PPT FINAL BIOMASS

Renewable Energy Sources –

Biomass Energy

M.Rajendar Reddy

3

Biomass Agenda• Bioenergy Overview• Biomass Resources• Creating Energy from Biomass

• Biomass Economics• Biomass Environmental Issues

• Promise of Bioenergy• Ethanol Production

9

Biomass Resources• Energy Crops

– Woody crops– Agricultural crops

• Waste Products– Wood residues– Temperate crop wastes– Tropical crop wastes– Animal wastes– Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)– Commercial and industrial wastes

http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_resources.html

Conversion TechnologiesBiochemical Platform

(Sugar)

Thermochemical Platform•Pyrolysis •Gasification

Biogas Platform (Anaerobic Digestion)Biomass

Feedstock

Carbon Rich Chains Platform (Biodiesel)

Combined Heat & Power,

Fuels, Chemicals, and M aterials

Biochemical Platform (Sugar)

Thermochemical Platform•Pyrolysis •Gasification

Biogas Platform (Anaerobic Digestion)Biomass

Feedstock

Carbon Rich Chains Platform (Biodiesel)

Combined Heat & Power,

Fuels, Chemicals, and M aterials

Biochemical Conversion• Plant matter – hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin

• Pretreatment• Hydrolysis• Sugar Fermentation

Thermochemical Conversion

• Gasification, Pyrolysis, Direct Hydrothermal Liquefaction

• Carbon monoxide and Syngas (Hydrogen)

Pyrolysis• Absence of oxygen

• Thermal degradation

• Liquid pyrolysis oil

Anaerobic Digestion• Biogas Platform - Methane

• Decomposition - microorganisms

• Anaerobic Digesters

• Four Main Processes

• Uses wastes and turns into valuable compost

Transesterification• “Biodiesel” Platform• Takes vegetable oil, animal fat, or grease into biodiesel – fatty acid methyl ester

• Base catalyzed of the oil with alcohol, direct acid catalyzed, and conversion of the oil to fatty acids and then to alkyl esters with acid catalysts

Basic Process Chemistry• Conversion of solid fuels into combustible gas mixture called producer gas (CO + H2 + CH4)

• Involves partial combustion of biomass• Four distinct process in the gasifier viz.

• Drying • Pyrolysis • Combustion• Reduction

What is Biomass Gasification?

Gasification – Basic Process Chemistry

Schematic

What is a Biogas Plant• Basically Methane & CO2 Gas Producer.

• Methane – Odorless, Colorless, Good Calorific Value, Green House Gas

• Sources : Animal Manures, excreta, kitchen waste, Industrial Chemical Processes, Sea Water Bed, etc.

• Animal Manure & Excreta contributes around 16 % of the total global methane emission.

Biogas Plants Offered

Ankur Scientific offers plants on the following feeds :

1. Cattle dung based 2. Kitchen waste based3. Vegetables & fruit waste based4. Dry Crop residues based5. Organic effluent based

Schematic of a typical Biogas Plant

Benefits of Biogas Plants• Contributes substantially in reducing Global Warming.

• Cost effective replacement for Fossil Fuels.

• This Smoke Free gas emits less carbon dioxide as compared to other fuels.

• A very efficient and environmentally friendly solution for disposing off various organic matter.

METHANE• Contributes largely in Global Warming• Traps 21 times more heat than CO2

• Over the 100 years – 25 times more temperature impact than that by CO2

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Biogas Plant Traps Methane Fuel Carbon Dioxide.

Biogas Plants – Reduction in Global Warming

35

Global Energy Sources 2002

Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

36

Renewable Energy Use – 2001


37

Bioenergy Cycle

http://www.repp.org/bioenergy/bioenergy-cycle-med2.jpg

38

Bioenergy Cycle


39

Commercial Carbon Cycle

40

Bioenergy Technologies


41

Types of Biomass

42

Biomass Direct Combustion


43

MSW Power Plant


44

Composition of MSW


45

Integrated Waste Plant


46

Biorefinery

http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/biorefinery.html

47

Sugar Platform1.Convert biomass to sugar or

other fermentation feedstock 2.Ferment biomass intermediates

using biocatalysts• Microorganisms including yeast

and bacteria;3.Process fermentation product

• Yield fuel-grade ethanol and other fuels, chemicals, heat and/or electricity

http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/proj_biochemical_conversion.html

48

Thermochemical Platform

•Direct Combustion•Gasification•Pyrolysis

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/thermochemical_platform.html

49

Gasification• Biomass heated with no oxygen• Gasifies to mixture of CO and H2

– Called “Syngas” for synthetic gas• Mixes easily with oxygen• Burned in turbines to generate electricity– Like natural gas

• Can easily be converted to other fuels, chemicals, and valuable materials

50

Biomass Gasifier• 200 tons of wood chips daily• Forest thinnings; wood pallets• Converted to gas at ~1850 ºF• Combined cycle gas turbine• 8MW power output

McNeil Generating Station biomass gasifier – 8MW

http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html

51

Pyrolysis• Heat bio-material under pressure

– 500-1300 ºC (900-2400 ºF)– 50-150 atmospheres– Carefully controlled air supply

• Up to 75% of biomass converted to liquid

• Tested for use in engines, turbines, boilers

• Currently experimentalhttp://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pyrolysis.html

52

Pyrolysis Schmatic

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pyrolysis.html

53

Anaerobic Digestion• Decompose biomass with microorganisms – Closed tanks known as anaerobic digesters

– Produces methane (natural gas) and CO2

• Methane-rich biogas can be used as fuel or as a base chemical for biobased products.

• Used in animal feedlots, and elsewherehttp://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/other_platforms.html

54

Carbon Rich Platform• Natural plant oils such as soybean, corn, palm, and canola oils– In wide use today for food and chemical applications

• Transesterification of vegetable oil or animal fat produces fatty acid methyl ester– Commonly known as biodiesel.

• Biodiesel an important commercial air-emission reducing additive / substitute for diesel fuel– could be platform chemical for biorefineries.

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/other_platforms.html

55

BioFuels• Ethanol

– Created by fermentation of starches/sugars

– US capacity of 1.8 billion gals/yr (2005)

– Active research on cellulosic fermentation

• Biodiesel– Organic oils combined with alcohols

– Creates ethyl or methyl esters• SynGas Biofuels

– Syngas (H2 & CO) converted to methanol, or liquid fuel similar to diesel

http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_fuels.html

56

Economic Issues• Sustainable Development

– Move toward sustainable energy production

• Energy Security– Reduce dependence on imported oil

• Rural Economic Growth– Provide new crops/markets for rural business

• Land Use– Better balance of land usehttp://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_integrated.html

57

Environmental Issues• Air Quality

– Reduce NOx and SO2 emissions• Global Climate Change

– Low/no net increase in CO2

• Soil Conservation– Soil erosion control, nutrient retention, carbon sequestration, and stabilization of riverbanks.

• Water Conservation– Better retention of water in watersheds

• Biodiversity and Habitat– Positive and negative changes

http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_integrated.html

58

Biomass Infrastructure• Biomass Production Improvements

– Genetics, breeding, remote sensing, GIS, analytic and evaluation techniques

• Biomass Material Handling– Storage, handling, conveying, size reduction, cleaning, drying, feeding systems, systems

• Biomass Logistics and Infrastructure– Harvesting, collecting, storing, transporting, other biomass supply chain elements


59

One Scenario

Michael Totten, Conservation International, January 27, 2006

Semi-Efficient, Ambitious Renewable Energy Scenario

60

BioPower Electricity• Direct Combustion

– Burn biomass to create steam• Co-Firing

– Mix biomass with coal in coal plants

– Economically attractive• Gasification• Pyrolysis• Anaerobic Digestion

http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_biopower.html

61

Biomass Resources• Herbaceous Energy Crops• Woody Energy Crops• Industrial Crops• Agricultural Crops• Aquatic Crops• Agricultural Crop Residues• Forestry Residues• Municipal Waste• Animal Waste


62

Biorefinery Platforms

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/

63

Simple vs. CCGT Plant


64

Carbon/Solar Cycle

PPT FINAL BIOMASS

Documents

Transcript of PPT FINAL BIOMASS