 0.41 sq.km.

iv) Eco Village Zone

Eco village zone occupies 0.29 sq.km i.e about 0.46% area of the municipality in the proposed

land zoning map.

8. Tourism and Cultural/Heritage Zone

Sites of cultural and natural importance are considered under this zone. Tourism and Cultural

zone is further categorised into three sub zones; Cultural heritage zone, religious sub zone and

touristic sub zone. The Changunarayan Temple area within 500m diameter is taken as cultural

heritage zone as the area has many historic and architectural art and artefacts scattered around

and other religious and tourism zone with 300m diameter as cultural and heritage zone. It

incorporates temples, pathways, Chautara, pond, tower, picnic spot and both religious and secular

cultural heritages. Though, the area is heavily encroached by modern and unwanted activities,

municipality with byelaws can encourage conservation works. The detail archaeological and

conservation study are done that is based on it, implementation plan will be prepared. It will be

composed of 0.9 sq. km area. Tourism and cultural/Heritage zone are situated in Changunarayan

temple, other Scatter temple, tourism place etc.

9. Transport Zone

Transport zone refers to the area covered by road in the municipality. It occupies 1.03 sq.km i.e

1.64% area of the total municipality.

10. Special Zone

Special zone is categorized as dense forest, bushes, river and sand area in the municipality.

Special zone such as water body and forest are of natural importance and they should be used

rationally and skilful management and preservation of the natural environment should be done.

Forest and bushes occupies about 14.62 Sq. km and 0.19 sq.km. Whereas water body and sand

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occupies 0.06 sq.km and 0.07 sq.km respectively. These areas are protected and conserved for

the benefits of mankind.

6.2.2 Urban Expansion

Changunaryan is the old city, and mainly depends on the agriculture and the brick industry. Also,

this municipality consist of many sand mines. Following google pictures shows the trend of urban

expansion depending upon the time. In 2007 AD, the whole area is dominated by the brick

factory. In area between Jhaukhel and Duwakot, mostly lands are used for the manufacturing of

brick. But know days the area is developed as the combined industrial zone as well as there seems

the many agricultural forms also there are many houses were built for the residential purposes.

This signifies that, the area between Jhaukhel and Duwakot is developing as the residential zone

day by day and brick factories were shrinks to the small area as shown in following pictures. This

trends also ultimately governs that; the whole area is developing as a residential area in the nearer

future of Changunaryan.

Table No 53: LFA for Achieving Physical Development

Intervention Logic Indicators Means of Verification Assumptions

Goal:

Increasing the living standard of citizens with well-equipped physical amenities utilizing less resources

and maintaining the ecological stability

Objective:

Improvement and development of physical infrastructure and increasing the grasp of general public for

these facilities.

Result:

Land and housing is

accessible for every

income group.

By 2035

100% people will

get grip on land and

housing.

Documentation of

Road and Transport

Management Branch

Land Management and

Building Regulation

Division Records

Field Visits

Records of

Information,

Communication and

Statistics Management

Division

Arrangement of budget as

planned

Work is efficiently

performed

People participated in

focused program

There is political stability

There is no bandhas and

other casualties

Activities:

Land pooling and site and services program commencement.

Facilitation of Investment on affordable group housing and apartments.

Housing Support for low and middle income groups.

Maintaining and updating building records.

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6.2.3 Infrastructure Development

Infrastructure development is the construction and improvement of foundational services with

the goal of sparkling economic growth and improvements in quality of life. It can involve any

types of infrastructure including transportation, energy, water, digital, social and green

infrastructure. The following map indicates the proposed infrastructure development of the

municipality.

Map No 12: Infrastructure Developmental Plan

6.2.4 Physical Development Issues and Problems

There are various setbacks and problems in the physical development of this municipality. They

are as follows:

Limited Financial resources: The construction cost of various physical infrastructures is too high

which the municipality alone cannot afford. This will arise various issues and problems in the

development of the required infrastructures.

Geography: This municipality possess difficult geographic features. There are many high hills,

steep slopes, land filled with rocks and unstable lands. Constructing infrastructures in such

difficult terrain is a challenge to this municipality. On the other side it will help/insists to create

more densified slope in less slope and flat terrain.

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Map No 13: Slope Map of the Municipality

Lack of government owned land: The government doesn't own enough land in the settlement

promotion area which will create pressure on land purchasing by which huge money seems to be

invest as the cost of development of open spaces and other infrastructures.

Migration: Along the development of the infrastructures in the municipality, population pressures

will suddenly become a challenge because of in migration. At the same time in migration may create

a conducive environment to investors from outside.

Natural Disaster: Certain parts of this municipality are prone to landslide and debris flow. Such

natural disasters might destroy potential physical infrastructures.

6.3 Urban Infrastructure Plan

Goals

Increasing the living standard of citizens with well-equipped physical amenities utilizing

less resources and maintaining the ecological stability

The long-term physical development plan of Changunarayan aims to improve the urban

infrastructures of the Changunaryan. The urban infrastructures are classified as physical,

social and economic.

Objectives

To identify the probable water supply sources and to increase the quality of drinking water.

To ensure sustainable water supply services through rehabilitation and extension of

previously executed old and damaged water supply schemes.

To plan for new sewerage systems.

To prepare plan for solid waste management.

To encourage the usage of alternative sources for electricity

To increase usage of alternative energy and resources.

To increase network efficiency of Telecommunication.

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To strengthen organizational capacity for effective and result oriented plan implementation,

monitoring and evaluation.

6.3.1 Water Supply

From the demand analysis, 9.24 million Liter water is needed to cater 92,422 people based on

urban planning standard. Changunarayan municipality provides 42.1 % of water demand through

pipe line system. Still, there will be deficit 1.84 million Liter per day water supply. The deficit

amount is balanced by Dhunge dhara and by personal wells. For the supply of water as per

demand watershed of Kasan Khola and Hanumante Khola need to be managed and also rain

water harvesting technique can be used.

Objective

To retain and conserve existing water sources and maintain water table

Safe, Affordable and easy water facilities. The deficit amount is balanced by proposed lift

water system and by personal wells. To manage the upcoming water supply demand by

promoting recharging underground water table. Also water can be managed from rain water

harvesting method.

Strategies

Construction of pipeline system for 24 hours water supply facility for all households

Provision of water supply hose along roadside for cleaning, firefighting, greeneries and

others.

Promoting rainwater harvesting in household level by subsidizing on money and technical

support, promoting in public spaces like bus park, park, roadside, which can be used for

cleaning process

Sustainable usage of water sources and conservation of water resources from illegal

encroachment.

Cost of water for public should be reasonable and affordable so decide in scientific way.

Conservation of water sources and formulation of byelaws about ground water pumping to

maintain water table

Provision of public taps on major nodes of municipality.

Policy Recommendation (Guiding Principles)

GoN, MoPPW, 2009

User committee (for operation, maintenance, effective service delivery)

Private Partnership (for some certain period) (BOOT system)

Promotion of rainwater harvesting

Pro-poor strategies for marginalized groups in municipality

Strategic Projects

Construction of Drinking water projects

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Study in Hanumante, Manohara and Kasan river

Boring in Nepalgaun, Kharipati and Chundevi

Gravity flow protection in existing water supply in rural areas like Bagheswori, Jitpur and

Nalachap.

Water tanks

Improvement in existing water tanks.

Design of 8 new water tanks.

Upgradation of water sources

Existing water tank and reservoir.

Upgrade lifting water sources and gravity flow

Treatment Plants

Water supply pipes upgradation of existing unplanned distribution of damaged water supply

pipes.

Map No 14: Water supply Map

Now,

Rain water harvesting (gal) = catchment area (sq.ft) x rainfall (in.) x 0.673 (conversion

factor)

Rainfall = 68 inches (source: climate-data.org), catchment area = 500 sq.ft, 1 gallon = 3.785 Litres

Rainwater = 500*68*0.673 = 22,882 gallon (if 100% rainfall efficiency considered in theory)

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Rainwater collected = 500*34*0.673 (50% rainfall efficiency assumed)

=11,441 Gallon = 43,304 litres

Hence, 500 sq.ft catchment area will collect 43,304 Litres of water. If only about 50% of

household (5500) can use the rainwater harvesting technique, 238 million litres water can be

reserved and the scarce amount of water can be readily recovered.

6.3.2 Waste Water

Wastewater is a by-product of domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural activities. The

characteristics of wastewater vary depending on the source. Types of wastewater include: domestic

wastewater from households, municipal wastewater from communities (also called sewage) and

industrial wastewater from industrial activities. Wastewater can contain physical, chemical and

biological pollutants.

Households may produce wastewater from flush toilets, sinks, dishwashers, washing machines, bath

tubs, and showers. Households that use dry toilets produce less wastewater than those that use flush

toilets.

Wastewater may be conveyed in a sanitary sewer which conveys only sewage. Alternatively, it can

be transported in a combined sewer which includes storm water runoff and industrial wastewater.

After treatment at a wastewater treatment plant, the treated wastewater (also called effluent) is

discharged to a receiving water body. The terms "wastewater reuse" or "water reclamation" apply if

the treated waste is used for another purpose. Wastewater that is discharged to the environment

without suitable treatment causes water pollution.

In Present condition due to the presence of septic tank in each household there is no sewerage

line for black water. But in for the future prospective sewerage system is essential for the

managed municipality. Generally, 70-80 % of supplied water is converted to the waste water as

a by-product. That means the municipality requires the waste water carrying system as well as

the waste water treatment plant of capacity of around 5 million liter per day. Also the location for

the treatment plant and the discharging points is planned.

Also the location for the treatment plant and the discharging points is planned considering the

gradient and identify the tentative area for waste water disposal on the both side of the

Changunarayan, Nagarkot and Bhaktapur-Nala road.

Objective

To maintain operational efficient sewer and drainage network

Manage fecal sludge at household and municipality levels in an environment-friendly and

integrated way.

Strategies

Waste water treatment plant before discharge into river.

Alternative waste water treatment promotion like reed bed.

Septic tank and soak pit or bio-gas to be compulsory.

Operational and well-maintained Sewerage and drainage line along road side

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Guiding Principles

It can be guided by some of the national policies like Steering committee for national

sanitation action,2011

Partnership with private sector, NGOs, INGOs and other organization

Community based sanitation programmes

Strategic Projects

Waste water treatment plant at Public.

Waste water drain along roadside at Changunarayan, Rakshya tole and Jhaukhel area.

Pilot projects for reed bed treatment plant

Waste water treatment in community level at urban expansion area within the available area

of the municipality.

Build a wastewater treatment plant with a biogas reactor at a suitable location in the

municipality.

6.3.3 Drainage

Rainwater Runoff will be collected and transmitted in planned manner to the planned discharge

point. Drainage can be designed as the separate system or the combined system depends upon the

hydraulic design parameters. In urban area drainage system are designed as combined system.

For this municipality combined drainage system should be designed and installed as per design.

Objective

Operational clean and free-flowing drainage system

Strategies and Guiding Principle

Public and private partnership

Household and community level awareness and responsibility

Digitalization in maintenance and operation tracking system

Storm water and natural drainage to be integrated

Strategic Projects

New construction and upgradation of drainage system along road side of Changunarayan

and Kharipati.

Drainage system should be proposed at main market and urban expansion area.

6.3.4 Solid Waste

From the demand analysis, 0.18kg/person of solid waste is needed to dispose effectively. The

disposal of solid waste is done through the landfill site. Landfill side is identified and constructed

within the territory of municipality.

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Objective

Reduce solid waste disposal and effective management

Strategies and Policies

Construction and effective management solid waste landfill site.

Extensive implementation of 3R (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) containing only 30%

disposal

Collection by dustbin in certain places and in certain distance in roads

Segregation of waste in household level and promotion of biogas installation

Strong institutional and legal mechanism

Strategic Projects

Landfill site in ward no 6 and ward no. 9

Reduce waste by 40 % and add up Collection point (Community collection/ Door to Door

collection).

1 Transfer Station for 1 city if the final disposal is at distance of more than 10 km

0.15ha-.02hapersite

3ha-5ha if recycling platform, compost plant & window composting etc without buffer zone

With capacity 0.10 kg/person/day (42 ton)

Institutional development trainings and separate unit

Awareness campaign and trainings with coordination with local NGOs and private sector

Availability of dustbin in public places like Changunarayan heritage areas and market areas

such as Duwakot, Jhaukhel, Kharipatiand along road sides

6.3.5 Electricity

The electricity connection is to be increased from 95% to 100% in 1 year. Solar panel usage is

encouraged through enforcement of byelaws in building construction and through subsidy

projects.

Objective

Electricity coverage to all over municipality

Promoting alternative renewable sources of energy

Strategies and Guiding Principles

Upgradation and expansion of electricity line to all rural areas with control mechanism for

leakage of electricity

To motivate public for alternative energy giving subsidies and schemes like at least 10%

should be alternative energy

Provision of enough street lights in all streets

Replacing traditional way to underground wire laying

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Strategic Projects

Street lights in roads in every 50m with solar

Public awareness program for alternative renewable energy

Making mandatory of using alternative renewable source for public buildings

Making underground laying of wire (yearly target to complete by 10 years)

Street Lamps will be installed at 30m distances on straight line, 15m alternately on both

sides of roads.

Solar panels will be used to operate these lights for promoting green energy concept.

Telecommunication

The network coverage of Telecom should be increased with installation of new towers.

Free Wi-Fi zones are made in public places in 10 areas.

Tourist information system will be set up in major areas like Duwakot, Saraswotikhel,

Kharipati, and Changunarayan Temple area etc.

Websites of municipality should be updated regularly and promotion of services are done

over Internet, TVs and radios.

Institutional development training regarding IT in ward and municipality level

Laying underground cables

Promoting private investment in communication sector for more effectiveness

Table No 54: LFA for Achieving the Urban Infrastructure Development

Intervention

Logic Indicators

Means of

Verification Assumptions

Goal:

Increasing the living standard of citizens with well-equipped physical amenities utilizing less

resources and maintaining the ecological stability

Objective:

Improvement and development of physical infrastructure and increasing the grasp of general public

for these facilities.

1) Citizens will get

the adequate

drinking water.

2) Alternative

energy usage will

have been

increased.

3) Electricity

facility will be

extended.

By 2035,

Public toilets are

constructed.

grip on land and

housing.

100 lpcd of drinking

water

Hydropower,

Energy and Street

Lighting Branch

records

Water supply and

Solid Waste

Management Branch

records

Information,

Communication and

Budget is available

Arrangement of budget

as planned

Work is efficiently

performed

People participated in

focused program

stability

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Intervention

Logic Indicators

Means of

Verification Assumptions

4) Proper drainage

amenities will have

been provided.

5) Sewerage

connection is

extended through

the city.

6) Communication

facility will be

efficient and quick.

7) More people will

be using Internet.

are installed in every

street and road.

is increased to 100%

linked to sewerage

network

grasp on

communication

Statistics Management

Division other casualties

r aids in

projects

Activities:

Water Supply

i. Rain water harvesting subsidy on 5,500 HH

ii. Feasibility study of water resources nearby

iii. Construction of water supply projects

Electricity & Communication

i. Expansion of Electricity network

ii. Feasibility study for underground electric cables

iii. Solar panel installations subsidy on 11,000 HH

iv. Telecommunication and optical fibers for internet expansion and improvement

v. Free Wi-Fi on 10 public places

Sewerage and Drainage

i. 31.1 km sewerage line installation

ii. Construction of 1 treatment plant

Solid waste Management

i. Construction of 1 land fill site

ii. Installation of 3,000 public bins on streets

6.4 Urban Transport Plan

Goals

To develop effective, reliable and safe transportation system inside municipality.

By utilizing internal and external resources, the municipality will develop effective transportation

infrastructures inside municipality. The municipality aims to increase economic standard of

public by providing access, minimizing travel time and increasing economic activities inside

municipality.

To develop effective, reliable and safe transportation system inside municipality.

By utilizing internal and external resources, the municipality will develop effective

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transportation infrastructures inside municipality. The municipality aims to increase

economic standard of public by providing access, minimizing travel time and increasing

economic activities inside municipality.

Objectives

To strengthen major road that connects municipality with other nearest cities and national

highways.

To improve and develop intra connectivity roads

To develop sustainable reliable safe and efficient transportation system inside Municipality.

To identify the places for new bus stop, parking space and construct bus stops and public

toilets in required places.

To provide pedestrian friendly infrastructure in all urban roads with provision of greenary

Strategies

To prepare detailed Municipal transport master plan of municipality. In this plan,

classification of roads to be done according to the service and traffic counts.

Bus parks, bus stops and parking space need to be expand and new construction needed

Provisions of traffic management system including traffic lights etc.

Inter and Intra connectivity of public transportation to be done

Guiding Principles

Guidelines set by Nepal Road Standards 2070

Guidelines set in Urban Road Standards 2071

Strategic Projects

Updating the existing 40.87 km gravel road and 227.05 km earthen roads.

Keeping the RoW of roads in accordance to norms and standards.

Maintaining the hierarchy order of roads.

Improve connectivity standards and infrastructures at Rakshya tole, Changunarayan,

Kharipait, Gaida Gaun, Bageshwori and Nagarkot at Changunarayan municipality

6.4.1 Road Classification with RoW

Road classification on the basis of Right of Way is given below:

Table No 55: Road Classification with RoW

S.N. Urban Road Category Length (Km) Proposed Right of way

1 Class A 67.25 14

2 Class B 39.04 10

3 Class C 156.16 8

Total 262.45

Source: GIS mapping 2075

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Above data gives us the classification of the road on the basis of their qualities and also the right

of way. Road is classified as A, B and C on the basis of the standard of the road. Class A consists

of urban road, district road and road connecting the feeder road. Class B consists of feeder road

joining the class A and Class C consists of road which consists of road without following the

norms.

Also, the road should have the below clearances laterally and vertically for the safety and

betterment of the municipality and its people.

Lateral Clearances

a. For a single carriageway road that goes through an underpass, whole width of the

roadway (carriageway plus shoulder widths) should be cleared in lateral direction.

b. If footpaths are provided minimum lateral clearance should be width of footpath plus 1.0

m.

c. On roads with divided carriageway, left hand side lateral clearance should be as given as

(a.) and (b.) above.

d. Right hand side clearance should be 2.0 m (desirable) with 1.5m minimum.

Vertical Clearances

A vertical clearance of 5.0m measured from the crown of the road surface has been provided for

whole roadway width on all roads. No obstructions should be made on this space.

6.4.2 Road Network

The municipality has all together 334.33 km of road which consist of all kinds of road like, feeder

road connecting municipality to Bhaktapur municipality and capital of city Kathmandu (55.19

km) and other urban roads. Most of the roads in the municipality were found to be Earthen 227.05

Km i.e. 67.91% of roads are fair weather roads and 12.22% of roads are Gravelled which accounts

40.87 km, 66.41 km of roads are blacktopped most of the blacktopped road.

Table No 56: Road Network Status of Changunaryan Municipality

Hierarchy Pavement

Total Length(Km) Blacktop Gravel Earthen

Feeder Road 47.60 2.88 4.71 55.19

District Road 10.92 0.00 5.77 16.69

Urban Road 7.89 37.99 216.57 262.45

Total Length(Km) 66.41 40.87 227.05 334.33

Table No 57: Upgrading the Existing Road

S.N Name Existing

Width

Proposed

Class Proposed RoW

Existing Surface

Type

1 Urban Road 10m Class A 14 m Gravel

8m Class B 10 m Earthen

6m Class C 8 m Earthen

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Map No 15: Proposed Road Network Plan

6.4.3 Parking Management

Objective

Reducing traffic congestion and for effective services

Reduce improper parking in roadside

Strategy

Multiple modal parking space and in maximum numbers

Multipurpose and multi-mode Bus park in city and parking spaces in rural areas

Strategic Projects

5 Parking Spaces at the connectivity of rural roads.

Passenger station at rural wards.

Construction of 10 Bus park at the junction of urban roads such as Changunarayan,

Biharpital, Khawa, Saraswatikhel etc.

Upgrading the existing bus park and extending the capacity of bus stop.

24 new Bus stops in different locations in the municipality like Kharipati, Sudal , Jitpur,

Jhaukhel, Duwakot lower part , Duwakot Upper part , Changunaryan, etc

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Bus park

It is obvious from the analysis in above chapter

that Bus Park in municipality are functioning but

is inadequate to serve the requisite of the city.

10 new bus parks have been planned for

intercity connection. The intercity bus park will

have an appropriate facility of access, public

toilets, ticket counter, waiting spaces, lights, and

water supply and security.

Additionally, small parking areas for taxis, cars

and tourist vehicles are proposed in each words

of each around 1560 sq.m that will accommodate

around 42 small cars and 205 motorbikes. As a

large chunk of land can’t be owned by municipality, municipality has to acquire the land either

by renting, leasing or buying. These taxi parks can act an element to reduce automobile traffic.

A call on service basis for taxis can be initiated to reduce the small public vehicle movement

inside the city center and save fuel.

Bus Stops

The infrastructure analysis, it is observed, there

are around no systematic existing bus stops

without suitable shaded structures. Total 24 bus

stops with shaded structures are to be fabricated

in different 24 locations and new 2. bus stops are

proposed in different locations in the

municipality like Kharipati, Sudal, Jitpur,

Jhaukhel, Duwakot lower part, Duwakot Upper

part, Changunaryan, etc. The bus stop will be

constructed using light material. In primary road

area, cycling lanes and bus stops can be arranges

as shown in the figure below.

Figure No 19: Concept of proposed Bus Parks

Figure No 20: Proposed Bus Stops (source: google.com)

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Map No 16: Proposed Infrastructure Map

A local transportation route is proposed in municipality along the major roads like highway,

feeder road, ring road and Urban collector road Class ‘B’. The bus stops are proposed in the same

public vehicular routes.

Table No 58: LFA for the Urban Transportation System Development

Intervention

Logic Indicators Means of Verification Assumptions

Goal:

To develop effective, reliable and safe transportation system inside municipality.

Objective:

Improvement and development of physical infrastructure and increasing the grasp of general public

for these facilities.

1) Road

connection of

proper standard

is increased.

2) Mobility is

convenient and

faster serving

entire

population.

3) Traffic

accident can be

minimized

4) Protection of

settlement areas

from flooding

By 2035,

Road network

standard will be

5km/ sq.km

New bus parks

and parking spaces

are developed.

usage is increased.

number is

increased.

Documentation of

Road and Transport

Management Branch

Field Visits

Records of

Information,

Communication and

Statistics Management

Division

Budget is available

Arrangement of budget as

planned

Work is efficiently

performed

People participated in

focused program

There is political stability

There is no bandhas and

other casualties

Private sector aids in

projects

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Intervention

Logic Indicators Means of Verification Assumptions

Activities:

Road

i. 5 Vehicle Parking Development

ii. Black Topping of existing 281.84 km road

iii. Upgrading existing urban roads.

iv. Construction of footpath and drainage system in major road

v. Plantation and greenery works around road ways

vi. Pedestrian and cycle lane of 2.5m width construction

vii. Maintenance of Traffic lights and marking on road

viii. Construction of internal ring road

ix. Construction of trekking route

River Corridor

i. Hanumante river corridor construction

ii. River embankment

iii. Garden Development

Bus park

i. Construction of 10 bus park

ii. 5 small Parking space development

iii. 24 new bus stop construction

Airport/Railway

Feasibility study of railway track & airport

Bridge

Maintenance and upgrading of existing bridges

6.4.4 Issues and Problems

Although municipality is mainly focused in developing transportation infrastructures, there are

some major threats in achieving goal of municipality. They are as follows:

Limited Financial resources: The construction cost of road infrastructures is too high, whereas,

the municipality has limited resources. There is a probability that the municipality will not be

able to generate financial resources for development of transportation infrastructures as expected.

Geography: This municipality possess difficult geographic features. There are many high hills,

steep slopes, land filled with rocks and unstable lands. Constructing roads in such difficult terrain

is a challenge to this municipality.

Large number of cross drainage structures: This municipality possess large number of rivulets

and streams which need same amount of cross drainage structures. The increase in number of

cross drainage structures will significantly increase the construction cost of road.

Migration: Although development works are increasing in this municipality, the inevitable

migration of people from this municipality is increasing day by day. At some point, there might

be a situation that municipality will complete upgradation of road to some settlements whose

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population has decreased significantly due to migration. If this scenario occurs, then the

investment of municipality will go in vein.

Natural Disaster: Certain parts of this municipality are prone to landslide and debris flow. Such

natural disasters might destroy road infrastructures

6.5 Social Development Plan

Social development means a commitment that development processes need to benefit people,

particularly but not only the poor, but also provide a recognition to that people, and the way they

interact in groups and society, and the norms that facilitates such interaction, shape development

processes.

The strength of a social development plan lies in its ability to engage citizens, mobilize the

community and to reinforce and build the work completed already. It is the plan providing

opportunities to woman, backwards and disabled people in decision making process.

Changunarayan Municipality is the new municipality developed by intermix of castes and ethnic

people i.e. Bhramin, Chhetri, Newar, etc. and it became essential to develop a social development

plan including all the ethnic groups.

Goals

Achieving a quality life of the citizens through inclusive social environment

Objectives

To develop the safe and reliable, environment friendly social infrastructures like schools,

colleges, hospitals, library, municipality hall, police station, sport center, parks, and open

spaces in the municipality.

To increase the social equality and gender inclusion

To ensure the accessibility of the economically and socially disadvantaged people and

communities to information, health services and education

To plan security of inhabitants in society

To ensure women empowerment

To ensure women and child welfare

To include differently abled people in planning

To uplift the condition and status of socially backward ethnic groups

To conducts programs and activities for youth development right form the school level.

To promote Ayurveda health services system.

To develop tele medicine service

To mobilize the youth in productive sector.

To ensure the involvement of youth in policy making process.

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6.5.1 Education

From the situation analysis, it is clear that the literacy of the Changunarayan Municipality is 73

% which lower than the literacy rate of province 74.85 % and higher than the literacy rate of

Nepal i.e. 66%. The education sector is already strong in Changunarayan Municipality, and only

some programs are needed for improving the literacy rate to 95% and making it first highly

intellectual Municipality. Based on planning norms and standard 2015, 16 primary schools will

be merged for the betterment of the education quality and 8 higher education institutes are

constructed. To achieve the municipal long-term vision of making Changunarayan Municipality

“Changunarayan Municipality enriched municipality with infrastructures for education services”,

following specifics programs will aid in development of education sector:

Nepal engineering College, Janakpur Engineering College, and Kathmandu Medical

College a multiple campus strengthens educational facilities.

The infrastructures have to be upgraded and innovative technologies have to be introduced.

Qualified employees have to be appointed for upgrading the teaching standards.

Encourage female students enrollment in schools and colleges

Focus on improvement of marginalized groups education

Develop the capacity of School Management Committees

Preparation of guidelines and standards for Community and Private, Pre-Primary schools

and its effective implementation.

Regular evaluations of public and private schools will be done by Municipal Education

Committee to ensure their effective performance.

Physical and educational facilities of community schools will be developed in co-

ordination with various educational organizations.

Public libraries with modern technology need to be established for increasing the right to

information.

Arts and crafts programs to be established effectively.

6.5.2 Public Health

From the analysis, it is derived there is need of extra hospital or clinics and also required

infrastructures need to be developed. For achieving the municipal long-term vision of making

“Changunarayan Municipality enriched municipality with infrastructures for health services”,

following programs are initiated:

Municipality level hospital of capacity 25 to 50 bedded hospital will be constructed

Maternity baby health clinic will be established to give services for various ethnic and

backward groups

One Urban community health center at Duwakot ward 3.

Construction of 5 Hospital at Saraswatikhel, Bageshwori, Sudal, Jhaukhel and Duwakot.

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Tax exemption for more specialized health facilities and technical and higher education

will be introduced.

Health areas should be accessible to all genders, ages and groups and create the social

cohesion with vibrant social environment.

Special units will be established in municipality for mitigating the future possible

calamities and epidemics.

Workshops and program to be conducted on local wards for raising awareness about the

primary health treatment

Promotion of healthy diet and living among the citizens through ward level programs.

Excellent health volunteer will be awarded to encourage health volunteers and their demand

needs to be addressed urgently.

Programs for reducing the HIV/AIDS and drug addiction:

Formulation of Strategic planning for controlling HIV/AIDS and drug addiction in

municipality is done with coordination with concerned stakeholders

Programs related with HIV/AIDS and Drug addiction need to be conducted in close

coordination with Municipal AIDS Coordination Committee

Recommendation fee will be discounted while recommending to concerned stakeholders

from municipality for programs related to health treatment of drug addicted poor youth.

For involving former drug addicts in labor works and developing their working capability,

municipality will establish necessary fund.

6.5.3 Security

With the change in societal pattern, crimes are

increasing and security of citizens is in risk. Unless the

citizens are not mentally and physically safe,

development of an urban area cannot be realistic.

Social security of every individual is duty of

municipality. Social mobilization groups need to be set

in every ward with inclusion of marginalized group.

Also, municipality co- ordinates with the Nepal police

for expansion and effectiveness of the “Police my

friend (“Prahari Mero Sathi”) program.

Proposed social security plans:

Educate children through security programs in

school about the harassment issues.

Training programs relating to self-defense for male, female and even children.

Make the social allowance easily and readily available to the concerned people like old age

people, marginalized and handicapped.

Figure No 21: Solar Street Lamps (Source:

google.com)

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Identify the socially backward ethnic groups and work in their cultural preservation and

uplift in society.

Proposed Physical Security Plans

Police station buildings with enough spaces for catering human resources, modern

equipment, and accessories in each ward need to be constructed.

A municipality level police headquarter is proposed.

Police personnel or security guards have to be assigned by municipalities in the area

suspected to be risky.

Street lamps have to be installed in every street to decrease night-time casualties.

6.5.4 Cultural and Sports

Cultural

A cultural center that provides regular trainings and workshops on the various culture of

Changunarayan Municipality is proposed near the ethnic museum in Changunarayan

Conservation area.

Sports

A multipurpose sports hall will be constructed for multidisciplinary sport activities.

Developing small areas for sport activities within parks or outside, near group of wards.

Construction of multi-purpose hall or a sports hall for indoor games that can be used for

futsal, badminton, tennis, and 5 a side football, basketball, indoors hockey etc.

Inclusion of sports as main subject in educational institutes.

Creating the suitable environment for local club and organizations to participate in sport

activities.

Encouraging local sport club and organizations for registration in municipality and

coordinating the sport activities by formation of Sub metropolitan sport committee.

6.5.5 Parks and Open Space

Parks of Changunarayan municipality not only

uplift the beauty of the municipality but also

provide a natural environment for the citizens to

relax and meet. These parks have higher potential

for developing as picnic spots, playing areas and

gathering area. Several activities for maintaining

these open spaces and parks are proposed:

Demarcation of portions of existing parks

will be done for creating children’s play

area or picnic areas.

Entrance fees for these parks can be levied

Figure No 22: Concept of Street Furniture in Public

Places

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during morning and evening hours and charged for remaining time of the day.

Hunumante, Kasyang Khususng river corridor need to be preserved and develop as children

parks, jogging area, waiting and meeting spaces.

Public spaces and open spaces within the municipality can be developed into park and green

area.

9 local parks are developed in the neighborhood area with 1 park in each ward.

6.5.6 Urban Social Service Centers

After the reform of local bodies, the municipality needs many additional buildings for its service

delivery. Ward offices as well as different section office within the municipality have to build.

Based on availability of land and requirement, need identification can be done. The consultant

has prepared the design and estimate of a building. The consultant has also proposed the

retrofitting, conservation or restoration of old building and for reusing in such administrative

purpose. Proposed activities for the development of other social centers are described beneath.

Municipality Hall

The existing municipality halls need upgrading and improvement of infrastructures for

operation.

Old age Homes, Orphanage Home

1 old age home has been proposed.

Near the old age home, an orphanage home is also proposed.

Exhibition Centers

Exhibition centers for public and private events, arts exhibition, trainings are planned

Library/Information Center

The existing government library is to be upgraded as municipality level library with

appropriate infrastructure

9 community libraries have been planned and developed with e-learning.

Museum

The under construction ethnic museum will be enlarged to widen its scope as a cultural

center with performing art, center of study and research for history, culture and tradition.

Necessary adjoining facilities will be constructed.

Public Toilets

From the municipality profile, it can be derived that there are nominal public toilet facilities with

scarce infrastructure and pitiable hygiene. Hence, 15 public toilets are proposed in important

public places namely i) Nagarkot, ward no 6, ii) Near NEC area, ward no 1, iii) Changunaryana

Temple area, ward no 4, iv) Municipality office area, ward no 5. Minimal charges have to be

allocated for using these facilities for maintaining the cleanliness. The proposed public toilets are

gender friendly and cater differently abled people too.

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Table No 59: LFA for Achieving the Social Development

Intervention Logic Indicators Means of Verification Assumptions

Goal:

Achieving a quality life of the citizens through inclusive social environment

Education Sector

Objective:

Development of education services for including every caste, gender, age groups and ethnicity.

Result:

1) Literacy rate will

be increased.

2) Physical

amenities of

education services

will be fully

developed.

3) School going rate

of female students

will rise.

4) Higher number of

children from

socially backward

and ethnic groups

will be going to

school.

5) More people will

be graduated.

6) Increase in

number of literate

elderly people.

7) New techniques

will be adopted in

educational system.

8) Extracurricular

activities will

augment in schools.

By 2035,

Literacy rate

will be 100%

Literacy rate of

female will increase

to 100%.

Male literacy

rate will rise from

100%

Percentage of

students passing the

exams will increase.

Technical

education can de

provided

A multi lingual

university is

developed.

Admission rate

in ECD will be

100%

Increase in

number of

scholarship holders

in backward and

lower caste ethnic

groups

Number of

schools using e-

learning techniques

will increase.

Sports and Arts

will be included as

major subject in all

schools.

Records of Basic and

Secondary Education

Office

Sports and Extra

Curriculum Unit

Documentation

Gender Equality

and Social Security

Branch records

Records of Culture,

Heritage, Fine Arts and

Tourism Promotion

Unit

social inclusions and

equality

Budget is available

through education ministry

Private Sectors get

affiliation from T.U or other

concerned educational

institutes

There is political stability in

country.

Arrangement of budget is

as planned.

Focused groups are

interested in programs.

Upliftment of marginal

populations

Activities:

i. Upgrading quality of educational institutes of Municipality

ii. Promoting Multimedia teaching system in schools

iii. Scholarship provision for backward groups

iv. Establishment of a university

v. Promoting modern teaching system in schools

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Intervention Logic Indicators Means of Verification Assumptions

vi. Distributing e-learning materials in government schools

vii. Facilitation of elderly classes

viii.ECD programs in government schools

ix. Improvements of amenities of government educational institutes

Health Sector

Objective:

Improvement of public health status with provision of fast and convenient health facility to all

user groups of society

Result:

1) More people will

be using maternity

health services

2) Decrease in

number of unhealthy

people.

3) Health services

for infant and child

are more effective

and increased.

By 2035,

Maternity

morality rate will be

decreased.

Child and infant

mortality rate is

decreased by 50%.

Child

Vaccination rate

will augment to

75%.

Malnutrition rate

is decreased in

children below 5

yrs.

delivery rates in

hospital and clinics

will increase to

50%.

People using

family planning

mediums rises.

Number of

people getting

admitted to hospital

for regular diseases

decreases.

Health and Cleanliness

Office

Personal Event

registration unit

documentations

Market monitoring,

food safety and

consumer protection

brands records

Documentation of

District Health Office

Budget is available through

Health ministry

adequate nos.

re is political stability in

country.

disease or epidemics

Activities:

i. Organizing child vaccination programs.

ii. Promotion to nutrition programs.

iii. Encouragement of safe and secure maternity delivery

iv. Initiating free checkup facilities for differently abled and elderly

v. HIV/Aids rehabilitation program

vi. Empowerment programs for HIV/drug addiction community

vii. Improvement of amenities of KMC

viii. Establishment of health groups in each ward

ix. Establishment of a district hospital and health care centres.

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Intervention Logic Indicators Means of Verification Assumptions

Women and Child Welfare Sector

Objective:

Encouragement of women and children welfare through security in educational, social,

economical and political inclusion

Result:

1) Women

participation in

politics, education,

health and economic

sector is increased.

2) Child labor will

be decreased.

3) Homeless

children will

decrease.

By 2035,

children for

household works is

decreased to 5%.

Number of

women enrollment

in college and

school is increased

Orphanage is

established.

Divorce rate and

violence against

women cases is

minimized.

Records of Gender

Equality and Social

Security Branch

Social Security

program Subhead

records

Inventories of NGOs

Activities

i. Promotion of demoralizing usage of child in household works

ii. Women empowerment workshops and training

iii. Training on physical securities

iv. Management of women groups in each ward

v. Management of child groups

vi. Rehabilitation of homeless children

vii. Establishment of 1 orphanage centers

Security and social mobilization

Objective:

Establishing social and physical security for the inhabitants

Result:

1) Allowances are

provided to needy

and deserving.

2) People feel secure

while travelling at

night.

3) Citizens are

socially active and

well informed.

By 2035,

Rate of crime is

decreased.

Cases of

violence against

women and child

are minimized.

Old age homes

are established.

Records of Gender

Equality and Social

Security Branch

Social Security

program Subhead

records

Inventories of NGOs

Activities

i. Events on social welfare

ii. Social mobilization coordination

iii. Establishment of social groups in each wards

iv. Research on traditional culture and ethnic groups

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Intervention Logic Indicators Means of Verification Assumptions

v. Programs on marginalized groups

vi. Establishment of 1 old age home

Social Infrastructures

Objective:

Construction and Planning of police stations, library, city hall, museum, and exhibition centers,

parks and sports center for benefitting the social interaction of citizens.

Result:

1) City level library

is established.

2) Community

Library is present in

each neighborhood.

3) Changunarayan

Stadium is

developed as

regional Stadium

4) A new stadium is

developed as Sports

Academy.

4) National City hall

is developed.

5) Exhibitions

centers are

constructed in each

neighborhood.

6) Ethnic museum is

well developed.

7) Each ward will

have 1 local park

8) Each ward will

have one police

stations buildings

9) A city police

headquarter is

constructed.

10) A city police

headquarter is

constructed.

By 2035

ommunity

libraries are

established.

A exhibition hall

is constructed.

New parks will

be developed

New police post

building is

constructed.

ity police

headquarter is built.

Existing city hall

is improved and

well executed.

smoothly operating.

Records of Sports

and Extra Curriculum

Unit

Records of Gender

Equality and Social

Security Branch

Documentation of

Culture, Heritage, Fine

Arts and Tourism

Promotion Unit

Social Security

Program Subhead

records

City Police

administrative Branch

Details

Budget is available.

There is political stability in

country.

Arrangement of budget is as

planned.

Focused groups are

interested in programs.

Construction work is

operated smoothly.

Activities:

Sports

ii. Improvement of local playground amenities

iii. Sports scholarship for socially backward groups

iii. 2 Sports complex.

Others

i. Formation of 9 community libraries

ii. Establishment of 1 city library

iv. New police post building construction

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Intervention Logic Indicators Means of Verification Assumptions

v. Construction of new police station

vi. Construction of 9 new parks

vii. Construction of community parks

viii. Development of ethnic museum

ix. Improvement of amenities of existing city hall

x. Management of City hall

xi. Electric incineration chamber installment

xii. Public toilet construction

xiii.Solar street lamps installation

6.5.7 Social Development Issues and Problems

Problems in Delivery of Education

Despite much effort and dedication, particularly on the part of teaching staff, to maintain

the standard of education, subject expertise and learning methods have not evolved in step

with developments.

Economic difficulties have led to shortages of textbooks and basic school supplies, which

are now charged to parents rather than the local authority. Educational infrastructure, such

as school buildings and water and sanitation, is rapidly degrading.

Problems in Delivery of Health Care

Severe and widespread shortages of basic equipment, a general degradation in the

infrastructure, combined with the deterioration of water and sanitation systems have

reduced the capacity of the health system to manage disease.

Problems in Delivery of Social Services

The social security system developed as a means of promoting equality among urban and

rural populations, resulting in relatively equitable extension of services throughout the

country. With dwindling resources, however, it has not been possible to maintain

government spending and social investments. Although difficult to quantify, there is a

growing gap in income and standard of living, and one can only assume that class ranking

will have an impact on who benefits and who loses out.

6.6 Economic Development Plan

According to World Bank (2016); “the purpose of local economic development is to build up the

economic Municipality of a local area to improve its economic future and the quality of life for

all. It is a process by which public, business and non-governmental sector partners work

collectively to create better conditions for economic growth and employment generation.” The

definition of local economic development by the World Bank helpfully provides an insight into

the process of how local economic development planning happens, that is, in partnership with

stakeholders. More recently, the practice of local economic development is increasingly

concerned with sustainability (e.g. resource efficiency) and resilience (e.g. affordable housing).

Economic development is the process by which a nation improves the economic, political, and

social well-being of its people. It is an index, which is based on three equally weighted

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components: Longevity, measured by life expectancy at birth, Knowledge, measured by adult

literacy and number of years children are enrolled at school and Standard of living, measured by

real GDP per capita at purchasing power parity.

Commonly used criteria of economic development are increase in national income, per capita

real income, comparative concept, standard of living and economic welfare of the community

etc. Economy of an area can be directly related to the employment condition of that area, poverty,

agricultural development, tourism development, road condition, industries and business, etc.

Development in these sectors will therefore lead to the Economic Development of that area.

Goals: Standard of living of citizens is improved through employment generation and poverty

reduction

Objectives

To increase the economy of Changunaryana Municipality through agro farming, tourism

and industry

To identify the potential economic zones

To formulate plans for boosting the economic activities within the DMSC

To develop regional economic growth centers, and linking these centers with medium and

small towns through improved infrastructure

To preserve natural resources and supporting sustainable development

To develop integrated approach, including infrastructure and transport elements; economic,

social and environmental development, and other strategic policies for the municipality;

To promote promotes equal and balanced development across the entire territory of

Municipality.

To promote democratic process of participation and the common interests of increasing the

quality of life and social welfare;

To promote stable economy which will create opportunities for the generation of new jobs

for all residents of Municipality with equal rights for all;

To promotes economic development in the field of agriculture and the service sector by

increasing knowledge and associations;

To develop partnership and inter municipal cooperation and in wider context also with the

purpose of protection, rational use of existing resources, which belong to the community,

and drawing benefits from joint projects.

To increase the economy through commercial agriculture, Tourism, Industry, Trade and

Service Sector.

To increase agriculture production by giving training on mechanized and commercial

agriculture methods and technology.

To develop agriculture pocket areas and develop and upgrade irrigation facilities

To formulate plans for boosting the economic activities within the municipality

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Provide livestock and agriculture insurance and crop divarication and variation program by

providing seeds, fertilizers, modern agriculture tools and mechanics to promote and

encourage farmers.

6.6.1 Industrial Development and Trade Promotion

Industrial development is very much important for a municipality like Changunaryana

Municipality, which is rich in natural and human resources required for industrial growth and

may holds a key position in the growth of a stable economy. Industrialization means to lift up

income, generate employment opportunities and improves both in imports & exports but also

expand development process in different other sectors of the economy. The private sector should

be encouraged through fiscal incentives to set up small industrial estates to provide not only land

and infrastructure but also suitable industrial environment & welfare schemes for workers. The

municipality should coordinate with the province governments, federal government and other

concerned agencies for the development of industrial estates and accessibility of road and electric

Municipality. The estate may run by the private sector on self-financing basis. There is a greater

possibility of agro based industries and Brick industry. The export oriented industry and

hospitality industries can be established in this municipality. The municipality is situated in

between Bhaktapur Metropolitan city in south, Kavrepalanchok District in east and Kathmandu

District in west and north portion. The Duwakot is one of the main market place of whole

municipality since long time. The Duwakot area of this municipality is popular as trade centre

which is making collection of different raw materials, agriculture products from in and around

municipality. The collected raw materials and agro-products is directly exported to other urban

areas. But municipality can take action to establish related industries for processing these

products and can be exported to other parts of Nepal as well as India. A relevant factor of income

is remittances from the diaspora which can be utilized to the productive sectors for the

development of industries.

Goal

Increase the contribution of trade and industry in the municipal development

Objective

Promote local product business and create employment opportunities

Protect and promote local small scale industries

6.6.2 Employment Generation, Poverty Reduction

For the employment generation and poverty reduction, various programs in different economic

sector can be planned.

Proposed activities:

Establishment of agro based industry such as livestock farming, cash crops agricultures and

trade / business centers, tourism within the municipality.

Encourage youth people towards agro based business by providing soft loan, irrigation

facilities, proper market/ correction centers, insurances, awards, trainings and technical

supports.

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Private sector can be encouraged to develop productive sector like Multiplex halls, parking,

sports hall etc.

Trainings will have provided in coordination with various NGO and INGO to promote local

employment.

6.6.3 Regional Competitiveness of Municipality

This Municipality exports the vegetables products to the nearby municipalities like Baktapur

metropolitans, Kathmandu Metropolitans Cities. i.e. its economic development through the

agricultural product is possible in the near future. Also, this municipality is rich in its natural

resources such as forest, high hills and the peaceful area in the north side of valley. Such places

are also possessing the high tourism potential. Also, Bhaktapur and the Kathmandu are the main

tourism places of Nepal, tourist can be attracted towards these places via good, sound and

efficient road and other infrastructure. Regionally, with comparison of Bhaktapur and Kathmandu

metropolitan Municipality this municipality has low socio – economic index as it has literacy rate

of 74% but this municipality has high agricultural land in comparison of another municipality.

6.6.4 Agriculture Development

As clarified in earlier chapters, agriculture is a major source of income generation in

Changunaryana Municipality. Lack of modern technology in farming, irrigation facilities, market

management, and low financial capacity of municipality to invest on agro-farming has become

main hindrances for developing agriculture as main income source.

Proposed activities:

Changunaryana Municipality has clayey, silty clayey, sandy clayey soil with abundant land

available for agriculture. Hence with modern agriculture techniques along with youths’

participation on agro farming can be enticed to agriculture for income generation.

Establishment of cold storage, dairy product centers, butcher centers in different parts of

the municipality with proper linkage to the rural areas for employment generation.

Local chicken farming on hill areas and poultry faming on southwards, farming need to be

encouraged.

Professional cow farming and goat farming can be encouraged in hill areas having enough

grazing lands.

In coordination with Wada Nagarik Manch and Nagarik Sachetana Kendra, youths (male

and female) will be provided training about effective animal farming and agriculture.

Special efforts will be made to promote ginger, turmeric farming in the ward no 5 and 6 of

municipality.

Develop a collection center of agro products in and around Kharipati, Sudal, Duwakot,

Sarashwoti Khel area.

Guidelines and standards for animal farming management will be formed and

implemented.

Off season vegetable farming and organic vegetable production will be promoted to whole

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municipality area.

Promote and develop the organic farming and animal husbandry within area of municipality

through incentives and financial aid like providing seeds for free, trainings on making

organic pesticides, providing loans for construction of greenhouse farming areas.

6.6.5 Strategic Location of Different Market Center/Product Collection Center

Improve the economic performance of the municipal system, mainly in terms of employment and

income of the population. To utilize local resources, municipality should organize according to

value chains and upgrade capacities maintaining a long term sustainable environment, social and

gender equity, the following points should be kept in mind:

Establish a sound governance for the economic system.

Improve the economic performance and competitiveness of the value chains.

Establish a system for providing comprehensive services to entrepreneurs, producers,

population, civil society organizations, and public institutions.

Realize and implement an effective territorial marketing.

Improve capacities in economic development planning

Indigenous productive dynamics are main part of Municipality economic sector

6.6.6 Possible Economic Zones Based on Local Economic Growth Potentials

Transportation, Information and Communication sector, Educational training institutes,

banking sector, Commercial buildings and Manpower companies for employments are the

assuring fields for economic development of Changunaryana Municipality.

Changunaryana Municipality can initiate lobbying with the local banking sector and

finance companies for issuing loans to the local industry and trade.

Economic infrastructures like Parking Space, Bus parks, vegetable markets, Stadium,

Sports Complex, and Movie Hall can escalate the revenue generation of Sub metropolitan.

Informal sector enterprises, which are active in food preparation, selling tea and coffee,

tailoring, street vending of various items and domestic services also increases the economic

growth rate of the Municipality. A program for managing these sectors without hampering

the beauty of the Municipality is the main challenge of Changunaryana municipality.

As there are many forests in Changunaryana Municipality, by organizing the community

forest groups, Herbal farming and bee farming can be initiated for economic uplift.

Educational and medical tourism can be promoted through bio-diversity promotion.

A safari concept in Changunaryana Temple area can be initiated with encouragement of

diverse wildlife in the forest.

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Table No 60: LFA for Achieving Economic Development

Intervention Logic Indicators Means of Verification Assumptions

Goal:

Standard of living of citizens is improved through employment generation and poverty reduction

Agro Farming Sector

Objective:

Improvement of income generation of farmers through commercialization in agriculture and animal

husbandry

Result:

1) Youths are attracted

towards agro farming.

2) Rise in agricultural

products and production.

3) Increase in production

through development and

improvements of cash

crops.

4) Export of dairy and

animal products is raised.

By 2035,

People involving in

agro farming will

rise to 70%.

Registration rate of

animal farming is

increased.

Export rate of cash

crops is increased.

Records of Agriculture,

Livestock and Co-

operative works.

Agricultural

development bank

documentation

Employment

generation and poverty

reduction branch records

Budget is available

though

Irrigation facility is

available.

There is no loss in

agricultural product.

There is no disease

on crops.

Activities:

i. Establishment of 5 Cold storage and 7 vegetable collection centers

ii. Subsidy for Poultry farming

iii. Trainings on animal farming and agriculture

iv. Preparation of guidelines for animal husbandry

v. Construction of irrigation canal at vegetable pocket areas

vii. Coordination for Loan for agro farming

viii. Promotion of organic farming and off seasonal farming

ix. Loans for construction of greenhouse farming and others

x. Networking activities with surrounding villages for exports of products

xi. Improvement of access road to neighborhood rural areas

Tourism

Objective:

Increment in revenue generation of Sangachowk Chautara through tourism promotion

Result:

1) Increase in people

visiting Changu for tourism.

2) Municipality will benefit

from tourism.

By 2035,

Rate of tourist will

rise by 75%.

Tourism circuit

map is prepared.

Records of Economic

Development Division

Information,

Communication and data

Management Division

Budget is

available.

There is political

stability in country.

Donor agencies

are willing to help.

Activities:

i. Coordination with national and international travelling agencies

ii. Promotional events through internet and advertisements

iii. Educating students and local youths for information flow

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Intervention Logic Indicators Means of Verification Assumptions

Economic Infrastructures

Objective:

Construction and planning of vegetable markets infrastructure, multipurpose sports hall, movie

halls for economic uplift.

Result:

1) Vegetable markets are

established in each ward.

2) Enough entertainment

facilities are available.

3) Adequate space is

available for sports and

other events.

By 2035,

Vegetable markets

increase

Number of movie

halls and recreation

is increased.

Records of Economic

Development division

Land Management and

Building Regulation

Division records

Budget is

available.

There is political

stability in country.

Donor agencies are

willing to help.

Activities:

i. Construction of 5 vegetable market structures.

ii. Construction of 4 commercial complex with and Shopping centres.

Micro Industry and Business Promotion

Objective:

Focus on micro industry for benefitting the economic status of citizens.

Result:

1) Employment is

generated.

2) Informal sector

enterprises are well

managed.

3) Women driven local

industries are increased.

4) Investment in banks,

transportation and

promising economic zone is

increased.

By 2035,

Number of

employed people is

increased

Number of people

working in industry

is raised

Local industry

registration rate is

increased.

Records of Economic

Development division

Documentation of

Rastriya Banijya Bank

Budget is

available.

There is political

stability in country.

People are

convinced to operate

industry.

Activities:

i. Tax exemption on formation of industries.

ii. Provision of physical amenities to local industry

iii. Loans for local industry formation

iv. Subsidy on homestay conduction and small lodges

v. Coordination with local banks for loans

6.6.7 Potentials and Problems of Economic Development Plan

Mass Poverty: Reducing the percentage of people below absolute poverty line, narrowing the

ever widening poverty gap between rich and poor with implementation of the poverty reduction

measures, at present, is one of the major development issues in municipality. Data reveals that

18.97 percent people live below absolute poverty line in 2018.

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Lack of Physical Infrastructure: Inadequate and disproportionate development of the physical

infrastructure like transportation, communication, electricity is also a major development issue

which has retarded the overall development of the municipality.

Widespread Unemployment: Issue of unemployment, disguised unemployment, and

underemployment is also serious one. Many workers are added annually in the labor market

within municipality and economy Nepal. But, the opportunities for entrepreneurship, quality skill

development and creation of employment opportunities are extremely low in the economy.

Stagnation of Agriculture: One of the major identified causes of underdevelopment and poverty

is stagnation of agriculture. Despite agriculture sector being a source of employment for about

44.6 percent of manpower, its contribution to GDP is very low. Poverty is widespread among the

people engaged in agriculture since the per capita output is low in agriculture. Since majority of

the people are engaged in agriculture, poverty alleviation is possible only when we are able to

increase agricultural productivity and shift the excess manpower from agriculture to other sectors

of the economy by way of creating opportunities of gainful employment. Agricultural production

still remains capricious due to high dependency on monsoon owing to weak irrigation facility.

Agricultural sector has low competitiveness in the international arena because of the dearth of

fertilizer, seeds, irrigation and other facilities necessary for raising productivity. Therefore, one

of the prime development challenge to municipality is to push up the agricultural growth

alongside the increased agricultural productivity through various policy measures (like

commercialization of the agriculture, expanding irrigation facilities, road networks, storage,

fertilizers and inputs etc.) and to sustain its competitiveness by giving continuity to emphasis on

investment and subsidy facilities being provided to this sector.

Natural Resources Utilization: one of the key development issues in municipality is how to

harness the natural resources available in the economy. We are rich in some resources such as

water, forest, minerals etc. We have also land with different altitudes capable of producing several

type cash and food crops, medicinal herbs, flowers, fruits; vegetables etc. Harnessing forest

alongside bio-diversity could also become a potential resource. Municipality can create tourists

magnetic atmosphere and can earn huge amount of foreign exchange if the government and

private sector both take initiative in constructing tourism infrastructure development. It is also a

challenge of developing a municipality as a tourist destination by conserving and expanding the

existing tourists’ locations with adequate publicity; and exploration, identification and expansion

of the new tourist’s sites.

Human Resources: Nepal has a huge potential of human resources, which, if utilized effectively,

can be a major source for the factor of development. But, large portion of the people are still

illiterate, and there is lack of skilled and trained manpower in the different field. Even though

foreign employment is a major source of foreign exchange earnings, we are supplying only

untrained, unskilled or semi-skilled workers for foreign employment. It is also necessary to make

this sector systematic and making institutional arrangement for imparting training and skill for

raising the demand workers at the international level. Now it is a challenge of engaging the youths

in the nation’s development by creating employment opportunity within the country itself.

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6.7 Tourism and Cultural Development Plan

As explained in the concept of urban development planning of Municipality, is to be developed

as one of the Tourism destiny of Province No.3. Changunaryan Temple is the World Heritage

site located nearly 12 km east of the Kathmandu and few miles north of Bhaktpaur. Similarly,

preparing master plan to manage the religious and adventurous tourist during whole year for

increasing the local and international tourist is other challenges of municipality. For stopover of

tourists at Municipality, it has to invest on conservation of historical and archaeological sites,

enhance natural sites, develop services and infrastructures and promote private sectors for

investment.

Goal: Improvement of economy of municipality through Cultural and Religious Tourism

development.

Objectives

Identification and preservation of important Cultural heritage sites within Municipality.

Identification of specific non-tangible cultures in the area

Documentation of historically important sites and formulate plans for its revitalization

Plan for conservation of both tangible and intangible cultures and link them to tourism

development plan

Formulation of plans to promote Changunarayan as religious touristic centers

Develop the culture centers (local craft, paint, architecture, museum, culture exchange,

exhibition).

6.7.1 Identification and Preservation of Cultural Heritages Site.

Cultural Heritage and Historical Sites

Changunarayan Temple, Pancha Laxmi Narayan

Temple, Jyoti Lingeshwor Temple, some major

religious sites for Hindu devotee. Changunaryan

Temple is not only religious place but it is the

oldest temple of Nepal. It remains a milestone in

Nepali Temple architecture with rich embossed

works. The temple is neither in Shikhara style nor

the pagoda style. It has its own architectural style

“Traditional Nepali Style”.

The infrastructure like road network,

accessibility, drainage, solar lights etc. are need

to be improved and green areas, sitting spaces,

parking and toilet facility also be added in these temple areas. A cultural linkages plan creates

connecting nearby cultural and historic sites likes Bhaktapur Durbar Squre, and Changunaryan

Temple

Figure No 23: Changunarayan Temple

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The Identification and construction of cremation site will be conducted. Similarly, museum that

replicate local religion, costume and tradition need to be constructed. Moreover, the museum can

be developed as a regional level Museum with Archaeological, Historic and religious value.

City Beautification

Enhancing the aesthetics of the market city is very essential, not only for social environment but

also for tourism development.

The secondary streets will be paved with semi permeable or permeable building materials like

brick or stones for allowing water infiltration and maintaining the water table. Trees and shrubs

need to be planted along the walkway to reduce the escalating urban heat and creating a cooler

and greener environment. In some areas like Duwakot, Jitpur, Jhaukhel Saraswotikhle etc small

relaxing zones with kiosks, greeneries and seat outs can be developed which creates an engaging

social ambience and uplifts the local economy. All electric wires will be taken underground for

creating a soothing visual environment and proper norms for hoarding boards and advertisement

displays will be formulated so that beauty of the Municipality is not hampered.

The existing area near Changunaryan Temple will be enhanced with ponds, exercise area, jogging

trial and kids play area. Tiny artificial fountain pond can be created for rainwater conservation

inside the parks. Small plaza can be developed for conducting various events like awareness

programs, meetings, and exhibitions in Public Park.

Religious Tourism

Tourism is the one of main planning concept of the IUDP of Municipality. Hence, it is mandatory

to identify the Cultural, historical, natural and ecological sites in and around Municipality for

enticing the tourist to visit. Tourism will help in conservation of the historical values and increase

the economy as well. There are lots of investment that can be done for tourism development,

mainly in infrastructures. Furthermore, improvement of access road connecting to cultural and

touristic sites is done. There will be sufficient investment on the tourist facility in Municipality

like information centers, toilets and bath centers, security, transportation etc.

A Tourism Development Section is formed on Municipality that will be responsible for

conducting tourism development activities year-round. This will provide training to Hotels

entrepreneurs, Travel and tour institutions, municipal staffs and park committees. Municipality

can issue Social and cultural activities calendar and plan Tourism development week (once a

year) for promoting tourism. Furthermore, sports activities can be linked with tourism.

6.7.2 Conservation of both Material and Non Material Cultures.

Sociologists describe two interrelated aspects of human culture: the physical objects of the culture

and the ideas associated with these objects.

Material culture refers to the physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define

their culture. These include homes, neighbourhoods, cities, schools, synagogues, temples,

mosques, offices, factories and plants, tools, means of production, goods and products, stores,

and so forth. All of these physical aspects of a culture help to define its members' behaviours and

perceptions.

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Material culture. (1) Occupation. (2) The types of the wall of house (3) household articles (4)

Musical instruments (5) Weapons and hunting instruments (6) Dress and ornaments (7) Food and

drink.

Occupation: The most of people are engaged as farm laborers and very few are cultivators.

They also work as day-laborers in forest, road construction, farmland etc.

The types of the walls of house

Most of houses in municipality are earthen joint, load bearing wall system with rectangular

shape.

Household articles

The house hold articles are given below

Musical Instruments

Among musical instruments, Madal, flutes and Damaha are found with them. The musical

instruments are handmade. The Damaha is also self-made from leather and copper.

Dress and Ornaments: The society is formulated with the settlement of the different

community. Every Community has their own dressing patterns and nature of using

ornaments is different for different community.

Food and Drink

Their diet consists mainly of coarse food grains. They use whatever is locally available. Their

food includes pugs, rice and sometimes vegetables. They eat flesh of chicken, goat. They also eat

fish. They do consume milk and milk products. Even small children are given milk to drink. A

whole family including the young may consume liquor together. Every ceremonial or religious

occasion is celebrated with liquor. Smoking of bidis is very common for both men and women.

Non‐material culture refers to the non-physical ideas that people have about their culture,

including beliefs, values, rules, norms, morals, language, organizations, and institutions. For

instance, the non‐material cultural concept of religion consists of a set of ideas and beliefs about

God, worship, morals, and ethics. These beliefs, then, determine how the culture responds to its

religious topics, issues, and events.

Non material culture includes (1) Language (2) folk songs (3) Activities related to Birth,

Marriage, Death god and goddesses.

When considering non‐material culture, sociologists refer to several processes that a culture uses

to shape its members' thoughts, feelings, and behaviours. Four of the most important of these are

symbols, language, values, and norms.

Plan for Conservation of Material and Non Material Culture

Establishment of the national level museum within the municipality.

Advertisement of the touristic area and increase national and international tourist number

visiting the municipality

Link the tourism and material and non-material culture by establishment of the homestays

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in typical localities

Conserve the typical house and houses patient within the municipality

Table No 61: LFA for Achieving Tourism and Cultural Development

Intervention Logic Indicators Means of Verification Assumptions

Goal:

Improvement of economy of Municipality through Cultural and Religious Tourism development

Objective:

Identification of tourism and cultural heritage potential of and investing on its development for

achieving Green East target as described in Tourism Development Action Plan of eastern Nepal

Result:

1) Increase in revenue

of Sangachowk

Chautara municipality.

2) Increase of local and

International tourists in

Municipality

3) Introduction of local

culture and tradition to

outer world

4) Commercial and

Market of local

products of

Municipality

By 2035,

Number of tourist

is increased.

Tourism industry

rate will be

increased.

Records of Culture,

Heritage and Tourism

Promotion Unit

Documentation of

Economic Development

Division

Administration Division

stability in country.

Central government

provides budget.

Private sector is

willing to invest.

Activities:

Cultural heritage site

i. Infrastructure development of Changunarayan temple, Jyotilingeswor and Panchnarayan temple

ii. Management of temples and its premises

iii. Preservation of traditional houses and encouragement of building traditional house around

religious premises

iv. Improvement of road on Nagarkot view tower and muhanpokhari

Historical sites

i. Conservation of dhunge dhara and ponds of Municipality

ii. Actions for prevention of encroachment of historical areas.

Tourism

i. Construction of treking route on nagarkot

ii. Homestay workshops on Nagarkot

iii. Operation of 7 new Tourist Information centers

iv. Improvement of paragliding spot at Chinne Danda

v. Management and maintenanced of View tower of Nagarkot

vi. Construction of one view tower at Trishuldanda.

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6.8 Financial Development Plan

Financial development is a part of the development strategy to stimulate economic growth and

reduce poverty, overcoming “costs” incurred in the financial system. It involves the establishment

and expansion of institutions, instruments and markets that support this investment and growth

process. It refers to the fulfilment of the functions of the financial system in the best manner by

eliminating the market distortions.

Goal: Achieving a financial sustainability through optimum utilization of available resources.

Objectives

To identify the areas of economic potential

To recognize the probable revenue generation areas of Changunarayan Municipality and

formulate plan likewise

To promote alternative funding modalities for minimizing the government municipal

budget by promoting PPP

To encourage investments for financial sustainability

To focus towards the duties enhancing knowledge, skill, attitude and behavior of the

incumbents and personnel in Finance, Procurement and Accounting through capacity

development.

To maintain financial discipline with financial management system, financial reporting

system with adequate documentation, records and evidences financial reporting and

financial statement as per the requirement of the financial management and accounting

system for better governance

6.8.1 Municipality Revenue Improvement Plan

The work is to formulate, identification and mobilization of resources required during the period

of IUDP implementation.

Vision: An efficient institution to support the process of development through broad-based,

transparent and tax system

Mission: Ensuring appropriate tax policies and better services for improved tax compliance.

Overall Objective: Ensure equitable, progressive, transparent and predictable tax system

Objective

Reform tax policies

Enhance Taxpayer Service and Education

Improve enforcement mechanism

Strengthen structures and system

Strategy

Reform tax policies to support investment and growth

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Broaden and protect tax base

Revitalize Research & Development for policy recommendations action

Improve taxpayer service to reduce the compliance and administrative cost

Develop, update and disseminate tax related materials and information

Provide taxpayer education and interaction programs Actions

Improve information network

Strengthen institutional capabilities.

Optimize Full-scale e-Governance System

Actions

Introduce a system of recording and reporting tax expenditures

Formulate issue-based guidelines and operational manuals

Introduce e-commerce and virtual transaction taxation policies

Strengthen the monitoring and evaluation system for policy feedback

Develop a uniform and standard teaching material for taxpayer education

Outsource some taxpayer education program

Develop and integrate existing registration, e-RT, e-Payment, e-TDS systems

Expected Result

Taxation Master Plan will be revised and implemented

Commerce Taxation Policy will be devised

e-based Service delivery mechanism will be in place

e-Payment System will be institutionalized

Virtual communication will be developed

Tax related information will be disseminated

Integrated system of tax assessment will be developed

By considering the points mentioned above, revenue improvement plan for Changunarayan

municipality has been prepared and presented in following table, which gives the strategies to be

followed, activities to be completed, time line for achieving those activities and the responsible

agency for accomplishing those activities in order to enhance internal revenue.

Table No 62: Revenue Generation Plan

6.8.2 Assessment of Possible Financial Resources

The work is to formulate, identification and mobilization of resources required during the period

of IUDP implementation. The following things/ subjects needs to be examined for search of

possible financial resources:

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Raising of internal fund- Sources can be collected through raising the internal rate in service

Revenue generation plan for Changunarayan Municipality

Strategies Activities Tasks Time

Frame

Responsible

Agency

Revenue

administration

system

strengthened

Formation of

revenue advisory

committee and

strengthen the

role of revenue

advisory

committee

(RAC)

Develop RAC's coordination and

communication mechanism

Review the progress made in revenue

collection periodically

Discuss on the potential new sources of

revenue

Make RAC a catalyst to coordinate with

government and private sector

stakeholders

Every Year Municipality

Recruitment of

empty post of

revenue section

Assess the staffing needs of revenue

section

Provide adequate and efficient staff with

experience in revenue administration

Every Year Municipality

Hold workshop

and interaction

programs

Hold regular interaction program with

different sections of the municipality

Visit other municipalities having good

examples to expose the revenue section

staff

Hold workshop with the stakeholders

(business houses, civil societies, press,

political parties) to collect suggestions

on revenue enhancement

Every Year Municipality,

MoFAGA

Introduce house

numbering

Issue house numbers to existing houses

within the given time frame

Issue house numbers to the new

constructions at the time of approving

the building permit

2080

Municipality,

DUDBC,

MoFAGA

Prepare Revenue

Implementation

Plan

Approve action plan to improve the

revenue management system

Make regular follow up to see the

achievements made against the action

plan

2080 Municipality

Revenue

generation

data base

updated and

made

functional

Computerize

revenue

generation data

Introduce software for revenue

generation

Enter all hard copy data (property and

business tax data) in the computer

system within a given time frame

Collect and update data of all properties

in the municipality in the database

including properties not liable to pay

taxes

July 2020 Municipality,

MoFAGA

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135

delivery and any special types of scheme as provided by the municipality more than the

above rate.

Update records of the tax payers on a

regular basis

Link data with

other sections of

the municipality

Introduce GIS system for uses by

revenue, planning and building permit

section

Link revenue data with GIS system

Link revenue system with other sections

of the municipality

2020 Municipality,

MoFAGA

Coordinate and

share data with

government

agencies

Coordinate with Land Revenue Office to

share land parcel data on a regular basis

Exchange business and rent tax data

with Inland Revenue Department

Coordinate with Transport Management

Department to share vehicle data

Coordinate with water supply,

electricity, telephone authorities to

identify and update tax payers records

Periodic

Municipality,

MoFALD,

LRO, IRO,

TMO,

Make computer

system

functional

Train staff in the application of

computer system

Arrange logistics for making computer

system effective and efficient

Arrange for timely and efficient support

system

2020

Municipality,

MoFAGA,

N/INGOs

Tariff system

revisited and

made effective

Carry out

feasibility study

of revenue

Review achievements made in the

previous feasibility study of revenue

Conduct new feasibility study

Implement the recommendations made

in the feasibility study

Periodic Municipality

Introduce

integrated

property tax

(IPT) system

Arrange trainings to prepare for the

introduction of IPT

Arrange IPT preparation budgets

2020

Municipality,

MoFAGA

Revise rates for

taxes fees and

charges

periodically

Collect information from other

municipalities regarding revision in the

tax rates, fees and charges

Revise legal provisions in raising taxes,

fees and charges periodically

Periodic Municipality

Revenue

collection

made efficient

and effective

Introduce billing

system

Provide information to tax payers about

their dues in the beginning of each year

Consider 80/20 rule when collecting

revenues owed.

2020 Municipality,

Introduce carrot

and stick method

Provide discount for timely payment of

taxes in the beginning of the year Immediate Municipality

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Identification and Extraction of Natural Resources: Possible sources of natural resources

are identified and extraction of such identified natural resources as quickly as possible. And

Introduce penalty to the defaulters at the

progressive rate (10% first year, 15%

second year 20% third year, etc.)

Hold regular

revenue

campaign

programs

Use news media, social network,

hoarding boards, television etc. to

inform the citizens to pay taxes

Distribute brochures to the tax payers

explaining about duties in paying taxes

and the services municipality provides

to its citizens

Participate in exhibition and fairs and

provide information to the citizens

Hold annual function to honor the tax

payers

Every Year

Municipality,

CCI,

Citizens

Use banking

system for

revenue

collection

Use banks to collect payment instead of

cash payment

Use other methods of making payments

e.g. personal cheques, bank draft, credit

card

Consider opening a bank counter in the

municipal premises

End of

2019

Municipality

Alternative

avenues for

potential OSR

explored and

enforced

Explore

possibility of

potential OSR

Explore and identify the sources of

potential OSR

Include such ideas in the feasibility

study

Periodic Municipality

Frame out cost

recovery policy

of infrastructure

systems operated

by the

municipality

Recover cost for providing specific

services e.g. sewerage, water supply,

electricity services etc.

Ensure that the revenue collection for

specific service is used for maintaining

such services

Ensure that revenue for sewer system

constructed by the municipality is

collected by the municipality and not by

the water authority

2020

Municipality,

MoFAGA,

DUDBC

Project

implemented

through Users

Group and

PPP model

encouraged

Implement

projects through

User Groups

Prepare guidelines for the selection of

projects implemented by the User

contribution

Select projects having strong

willingness of the community in making

financial contribution

Make provision for O&M costs

Every Year Municipality,

MoFAGA

Implement

projects under

PPP model

Form PPP promotion committee to

identify and implement commercially

viable projects under PPP model Every Year

Municipality,

MoFAGA,

CCI

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137

the taxation on such resources helps in the collection of funds for municipality. This

municipality has high potential of sand resources as the traces can be seen in the following

pictures.

Tourism: Tourism may be the financial

resources of the municipality. By the

promotion of National and international

tourism, municipality can generate huge

amount of money. Also this municipality

is located near the Kathmandu and

Bhaktapur city. This municipality needs to

develop necessary infrastructures such as

road, hotels and provide sufficient

security to the tourist for the promotion of

touristic areas like Changunaryan area.

Also the Changunaryan ridge can be

developed as the green belt and open zoo

or the jungle safari can be initiated for the

tourism development in the concerned area. Following pictures shows the general view of

mountains form Changunarayan ridge

Agricultural Product

Agriculture generates almost 44.6 % of the

employment in the municipality. With the

advancement of the agricultural method and the

development of the technology, high amount of

the agricultural product can be generated with

the minimal amount of working hours. This

municipality can generate huge amount of

economy i.e. money and employment with the

advancement of the agricultural method.

Following picture shows the tunnel farming in

Changunaryan municipality.

Consider PPP policy 2003 and PPP

Guidelines 2004 in implementing PPP

projects

Select projects based on the policy and

guidelines

Use private

sector in solid

waste

management

Explore use of private sector in solid

waste management

Encourage solid waste management

staff of the municipality to form a

commercial entity to take up this

function.

Immediate

Municipality,

Private

sectors

Figure No 24: General view of Mountain Form

Changunaryan Ridge

Figure No 25: Tunnel farming)

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Industry: Bricks industries in Changunaryan are the major source of income for the

municipality. As there are 50 no of brick

industries within the municipality. Such

industries are operated as per the benefit

of municipality and environment.

Environmental degradation need to be

prevented while operating such industries.

For the systematic operation of such

industries no of brick manufacturing per

year is limited and the tax collected form

such industries will be used for

environment protection.

Additional amount- The provincial and

federal Government canprovide more amount as additional amountas earmarked grant to

run any projects within this municipality to implement the same by this municipality.

Internal Borrowing-According to the Local-level Operational Act 2074, any

municipalitycan takeinternal borrowing asloan from any lender to complement the deficit

budget as approved by taking consent from the federal government.

Fiscal transfer-Any municipality, according to the Fiscal Transfer Act, 2074 can receive

various types of grant through fiscal transfer system from the federal and provincial

government. The funds are fiscal equalization grants, matching grant, special grants,

earmarked grants and other unconditional grants.

Federal government-This municipality, according to the Local-level Operational Act 2074,

can take external loan from any foreign lender to complement the deficit budget as

approved by the consent from the federal government.

International borrowing-This municipality, according to the Local-level Operational Act

2074, can request to the international financial institutions to execute some development

programs to complement the deficit budget as approved. However, the municipality to

prepare repayment scheme for refunding to the lender with interest and loan amount.

Analysis and projection of Town income and expenditures

Revenue Improvement Action Plan

MARS-According Local Level Operation Act, 2074 any local level should open Bank Accounts,

transfer of amounts to its funds from DTCO, maintain ledger accounts, subsidiary accounts,

prepare periodical financial report and annual financial statements. Recently, Municipal

Administration and Revenue System (MARS) is in implementation as a need to the municipality

to support the Fiscal System. MARS is related to excellent administration, low in cost, income

growth, transparency,

Responsibility, effective resource mobilization and documentation like

Budget Monitoring and Planning system

Figure No 26: Brick Factory

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Financial and Accounting system

Revenue Management system

Civil Interface System

Fixed assets accounting system

Office Management System

Decision support system

Executive Information system

Human Resource Management system

Local level should submit estimated revenue, programs and submit to the ministry within the mid

of falgun and after approval of budget they have to mobilize the budget with the concept of

economy for maximum benefits...

6.8.3 Allocation of Development Budget

The estimated budget of Changunarayan Municipality for the fiscal year 2018-19 as published

by the Changunaryan municipality is NPS 362 million

Table No 63: Allocation of Development Budget

S.N Sector

Total Budget

municipality for 2075/76

(NRS 1000)

Percentage %

1 Physical Development Plan 272000 75.14

2 Social Development Plan 3000 0.83

4 Environment Management Plan 2500 0.69

5 Disaster Management Plan 20000 5.52

6 Culture & Tourism Development

Plan 20000 5.52

7 Economic Development Plan 5000 1.38

8 Institutional Development Plan 39500 10.91

Total budget 362000 100.00

The budget received from GoN is distributed to each sector based on percentage. Similarly, listing

is done for each sector for the budget allocated by municipality taking the reference of their

annual budget record.

6.8.4 Promotional Strategy of private Sector and Civil Society

Private Sector proved to be more competent than public sector. By involving private sector, it has

potential to increase operating efficiency by making investments in new technologies, bringing

innovative solutions, and encouraging more transparent organizational structures. However, not

all infrastructure projects are suitable for public private partnership (PPP), and conditions need

to exist that entice private sector participation in the delivery of infrastructure assets and provision

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of service. When efficiently and transparently procured, the benefits of involving the private

sector in the delivery of infrastructure include (i) efficient use of the resources, (ii) improved asset

and service quality, (iii) improved public sector management, and (iv) overall improvement in

public sector procurement. (ADB 2012)

Some of the strategy for promoting PPP modalities in Changunarayan Municipality is in the field

of tourism, solid waste management and infrastructure development.

The proposed activity for promoting PPP is:

If government provides basic amenities like water, road, sewerage, drainage, electricity to

new areas for hotel development, businessman can be attracted for tourism development.

This is also a type of PPP modalities where services are provided by private sector after

initiation from public sector.

Solid waste management can run on concession contract of PPP model where investment

is done by private sector in the existing amenities or new innovative solutions can be

derived with private ownership for certain period (15-30 years).

PPP model can be implemented in transport services like buses, taxi services. Facility or

operational management contract method can be best suitable for this type with ownership

to public sector. Private sector can be given incentives of tax exemption of 10% on vehicle

renewal and benefit sharing of 80-20%.

The maintenance of assets and equipment of temples can be given to private sector with

benefit incentive.

Open public spaces can be given on lease for 10-30 years to private sector to develop parks,

commercial building etc. depending on the location.

The new projects like Bus Park, sports hall, public library can have the 60-40 public private

model for investment. Benefits can be given to the shareholders like discounts on tickets or

membership.

6.8.5 Financial and Economic Analysis

Financial condition of the municipality is the back bone of economic development of the

municipality. Economic Development mainly related to the living standard of the people i.e it

indicates condition of using the public services of government. Economically, every investment

has its payback period depends upon the complicity of the project. Generally, the investment in

the physical infrastructure i. e. road infrastructure in the name of rural agro - road has higher pay

back period and lower economic values. But development is generally measures in the term of

availability of roads which influences the policy makers to invest in most of the financial

resources in roads which rarely contribute in the economic growth of the municipality. So we

recommend, that financial investment of the municipality is in such way that it directly contribute

the betterment in the technique of agriculture, betterment of institutions, upgrading the road

infrastructures etc.

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Table No 64: LFA for Achieving Financial Development

Intervention Logic Indicators Means of

Verification Assumptions

Goal:

Achieving a financial sustainability through optimum utilization of available resources

Objective:

Identify the areas of economic potential to expand the revenue generation and encourage

alternative investment modalities for financial sustainability

Result:

1) Municipality is

collecting more revenues.

2) Banks and

corporate institutions are

attracted for investment

3) Investments from

private sector are increased.

4) Citizen’s

involvement in projects

increased.

5) Collaboration and

partnerships with NGOs and

INGOs is strong and

increased.

By 2035,

from taxes and services

are increases

Number of

corporate office and

banks are increased.

Strategic projects

are completed.

Infrastructures

are well functioning.

Revenue and

Financial

Administration

Division

Monitoring and

Evaluation Division

documentation

There is

political stability

in the country.

budgets are

available.

Revenue is

generated.

Activities:

i. Increase in property taxes, rent, income taxes

ii. Increase in service charges

iii. Grant and assistance from GIZ, ADB, World Bank, UN

iv. Lobbying private sector investment

v. Collaboration with citizens

6.8.6 Issues and Problems

Lack of proper planning

Public sector undertakings spend too heavily on construction as well as designing. It is

primarily because there is a lack of proper planning. This lack of proper planning results in

heavy drainage of funds and thus there is serious financial problem in the wake.

Unfavourable input-output ratio

Public sector undertakings are heavily over-capitalized with the result that there is

unfavorable input-output ratio. Inadequate planning, inordinate delays in construction etc.,

are the causes for over-capitalization.

Cost of capital

At present in public sector undertakings cost of capital does not include cost of raising

capital of different types and this cost is not reckoned at market price. This results in

underestimating the cost of the capital. Consequently, it leads to non-realistic fixing of

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prices and the underestimating market trends. Even it becomes difficult to estimate the

extent of profits and losses as well.

Problem of pricing

Another problem of a public sector undertaking is that of fixing the prices of the goods

produced. As we know that unless pricing policy is sound even good concerns can run into

losses.

Problem of surpluses

In the financial field another problem is that of declaring surpluses. From surplus we mean

the resources available as surplus, after deducting working expenses, normal replacements,

interest payments and dividends. But again in the public sector undertakings it has not been

found possible to device a policy of declaring surpluses. No clear cut principles in this

regard have been laid down by the Government for the guidance of public sector

undertakings.

Problem of raising loans

All public sector undertakings are run with the finance of the Government. Now this has in

turn raised many problems. Sometimes Government may feel it difficult to finance public

sector undertakings such cases, if these undertakings depend on capital market, they bound

to disturb financial structure of the market.

Problem of budgeting

Still another problem is that of budgeting. It is seen that most of the public sector

undertakings have no serious budgeting system.

6.9 Environmental Management Plan

Environmental Management is an effort to control human impact on the surrounding in order to

preserve the natural resources. It focuses on improvement of human welfare in present and future

generations. A clean and healthy municipality not only upgrades the living standard of its citizens

but also reflects the beauty of the municipality. Therefore, protection of environment is obligatory

for any municipality, to promote and improve all aspects of the municipality. This plan also caters

the solid waste management plan, environmental disaster planning, identification and

management of landfill site and municipality level pollution management plans etc.

Goal: Maintaining the ecological balance of Changunaryan by promoting green municipality

concept, improving the urban atmosphere, conserving sensitive areas and preserving bio

diversity.

Objective

To prepare a proper solid waste management system by promoting waste to energy concept

To formulate plans for implementing waste to energy concept

To identify and conserve the environmentally sensitive areas

To create a balance between natural and built environment

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To promote the green design principles in planning and advocate the sustainable

municipality concept

To reduce the waste generation by promoting waste recycling

To prepare environmental policy

To improve urban open spaces and greenery

To reduce environmental pollution

To improve the ground water recharging by promoting rain water harvesting

To prepare climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies and plan.

6.9.1 Present Status

Solid Waste Management

As explained in the Prevailing situation analysis chapter, solid waste management and separation

is already commenced on Changunaryan Municipality. “Waste to energy” program is also in the

priority list of Changunaryan Municipality but a proper strategy and implementation plan haven’t

been formulated. A proposed series of activity for the solid waste management are described

below.

Landfill Site

A landfill site is planned for the municipality. This will solve the solid waste management

problem of the whole municipality.

Waste Reduction, Recycling and Reuse

As waste recycling project was operated and sensitized in municipality, this should be

continued.

A waste separation system at home can be initiated by the municipality or separating glass,

paper, electronics, organic waste and non-organic waste.

The private institutions should be encouraged to participate on “waste to energy” program.

Recently this is initiated, should be extended within all municipal area.

Waste production will be reduced by 40% (from 0.18 kg/person/day to 0.10 kg/person /day)

by investing in organic waste production and waste recycling to achieve the green

municipality standards that suggests 50% of the waste produced per person is recycled.

Training programs can be initiated to use the organic waste in kitchen gardens and roof

gardens.

Municipality can even develop a strategy to charge the people only for the inorganic, non-

degradable waste based on the garbage weight.

The recyclable and reusable material can be collected for free in exchange of the non-

degradable waste or can be purchased from dwellers alternatively.

A plastic free municipality initiative measures can be taken by the municipality in

coordination with schools, private organizations and business owners.

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Charging policy with the deposit that can be refunded for every plastic bottles (soft drinks,

water, and juice) has to be initiated for reduction of plastic bottle waste.

Waste Water Management

The existing condition of wastewater management is already explained in the drainage and

sewerage chapter in physical development planning.

Sewerage Treatment Plants

Sewerage network of around 270 km is planned which is to be constructed phase wise 5

phases.

Two-treatment plants have been planned near area of Kharipaati, Sudal, lower area of

Saraswoti Khel

The bio-gas and manure production from wastes is encouraged and proposed in the plan.

Storm Water Management

Strategy in planning and building byelaws is made, so that the rainwater can be used for

the ground water recharge instead of mixing it with sewer and discharging it to river.

A collection recharging reservoir tanks can be made in various locations of the municipality

for this side drainages, which can be used for watering vegetation around the municipality.

Environmental deterioration

The activities for controlling the environmental pollution are:

Taxation and Awareness

Restricting vehicular emissions by regular checking and banning very old vehicles

producing smokes.

Increasing awareness about reducing the usage of firewood for household purpose.

Charging the people for dumping the waste haphazardly.

Taxation for people who set free their pets like dogs, cow, goat, chicken on road.

Visual Pollution

Visual pollution needs to be corrected by enforcing building bye-laws, restricting the

hoarding board’s usage in commercial areas only.

Control mechanism has to be set for managing built environment that can be achieved only

through planning and building byelaws. An incentive and penalty mechanism have to

clearly stated in the byelaws of municipality, for controlling these built structures.

Slaughter House

A new Slaughter house has been planned considering the different market center within the

municipality on Duwakot, Jitpur, and Saraswotikhel area of municipality, to restrict the air

and visual pollution in the municipality center and manage the environmental issues.

Climate Change: Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies

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A climate change responsive plan and program is to be formulated to reduce and mitigate

the effects of the climate change.

All wards of municipality are in danger of climate change. Hence, the climate change

responsive and adaptive programs need to be prioritized in these areas.

The program like tree plantation and community forest conservation initiated in ward no 6

and others words of municipality encourages clean development mechanism and gaining

incentives for carbon economics and co-ordinate with alternative energy center.

6.9.1.1 Urban Greenery

With the increasing urban population in the municipality core and high densification, there

always a clash between natural environment and manmade structures. These built structures

overshadow the natural environment with lack of greeneries and plants. Even in Changunaryan

Municipality, except the protected forest area on the south of the city, the municipality cores lack

greeneries resulting the cityscape to be grey and dry. This exacerbates various problems in the

municipality area resulting in rising temperatures, and heat waves producing a heat island effect.

For this, urban greenery can be an ideal solution. Urban greenery can mean everything from

municipality parks and traditional street scraping, like trees and planters, to more modern

adaptations, like green roofs and bio swales. In addition to aesthetics, these green solutions result

in cleaner air, improved storm water management, safer neighbourhoods and benefits the local

economy. Urban greenery even makes a strong credit point in LEED certification.

Urban greenery implementation needs to be combined with planning and building byelaws

of Changunaryan Municipality.

Tree plantation along the major roads of Changunaryan Municipality.

Construction of park in each local neighborhood (ward).

Promotional programs for encouraging people to include green roofs, green walls and urban

farming in homes.

For the implementation, incentives and awareness program has to be formulated by the

Changunaryan municipality.

Tax exemptions while getting building permit and incentive of time frame for building

construction for people who are using urban greeneries in their homes.

6.9.1.2 Conservation of Environmental Sensitive Areas

As explained in proposed land use plan of physical development plan, for protection of

environment sensitive area, conservation areas are identified. Further activities for conserving

these areas can be listed as:

River Protection

A river embankment plan is needed for bounding the flow of river as these are seasonal

river.

The afforestation initiation on the bank of rives passes through this municipality is a perfect

example for reducing landslide and maintaining environmental balance.

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Relocation of the squatter settlements from river areas and heritage zones.

Natural Resource Preservation

Conservation of natural resources and ground water table.

Restriction of usage of modern technology material like marble and others during

cremation for accelerating degradation rate of the corpse.

Penalty for people dumping waste near river, forest and temple areas.

Community Forest Conservation

Conservation of wildlife in forest area for developing a safari concept for observing these

animals.

6.9.2 Issues and Problems

Climate Change

Effects

Increase in geographic range and incidence of insect-borne disease particularly malaria and

dengue.

Increased risk of hunger and famine for many of the world’s poorest people who depend

on isolated agricultural systems especially in the tropics.

Displacement due to rising sea level especially small island states

Shifts in distribution, structure and functioning of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems – loss

of biodiversity

Decreased amount of precipitation in many arid and semi-arid regions.

Biodiversity Loss

Biodiversity refers to the variety of all plants and animals on the earth

Effects

Habitat conversion and destruction

Fragmentation of large ecosystem into smaller ecosystems ·

Over exploitation of species Introduction or accidental release of exotic species ·

Air and water pollution

Land Degradation and Desertification ·

Effects ·

Declining agricultural yields ·

Loss of soil fertility ·

Threat to food security for countries so affected ·

Soil erosion especially by wind.

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Potential reduction in food export earnings

Deforestation

Effects

Release of carbon because forests ecosystems contain about 3 times the amount of carbon

currently present in the atmosphere. ·

Biodiversity loss

Soil erosion

Negative impacts on water quality and quantity

6.9.3 Strategy of Environmental Management Plan

Launch development programs by internalizing environmental management.

Mobilize non-government private sector, local agencies and the public in increasing public

awareness on environment.

Determine and implement additional byelaws on air, water, soil and sound pollution.

To implement a scientific management system for the conservation and development of

bio-diversity and genetic resources, including forests, plants and wildlife devolution,

participatory and peoples' rights based approach. A fixed part of revenue generated through

this will be mobilized in favors of the poor.

To implement participatory, integrated and coordinated watershed management program

To go on expanding the Soil and Watershed Management Program by strengthening it

To implement various forest-based social and economic programs with priority that directly

support in the reduction of human and income poverty.

Table No 65: LFA for Achieving Environmental Management

Intervention Logic Indicators Means of Verification Assumptions

Goal:

Maintaining the ecological balance of Changunaryan by promoting green municipality concept,

improving the urban atmosphere, conserving sensitive areas and preserving bio diversity.

Objective:

Management of urban environment of Sangachowk Chautara through preservation of natural

resources, forest areas, maintaining bio diversity and promoting sustainable city concept to achieve

ecological balance.

Result:

1) Community forests

are managed

effectively.

2) Natural forest will

have diverse wild life.

By 2035,

Number of

people affected

from landslides and

flood is less.

Number of trees

planted alongside

Documentation of

Water Supply and Solid

waste management

branch

Records of Forest,

Environment and Disaster

Management Division

Budget is available

People actively

participate in waste

management program.

GoN is willing to

address the environment

issues

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Intervention Logic Indicators Means of Verification Assumptions

3) Encroachment on

natural areas like forest

and river will decrease.

4) Environment

sensitive areas are

identified and

conservation is done.

5) Calamity rate is

declined.

6) Watershed areas are

utilized ecologically.

7) River pollution is

minimum.

8) Air is cleaner.

9) Waste segregation is

introduced in every

household.

the road is

increased.

Groundwater

table is increased.

Organic waste

dumping rate is

decreased by 50%.

Air pollutant

particles are

decreased.

Land management and

building regulation

division records

Activities:

Environmental pollution

i. Construction of 2 Slaughter house

ii. Enforcement of regulation and byelaws

iii. Vehicular emission restriction

iv. Awareness Program for environmental pollution

v. Construction of cycle lane, footpath on Khahare river corridor

vi. Electric public vehicles promotion

vii. Waste separation concept promotion

viii. Workshop on organic fertilizers from waste

ix. Subsidy for construction of toilets in Panchakanya

Conservation of sensitive area

i. Tree plantation on sensitive areas

ii. Protection of water sources and watershed areas

iii. Provision of Eco parks

Urban greenery

i. Tree plantation along major road

ii. Tax Exemption for promoting urban greenery

iii. Organizing workshops and trainings for green roof and urban farm

iv. Construction of gardens

Sustainable cities concept

i. Construction of cycle lanes in major roads

ii. Promotion of alternative/renewable energy

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Intervention Logic Indicators Means of Verification Assumptions

iii. Promotion of rain harvesting mechanism

iv. Promotion of Electric vehicles

6.10 Disaster Management Plan

Disaster Risk Management is application of disaster risk reduction policies and strategies to

prevent new disaster risk reduce existing disaster risk and control enduring risk, contributing to

the strengthening of resilience and reduction of losses. Disaster risk reduction aims to reduce

frequency of losses and damage caused by natural hazards. Nepal is opportune to have started

two very important initiatives in disaster risk reduction, namely;

Goal: Reducing the risk of life due to disaster related calamities through appropriate groundwork

Objectives

To utilize the local resources to handle the situation that arises during disaster

To identify the open spaces for preparing an evacuation plan

To raise the disaster preparedness awareness among public

To co-ordinate with local communities, stakeholders and central level to mobilize the

affected communities effectively

To proceed disaster risk mitigation efficiently

6.10.1 Present Status

Flood and Landslide

Proposed activities

River embankment needs to be done for restricting the flooding.

Settlement has to be controlled till 50m along riverside by enforcing regulations.

Squatter settlements along riverside need to be relocated.

Formation of committee with flood rescuers and conduct training for them.

Conduction of programs for public awareness.

Coordination and collaboration with national government rescuers.

Alerting quickly through telephone, FM, local radio and newspaper.

Coordinate with Police, army and Red Cross volunteers in various places for rescue

operation.

Landslide prone area are identified and relocation of settlement established near to such

location.

Development of roads and other infrastructure should be done after the through geological

and hydrological investigations of the proposed site.

Fire

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Proposed activities

A rescue operation should be planned with three distinct phases – immediate care, medical

aid first and organized relief.

Management plan of facilities required during rescue operation.

A fire alarm system needs to be installed in public places or mass gathering area.

Provide more fire extinguishers within municipality.

Increase fire brigade capacity.

Coordinate with police and army for emergency.

A preparedness program for fire led disaster are formulated by Municipality at ward level.

Thunderstorm

Proposed activities

Encourage proper earthing system during building construction.

Working on system that provide premonition about thunderstorm.

Increase public awareness about thunderstorm.

Alerting citizens through newspaper, radios, TV and FMs.

Epidemics

Proposed activities

Primary health care and medical supply units for controlling epidemics need to be set up.

A unit in municipality has to be set up which will inform about the probable epidemics to

municipality and the office will take the necessary measures for controlling epidemics.

Alerting public and providing awareness through telephone, local radio, newspaper and

FM.

Earthquake

Proposed activities

An awareness program will be conducted for informing people about what to do during and

after earthquake.

Rehearsal of the exit pattern to closest identified open space will be introduced to all the

citizens once a year.

Educate students about the pre and post-earthquake activities.

Prohibition on construction of large structure in weak topography.

Construction of earthquake resistant structures.

Provide trainings for increasing skilled manpower for building construction.

Several open spaces for gathering during disaster are identified and awareness program for

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citizens are to be initiated.

Evacuation master plans should be placed in every ward.

Signage in the open area used as temporary shelter during evacuation of such places.

The list of identified potential open spaces for emergency evacuation and temporary shelter

construction during earthquake hazard is mentioned in Table 17. Total 3,31,935 people can

be accommodated at the time of disaster in these places.

Table No 66: Proposed Accommodation Area at the Time of Disaster

S.N Proposed Shelters Area (sq-m) Capacity (3.5 sq.m

person)

1 BIR Hospital Proposed Area 88,910.45 31,119

2 Dolagiri H.S.S 4,420.65 1,547

3 NEC Builidng 1,986.23 695

4 Kathamandu Medical College 19,573.96 6,851

5 Military Acadamy 279,041.62 97,665

6 NEA Trainning Centre 107,418.06 37,596

7 Military Acadamy 52,346.36 18,321

8 NEC Builidng 16,004.79 5,602

9 Military Acadamy 59,162.03 20,707

10 Military Acadamy 124,013.58 43,405

11 Nacho Pauwa Basic School 1,588.55 556

12 Mahila vikas, ward * 2,308.81 808

13 Mahila and Bal Bika* 1,001.46 351

14 nec building 56,749.99 19,862

15 Shree Krishna School 469.27 164

16 Balbhakta Basic Sc* 504.78 177

17 Health Post 1,995.93 699

18 Natteshwori Basic S* 1,660.31 581

19 Ward off 5, Mahakal* 1,425.19 499

20 Gyanjyoti L. S. S. 602.05 211

21 Manohara Basic Scho* 972.88 341

22 Shree Changunarayan* 1,456.68 510

23 Health Post 292.42 102

24 BalBhushan Basic Sc* 745.51 261

25 Ganesh Basic School 4,132.05 1,446

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S.N Proposed Shelters Area (sq-m) Capacity (3.5 sq.m

person)

26 Residential 7,828.16 2,740

27 Aazad H. S. S. 1,905.20 667

28 Ward off 3, Health * 537.33 188

29 Nepal Red Cross, Wa* 1,641.34 574

30 KMC Hospital 8,652.74 3,028

31 Golden Sungava Eng.* 1,490.16 522

32 Police Beat 669.91 234

33 Ganesh Secondary Sc* 1,133.02 397

34 UP School 527.16 185

35 Ward no 1 off 513.55 180

36 North East E. S. S. 1,019.36 357

37 Residential 202.97 71

38 Residential 380.78 133

39 Paropakar Building 13,170.54 4,610

40 apanga abhawan, C. * 10,279.86 3,598

41 Dadapati basic Scho* 2,035.85 713

42 devi h ss 3,506.52 1,227

43 Brida ashram,samuda* 3,433.40 1,202

44 Chapakhel Samudaik B 796.42 279

45 Cancer Hospital 5,955.41 2,084

46 Faidhoka Basic Scho* 3,021.63 1,058

47 Janakpur E. College 5,816.62 2,036

48 Ganesh H SS , ward * 4,264.07 1,492

49 khanepani off 1,135.33 397

50 Thuli Bharibi S. 586.53 205

51 Police Beat, Mahend* 2,047.00 716

52 Mahengragram Ma Vi 1,402.45 491

53 Health Post 152.16 53

54 Saraswati HSS 3,976.74 1,392

55 ward no 8 off 118.19 41

56 Municipal Off 361.51 127

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S.N Proposed Shelters Area (sq-m) Capacity (3.5 sq.m

person)

57 Chundevi HSS 5,680.86 1,988

58 Tauthali Basic Scho* 2,325.33 814

59 Post Off 260.74 91

60 Kalika Sec. S 4,286.91 1,500

61 Water Supply S And * 10,629.13 3,720

62 Gadgade LSS 974.74 341

63 Cummonity Health Ce* 465.93 163

64 Chetna Basic School 966.01 338

65 Mira Biotech 2,063.36 722

66 C Health Centre 769.47 269

67 PanchaKanya Basic S 418.56 146

68 Rhadha Krishna S 2,200.37 770

Total = 331,935

6.10.2 Pre-Disaster Plan

The pre-disaster action plan is derived from the Disaster risk management plan of municipality.

The action plans itself is efficient but lacks implementation.

a) Formulation and co-ordination of municipality Disaster Risk Management Plan

Formation of Disaster Risk Management Committee

Activation of current committee

Formation of Ward Level Disaster Risk Management Committee

Identification of all organization operating in the MUNICIPALITY

Co-ordination with all stakeholder in municipality

b) Public awareness and Training

Disaster risk management training to Members of MUNICIPALITY Disaster Risk

Management Committee

Identification and mapping of high risk area

Public awareness program in high risk zones

Public awareness program about preparation for flood, landslide, earthquake, plague, etc.

in the high risk area

Plague control plans and programs formulation

Training for volunteers to make them capable of providing basic health service

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Training on Earthquake Resistant Construction to construction workers

Training on Earthquake Resistant construction technology to Engineers and Technicians

Retrofitting of houses which are not constructed in accordance with Engineering technique

Development of Risk sensitive land-use planning

c) Rescue activities and capacity development

Formation of Rescue team

Rescue Training

Management of facilities required for rescue operation

Practice of Rescue operation

d) Physical infrastructure management and vulnerability mitigation

Consideration of disaster risk while construction physical infrastructure like telephone,

electricity, road, water supply, etc.

Identification and management of Emergency health centers

Management of Fire-extinguisher van, Ambulance, hose pipe, first aid kit, etc.

Identification of open spaces, building it properly to be utilized as emergency residing place

and declaring it like public parks and open areas of schools, colleges and government

buildings.

Planning to install devices to pre-monitor disaster

Afforestation in the topographically vulnerable area

Prohibition on extracting sand and gravel from river beds

Development of Dumping site and landfill sites

6.10.3 Immediate and Post-Disaster Action Plan

Similarly, the post disaster action plan is also grounded on the municipality.

a) Management of Injured and displaced

Providing information about earthquake or other disaster to people in the municipality and

its precaution needed.

Performing local level rescue operation

Emergency treatment for the affected

Operating Emergency treatment team

Transferring emergency patients to hospitals

Co-ordination with national rescue team

Evaluation of availability of most-needed facilities like road, bridges, telephone, etc. and

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operation it temporarily

Providing food, clothes and shelter to the displaced people

Constructing accommodation areas for providing immediate shelter to the displaced people

Proper management of dead bodies

Management of debris of damaged structures

Implementation of plan and timely evaluation

b) Relief distribution and reconstruction work

Identification of storage location

Management of materials needed for emergency shelter

Rescue collection, storage and distribution

Formation of Disaster Fund

c) Post-disaster plague control

Identification, declaration, and operation of team to evaluate the effects in the areas most

vulnerable to plague

Developing public awareness about Communicable diseases

Building Temporary service center and other health service centers near affected area

Formation of Health operation team to treat injured people

Giving priority to Physically disabled, children, old and females which providing health

facility

Managing nutrition required for pregnant, children, females and other people requiring

immediate help

Providing facility to quickly transfer badly injured people to nearest health centers

Providing vaccination to control communicable disease

Managing water distribution properly

Managing most-needed medicines

Building toilets

Table No 67: LFA for Achieving Disaster Management

Intervention Logic Indicators Means of Verification Assumptions

Goal:

Reducing the risk of life due to disaster related calamities through appropriate groundwork

Objective:

Controlling natural and human induced calamities through pre disaster plans and identifying the most

appropriate action plans during disaster for decreasing the number of affected people

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Intervention Logic Indicators Means of Verification Assumptions

Result:

1) Less number of citizens is

affected by earthquake, fire,

landslide and flood.

2) River bank encroachment

is diminishing.

3) Deforestation rate is

decreased.

4) More people take part in

Disaster Risk Management

Program.

5) Lesser number people are

die by plague and epidemics.

By 2035,

Squatter

settlements are

relocated.

Number of trees

plantation is

increased in forest.

Rate of firewood

usage for household

purpose is

decreased.

Records of

Forest,

Environment

and Disaster

Management

Division

Land

management

and building

regulation

division

documentation

Budget is available

People actively participate in

awareness program.

GoN is willing to address the

environment issues

Activities:

i. Subsidy for Construction of earthquake resistant buildings

ii. Enforcement of regulation and byelaws

iii. Protection against landslide on hills and flood along river banks

iv. Awareness program for fire safety

v. Program for afforestation and tree plantation

vi. Plague control awareness programs

vii. Establishment of epidemics department on the hospital

viii. Collaboration with KMC for health service

ix. Establishment of emergency health groups

x. Establishment of local rescuing team

xi. Training for rescuers

xii. Relocation of squatter settlements

xiii. Alarm system for landslide

xiv. Evacuation plan promotion during emergency

6.10.4 Issues and Problems

i) Lack of Planned Infrastructure

Since, disaster is the unwanted event that happened suddenly. This may cause loss of life and

also it effects on the property of people. Currently municipality has no strategic infrastructure for

the disaster management.

ii) Lack of Resources

Lack of resources in terms of man money and material or equipment creates problem during the

disaster management activities.

iii) Funding Mechanisms

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The policy and the funding mechanism for provision of relief assistance to those affected by

natural calamities is not clearly laid down.

iv) Forecasting Mechanisms

Forecasting mechanisms involves the observation and collection of hydrological and

meteorological data’s, transmission of data to forecasting centers, analysis of data and

formulation of forecast and dissemination of forecast. For this observation and collection of data

center are insufficient within the municipality.

v) Disaster Privation and Mitigation

No polices and plan are formulated for the mitigation and privation of the disaster in the

municipality

6.10.5 Adaptation Strategy for Disaster Management

Emphasis will be given to develop and apply environment-friendly systems in development

and construction works.

For the mitigation of risks of natural disaster, appropriate information flow and pre- disaster

preparedness will be made.

To strengthen collaborative works between the government, nongovernment and private

sector for providing relief and rescue to those affected by disaster.

Challenges

Based on observation, survey and other assessments, following challenges are highlighted and

recommendations are provided for climate change management-

Regional approach- the regional nature of the disasters requires a regional approach to the

solution. In this way, disaster risk management could be an entry point for immediate regional

cooperation as well. This will create trust, which can be a basis for future cooperation for

maximizing benefits.

Empowerment of local government- for effective disaster management, local government

should be empowered by providing adequate fund and resources on the one hand and the local

community should be enabled by education and training on the other hand.

Enhancement of cooperation amongst DRR stakeholders- adequate coordination among the

various organizations related to disaster management combined with sufficient technological

strength and abundant resources can help to combat the problem of inadequate preparedness

against the impending disaster.

Building of aware, prepared and empowered community-the crucial role of grassroots

organizations in educating the community cannot be overlooked and hence planning should be

emphasized in this part as well.

Mass gathering event- in case of special event where there would be mass gathering, such as

Mela, Jatra, in this municipality, it is important that the planning for mass gathering,

overcrowding, event access point, fire safety measures, medical preparedness, emergency

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response team should be kept in mind. Moreover, inclusive multi-hazard preparedness should be

implemented at all levels.

6.11 Institutional Development Plan

Institutional development is the creation or reinforcement of a network of organizations to

effectively generate, allocate and use human, material and financial resources to attain specific

objectives on a sustainable basis.

Goal: Accelerating and managing the development works through efficient and intelligent

organizational structure by strengthening and uplifting the capability of concerned stakeholders

Objectives

To review the existing governance modalities of the city and analyses its effectiveness

To promote the good governance system

To identify the various decision making and implementing tools

To promote multiple stakeholders participation

To establish a proper co-ordination system between different stakeholders

To stimulate capacity development of the human resources.

6.11.1 Plan and Programs

Municipal structure of Changunarayan

It a local government with substantial authority granted through constitution of Nepal. After the

recent government reform, new governing structure is formed with 10 Divisions and each

division has several branches.

1 General Administration Division

Local Service and Human Resource Development Department

Public Procurement and Property Management Department

Local level, state and Federation Coordination Branch

Meeting Management Branch

Marketing Monitoring and Quality Bureau, Food Safety and Consumer Protection Branch

Internal audit branch

Holiday, festival, Jatra festival, Degree and Divination unit

2 Revenue and Financial Administration Division

Revenue Policy and Administration Branch

Financial Administration Branch

3 Urban Infrastructure Development Division

Road and Transport Management Branch

Hydropower, Energy and Street Lighting Branch

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Irrigation and Water Induced Disaster Prevention Branch

Water supply and Solid Waste Management Branch

Public Private Partnership Unit

4 Economic Development Division

Agriculture, Livestock and Co-operative Works Department

Industry and Entrepreneurship Development Department

Employment Generation and Poverty Reduction Branch

5 Social Development Division

Basic and Secondary Education Office Department

Sports and Extra Curriculum Unit Department

Basic Health and Cleanliness Office Department

Gender Equality and Social Security Department

Culture, Heritage, Fine Arts and Tourism Promotion Department

NGO Operation, Co-ordination and Regulation Unit Department

Social Security Program Department

Personal Event Registration Unit Branch

6 Forest, Environment and Disaster Management Division

Forest, Wildlife and Soil Preservation Office

Environment, Ecology and Water Shed Preservation Branch

Disaster Management Branch

7 Land Management and Building Regulation Division

Land-use and Settlement Development Branch

Survey, Map and Land Ownership Branch

Building and Building codes and Construction License Branch

8 Justice, Law and Human Rights Promotion Division

City Police Administration Branch

Justice, Law and Human Rights Promotion Branch

Legislative Branch

9 Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Division

Plan Formulation and Implementation Branch

Monitoring and Evaluation Branch

10 Information, Communication and Data Management Division

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Information Technology Development and Expansion Branch

Data Management Branch

The existing appointed staffs will be distributed to these various divisions according to their

qualification and capacity. Changunarayan Municipality have one Mayor, one deputy mayor, one

ward Chief, 9 ward representative and one personnel appointed by central government. In each

ward, there will be one ward president, 2 general members, one women member, one

marginalized group's member. In each ward, there will be 7 staffs required shown in the figure

below.

Chart No 18: Organizational Chart of Ward Office

Proposed Human Resource

Changunarayan municipality has low human resources and therefore, adequate human resource

is needed for well-functioning of the municipality

Table No 68: Human Resources for Changunarayan Municipality

S.

N. Sections

Proposed Total

Staffs Available staffs Gaps

Remark Non-

Technical Technical Non-Technical Technical

No-

Technical Technical

1

Administration,

planning and

monitoring

Section

15 5 10 3 5 2 7vacant

posts

2

Infrastructure

Development

and

environmental

management

section

3 7

1

(environment

authorized)

6 (3

engineers,

2 sub-

engineers)

2 1

1 SDE,

1 Sub-

Engineer

required

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S.

N. Sections

Proposed Total

Staffs Available staffs Gaps

Remark Non-

Technical Technical Non-Technical Technical

No-

Technical Technical

3

Health and

social

development

section

10 4 8 1 2 3

5 posts

are

vacant

4 Legal section 4 - - - 4 -

All posts

are

vacant

5

Education,

youth and

sports section

5 - 1 4 -

4 posts

are

vacant

6

Economic

development

section

5 1 4

1 officer

and 3

assistant

are posts

are

vacant

7

Financial

Administration

Section 5 - 5 2 2

2 officer

and 1

assistant

post are

vacant

8

Internal audit

and assessment

unit

2 - 1 - 1

One

assistant

post is

vacant

Source: Changunarayan Municipality and Fieldwork, 2018

Governance

Governance is establishment of policies, and continuous monitoring of their proper

implementation, by the members of the governing body of an organization. For the effective

development of any cities, only establishment of plans and policies is not important, but the

execution of such plans in action is mandatory. Only with good governance, a city can achieve

the targeted plan. The ultimate goal of the local government is good governances. It comes with

the satisfaction of citizens to services delivered by municipality. Besides, many shortcomings i.e.

infrastructures, business and trade environment, security etc. enough staffs with required

qualifications and skills need to be mobilized for facilitating governance structure. Good

governance is not about making 'correct' decisions, but about the best possible process for making

those decisions.

For making the administration of this municipality anti-corruptive, transparent and citizen

oriented and increasing the effectiveness of services and facilities to be provided to the citizens

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optimizing the minimum resources obtained by municipality, following governance activities are

articulated in the city.

Various workshops and training need to be organized for the municipal staffs to update

them with the new technology, process and governance.

E-governance should be introduced to track the efficiency of municipal services i.e.

streetlights, parking and Haat bazaar, road uses, waste management, public toilets and other

public services etc.

Digital system is to be introduced in the Municipality offices and regular updates of the

work plan in its websites will be done for making the service more efficient.

For easy and fast service delivery, municipality will establish service centres and mobile

service facilities.

The complaints of citizens needed to be managed by ward member in ward level and officer

in city level.

Electronic information system will be commenced for establishing relation between

municipality, ward committee and citizens.

The services in ward and metropolitan office are executed on first come first serve basis.

Home service for elderly and children will be introduced.

For promoting the transparency of Changunarayan municipality work, public hearing,

public trial and social trial programs will be executed.

Participation

As explained in previous chapters, this municipality is well-known model city for public

participation. Basis of the “sustainable education, health, tourism and trade” is with mobilization

of local resources and citizen’s involvement.

Proposed activities:

Ward Committee involvement in roads, streets, drainage of buildings, the construction of

school buildings and toilets etc.

Daily and weekly cleaning of road and streets in the local wards by ward committee and

banning the entry of loaded vehicle and prohibit actions such as driving over speed

For the involvement of the private sector, incentives through tax exemptions and subsidy

program are introduced.

PPP model can be operated for Park Management and Haat Bazaar Management, Truck

Yards Construction, Vegetable Markets, Convention and Trade Centres construction.

Co-ordination and Establishment of Networks

Some of the below mentioned committees are formed in municipality for effective

implementation of development projects:

Infrastructure development committee

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Social development committee

Economic development committee

Environmental and disaster management committee

Public service and capacity development committee

Bill (विधेयक) Committee

As, Changunarayan municipality is model for public participation; coordination between

different stakeholders and creating a good network is also a plus point of Municipality. For

initiation of various development projects, stakeholders need to be identified and network has to

establish for the successful completion of the project. For this, Municipality plays a pivotal role.

Each branch of the 10 divisions of Municipality will have a coordinator that synchronizes with

the various national and international key players within the municipality.

Organization and Capacity Development

Proposed activities:

Training and workshops will be conducted for government staffs for adopting new

technology and working styles.

The management of street lamps and cleaning done by municipality can be given to local

ward level for increasing participation and cutting off the extra expenditures of

municipality.

Initiate inspiration and admiration award system for the staff for their effective work

execution and service delivery to boost their effort.

Extend the responsibilities of capable candidates according to their potential and abilities

for higher level of service delivery.

Table No 69: LFA for Achieving Institutional Development

Intervention Logic Indicators Means of

Verification Assumptions

Goal:

Accelerating and managing the development works through efficient and intelligent organizational

structure by strengthening and uplifting the capability of concerned stakeholders

Objective:

Execution of good governing system by the local government and organizations with

appropriate coordination and support between various stakeholders

Result:

1) Government offices use

e-governance system.

2) Infrastructures of local

body are functioning

well.

By 2035,

Number of offices

using digital

technology is

increased.

Local concerned

bodies monitor

development works.

Records of

General

Administration

Division.

Planning,

Monitoring and

Evaluation

Budget is

available

though

Support is

available

from donor

agency.

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Intervention Logic Indicators Means of

Verification Assumptions

3) Delivery of public

services is efficient and

quick.

4) Public service holders

are up-to-date and

responsive.

Each government

offices have the

required amenities.

Division

documentation

Financial

support is

available

from

concerned

ministry.

Activities:

i. Improvement of municipal building

ii. Improvement of 9 ward offices

iii. Retrofitting of old and dilapidated government buildings

iv. Training and workshops for capacity development

v. Introduction of digital system in 10 newly formed local divisions

vi. Organization of public hearing and trial sessions

vii. Home services for needy citizens

viii. Promotion of PPP model for investments

ix. Co-ordination with various organization

x. Facilitation of ward level committees

xi. Award systems for capable and efficient staff

xii. Office set up for new 10 divisions

xiii. Building construction for new divisions

xiv. Appointment of new technical staffs

xv. Founding development groups

xvi. Networking of various divisions

xvii. New vehicles buying

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Chapter 7: Multi-sectoral Investment Plan

7.1 Introduction

Multi-Sectoral Investment Plan (MSIP) is an estimate of total cost of list of projects and

allocate each project to 5, 10 and 15 yrs duration for completion giving its priority on the basis

of people needs (as determined in community meetings) and of the urban expansion

programme. From the above sectoral developmental plans, MSIP has been proposed based on

the priority of projects from each sectors which are to be completed within 5 yrs, 10 yr and 15

yrs duration.

As we’ve already discussed in earlier sections of financial plan and economic development

plan, a city development of 15-year plan with ambition of 60 thousand people needs lots of

investment. As these investments could be in the form of annual budget, loans, grants/aid or

some international projects. With model of public private partnership modality of

infrastructural investment, it is also expected to have investment of private sector in city

infrastructure projects. Apart from security and major strategic roads, in most of the sector we

can expect the investment from private sectors and from other donor agencies. All these

budgets should be funnelled down through the single channel of local project implementation

body, which could be TDC or any other new autonomous body. For these projects are identified

under different sections, which could be new construction, upgrading existing scenario or

upgrading the existing quality or capacity. With some standard rate of similar contemporary

projects, under different headings, cost estimation is allocated. As the development plans have

target period of 15 years, it is divided into 3 major milestones, short term, midterm and long-

term projects which have been discussed in the tables stated below. Depending upon the

priority of the project and possible budget required, different projects are put under different

time frame. Some longer-term projects may fall under different time period and some of the

projects are continuous process throughout the development, like: training and updating the

institutional capacity.

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7.2 Short-term MSIP

The short term MSIP will be 0-5 yrs. In the short term, projects which can be executed with small investment, in less time, and have a direct impact to the

community will be carried. The list of projects which falls in Short term MSIP are shown in following table:

Table No 70: Detail Budget on Short Term MSIP

Detail budget on multi sectoral plans

Multi sectoral investment plan for short term (0-5 yrs)

S.N Activities Unit Quantity Rate

(in million) Cost

Implementing

Level Funding Agencies

Remarks

Rationale

1 Physical Development plan (in million NPR)

a Road

1 Detailed Engineering Design (DED) of

1.1 Duwakot mod - Mahankal Chowk- High School- Ward 4

office road km 5.928 70 414.96 DUDBC Mun/Prov. Govt

2 Upgrading existing urban roads in the municipality;

2.1 Urban road Class A type such as Pujari Pati, Chundevi-

Saudol, Saudol-Nepal Gaun, Sudal- Nepal Gaun road etc km 20 70 1400 Mun/SA Mun/Prov. Govt

2.2

Urban road Class B type road such as Way to Duwakot, Way

to Cancer hospital, Ward office 3 to Jyotilingeswhor, Saudol-

aghikarigaun-Nagarkot road to ward offc 9, Santidada-

Lattedanda etc

km 15 50 750 Mun/SA Mun/Prov. Govt

2.3

Urban road Class C type road such as Shiva mandir to Devi

H.S.S, Rakshya tole road, NEA training center road,

Changunarayan road,Trishuld Danda road etc

km 45 40 1800 Mun/SA Mun/Prov. Govt

3

Construction of Trail Road Cycle Track (Dhulikhel Nagarkot

Bhandari mod to Nagarkot), Manohara Rivr Corridor,Foot

Trail(Santi Danda,Trishuld Danda ,Heritage Foot Trail) and

drainage system at Main market area (25 km)

km 30 2 60 Mun/SA Mun/Prov. Govt

4 Plantation and greenery works around road ways at special

urban, feeder and District Road. - - - 3 Mun/SA Mun/Prov. Govt

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S.N Activities Unit Quantity Rate

(in million) Cost

Implementing

Level Funding Agencies

Remarks

Rationale

5 Maintenance of Traffic lights and marking on road of Main

Market Area. - - - 2 Mun/SA Mun/Prov. Govt

Total 4429.96

b Water Supply

1 Construction of water tank at Changunarayan, Khusigaun,

Hanumantar etc no. 3 10 30 Mun/SA Prov Govt.

Water supply

for 200

household

2 Construction of deep boring at Nepalgaun, Kharipati and

Chundevi no. 3 8 24 Mun/SA Prov Govt.

Total 54

c Drainage

1 Preparation (Feasibility) of Drainage and sewerage network

and management plan along the Feeder, District road - - - 5 Mun

Improvement

in drainage in

major stretch

of

Municipality

d Solid waste management

1 Site selection and design of Landfill site or waste management

center within the municipality no 1 1 1 Mun Prov Govt.

Initiation of

proper waste

management

system in

future

2

Installation of 2,000 public dustbins on streets along

Sallaghari-Duwakot-Sangdaha sadak,Pikhel-Chhaling-Telkot

Sadak,Changunarayan Road and Bhaktapur-Nala

Road,Nagarkot Road and other urban, district roads.

no. 2000 0.0005 1 Mun NGOs/ Private

Organization

Total 2

e Bus park and bus stops

1 Five small parking space development at Changunarayan,

Duwakot, Saudol, Kharipati and Lattedanda. no. 5 3 15 Mun Prov Govt.

Organized stop

points for

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S.N Activities Unit Quantity Rate

(in million) Cost

Implementing

Level Funding Agencies

Remarks

Rationale

public and

private

vehicles

2 Establishment and redesign of 6 buspark, Khawa (W-5),

Telikot, Nagarkot Bus park etc no. 6 25 150 Mun Prov Govt.

3 14 new bus stop shade fabrication along urban road junctions. no. 14 0.5 7 Mun Prov Govt.

Improved

public vehicle

facility for the

municipality

Total 172

f Electricity and Telecommunication

1 Expansion of electricity network (5%) by addition of electric

poles and transformer % - - 5 NEA NEA

2 Telecommunication and optical fibers for internet expansion

and improvement km 40 0.2 8 Telecom Telecom

3

Free Wi-Fi on 10 public places like Lattedanda,

Changunarayan Heritage site, Kharipati, Trishuld Danda, and

Saraswatikhel etc.

no. 10 0.03 0.3 Mun/Telecom Mun/Telecom

Total 13.3

Overall Total Physical Development Plan Cost 4676.26

2 Social Development plan (in million NPR)

a Education

1 Merging primary schools buildings at education pocket areas

and upgrading quality of education no. 15 0.3 4.5 Mun/School

2 Promoting modern teaching system in schools no. 45 0.05 2.25 School Prov. Govt.

3 Facilitation of Nepal Engineering College and Kathmandu

Medical Hospital no. 2 100 Mun Prov.Gpvt/DOE

Total 106.75

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S.N Activities Unit Quantity Rate

(in million) Cost

Implementing

Level Funding Agencies

Remarks

Rationale

b Health

1 Improvement of amenities of existing health post of

bageshwari (ward-7) and other existing sub-heatlh posts. - - - 7 Mun Prov.Govt/DoH

2 Establishment of one health centre at Kharipati - - - 15 Mun Prov.Govt/DoH

3 5 Hospital at Saraswatikhel,Bageshwori, Sudal, Jhaukhel and

Duwakot no. 5 50 250

Total 272

C Women & Child Welfare

1 Women empowerment workshops and training no. 7 0.6 4.2 Mun/ NGO

2 Establishment of orphanage centres at Duwakot (ward-3) no. 1 25 25 Mun DoH

Total 29.2

d Security and Social Mobilization

1 Establishment of old age homes at Pikhel no. 1 20 20 Mun/INGOs/S

A Prov.Govt

2 Establishment of social groups in each wards no. 9 0.1 0.9 Mun/INGOs/S

A Prov.Govt

3 Research on traditional culture and ethnic groups 2 Mun

Total 22.9

e Sports

1 Construction of sports hall at Bojeeni sq.m 2500 0.035 87.5 Mun Prov.Govt

2 Improvement of local playground amenities 5 Mun/INGOs

3 Improvement of Bojeene Sport Center 5

Total 97.5

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S.N Activities Unit Quantity Rate

(in million) Cost

Implementing

Level Funding Agencies

Remarks

Rationale

f Amenities

1 Establishment of a city library at Saraswatikhel no 1 15 15 Mun/NGOs

2 Improvement of a 4 police station and 4 Army Camp no. 4 3 12 Mun/PS

3 Improvement of museum of Changunarayan old Heritage site - - - 10 Mun DF, Prov.Govt

4 Improvement of amenities of existing city hall - - - 3 Mun

5 Management of City hall - - - 5 Mun

6 Electric incineration chamber installment no 2 5 10 Mun

7

8 public toilet construction at Rakshya Tole, Lattedanda,

Municipaltiy Office area, Saudole ,Kharipati and

Changunarayan etc.

no. 8 0.625 5 Mun/NGOs

8 Establishment of Multipurpose hall at Kalika diary no. 1 50 50

Total 110

Overall Social Development Plan Cost 638.35

3 Economic Development plan (in million NPR)

a Agro-farming

1 Establishment of 3 Cold storage at kharipati,Fulbari Village

and Saudol. no 3 1 3 Mun/SA Prov.Govt,DoA

2 Establishment of vegetable collection centre at

Jhaukhel,Sudal ,Chhaling and Changunarayan no. 4 2 8 Mun Prov.Govt,DoA

3 Improvement of access road to neighborhood rural areas km 40 0.3 12 Mun

4 Subsidy for poultry farming no. 30 0.1 3 Local NGOs

5 Trainings on animal farming and agriculture times 5 0.2 1 Local NGOs

6 Subsidy for poultry farming no. 30 0.1 3 Mun Prov.Govt,MoAD

7 Preparation of guidelines for animal husbandry 1 NGOs

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S.N Activities Unit Quantity Rate

(in million) Cost

Implementing

Level Funding Agencies

Remarks

Rationale

8 Promotion of organic farming and off seasonal farming 3 DoA

9

Loans for construction of greenhouse farming and others at

pocket area like

Changunarayan,Jhaukhel,Saraswatikhel,Chhaling and

Saudol.

perso

n 50 0.1 5 Mun/SA/NGOs

Local

communities/NGO

s , MoAD

10 Coordination for Loan for agro farming 2 Mun/Bank MoAD

Total 41

b Infrastructures

1 Construction of three vegetable market structures at

Duwaakot, Sudal and Changunarayan no. 3 50 200 Mun/SA Prov.Govt

c Industry and Trade Promotion

1 Tax exemption on construction of industries. % - - 12 Mun

2 Provision of physical amenities to local industry - - - 20 Mun Prov.Govt

3 Loans for local industry formation no. 100 0.2 20 Mun/

4 Subsidy on homestay conduction and small lodges at

Lattedanda,Changunarayan and Duwakot no. 15 0.5 7.5 Mun

5 Coordination with local banks for loans - - - 3

Bank &

Financial

Institutions

Total 62.5

Overall Economic Development Plan Cost 303.5

4 Tourism and Cultural Development plan (in million NPR)

a Tourism

1 Construction of trekking/hiking route on Bojeene to Nagarkot - - - 15 Mun/NTB/Trav

el Prov.Govt

2 Operation of Tourist Information centers at areas like

Kharipati,Duwakot,Jitpur and Pragati tol no. 5 0.3 1.5 Mun/NTB

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S.N Activities Unit Quantity Rate

(in million) Cost

Implementing

Level Funding Agencies

Remarks

Rationale

3 Management and improvement of Chhetan Avilekh and other

touristic area no. 7 4 28 Mun/SA

4 Feasibilility Study on Foot Trail on old Heritage Zone

(Changu Temple)and Trishuld Danda - - 4

Mun/NTB

/Travel

Agencies

Mun/NTB/Trav

el Agencies Prov.Govt

5 Homestay workshops in Lattedanda - - - 3 Mun

6 Promotional events through internet and advertisements no. 24 0.05 1.2 Mun/NTB/Trav

el Agencies

Total 52.7

b Heritage site

1 Development of pedestrian lane of 3km connecting famous

Old Heritage Zone of municipality i.e. Changunarayan km 3 2 6 Mun/SA Prov. Govt.

2 Conservation of Changunarayan, 60 ghar area by adopting

special building by-laws. nos 5 0.1 0.5 Mun/ Prov. Govt.

3

Improvement of road on Kamalbinayak –Saudal-Adhikari

gaun- Nagarkot Road and Changunarayan Road and other

road linked with religious zone .

- - - 500 Mun/SA Prov. Govt.

4

Infrastructure development of religious site like

Changunarayan,Thuli Bramhayani Temple,Jyoti Lingashwor

Saraswatikhel etc.

- - - 30 Mun/NTB Prov. Govt.

Total 536.5

Overall Tourism and Religious Development Plan Cost 589.2

5 Environment Management Plan (NPR million)

a Pollution

1 Construction of 2 Slaughter house at Jhaukhel and Saudol. no 2 4 8 Mun/SA Prov. Govt.

2 Enforcement of regulation and byelaws 3 Mun

3 Awareness Program against environmental pollution no. 10 0.5 5 Mun/NGOs

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S.N Activities Unit Quantity Rate

(in million) Cost

Implementing

Level Funding Agencies

Remarks

Rationale

4 Greenery of cycle lane, footpath on Bojeene To Nagarkot

and Trishuld Danda km 9 3 27 Mun/SA Prov. Govt.

5 Electric public vehicle promotion 8 Mun/INGO/loc

al communities

6 Waste separation concept promotion 3 Mun/NGOs

7 Workshop on organic fertilizers from waste no. 9 0.3 3 Local

communities

8 Subsidy for Construction of toilets at rural housings no. 1000 0.001 1 Mun/NGOs

Total 58

b Conservation area

1 Tree plantation on sensitive areas along the alignment of

Manohara Khola and along the Sali Nadi no. 3000 0.0008 2.4 Mun/NGOs

2 Water source protection programs no. 10 0.5 5 Mun/NGOs

3 Provisions for eco parks at Jyotilingashwor no. 1 6 6 Mun Prov. Govt.

Total 13.4

c Urban Greenery

1 Tree plantation along major road like Changunarayan Road

,Sallaghari-Duwakot-Sangdaha Sadak ,Nagarkot Road etc no. 2500 0.0008 2

Mun/Local

NGOs

2 Organizing workshops and trainings for green roof and urban

farm times 4 0.5 2

Mun/Local

communities

3 Rain garden construction training sq.m 80 0.006 0.45 Mun/SA

Total 4.45

d Sustainable City

1 Construction of 10 km cycle lanes on major roads at

Changunarayan and along Bojeene to Nagarkot km 10 2 20 Mun/SA Prov. Govt.

2 Promotion of alternative/renewable energy 5 Mun/NGOs

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S.N Activities Unit Quantity Rate

(in million) Cost

Implementing

Level Funding Agencies

Remarks

Rationale

Total 25

Overall Environment Management Development Plan

Cosr 100.85

6 Disaster Management Plan (NPR million)

1 Subsidy for Construction of vernacular buildings in culturally

sensitive area no. 150 0.02 3 Mun/NRA Prov. Govt.

2 Reinforcement of regulation and byelaws 0.5 Mun/NRA

3 Program for afforestation and tree plantation 0.5 Mun/NGOs

4 Establishment of epidemics department on the hospital no. 1 10 10 Mun/NGOs

5 Collaboration with GoN for health service 0.5 Mun DoH

6 Relocation of squatter settlements no. 1000 0.1 100 Mun/NRA

7 Alarm system for flood in rivers no. 2 2.5 5 Mun

8 Evacuation plan promotion during emergency 1 Mun/NGOs

9 Signage for evacuation routes no. 20 0.05 1 Mun/NGOs

Overall Disaster Management Plan Cost 121.5

7 Institutional Development Plan (NPR million)

1 Establishment of new municipal building office at Kharipati no. 1 100 Mun Prov.Govt

2 Improvement of 9 ward offices no. 9 2 18 Mun Prov.Govt

3 Retrofitting of old and dilapidated government buildings no. 13 0.5 6.5 Mun/NRA

4 Training and workshops for capacity development 3 Mun

5 Introduction of digital system in 2 ward offices no 1 13 13 Mun Prov.Govt

6 Organization of public hearing and trial sessions times 2 Mun

7 Home services for needy citizens perso

n 1500 0.002 3 Mun

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S.N Activities Unit Quantity Rate

(in million) Cost

Implementing

Level Funding Agencies

Remarks

Rationale

8 Promotion of PPP model for investments 2 Mun

9 Co-ordination with various organization 3 Mun

10 Facilitation of ward level committees 2 Mun

11 Appointment of new technical staffs perso

n 11 0.3 3.3 Mun

12 Founding development groups no. 6 0.1 0.6 Mun

13 Networking of various divisions no. 38 0.05 1.9 Mun

14 New vehicles buying no. 10 1 10 Mun

Overall Institutional Development Plan Cost 168.3

Total Cost (Physical, Social, Economic, Tourism and Relilgious, Environment, Disaster

Risk and Institutional Development Plan) 6595.96

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7.3 Mid-term MSIP

The mid-term MSIP will be 6-10 yrs. In the Mid-term, projects having larger impact, execute with in the time frame of 6-10 yrs will be carried out. For

this types of projects, investments will seek for province and central Government as well. The following table shows the list of projects that falls under

mid-term MSIP:

Table No 71: Detail Budget on Mid-Term MSIP

Detail budget on multi sectoral plans

Multi sectoral investment plan for Mid-term (6-10 yrs)

S.N Activities Unit Quantity Rate Mid-term

(6-10)

Implementing

Agencies Funding Agencies

Project Rationale

/ Remarks

1 Physical Development plan (in million NPR)

a. Road

1 Upgrading existing urban roads in the municipality;

1.1 Urban road Class A type such as Kharipati, KMC-

Saraswatikhel, Jhaukhel, Pipeline, KMC road etc km 20 70 1400 Mun/SA Mun/Prov. Govt

1.2

Urban road Class B type road such as NEC to Phulbari

village, KMC road, ChyanDada-Telkot, Chhaling-

Bagheswori, Cancer hospital-Ward office etc

km 15 50 750 Mun/SA Mun/Prov. Govt

1.3

Urban road Class C type road such as Sudal, Saraswati

road, Saraswati,Nepal Gaun, Machinarayan Temple road

etc.

km 45 40 1800 Mun/SA Mun/Prov. Govt

Total 3950

b. Solid waste management

1 Construction of one land fill site at ward-4 (Halchhap) no. 1 120 120 Mun/SA/NGOs Prov. Govt.

c. Bus park and bus stops

1 4 new bus park construction at Changunarayan, Biharpital,

Khawa (W-8) and Saraswatikhel no. 4 25 100 Mun/SA Prov. Govt

2 10 bus stops construction Sudal chowk, Pipal Bot , KMC

Chowk, Padhali Chowk, Jhaukhel and Pikhel Height etc no. 10 0.5 5 Mun/SA Prov Govt.

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Detail budget on multi sectoral plans

Multi sectoral investment plan for Mid-term (6-10 yrs)

S.N Activities Unit Quantity Rate Mid-term

(6-10)

Implementing

Agencies Funding Agencies

Project Rationale

/ Remarks

Total 225

d. Water Supply

1 Construction of water tank at Saraswari Khel,

Changunarayan, Duwakot, Sudal, Chhaling no. 5 10 50 Mun/SA Prov Govt.

Water supply for

200 household

2 Construction of deep boring at Santidada no 1 8 8 Mun/SA Prov Govt.

Total 58

Overall Physical Development Plan Cost 4353

2 Social Development plan (in million NPR)

A Education

1 Construction of agro-tech department in municipality no. 1 20 13 Mun DoE

2 Distributing e-learning materials in government schools no. 20 0.7 7 Mun DoE

3 Improvements of amenities of government educational

institutes no. 20 1 12 Mun

Total 32

b Health

1 Establishment of one 30 bed Municipal level hospital at

Kharipati 170 Mun

Prov.Gov5t,

DoH,Central Govt

f Amenities

1 Formulation of 9 community libraries ward-wise no 9 3 21 Mun/NGOs Prov.Govt.

2 Construction of an City hall at Saraswatikhel sq.m 2500 0.006 8 Mun Prov.Govt.

3 Construction of 9 new parks ward-wise no 9 5 28 Mun/NGOs Prov.Govt/DoR/Ce

ntral Govt.

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Detail budget on multi sectoral plans

Multi sectoral investment plan for Mid-term (6-10 yrs)

S.N Activities Unit Quantity Rate Mid-term

(6-10)

Implementing

Agencies Funding Agencies

Project Rationale

/ Remarks

4

Solar street lamps installation along Changunarayan Road

,Sallaghari-Duwakot-Sangdaha Sadak ,Nagarkot Road

and other Feeder ,urban and district roads.

no 10000 0.015 96 Mun Prov.Govt.

Total 153

Overall Social Development Plan Cost 359

3 Economic Development plan (in million NPR)

a Agro-farming

1 Construction of irrigation canal at vegetable pocket areas Km 10 5 22 Mun/SA Prov.Govt./DoA

2 Establishment of vegetable collection centre at

Saraswatikhel no. 1 1 0.6 Mun/SA Prov.Govt.

Total 22.6

b Infrastructures

1 Construction of two vegetable market structures at Telkot

and Kharipati no. 2 50 60 Mun/MoAD Prov.Govt.

2 Construction of complex with 2 movie halls at Rakshya

Tole and Pikhel no. 2 50 50 Mun/SA Prov.Govt.

Total 110

Overall Economic Development Plan Cost 132.6

4 Tourism and Cultural Development plan (in million NPR)

a Heritage site

1 Preservation of traditional houses and encouragement of

building traditional house around religious premises - - - 15

Mun/NGOs/Local

Comunities

Preservation of

local culture and

architecture to

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Detail budget on multi sectoral plans

Multi sectoral investment plan for Mid-term (6-10 yrs)

S.N Activities Unit Quantity Rate Mid-term

(6-10)

Implementing

Agencies Funding Agencies

Project Rationale

/ Remarks

preserve local

identity for future

2 Construction of View Tower at Trishuldanda no 1 5 5

Total 20

Overall Tourism and Cultural Development Plan Cost 20

5 Environment Management Development Plan

1 Awareness Program against environmental pollution no. 5 0.5 2.5 Mun/NGOs

2 Tree plantation along the river corridor no. 1000 0.0008 0.8 Mun/NGOs

Total 3.3

6 Disaster Risk Management Plan

1 Plague control awareness programs 0.5 Mun/Local media

2 Establishment of local rescuing team no. 5 0.1 0.5 Mun/SA

3 Training for rescuers times 2 0.25 0.5 Mun/Local NGOs

Total 1.5

7 Institutional Development Plan

1 Co-ordination with various organization - - - 3 Mun

2 Conducting Training and workshops - - - 3 Mun

Total 6

Total Cost (Physical, Social, Economic, Tourism and Religious, Environment, Disaster

Risk and Institutional Development Plan) 4871.4

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7.4 Long-term MSIP

The long-term MSIP will be 11-15 yrs. In the long-term, projects having huge impact in-terms of development, execute with in the time frame of 11-15

yrs will be carried out. For this types of projects, investments will seek for many possible sources such as local bodies, donor agencies, province, central

Government and others. The following table shows the list of projects that falls under long-term MSIP:

Table No 72: Detail Budget on Long-Term MSIP

Detail budget on multi sectoral plans

Multi sectoral investment plan for Long-term (11-15 yrs.)

S.N Activities Unit Quantity Rate

(in million)

Long-term

(11-15)

Implementing

Level Funding Agencies

Project Rationale

/ Remarks

1 Physical Development plan (in million NPR)

a Road

1 Track opening of 30 km road at various wards. km 30 5 150 Mun/SA, DUDBC Prov.Govt.

2 Upgrading existing urban roads in the municipality;

2.1

Urban road Class A type such as Ganesh Mandir-

Mahankal Mandir, Saraswaikhel, Jhaukhel-Ganesh

School, Pakune Pati-Ganesh School, Om Shanti road

etc.

km 24.84 70 1738.8 Mun/SA Prov.Govt.

2.2

Urban road Class B type road such as Begbinayak

Temple, Ward office to Rakshya Tole, Nepal Gaun,

Chundevi -Kathmandu Cancer Hospital

km 27.46 50 1373 Mun/SA Prov.Govt.

2.3

Urban road Class C type road such as Khorpati -

Nagarkot Basic School, Jitpur , Ganesh Manir to

Balmekeshwor School,Chhaling , Bojeeni road etc

km 50.93 40 2037.2 Mun/SA Prov.Govt.

Total 5299

b. Sewerage and Drainage

1 Construction of one treatment plant at Halchhap (W-4) nos. 1 150 150 Mun/SA Prov.Govt

Prevention of

river pollution,

sustainable waste

water treatment

goal

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Detail budget on multi sectoral plans

Multi sectoral investment plan for Long-term (11-15 yrs.)

S.N Activities Unit Quantity Rate

(in million)

Long-term

(11-15)

Implementing

Level Funding Agencies

Project Rationale

/ Remarks

Total 1977

Overall Physical Development Plan Cost 7276

2 Social Development Plan

1 Women empowerment workshops and training no. 7 0.6 4.2 Mun/ NGO

2 Upgrade and Maintenance of existing local

playgrounds and sport center - - - 1 Mun

3 Training and workshops program for socially

backward people - - - 1 Mun/ NGO

Overall Social Development Plan Cost 6.2

3 Economic Development Plan

a. Agro-farming

1 Establishment of 2 Cold storage at Chaling and Pikhel. no. 2 1 2

2 Construction of complex with 2 movie halls at

Bageswori and Sudal no. 2 100 200 Mun/SA Prov.Govt

3 Establishment of vegetable collection centre at Pragati

tol, Telikot tol. no. 2 2 4

Overall Economic Development Plan Cost 206

4 Tourist and Cultural Development Plan

a. Operation of Tourist Information centers at areas like

Lattedanda and Pikhel no. 2 0.3 0.6

Overall Tourist and Cultural Development Plan

Cost 0.6

5 Environment Management Development Plan

1 Awareness Program against environmental pollution no. 5 0.5 2.5 Mun/NGOs

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182

Detail budget on multi sectoral plans

Multi sectoral investment plan for Long-term (11-15 yrs.)

S.N Activities Unit Quantity Rate

(in million)

Long-term

(11-15)

Implementing

Level Funding Agencies

Project Rationale

/ Remarks

2 Tree plantation along the river corridor no. 1000 0.0008 0.8 Mun/NGOs

Total 3.3

6 Disaster Risk Management Plan

1 Program for afforestation and tree plantation - - - 0.5 Mun/NGOs

7 Institutional Development Plan

1 Organization of public hearing and trial sessions times - - 2 Mun

2 Founding development groups no. 6 0.1 0.6 Mun

Total 2.6

Total Cost (Physical, Social, Economic, Tourism and Religious, Environment,

Disaster Risk and Institutional Development Plan) 7495.2

1 Short Term 6595.96

2 Mid Term 4871.4

3 Long Term 7495.2

4 TOTAL 18962.56 Million

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Table No 73: Multi Sectoral Investment Plan for 15 years

Multisector Investment Plan

15 years Investment Plan Summary (NPR million)

Anticipated budget on thematic urban development program

Sector Short term

(0-5yrs)

Mid Term

(6-10 yrs)

Long

Term

(10-15yrs)

Total Sector

Cost

(in million)

Percentage

contribution

Physical Development Plan 4676.26 4353 7276 16305.26 86

Social Development Plan 638.35 355 6.2 999.55 5

Economic Development Plan 303.5 132.6 206 642.1 4

Tourism and Cultural

Development Plan 589.2 20 0.6 609.8 3

Environmental 100.85 3.3 3.3 107.45 0.5

Disaster Management Plan 121.5 1.5 0.5 123.5 0.6

Institutional Development Plan 168.3 6 2.6 176.9 0.9

Overall Cost breakdown for 15

years Investment 6595.96 4871.4 7495.2 18962.56 100

Percentage (%) 35% 26% 40% 100%

The budget allocated for the municipality in development sector in 15 years with rate of increase

12% is 3981million whereas the cost in the multisector plan is 18962.56 million. But from chapter

4.3.8 the budget projection for 2035 is NRS 14981.56 million. It is still insufficient by around

NRS. 2937.72 million for satisfying the norms and demands of the municipality. Thus, new tax

upgrade, private sector involvement should be implemented at the municipality. For that the

deficit financial resources are fulfilled and mobilized by the strategies listed in chapter 6.8.2

above.

From the various thematic plans and programs of this IUDP, specific projects are scheduled for

15 years that would cost around NPR 18962.56 million. Amongst the total budget, based on the

priority, expenses are made on sectoral themes, which is explained hereafter.

From the total cost, 5% will be spent on Social Development Plan that includes education,

health, security, Women empowerment, child security, backward communities, sports and

community centres.

Further 4% will be spent on agriculture, tourism, industry and commerce sectors of Economic

Development Plan.

86% of the total budget will be invested on infrastructures construction and improvement like

road, bridges, water supply, sanitation, electricity, housing and alternative energy; and 3 % of

the total budget is spent on preservation and conservation of heritage and culture areas as well as

Tourism and cultural development.

Moreover, 0.5% will be used for environmental protection, sustainable transportation, waste

reduction and others of Environmental management plan. Likewise, 0.6% will be used for

Disaster risk management like flood, landslides, fire, earthquake, thunderstorm, plaque and

epidemics. The remaining 0.9% will be spent on capacity development and Institutional

development.

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184

Chapter 8: DED Projects

8.1 Introduction

Detail Engineering Design (DED) is the essential bridge between the basic engineering design

and construction phase of a project in order to convert the ideas into reality. DED involves close

coordination and synchronization among various disciplines of engineering, all in house

resources for interactive and progressive manner. With having the DED, is vital to the owner

flexibility time to execute the project.

DED is a development of all required construction documents and drawings up to AFC

(Approved for construction) stage for the construction, and detailed bill of materials (BOM) for

the bulk material procurement based on the basic or front end engineering design (FEED)

package.

8.2 DED of Selection

On the basis of demand analysis, SWOT analysis, lead and priority sectors, discussion with

municipal board was conducted and some of the proposed projects of Municipality have been

listed below. According to the importance of projects selection criteria point will be given and

listing will be done with ranking.

Table No 74: DED of Selection

S.N. Projects

1 Infrastructure design of Duwakot road

2 Infrastructure design landfill site with access road

3 Construction of safe and reliable road connecting all major settlement and ward offices

4 Tourism Master Plan of Changunarayan Municipality

5 Development of Local Health centres to Hospitals

6 Construction of safe and reliable road connecting all major settlement and ward offices

7 Construction of Land fill site, Organic composite and Faucal sludge treatment Plant

8 Preparation of Integrated water supply and distribution management plan

9 Establishment of Community Home stay

The selection criteria DED is breakdown in following:

Table No 75: Criteria For Selecting Project DED

Criteria For Selecting Projects for Detail Engineering Design (DED) Preparation

Project /

Rationale Measurement Scale Reasoning Weightage Wt. Received

Benefit /

Impact

Multiple economic

Sector. ( Agricultural

Road , Transportation

Of Goods, Urban rural

Linkage)

1. Increase in business activities.

(2 - 5) 4

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Criteria For Selecting Projects for Detail Engineering Design (DED) Preparation

Project /

Rationale Measurement Scale Reasoning Weightage Wt. Received

Multiple Stake holders (

Human resource,

Transport Resource

Development)

1.Municipality

2. Local People of the area

3. Local Businessman (2 - 5) 4

Cross Border Freight

Internal Movement of people

(2 - 5) 2

Export Of goods 1. It will get the access to the main

market. (2 - 5) 3.5

Population

Around 40,000 population from the

municipality too will get benefitted

from this project. (2 - 5) 5

Impact : (Local

Government, Province,

Center)

Local government will be highly

benefited as it will improve the socio

- economic status of its people

eventually helping in improving the

GDP of the country too.

(2 - 5) 4

Linkage : ( Hinterland)

This project can be the linkage

between the various wards of the

municipality. (2 - 5) 3

Benefit to the

disadvantaged groups.

These backward groups will be

benefitted with the development of

various infrastructures in the ward. (2 - 5) 4

Importance

Urgency : ( Present

Problem, Improves

Living Condition)

1. It will improve the socio -

economic status of its people.

2. After the formation of

Municipality, the expectation of

people and its representatives has

been high with regard to physical

development. So in order to improve

the condition of backbone of

infrastructure development, this

project is necessary.

(2 - 5) 3.5

Problem ( Local,

Multiple Municipalities)

There has always been the problem

in parking of vehicles in this

municipality also with lack of other

infrastructures. This hampers not

only one municipality only but also

to other municipality. Thus, it

confined with multiple local

government.

(2 - 5) 3

Collaboration among

different layers of

Government

Local government and province

government works together to

complete this project. (2 - 5) 4

Engagement Of

Municipalities

Engages Municipality only (2 - 5) 3.5

Implement

ability

Study : ( Preliminary &

Feasibility Study)

The Preliminary Study was done to

understand deeply about the need

and implementation Status of the

( 0 - 5) 5

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Criteria For Selecting Projects for Detail Engineering Design (DED) Preparation

Project /

Rationale Measurement Scale Reasoning Weightage Wt. Received

project. There is no problem for

feasibility of this Project.

Availability Of Land

The Land Required for the

implementation of the project is in

adequate and has no legal or social

problem.

( 0 - 5) 5

Existence of natural

Heritage

Natural Heritage doesn't effect the

development of the park. ( 0 - 5) 5

Emergence Of Social

Issues

This project isn't hampered by the

social issues. ( 0 - 5) 5

Priority Of Federal &

Central

With the bus park project proposed

by the Municipality, Central and

Provincial government are taking the

initiation of the project. The DPR of

the project is still not prepared.

( 0 - 4 ) 4

priority of IFI's ( 0 - 4 ) 2

Private Investment

Potential

Along with the initiative taken by

locals, there is private investment

potential (as they take care of the

structures around their settlement).

Various business ventures such as

hotels, restaurants, will flourished

near the park.

( 0 - 4 ) 3

Supportive Policy This project is classified as long term

plan by the local government. ( 0 - 4 ) 3

Implementation

Organisation

Municipality, Local Body,

Funding agency. ( 0 - 4 ) 3

Total 78.5

8.3 DED of Major Projects

Municipal level strategic projects have been identified and listed out through the

discussions/consultations at municipal level. The strategic projects related to urban infrastructure

such as urban road, drinking water supply, sewerage and drainage network, parks, tourism

infrastructure development, community building, market management and so on were then

prioritized based on given/agreed criteria. Strategic projects have also been planned in MSIP

(Chapter 7). Among the identified strategic projects following two projects were selected for

DED:

a. DED of Duwakot Mod- Mahankaal chowk - High school - Ward No 4 office

b. Integrated DED of Landfill Site with Access Road

(Note: A separate Volume IV of DED report has been provided with total cost estimate of each

projects.)

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187

8.3.1 DED Project I

Table No 76: Sailent Features of DED Projects

DED I: Duwakot Mod- Mahankaal chowk - High school - Ward No 4 office

Features Description

Name of the Road Urban Road Starting From Duwakot Mod - Mahankaal chowk - High

school - Ward No 4 office

Location

Province: 3

District: Bhaktapur

Municipality / Rural Municipality Changunarayan Municipality

Major Settlements Duwakot Mod - Mahankaal chowk - High school - Ward No 4 office

Length 5.928 km

Starting Point Duwakot

End Point: Ward Office

Geographical Features

Terrain Plain

Altitudinal Range 1384 m to 1487 m

Climate: Sub-tropical

Geology: Ordinary Soil

Meteorology: Unevenly Distributed Precipitation Controlled by Monsoon

Design Standard

Standard NRS 2070

Existing Surface: Mostly Earthen surface, Partly metallic and gravel surface

Proposed Pavement: Asphalt Concrete

Geometrics

Right of Way: 30 m (15 m on either sides of the Center line)

Formation Width: 10 m

Carriage Way Width: 7 m

Shoulder Width: 1.5 m on either side (unsettlement area)

Maximum Gradient 11.77%

Minimum Gradient 0.46%

Lane Double

Structures (Qty/No.)

Drainage Structures

a) Side Drain Rcc Drain

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188

DED I: Duwakot Mod- Mahankaal chowk - High school - Ward No 4 office

Features Description

b) Pipe Culvert 19 nos. (900mmdia)

c) Slab Culvert

d) Causeway

Retaining Structures

a) Stone Masonry Retaining Walls

b) Gabion Retaining Walls

Earth Work

Excavation / Cutting 20565.831 m3

Embankment / Filling 16605.907 m3

Pavement

Sub-Base 200mm

Base 150 mm

Pavement Surface

Asphalt Concrete 50mm

Figure No 27: Location Image of DED I

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189

8.3.2 DED Projects II

DED of Landfill Site with Access Road

Figure No 28: Location of DED II

(Note: The detailed design drawings, estimate and layouts of DED projects have been given in Separate

Volume IV.)

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190

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Municipal Annual Report 2075/76

Municipal profile 2075, CBs 2068