potr/caru association hqg1 11 - USDA Forest Service

POTR/CARU ASSOCIATION HQG1 11Populus tremuloides/Calamagrostis rubescensquaking aspen/pinegrass

DISTRIBUTION AND ENVIRONMENT

The POTR/CARU Association is a minor type on the Colville N.F. The seven plots representing thetype are from the Okanogan N.F. The limited data suggests the type is found primarily on uplandhabitats. Stands were located on gentle slopes (11-31%) on south to west aspects. Elevations rangedfrom 4200 to 6200 ft.

Soils have a moderate humus layer derived from decaying aspen leaves and herbs. Many aspen andherb roots are concentrated in this layer. The moist mineral soil is often high in organic matter. Soiltextures on the few soil pits ranged from silty clay to fine sandy loams over gravelly subsoils.Compacted subsoils often curtailed root growth as well as causing water retention near the soilsurface.

VEGETATION

Plot data indicates a well-defined type with undergrowth vegetation similar to the PSME/CARUAssociation. Quaking aspen dominates the overstory and regeneration layers. Conifers are presentin many stands and include (in order of importance) lodgepole pine, Douglas-fir and western larch.Some of these communities appear stable but others are apparently successional to the PSME/CARUor possibly ABLA2/CARU Associations. Shrubs are poorly represented except in early serai stages.Pinegrass dominates the herb layer. Othercommon herbs include California brome,blue wildrye, lupine spp. and westernmeadowrue.

MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS

Wildlife/Range- POTR/CARU standsprovide important habitat for various birdsand other wildlife species (Thomas et al.1979). Common flickers, black-cappedchickadees, hairy woodpeckers and yellow-bellied sapsuckers are a few of the birdspecies which nest in aspen stands. Deerand ocassionally, moose and elk, have beenobserved feeding and bedding inaspenstands. Deer frequently use aspen

Table 84. Common plants of theAssociation (n=7).

TREE OVERSTORY LAYERPOTR quaking aspenPICO lodgepole pineLAOC western larch

TREE UNDERSTORY LAYERPOTR quaking aspen

SHRUBS AND SUBSHRUBSSHCA russett buffaloberry

HERBSCARU pinegrassBRCA California bromeLUPIN lupine spp.THOC western meadowrueELGL blue wildrye

POTR/CARU

CON COVER

100 4257 873 11

86 13

42 3

100 5957 286 486 1542 9

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Figure 138. Photo of the POTR/CARU Association.

stands for fawning areas (Kovalchik 1987). Although small in area, aspen provides a critical sourceof landscape diversity and should be managed with emphasis on providing habitat for wildlife(Kovalchik 1987).

Herbage production is considerably greater than virtually any other plant association described in thisclassification. Two plots averaged 1,212 Ibs. of herbage per acre, and use by all classes of wild anddomestic ungulates is high. Many stands have been heavily grazed, changing the understorydominance from pinegrass to species such as Kentucky bluegrass, blue wildrye and various native andintroduced bromes and forbs. Overgrazing may eventually eliminate both aspens and conifers,converting sites to herbaceous meadows.

Silviculture- Growth rates and stocking appear moderate compared to POTR/SYAL. Two intensiveplots had basal area averages of 130 sq. ft./acre, while site index values for western larch andlodgepole pine averaged 55 and 49 ft., respectively (50 year basis). Although conifers are presenton many plots, succession to conifer climax appears to be very slow Managers should consider theimportant ecological diversity provided by aspen groves when planning management activities forthese stands. Clearcutting will favor aspen while partial cutting may favor conifer species (Kovalchik1987) Cutting should not result in any significant increase in water tables on POTR/CARU sites.

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The dense pinegrass sod will provide considerable competition with conifer regeneration, especiallyafter clearcutting or in very open stands.

Fire suppression has contributed to the conversion of aspen stands to conifers or meadows(Kovalchik 1987). Fire can be an important tool for stimulating aspen suckers and rejuvenatingdeteriorating stands. Protection from browsing may also be needed for enhancement of aspen stands.

COMPARISONS

Similar POTR/CARU types have been described in the Intermountain Region (Mueggler 1988,Mueggler and Campbell 1982) and also for northcentral Washington (Williams and Lillybridge 1983).The POTR/CARU Association has been observed on the Wenatchee N.F. in central Washington andin parts of Montana,

Populus tremuloidesquaking aspen

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PSME/ARUV ASSOCIATION CDG1 23Pseudotsuga menziesii/Arctostaphylos uva-ursiDouglas-fir/bearberry

DISTRIBUTION AND ENVIRONMENT

The PSME/ARUV Association is a minor type on the Colville N.F. and there are few plotsrepresentative of it. It was not described in the field version of this guide (Williams et al. 1990) butsubsequent field observations and additional data analysis indicates that it deserves mentioning as anincidental type. The type is more common on the Okanogan N.F. than on the Colville N.F. It is mostcommon on the Republic and Kettle Falls Ranger Districts, but may be found on the other rangerdistricts as well.

The PSME/ARUV Association characterizes west or south facing aspects on slopes steeper than20%, usually with exposed rock or boulders. The type occurs on mid- to upper-slope positions orrocky ridgetops with moderate to steep slopes on warm aspects. Elevations usually range between4,000 and 5,500 ft. Most sites have considerable surface rock exposed, and are generally convex inshape. Gentle slopes and glacial outwash terraces and terra»e sideslopes may key to the type butmost of these sites seem best viewed as a warm-dry extension of the PSME/VACA Association.

Soils are formed in mixed glacial till and colluvium. Soils are effectively shallow usually with lessthan 20 in. (50 cm) of rooting depth with 30% or more gravels and cobbles in the profile. Some ashmay be mixed in the upper horizons but the lower horizons are invariably high in rock content thatlimits root development.

VEGETATION

Typically these are open forest stands with a low growing undergrowth (Figure 139). Douglas-firdominates mid to late serai and climax stands Ponderosa pine, western larch and lodgepole pine areusually part of the tree sere and ponderosa pine and western larch may linger as relics for centuries.Lodgepole pine is shorter lived are rarely persists in the stands past 200 years. All of the mentionedtree species are capable of pioneering on these habitats, but only Douglas-fir is tolerant enough topersist in the absence of disturbances such as fire. Douglas-fir is the only significant regenerationspecies although any of the serai species may reproduce in openings.

The undergrowth is a mixture of prostrate shrubs, low-growing shrubs, grasses and forbs. Bearberryis the characteristic species and usually the dominant shrub component. Shiny-leaf spirea andpachistima are the other common shrubs. Pinegrass and northwestern sedge are the dominantherbaceous species. Grass and forb cover is often variable; apparently because of differences in soildepth, surface rock exposure and past grazing use. Other forbs may be abundant but seldom haveany consistency between stands.

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Figure 139. Photo of the PSME/ARUV Association.

MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS

Wildlife/Range- Sites are often extensively grazed by domestic livestock and many areas are in oldsheep driveways. We speculate that past abusive grazing may have altered sites that formerlysupported the PSME/CARU or perhaps even the ABLA2/CARU Associations to PSME/ARUVconditions through soil erosion offine-textured materials and consequent proportional increase inrock content of the remaining regolith. The type has value for wildlife because the exposed, upperelevation sites become snow-free early in the season and snow removal by wind reduces snow depths.

Silviculture- Growth rates tend to be slow and few trees attain diameters greater than 30 inches evenafter 200 or more years of growth. This may be due to landscape level fire patterns more thanintrinsic environmental differences. Environmental extremes make tree regeneration difficult.Problems include large diurnal temperature range, strong pinegrass competition, droughty soil, rockysites and winter kill by desiccation. In addition, many stands are near the upper elevation limits forthe Douglas-fir Series and night time frost may be a problem. Young trees need shelter fromexcessive sun, high daytime soil temperatures and re-radiation frost at night. Expect severeregeneration problems on clearcuts. Broadcast burning may cause mortality to planted trees becauseblackened soil surfaces may raise temperatures at the soil surface to lethal levels. Sites are often so

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stony that planting of trees is very difficult or impossible. All of these factors made tree establishmentdifficult. Clearcuts may remain unforested for decades. Shelter is essential for regeneration,providing some type of protection from high insolation rates. As the forest canopy closes the sitesbecome more suitable for Douglas-fir establishment. Dwarf mistletoe is common in Douglas-fir treeson these sites, as is western pine beetle on ponderosa pine. The presence ofarmillaria and laminatedroot rot is common, primarily infecting Douglas-fir.

Many mature trees greater than 10" DBH have charcoal on the bark and fire scars are common. Lightunderbums were probably common on this type under pre-settlement conditions. Upper slope sitesare pre-disposed to lighting strikes and natural fire frequencies appear to have occurred on 5 to 20year intervals. Most of the important undergrowth species are well adapted to frequent, lightunderbums. These adaptations usually include rapid resprouting combined with a rhizomatousgrowth habit. This combination allows a species to rapidly re-establish itself following fire.Snowbrush ceanothus is a common serai shrub after a fire or similar disturbance and may persist fordecades even under a tree canopy because of the open nature of many stands. Russet buffaloberryis another nitrogen-fixing shrub that forms an important part of the sere after wildfire. Pinegrass isthe major herb and responds vigorously to most disturbances and is especially well adapted toperiodic underbuming. Several of our plots also contain low huckleberry. These sites are all onsouth aspects and may reflect some environmental variation our data are inadequate to reflect.

COMPARISONS

Lillybridge el al. (1995) describe an PSME/ARUV/CARU Association which is nearly identical tothe type described for the Colville N.F. Pfister et al. (1977) describe a PSME/ARUV Habitat Typefor central Montana, but species composition and environmental conditions are different. Brayshaw(1965) in British Columbia describes a PSME-PIPO/ARUV association that appears comparable toours. Most Canadian workers defined their associations more broadly than us so types are often notdirectly comparable. Daubenmire and Daubenmire (1968) in eastern Washington and northern Idaho,and Pfister et al. (1977) in Montana, Steele et al. (1981) in central Idaho, Cooper et al. (1991) innorth Idaho and McLean (1970) in the southern interior of British Columbia all describe aPSME/CARU Habitat Type-Bearberry Phase following the pattern set by Daubenmire andDaubenmire (1968). However, some of these sites may better fit our PSME/VACA Association.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Many people have contributed to this publication throughout the course of its development. VariousForest Supervisors and Forest Staff have supported this work from the beginning. At the presenttime they include E. Schultz and G. Buckingham. Additional acknowledgment is extended to R.Everett, Wenatchee Forestry Sciences Laboratory, for his professional support for publication.Especially significant for his professional contributions is Area I Ecologist J. Henderson. Many ofhis ideas and techniques have been incorporated into this publication. In addition. Area II EcologistBud Kovalchik deserves special acknowledgment for his professional and technical assistance indevelopment of this publication. Many people have assisted the authors on field crews during thelength of the project. They include T. Colvin, M. Possum, D. Landolt, K. Larson, L. Martin, M.Mensor, S. Murphy, G. Olenik, J. Peterson, D. Shaw and M. Wendel. Special thanks to D. Larson,GIS Coordinator on the Colville National Forest, for his assistance with graphics development. P.Flanagan and J. Hadfield, Wenatchee Forestry Sciences Laboratory, assisted in the discussionsconcerning insects and disease. R Lentz, Okanogan National Forest, assisted in the geologydiscussion. Special thanks is extended to J. Berube, F. Hall, M. Hemstrom, J. McGowan and J.Townsley for their review comments. Finally, special thanks to D. Thompson and K. Esterholdt,Pacific Northwest Research Station, for their assistance in design and publication details.

Line drawings of indicator species are reproduced with permission from Hitchcock, C.L.; Cronquist,A; Ownbey, M.; and J.W. Thompson (1959-1969). Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest Vols.1-5. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA.

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299

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300

APPENDIX 1

• Selected plant species adaptations to fire

• List of important trees, shrubs, subshrubs and herbs

• Mean cover and constancy of important plantspecies by plant association

301

Table 85. Summary of postfire survival strategy and fire response for some shrubs andherbaceous plants occurring in forests west of the Continental Divide in Montana.

SPECIES

SHRUBS

Ainus sinuataSitka alder

Acer circinatumVine maple

Acerglabrum var. douglasnDouglas maple

Amelanchier ainifoliaWestern servicebeny

Arctostaphylos nevadensisPmemat manzanita

Arctostaphylow uva-ursiBearberry (kinnikinnik)

Artemisia arbusculaLow sagebrush

Artemisia tridentata vaseyanaMountain big sagebrush

POSTFIRE SURVIVALSTRATEGY

Sprouts from surviving rootcrown.



Sprouts from surviving rootcrown, frequently producingmultiple stems.

May sprout from a root crown;regeneration from stolons morecommon. May have somewhatfire-resistant seeds.

Similar to A. nevadensis.

Wind-dispersed seed.

Wind-dispersed seed. Subspeciesvaseyana stores seed in the soilthat germinates as a result offire-induced heating.

COM M ENTS ON FIRERESPONSE

Usually increases on site followingfire. Early seed production (after 5years) aids in this increase.

Shade tolerance allows it to persistbetween fires and then resprout andincrease in density after a fire.Characteristic of strongly maritimeenvironments.

Less shade tolerant than A. circinatumbut responds in a similar fashion.Characteristic of relatively xeric tomesic sites Usually increasesfollowing fire.

Pioneer species, usually survives evensevere fires especially if soil is moistat time of fire. Coverage usuallyincreases following fire.

Susceptible to fire-kill. Will survivesome low severity fires when duff ismoist and therefore not consumed byfire May invade burned area fromunbumed patches.

See A. nevadensis

Individual shrubs are susceptible tofire-kill. Reseeds from adjacentunbumed areas. Does not respout.

Individual shrubs are susceptible tofire-kill. Recovery is hastened when agood seed crop exists before burning.

302

Table 85. continued.

SPECIES

Artemisia tripartitiaThree-tip sagebmsh

Berberis repensCreeping Oregon grape

Ceanothus sanguineusRedstem ceanothus

Ceanothus velutinusSnowbrush ceanothus

Comus canadensisBunchberry dogwood

Comus stoloniferaRed-osier dogwood

Holodiscus discolorOceanspray

Juniperus communisCommon juniper

Juniperus horizontalisCreeping juniper

Ledum glandulosumWestern ledum


Wind dispersed seed. Sproutsfrom a surviving root crown.

Sprouts from surviving rhizomesthat grow 0.5 to 2 inches (1 -5 to 5cm) below soil surface.

Soil-stored seed germinatesfollowing heat treatment. It canalso sprout from root crownsfollowing a cool fire.

Similar to C. sanguineus.

Sprouts from surviving rhizomesgrowing 2 to 5 inches (5 to 13 cm)below soil surface

Sprouts from surviving rhizomesor stolons (runners).

Regenerates from soil-stored seedor sprouts from surviving rootcrown

Bird-dispersed seed.

Similar to J. communis.

Fire avoider, rhizomes.

COMMENTS ON FIRERESPONSE

One of the few sagebrush species thatresprouts after a fire. Hot fires underdrought conditions may kill the plants.Fires when the soil is moist are morefavorable for resprouting.

Moderately resistant to fire-kill.Usually survives all but severe firesthat remove duff and cause extendedheating of upper soil.

Usually increases following fire, oftendramatically. Seeds may remaindormant in the soil for decades untilfire or mechanical scarification breaksseed dormancy.

See C. samguineus.

Moderately resistant to fire-kill. Willsurvive all but severe fires thatremove duff and cause extendedheating of upper soil.

Susceptible to fire-kill. Will surviveall but severe fires that remove duffand cause extended heating of uppersoil.

Moderately resistant to fire-kill Isoften enhanced by fire.

Susceptible to fire-kill. Seed requireslong germination period.

See./, communis

Unknown, probably poor response.

303


SPECIES

Linnaea borealis longifloraTwinflower

Lonicera utahensisUtah honeysuckle

Memiesia ferrugineaRusty menziesia

Opiopanax horridumDevil's club

Pachistima myrsinitesPachistima

Philadelphus lewisiiLewis mockorange

Physocarpus malvaceusMountain ninebark

Potentilla fruticosaShrubby cinquefoil

Prunus emargmataBittercheny

Prunus virgimanaChokecherry


Sprouts from surviving root crownlocated just below soil surface.Fibrous roots and runners at soilsurface.


Normally a fire avoider. Sproutsfrom surviving root crown if duffis not burned.

May sprout from root crown.

Sprouts from surviving root crownand from buds along taproot

Sprouts from root crown.

Sprouts from surviving root crownor horizontal rhizomes.


Sprouts from surviving rootcrown, perhaps from shortrhizomes.

Sprouts from surviving rootcrown; occasionally fromrhizomes.


Susceptible to fire-kill. May survivesome cool fires where duff is moistand not consumed. Can invadeburned area from unbumed patches.

Often has a reduction in cover andfrequency following fire.

Susceptible to fire-kill. Moderate tosevere fires reduce survival and slowredevelopment.

Susceptible to fire-kill.

Moderately resistant to fire-kill.Usually survives low to moderateseverity fires that do not consume theduff and heat soil excessively.Usually increases.

Fire resistant; a vigorous resprouter.

Fire resistant. Resprouts wellalthough spreading may be somewhatdelayed.

Susceptible to fire-kill, but maysurvive low to moderate fires.

Oten increases in cover after a fire.Multiple sprouts often increasedensity of stems.

Usually increases coverage followingfire.

304


SPECIES

Purshia tridentataBitterbrush

Rhododendron albiflorumCascades azalea

Ribes cereumWax currant

Ribes lacustrePrickly currant

Ribes viscosissimumSticky currant

Rosa gymnocarpaBaldhip rose

Rosa nutkana hispidaBristly nootka rose

Rosa woodsil ultramontanaWood's rose


A weak sprouter. Animal-dispersed seed and seed cachespresent on area prior to fire.

A fire avoider Weak sprouterfrom root crown.

Weak sprouter from root crown,soil stored seed

Sprouts from surviving root crownthat is located beneath soilsurface.

A weak sprouter; soil-stored seedmay require heat treatment. Seedsremain viable in the soil for years.

Sprouts from surviving root stock.

Sprouts from surviving root stockor short rhizomes May store seedin soil for a year or two

Sprouts from surviving rootstock or short rhizomes. Maystore seed in soil for 1 -2 years


Susceptible to fire-kill, especially insummer and fall. Rarely seendecumbent growth form sproutsvigorously, columnar form sproutsweakly if at all and sprouts rarelypersist more than a season or two.Spring bums enhance sprouting, fallbums are best for regeneration byseed

Susceptiable to fire kill. Rarelyresprouts except where duff was notconsumed.

Dry habitat makes individual shrubssusceptible to fire kill. Stored seed insoil may germinate after a fire. Rarelyincreases after a fire.

Resistant to fire-kill. Usuallyincreases even after severe fire.Seedlings may establish after low ormoderate fires

Relatively shade intolerant and isnormally an early to mid-successionalspecies on forested sites. Individualshrubs are susceptiable to fire kill; butdensity may increase dramaticallyafter a fire from germination of soil-stored seed even if few or no plantswere evident immediately prior to fire.

Very hot fires that consume the duffkills most individuals.

Very hot fires may reduce cover andresprouting.

Very hot fires may reduce cover andresprouting.

305


SPECIES

Rubus lasiococcusDwarf bramble

Rubus parviflorusThunblebeny

Rubus pedatusFive-leaved bramble

Salix scoulerianaScouler willow

Shepherdia canadensisRusset buffalobeny

Sorbus scopulinaMountain ash

Spiraea betulifoliaShiny-leaf spirea

Symphoncarpos albusCommon snowberry

Symphoricarpos mollishesperiusCreeping snowberry

Symphoricarpos oreophilusutahensisMountam snowberry


Sprouts from surviving rootcrown. Stolons freely rooting.

Sprouts from surviving rhizomes;seedlings from soil-stored andpossible bird dispersed seed.Seed in sod may remain viable foryears

Sprouts from surviving rootcrowns Stolons freely rooting.

Sprouts from root crown/ caudexHas numerous wind-borne seeds.

Sprouts from surviving root crownand from buds along taproot

Sprouts from deep-seatedrhizomes.

Sprouts from surviving root crownand from rhizomes that grow 2 to5 inches (5 to 13 cm) belowsurface

Sprouts vigorously from survivingrhizomes that are located between2 and 5 inches (5 to 13 cm) belowsoil surface.

Sprouts from root crown.Training branches may root freely.

Sprouts from root crown. Norhizomes or trailing branches


Susceptible to fire that removes theduff and humus. Root crowns arenear soil surface. Can invade burnedarea from unbumed patches.

Spreads vigorously from rhizomes;rapid recovery after fire and maygerminate from stored seed.

Susceptible to fire that removes theduff and humus. Can invade fromunbumed patches.

Resprouts vigorously after fire andseeds germinate readily on moistburned sites.

Moderately resistant to fire-kill. Willusually survive cool to moderatelysevere fires that fail to consume duffand heat soil extensively.

Resprouts vigorously after fire.

Resistant to fire-kill. Will usuallysurvive even a severe fire. Generallyincreases coverage following fire.

Resistant to fire-kill. Will usuallysurvive even severe fires. Greatlyenhanced by cool to moderatelysevere fires

Moderately resistant to fire-kill. Oftenquickly invades burned areas fromunburned sites

Usually survives most fires in itshabitat. Often favored by relativelycool, fast-moving fires every 8-10 yr.

306


SPECIES

Taxus brevifoliaPacific yew

Vaccinium membranaceumBig huckleberry

Vaccinium myrtillusLow huckleberry

Vaccinium scopariumGrouse huckleberry

FORES;

Adenocaulon bicolorPathfinder

Apocynum androsaemifoliumSpreading dogbane

Aralia nudicaulisWild sarsaparilla

Arnica cordifoliaHeartleaf arnica

Arnica latifoliaBroadleaf arnica


Bird-dispersed seed

Shallow and deep rhizomes.

Sprouts from surviving rhizomesin duff and upper few inches ofsoil.

Sprouts from surviving rhizomesthat grow in duff layer or atsurface of soil.

Sprouts from rhizomes nearmineral soil surface.

Sprouts from survivingrhizomes.

Sprouts from surviving rhizomes

Sprouts from surviving rhizomesthat creep laterally from 0.4 to 0.8inches (1 to 2 cm) below soilsurface Wind-dispersed seed.

Sprouts from surviving rhizomesthat creep laterally in the soil.


Easily killed by fire because of thinbark

Moderately resistant to fire-kill. Willusually survive cool to moderatelysevere fires. Repeated severe fireswill reduce cover.

Moderately resistant to fire-kill.Normally survives cool to moderatelysevere fires.

Moderately resistant to fire-kill. Willusually survive cool to moderatelysevere fires that fail to consume thelower layer of duff.

Moderately susceptible to fire-kill.May survive moderately severe firesthat fail to consume lower duff.

Generally maintains pre-firefrequency following fire.

Generally resistant to fire-kill.

Susceptible to fire-kill. Shootsproduce small crowns within the duffthat are easily killed by all but coolfires that occur when duff is moist.May rapidly invade burned area viawind-bome seed.

Susceptible to fire-kill. Will usuallysurvive cool to moderately severefires. May exhibit rapid initialregrowth accompanied by heavyflowering and seedling establishment.

307


SPECIES

Aster conspicuusShowy aster

Astragalus miserTimber milkvetch

Balsamorhiza sagittateArrowleaf balsamroot

Chimaphila umbellataPrince's pine

Clintonia unifloraQueencup beadlily

Dispomm hookeriHooker fairybells

Disporum trachycarpumWartberry fairybells

Epilobium angustifoliumFireweed


Sprouts from surviving rhizomesthat mostly grow from 0.5 to 2inches (1.5 to 5 cm) below soilsurface.

Sprouts from buds along survivingtaproot that may be 2 to 8 inches(5 to 20 cm) below root crown.

Regrowth from surviving thickcaudex.

Rhizomes in duff near mineral soilsurface.

Sprouts from surviving rhizomes.

Rhizomes 0 5 to 2 inches (1 to 5cm) deep in the soil.

Similar to D. hookeri

Sprouts from rhizomes andgerminates from wind-blown seed


Moderately resistant to fire-kill. Willusually survive cool to moderatelysevere fires that do not result inexcessive soil heating. May rapidlyincrease following fire.

Resistant to fire-kill. Can regeneratefrom taproot even when entire plantcrown is destroyed. Can send upshoots and set seed the first year. Mayincrease dramatically following fireNote Milkvetch is poisonous to sheepand cattle.

Resistant to fire-kill. Will surviveeven the most severe fire.

May survive moderate fires that do notthoroughly heat duff

Usually decreases following fire.Postfire environment evidently notconducive to rapid recovery.

Initally decreased by fire but oftenrecovers to prebum levels relativelyrapidly. Recovery may depend onintensity of bum and survival ofrhizomes

See D. hookeri.

Needs mineral soil for best seedlingestablishment. An early serai speciesthat can persist for years vegetativelyand then flower the first summer aftera fire with copious seed production.Rapid invader of burned sites and maybe a community dominate for the firstfew years after a fire

308


SPECIES

Equisetum arvenseCommon horsetail

Fragaria virginianaVirginia strawberry

Galium triflorumSweetscented bedstraw

Iliamna longisepalaLongsepal globemallow

Iliamna rivularisStreambank globemallow

Osmorhiza chilensisMountain sweetroot

Pyrola secundaSidebells pyrola

Smilacma racemosaFeather solomonplume

Smilacina stellataStarry solomonplume

Streptopus amplexifoliusClaspleaf twistedstalk

Streptopus roseaRosy twistedstalk


Spreading rhizomes and wind-dispersed minute propagules.

Sprouts from surviving stolons(runners) at or just below soilsurface.

Sprouts from surviving rhizomes;barbed, animal-borne seeds

Soil-stored seed

Same as /. longisepala

Short shallow roots; barbed,animal-dispersed seeds.

Sprouts from surviving rhizomesthat grow mostly in the duff or atsoil surface

Sprouts from surviving stoutcreeping rhizomes.

Sprouts from surviving creepingrhizomes

Fire avoider. Extensivelyrhizomatous

Fire avoider Extensivelyrhizomatous.


Frequency unchanged or increasedafter fire. Especially favored by moistmineral soil exposure.

Susceptible to fire-kill. Will oftensurvive cool fires that do not consumeduff because of high duff moisturecontent

Susceptible to fire-kill. Usually asharp decrease following severe fire.Can increase following spring and fallfires.

Responds vigorously to severeburning, a pioneer species.

See /. longisepala

Moderately fire resistant; temporaryincrease after fire.

Susceptible to fire-kill. Coveragefrequently reduced following fire.May survive cool fires when duffmoisture is high.

Moderately resistant to fire-kill. Maybe killed by severe fires that removeduff and heat soil excessively.Usually maintains pre-fire frequency.

Moderately resistant to fire-kill. Maybe killed by severe fires that removeduff and heat soil excessively.Frequency often reduced followingfire.

Decreased by fire but moist habitatstend to protect rhizomes. May notflourish in post-fire environment.

Little is know but presumablyresponds similarily to S.amplexifolius.

309


SPECIES

Thalictrum occidentalsWestern meadowrue

Trautvetteria carohniensisFalse bugbane

Xerophyllum tenaxBeargrass

Zigadenus elegansMountain death-camas

GRASSES/GRASSLIKES:

Agropyron spicatumBluebunch wheatgrass

Bromus tectorumCheatgrass

Calamagrostis canadensisBluejoint reedgrass


Sprouts from surviving rhizomes.

Fire avoider. Widely spreadingrhizomes.

Sprouts from surviving stoutshallow rhizomes.

Survives from surviving onion-like (tumcated) bulb.

Seed germination and somesprouts from root crowns or evensurviving rhizomes.

Annual plant that relies on seedreserves in soil; variablegermination seasons; relativelyhigh heat resistance of seed.

Invader, wind-disseminated seed;aslso an enduring sprouter


Susceptible to fire-kill. Frequencyusually reduced following fire. Maysurvive cool fires that do not consumeduff.

Slight decrease after a fire but moistto wet habitats allow most rhizomes tosurvive most fires.

Individual plants are susceptible tofire-kill if the duff and soil are heated.Will survive cool fires that do notconsume lower duff. Resproutsflower vigorously after a fire until newoverstory canopy develops. Usuallyincreases following a fire.

Resistant to fire-kill.

Usually not seriously damaged by fire.Response depends on severity of fireand physiological state of plant.Damage will be greatest following dryyear.

Individual plants susceptiable to heat-kill. Surviving seed germinate atvarious time during the year-fall, latewinter, spring. Early summer bumsbefore seed mature are more effectivefor controlling cheatgrass thanmidsummer and fall bums

Increases on wet to moist posturesites

310


SPECIES

Calamagrostis rubescensPinegrass

Carex concinnoidesNorthwestern sedge

Carex geyeriElk sedge

Carex rossiiRoss sedge

Festuca idahoensisIdaho fescue

Festuca scabrellaRough fescue

Koeleria cristataJunegrass

Luzula hitchcockiiSmooth woodrush

POSTFIRESURVIVALSTRATEGY

Sprouts from surviving spreadingrhizomes that grow within the top2 inches (5 cm) of soil.

Sprouts from short, shallowrhizomes


Seed stored in duff or soil thatgerminates when heat treated.Also sprouts from surviving rootcrown

Seed germination and sproutsfrom residual root crown

Seed germination and residualplant survival (root crown)

Seed germination and residualplant survival (root crown).



Moderately resistant to fire-kill. Willusually survive cool to moderatelysevere fires that do not heat therhizomes. Burned areas are oftensuccessfully invaded by pinegrass.Often flowers abundantly afterburning.

Moderately resistant to fire andusually returns to pre-burn levelswithin a few years. Rarely increasesaggressively.

Invades burned areas and forms densestands. Often increases followingmost fires severe enough to heat butnot completely consume duff.

Increased coverage usually resultsfollowing most fires severe enough toheat but not completely consume duff.Often increases after a fire.

Susceptible to fire-kill. Response willvary with severity of fire andphysiological state of plant. Can beseriously harmed by hot summer andfall fires. Only slightly damagedduring spring or tall when soilmoisture is high.

Usually harmed by spring burning.

Susceptible to fire-kill. Response willvary according to fire severity andphysiological state of plant.

Often a slight increase following fire.

Sources: Bradley 1984; Crane etal. 1983; Daubenmire and Daubenmire 1968; Kramer 1984; Lotanetal. 1981; Lyon and Stickney 1976; McLean 1969; Miller 1977; Mueggler 1965; Noste 1985; Rowe1983; Stickney 1981; Volland and Dell 1981; Wright 1978, 1972; Wright and Bailey 1982.

311

Table 86. List of important trees, shrubs, subshrubs, and herbs by code,scientific name and common name.

Code

TREESABGRABLA2BEOCBEPA

LAOC

PIENPIGLPIALPICO

PIMOPIPOPOTRPOTR2PSMETSHETHPL

SHRUBSACGLDALSIAMALARNE

ARUVBEAQCASSI

CESACEVECHMECHUMOCOCACOST

HODILEGLLIBOL

Scientific name

Abies grandisAbies lasiocarpa

Betula occidentalisBetula papyri/era

Larix occidentalis

Picea engelmannii

Picea glaucaPinus albicaulisPinus contorta

Pinus monticolaPinus ponderosa

Populus tremuloidesPopulus trichocarpaPseudotsuga menziesilTsuga heterophyllaThuja plicata

AND SUBSHRUBSAcer glabrum var. douglasiiAinus sinuataAmelanchier ainifoliaArctostaphylos nevadensis

Arctostaphylos uva-ursiBerberis aquifohum

Cassiope species

Ceanothus sanguineusCeanothus velutinusChimaphila memiesnChimaphila umbellata var. occidentalisComus canadensisComus stoloniferaHolodiscus discolorLedum glandulosumLinnaea borealis var longiflora

Common name

grand firsubalpine firwestern water birchpaper birch

western larch

Engelmann sprucewhite sprucewhitebark pinelodgepole pinewestern white pineponderosa pmequaking aspenblack cottonwoodDouglas-firwestern hemlockwestern redcedar

Douglas mapleSitka alderserviceberry

pmemat manzanita

bearberryOregon grapemoss-heather

redstem ceanothus

snowbrush ceanothuslittle prince's pinewestern prince's pmebunchberry dogwoodred-osier dogwoodocean-sprayLabrador teatwuiflower

312


CodeSHRUBSLOCILOINLOUTMEFEOPHOPAMYPEFR3PHLE2PHEMPHMA

PUTR

PYASPYCHPYSE

PYUN

RHALRICE

RILARIVI

ROGYRONUHROSAROWO

RUPE

RUPASACESALIXSASCSHCASOSC2

SPBELSYAL

SYORTABRVACAVACCIVAMEVAMY

Scientinc nameAND SUBSHRUBS, cont

Lonicera ciliosaLonicera involucrataLonicera utahensisMenziesia ferrugineaOpiopanax horridumPachistima myrsmities

Penstemon fruiticosusPhiladelphus lewisnPhyllodoce empetriformis

Physocarpus malvaceusPurshia tridentata

Pyrola asarifoliaPyrola chloranthaPyrola secunda

Pyrola uniflora

Rhododendron albijlorumRibes cereum

Ribes lacustreRibes viscosissimum

Rosa gymnocarpa

Rosa nutkana var. hispidaRosa spp.Rosa woodsii

Rubus pedatus

Rubus parviflorusSambucus ceruleaSalix sppSalix scoulerianaShepherdia canadensisSorbus scopulina

Spirea betulifolia var. lucidaSymphoricarpos albus

S. oreophilus var. utahensis

Taxus brevifoliaVaccinium caespitosumVaccinium spp.Vaccinium membranaceumVaccinium myrtillus

Common name

trumpet honeysucklebearberry honeysuckleUtah honeysucklerusty menziesiadevil's clubpachistimashrubby penstemonmockorangered mountain heathninebark

bitterbrushalpine pyrolagreen pyrolasidebells pyrola

woodnymph pyrola

Cascade azaleawax currant

prickly currantsticky currantbaldhip rosebristly nootka roserose speciesWood's rosefive-leaved bramble

western thimbleberryblue elderberrywillow speciesScouler willowrusset buffalobeny

mountain ash

shiny-leaf spireacommon snowbeny

mountain snowbenyPacific yewdwarf huckleberry

huckleberry speciesbig huckleberrylow huckleberry

313


Code Scientific name

SHRUBS AND SUBSHRUBS, cont.VASC Vaccimum scopanumXETE Xerophyllum tenax

Common name

grouse huckleberrybeargrass

HERBSACMI Achillea millefoliumACRU Actaea rubraADBI Adenocaulon bicolorAGSP Agropyron spicatum

AGIN Agropyron spicatum var. inermeANPI Anemone piperiANTEN Antennaria speciesANAN Antennaria anaphaloidesANMI Antennaria microphyllaANRA Antennaria racemosaANUM Antennaria umbrinella

APAN Apocynum androsaemifoliumAQUIL Aquilegia speciesARNU3 Aralia nudicaulisARNIC Arnica species

ARCO Arnica cordifolia

ARIA Arnica latifolia

ASCA3 Asarum caudatumASMI Astragalus miser

ASCO Aster conspicuusASTER Aster speciesATFI Athyrium filix-feminaBASA Balsamorhiza sagittataBROMU Bromus speciesBRTE Bromus tectorum

BRSU Bromus suksdorfiiBRVU Bromus vulgarisCACO Carex concinnoidesCAGE Carex geyeriCAREX Carex speciesCARO Carex rossnCACA Calamagrostis canadensisCARU Calamagrostis rubescensCASTI Castilleja species

yarrowbaneberrypathfinderbluebunch wheatgrassbeardless bluebunch wheatgrassPiper anemonepussytoes speciestall pussytoesrose pussytoesraceme pussytoesumber pussytoesspreading dogbanecolumbine specieswild sarsaparillaarnica speciesheartleaf arnicabroadleaf arnica

wild gingerstarved milkvetehshowy aster

aster speciesladyfemarrowleaf balsamrootbromegrass speciescheatgrass

SuksdorfbromeColumbia bromenorthwestern sedgeelk sedgesedge speciesRoss sedgebluejoint reedgrasspinegrasspaintbrush species

314


Code Scientific nameHERBS, cont.CEDI Centaurea diffusa

CIAL Circaea alpinaCLCO Clematis columbianaCLUN Clintonia uniflora

COGR Collinsia grandifloraCOPA Collinsia parvifloraCOGR2 Collomia grandiflora

CRAT Crepis atrabarba

DENU3 Delphinium nuttallianumDIHO Disporum hookeri

DITR Disporum trachycarpum

ELGL Elymus glaucus

EPAN Epilobium angustifoliumEQUIS Equisetum speciesEQAR Equisetum arvenseEQSC Equisetum scirpoidesERHE Enogonum heracleoidesFEID Festuca idahoensisFEOC Festuca occidentalisFRAGA Fragana spp.GATR Galium triflorumGOOB Goodyera oblongifolia

GYDR Gymnocarpium dryoptens

HECY Heuchera cylindricalHIERA Hieracium speciesHIAL Hieracium albiflorum

HICY Hieracium cynoglossoidesHYMO Hypopitys monotropaKOCR Koeleria cristata

LICHE Lichen speciesLIRU Lithospermum ruderaleLODI Lomatium dissectum

LUHI Luzula hitchcockiiLUPIN Lupinus speciesLULA Lupinus latifolius

LUSE Lupinus sericeusLUWY Lupinus wyethiiMITEL Milella speciesMOSS Moss species

Common name

diffuse knapweedcircaearock clematisqueencup beadlily

bluetips collinsialittle flower collinsialarge flowered collomia

slender hawksbeard

larkspurHooker fairybellswartberry fairybellsblue wildryefireweedhorsetail speciescommon horsetailsedgelike horsetailWyeth buckwheatIdaho fescuewestern fescuestrawberry speciessweetscented bedstrawwestern rattlesnake plantainoak fern

roundleaf alumroothawkweed specieswhite hawkweed

houndstongue hawkweedpinesapprairie Junegrass

lichen specieswayside gromwellfem-leaved lomatium

smooth woodrushlupine speciesbroadleaf lupine

silky lupineWyeth lupinenuterwort speciesmoss species

315


Code

HERBS,OSCHPEERPEPR2PERAPESAPOAPONESEINSETRSMRASMSTSTAMTAOFTHOCTRCA3TIUNVASIVIADVIGLVIOR2ZIVE

Scientific name

cont.Osmorhiza chilensisPedicularis bracteosaPenstemon pruinosusPedicularis racemosaPetasites sagittatusPoa speciesPoa nervosaSenecio integerrimusSenecio triangularisSmilacma racemosaSmilacina stellataStreptopus amplexifoliusTaraxacum officinaleThalictrum occidentaleTrautvetteria caroliniensisTiarella unifoliataValeriana sitchensisViola aduncaViola glabrellaViola orbiculataZigadenus venenosus

Common name

sweetrootbracted pedicularisprickleaf penstemonsickletop pedicularisarrowleaf butterburbluegrass speciesWheeler bluegrasswestern groundselarrowleaf groundselfeather solomonplumestarry solomonplumeclaspleaf twisted stalkcommon dandelionwestern meadowruefalse bugbanecoolwort foamflowerSitka valerianHook violetpioneer violetround-leaved violetmeadow death-camas

316

Table 87. Mean cover and constancy of important plant species in the Douglas-fir Series byplant association.

PIPO-

SPprTPS PSME/AGSPS»PbLlbi> 5 PLOTS

TREE OVERSTORY LAYER CON COVAbies grandisAbies lasiocarpaBetula papyriferaLarix occidentalisPinus albicaulisPinus contortaPicea engelmanniiPinus monticolaPinus ponderosa 100 29Pseudotsuga menziesil 80 8Thuja plicataTsuga heterophylla

TREE UNDERSTORY LAYERAbies grandisAbies lasiocarpaPinus albicaulisPicea engelmanniiPinus ponderosa 80 4Pseudostuga menziesii 80 2Thuja plicataTsuga heterophylla

SHRUBS AND SUBSHRUBS

Acer douglasiiAinus sinuataAmelanchier almfolia 40 2Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 40 3Berberis aquifolium 20 8Berbens nervosaChimaphila umbellataComus canadensisComus stoloniferaHolodiscus discolorJuniperus communisLinnaea borealisLonicera ciliosaLonicera utahensis

PSME/CARU42 PLOTS

CON COV

2 1

62 17

21 9

52 1898 29

2 1

14 295 8

7 12 431 252 314 3

12 2

7 15 110 55 612 2

PSME/PHMA33 PLOTS

CON COV9 2

12 10

58 1197 47

9 2

79 4

33 4

85 712 279 5

15 2

70 6

6 29 4

PSME/PHMA-UBOL

51 PLOTSCON COV

2 12 12 192 8

27 106 1

37 8100 43

4 1

6 4

82 7

2 1

29 52 386 357 569 42 1

29 38 22 1

25 72 151 514 239 4

317

Table 87 (cont.). Mean cover and constancy of important plant species in the Douglas-firSeries by plant association.

SPECIES

SHRUBS AND SUBSHRUBS, confcMenziesia ferrugineaOphpanax horridumPachistima myrsinitesPhysocarpus malvaceusPyrola asarifoliaPyrola secundaRhododendron albiflorumRibes lacustreRosa gymnocarpaRubus parviflorusRubus pedatusSalve scoulerianaShepherdia canadensisSorbus scopulinaSpiraea betulifoliaSymphoricarpos albusSymphoricarpos oreophilusTaxus brevifoliaVaccimum caespitosumVaccinium membranaceumVaccimum myrtillusVaccinium scoparwmXerophyllum tenax

HERBSAchillea millefoliumActaea rubraAdenocaulon bicolorAgropyron inermeAgropyron spicatumAralia nudicaulisArnica cordifoliaAsarum caudatumAthyrium filix-feminaBalsamorhiza sagittataBromus tectorumBromus vulgarisCalamagrostis canadensis

PIPO-PSME/AGSP5 PLOTS

CON COV

20 1

20 10

20 2

PSME/CARU42 PLOTSCON COV

52 310 3

10 1

2 117 55 2

21 312 12 333 7

38 217 3

10 32 52 3

PSME/PHMA33 PLOTSCON COV

55 291 29

9 1

70 56 2

9 36 29 191 6

76 812 5

9 23 1

PSME/PHMA-UBOL

51 PLOTSCON COV

67 398 23

10 1

4 263 514 2

18 325 410 288 9

75 52 1

14 512 3

100 3

20 3580 33

80 12

60 2

60 2

2 20

62 4

5 22 2

27 3

9 2

15 10

73 9

6 212 124 3

33 22 112 2

8 84 275 6

4 225 4

318


SPECIES

HERBS, contCalamagrostis rubescensCarex concinnoidesCarex rossnCircaea alpinaClintonia unifloraDisporum hookeriDisporum trachycarpumEquisetum arvenseEriogonum heracleoidesFestuca idahoensisGalium tnflorumGoodyera oblongifoliaGymnocarpium dryopterisHieracium albiflorumHypopitys monotropaKoeleria cristataLithospermum ruderaleLupinus sericeusLuzula hitchcockiiOsmorhiza chilensisPediculous bracteosaPedicularis racemosaPoa pratensisPoa sandbergiiSenecio triangularisSmilacina racemosaSmilacina stellataStreptopus amplexifoliusThalictrum occidentaleTiarella unifoliataTrautvetteria caroliniensisTnllium ovatumValenana sitchensisViola aduncaViola canadensisViola orbiculata

PIPO-PSME/AGSP5 PLOTS

CON COV

60 7

60 1

80 280 7

80 260 180 13

20 360 3

PSME/CARU42 PLOTSCON COV

100 4643 431 2

5 1

12 42 1

12 1

36 2

10 210 1

38 5

17 17- 1

2 22 1

24 15 1

21 32 1

2 12 12 1

10 1

PSME/PHMA33 PLOTSCON COV88 1112 245 2

3 23 573 3

6 418 1

39 1

61 2

3 16 . 118 5

36 2

3 3

73 318 2

18 2

3 2

3 1

9 1

PSME/PHMA-UBOL

51 PLOTSCON COV

98 2237 225 2

8 2

57 3

8 116 243 2

55 2

18 8

33 22 1

69 224 2

33 3

14 2

319


PSME/SYALSPECIES 13 PLOTSTREE OVERSTORY LAYER CON COVAbies grandisAbies lasiocarpaBetula papyri/eraLarix occidentalis 8 40Pinus albicaulisPinus contorta 8 10Picea engelmanniiPinus monticolaPinus ponderosa 85 35Pseudotsuga memiesii 85 26Thuja plicataTsuga heterophylla

PSME/SYOR9 PLOTS

CON COV

44 17

67 16100 36

PSME/VACA12 PLOTS

CON COV

75 12

83 1925 4

42 1292 24

PSME/VAME11 PLOTS

CON COV

100 16

91 2218 2

27 3100 23

TREE UNDERSTORY LAYERAbies grandisAbies lasiocarpaPinus albicaulisPicea engelmanniiPinus ponderosaPseudostuga menziesiiThuja plicataTsuga heterophylla

SHRUBS AND SUBSHRUBSAcer douglasiiAlms sinuataAmelanchier ainifoliaArctostaphylos uva-ursiBerberis aquifoliumBerberis nervosaChimaphila umbellataComus canadensisComus slalom/eraHolodiscus discolorJuniperus communisLinnaea borealisLonicera citiosaLonicera utahensis

31 169 4

11 189 3

8 3

42 217 3100 11

27 2

9 4

82 7

9 1

23

69

54

23

2

4

3

2

22

564411

11

4

41

10

1

17

9210067

67338

838

67

2

271

472

1415

945735555

45

18

739

36

58355

5

2

1544

320


SPECIESSHRUBS AND SUBSHRUBS, confcMenziesiaferrugmea

Opiopanax horridumPachistima myrsinitesPhysocarpus malvaceusPyrola asanfoliaPyrola secundaRhododendron albiflorumRibes lacustreRosa gymnocarpa

Rubus parviflorusRubus pedatusSahx scoulerianaShepherdia canadensisSorbus scopulinaSpiraea betulifoliaSymphoncarpos albusSymphoncarpos oreophilusTaxus brevifoliaVaccinium caespitosumVaccinium membranaceumVaccinium myrtillusVaccinium scopariumXerophyllum tenax

HERBSAchillea millefoliumActaea rubraAdenocaulon bicolorAgropyron inermeAgropyron spicatumAralia nudicaulisArnica cordifoliaAsarum caudatumAthynum filix-femmaBalsamorhiza sagittataBromus tectorumBromus vulgarisCalamagrostis canadensis

PSME/SYAL13 PLOTS

CON COV

38 4

31 6

31 2

15 3

46 5100 43

8 5

PSME/SYOR9 PLOTS

CON COV

11 6

11 3

33 3

100 11

PSME/VACA12 PLOTS

CON COV

75 217 1

33 2

8 233 3

25 2

8 2

67 9

8 192 11

75 58 1

100 525 68 3

8 5

PSME/VAME11 PLOTS

CON COV

91 14

36 2

9 164 6

27 2

55 6

18 2

18 182 6

27 1

9 155 1836 18

45 13

54 2

15 2

54 5

15 115 28 1

89 2

22 533 2

44 4

11 2022 222 3

42 3

8 5

50 6

25 1

9 1

18 3

27 5

9 2

321


SPECIESHERBS, cont.Calamagrostis rubescensCarex concinnoidesCarex rossiiCircaea alpinaClintonia unifloraDisporum hookeriDisporum trachycarpumEquisetum arvenseEnogonum heracleoidesFestuca idahoensisGaliiim triflorumGoodyera oblongifoliaGymnocarpium dryopterisHieracium albiflorumHypopitys monotropaKoelena cristataLithospermum rvderaleLupinus sericeusLuzula hitchcockiiOsmorhiza chilensisPedicularis bracteosaPedicularis racemosaPoapratensisPoa sandbergiiSenecio triangularisSmilacina racemosaSmilacina stellataStreptopus amplexifoliusThalictrum occidentalsTiarella unifoliataTrautvettena caroliniensisTnllium ovatumValenana sitchensisViola aduncaViola canadensisViola orbiculata

PSME/SYAL13 PLOTS

CON COV

85 148 18 1

15 2

8 3

31 2

31 123 14

62 2

8 25

15 2

23 4

PSME/SYOR9 PLOTS

CON COV

89 2922 144 2

22 2

22 611 1

11 2

22 4

11 156 5

11 2

67 1

44 3

PSME/VACA12 PLOTS

CON COV

100 2742 38 1

8 142 28 2

8 225 1

33 2

33 4

25 1

8 2

58 325 2

42 2

8 1

67 2

8 2

PSME/VAME11 PLOTS

CON COV100 2155 29 2

18 4

18 2

73 2

9 10

36 227 2

36 236 1

18 1

36 3

322

Table 88. Mean cover and constancy of important plant species in the Grand Fir Series byplant association.

SPECIES

TREE OVERSTORY LAYERAbies grandisAbies lasiocarpa

Betula papyriferaLarix occidentalisPinus albicaulisPinus contortaPicea engelmanniiPinus monticolaPinus ponderosaPseudotsuga menziesiiThuja plicataTsuga heterophylla


SHRUBS AND SUBSHRUBSAcer douglasilAinus sinuataAmelanchier ainifoliaArctostaphylos uva-ursiBerberis aquifoliumBerberis nervosaChimaphila umbellataComus canadensisComus stoloniferaHolodiscus discolorJuniperus communisLinnaea borealisLonicera ciliosaLonicera utahensis

ABGR/ACGL/CLUN

4 PLOTSCON COV

75 24

50 375 17

50 725 8

50 5.5100 24

ABGR/PHMA7 PLOTS

CON COV

43 15

71 5

29 10

29 357 22100 3714 1

ABGR/VACA9 PLOTS

CON COV

44 911 511 589 20

100 1933 311 544 12100 10

ABGR/VAME/CLUN8 PLOTS

CON COV

75 23

100 12

50 4

13 513 1100 38

100 325 1

25 2

50 1

100 11

100 2

25 1100 5

75 4

50 3

50 2

100 2050 250 2

71 2

43 1

86 2

100 2

71 7

71 3

100 9

29 243 229 3

100 411 1

44 211 1100 411 111 2

11 122 11

89 3

89 8100 4

78 456 9

33 5

89 10

89 322 2

75 325 2

50 1

63 113 5100 3

13 2

25 2

63 3

25 2100 4

323

Table 88 (cont.). Mean cover and constancy of important plant species in the Grand FirSeries by plant association.

SPECIES

SHRUBS AND SUBSHRUBS, confcMemiesia ferrugineaOpiopanax horridumPachistima myrsinitesPhysocarpus malvaceusPyrola asarifoliaPyrola secundaRhododendron albiflorumRibes lacustreRosa gymnocarpaRubus parviflorusRubuspedatusSalix scoulerianaShepherdia canadensisSorbus scopulinaSpiraea betulifoliaSymphoricarpos albusSymphoricarpos oreophilusTaxus brevifoliaVaccinium caespitosumVaccinium membranaceumVaccinium myrtillusVaccinium scopariumXerophyllum tenax

HERBSAchillea millefoliumActaea rubraAdenocaulon bicolorAgropyron inermeAgropyron spicatumAralia nudicaulisArnica cordifoliaAsarum caudatumAthyriumftlix-femmaBalsamorhiza sagittataBromus tectorumBromus vulgarisCalamagrostis canadensis

ABGR/ACGL/CLUN4 PLOTS

CON COV

75 350 2

50 3

25 125 650 3

50 5

50 125 8100 4

ABGR/PHMA7 PLOTS

CON COV

86 386 13

14 1

100 657 2

14 3

29 1100 7

71 4

14 1

71 5

ABGR/VACA9 PLOTS

CON COV

100 333 222 1

11 1100 533 4

44 256 922 289 778 7

67 367 344 1222 9


CON COV

75 338 23

38 1

13 188 1075 3

88 2100 638 3

13 1

100 23

75

50

2

3

71

2914

29

8

21

1

22

33

22

33

3

2

4

5

75

50

13

88

9

21

2

324

Table 88 (cont.). Mean cover and constancy of important plant species in the Grand Fir

Series by plant association.

SPECIES

HERBS, contCalamagrostis rubescensCarex concinnoidesCarex rossiiCircaea alpmaClintonia unifloraDisporum hookeriDisporum trachycarpumEquisetum arvenseEriogonum heracleoidesFestuca idahoensisGalium triflorumGoodyera oblongifoliaGymnocarpium dryopterisHieracium albiflorumHypopitys monotropaKoeleria cristataLithospermum ruderaleLupinus sericeusLuzula hitchcockilOsmorhiza chilensisPedicularis bracteosaPedicularis racemosaPoa pratensisPoa sandbergiiSenecio triangularisSmilacina racemosaSmilacina stellataStreptopus amplexifoliusThalictrum occidentaleTiarella unifoliataTrautvetteria caroliniensisTrillium ovatiimValeriana sitchensisViola aduncaViola canadensisViola orbiculata

ABGR/ACGL/CLUN4 PLOTS

CON COV25 2

50 3

50 2

50 2

25 1

50 2

75 2

25 1

100 2

50 1

25 2100 3

50 2

50 4

ABGR/PHMA7 PLOTS

CON COV71 6

71 257 214 1

57 214 129 3

71 3

43 2

100 2

86 2

29 386 5

43 3

14 1

14 1

29 3

ABGR/VACA9 PLOTS

CON COV100 17

33 233 1

56 3

11 3

44 2

11 2

100 3

22 4

67 3

11 3

22 267 7

22 3

11 1

44 2

44 3


CON COV38 1

75 150 213 1

100 313 113 1

13 1

50 2

75 3

63 2

75 2

13 1

100 3

38 1

75 2100 5

100 4

13 213 1

13 1

325

Table 89. Mean cover and constancy of important plant species in the Subalpine Fir Series byplant association.

SPECIESTREE OVERSTORY LAYERAbies grandisAbies lasiocarpaBetula papyri/eraLanx occidentalisPinus albicaulisPinus contortaPicea engelmanniiPinus monticolaPinus ponderosaPseudotsuga menziesiiThuja plicataTsuga heterophylla

TREE UNDERSTORY LAYERAbies grandisAbies lasiocarpaPinus albicaulisPicea engelmanniiPinus ponderosaPseudostuga memiesiiThuja plicataTsuga heterophylla

SHRUBS AND SUBSHRUBSAcer douglasiiAinus sinuataAmelanchier ainifoliaArctostaphylos uva-ursiBerberis aquifoliumBerberis nervosaChimaphila umbellataComus canadensisComus slalom/eraHolodiscus discolorJuniperus communisLinnaea borealisLonicera ciliosaLonicera utahensis

ABLA2/CARU7 PLOTS

CON COV

71 6

100 10

29 2029 2

100 36

ABLA2/CLUN15 PLOTS

CON COV

93 24

80 13

60 1193 1413 1

53 107 533 4

ABLA2/COCA19 PLOTS

CON COV

68 1311 674 8

47 4100 26

11 195 23

ABLA2/LEBOL13 PLOTS

CON COV

54 16

69 21

38 1885 26

54 19

71 2

14 114 2

86 10

43 229 2

14 129 3

29 4

20 193 11

53 3

20 3

13 27 2

13 733 940 27 627 3

73 313 3

13 1

73 8

87 4

53 7

84 5

58 4

26 1026 384 311 753 3

63 3100 1468 55 3

95 135 284 4

54 9

77 4

54 7

15 215 138 18 523 3

62 223 215 1

77 10

46 3

326

Table 89 (cont.). Mean cover and constancy of important plant species in the Subalpine FirSeries by plant association.

SPECIESSHRUBS AND SUBSHRUBS, cont.MenziesiaferrugineaOpiopanax horridumPachistima myrsmitesPhysocarpus malvaceusPyrola asarifoliaPyrola secundaRhododendron albijiorumRibes lacustreRosa gymnocarpaRubus parviflorusRubus pedatusSalix scoulenanaShepherdia canadensisSorbus scopulinaSpiraea betulifoliaSymphoricarpos albusSymphoricarpos oreophilusTaxus brevifoliaVaccinium caespitosumVaccinium membranaceumVaccinium myrtillusVaccinium scopariumXerophyllum tenax

HERBSAchillea millefoliumActaea rubraAdenocaulon bicolorAgropyron inermeAgropyron spicatumAralia nudicaulisArnica cordifoliaAsarum caudatumA thyriu m filix-fem in aBalsamorhiza sagittataBromus tectorumBromus vulgarisCalamagrostis canadensisCalamagrostis rubescens

ABLA2/CARU7 PLOTS

CON COV

71 3

43 1

29 10

43 2

71 414 214 1

29 214 2

43 214 15

ABLA2/CLUN15 PLOTS

CON COV

87 3

13 287 3

60 120 253 2

7 17 1540 1

33 320 2

27 3

53 1027 5

ABLA2/COCA19 PLOTS

CON COV

63 316 1

79 3

79 368 474 3

5 3

11 311 242 663 5

11 342 716 632 4

ABLA2/UBOL13 PLOTS

CON COV

38 223 2

92 2

69 38 238 3

8 1

8 1

8 1562 4

15 28 1

57

100

29

100

2

9

2

56

7

53

27

13

67

53

1

3

10

1

3

4

3211

1121

53568

31

184

334

815

15

23

38

13

2

2

7

327

Table 89 (cont). Mean cover and constancy of important plant species in the Subalpine FirSeries by plant association.

ABIA2/CARUSPECIES 7 PLOTSHERBS, cont CON COVCarex concinnoides 43 3Carex rossiiCircaea alpinaClintonia unifloraDisporum hookeriDisporum trachycarpumEquisetum arvenseEriogonum heracleoidesFestuca idahoensisGalium tnflorumGoodyera oblongifolia 14 2Gymnocarpium dryoptensHieracium albiflorum 57 2Hypopitys monotropaKoeleria cristataLithospermum ruderaleLupinus sericeus 29 2Luzula hitchcockiiOsmorhiza chilensis 57 3Pedicularis bracteosa 57 2Pedicularis racemosaPoapratensisPoa sandbergiiSenecio tnangularisSmilacina racemosa 43 3Smilacina stellataStreptopus amplexifoliusThalictrum occidentale 86 3Tiarella unifoliataTrautvetteria carolimensis 29 2Trillium ovatumValeriana sitchensisViola adunca 14 1Viola canadensisViola orbiculata

ABLA2/CLUN15 PLOTS

CON COV27 213 3

93 6

7 2

60 160 2

53 2

67 2

40 2

13 167 47 273 247 27 27 113 2

80 3

ABLA2/COCA19 PLOTS

CON COV26 3

5 168 35 4

53 221 2

84 379 226 1837 2

5 1

79 3

11 1

32 263 326 326 316 126 7

5 45 1016 1

ABLA2/UBOL13 PLOTS

CON COV31 323 3

15 28 315 2

54 262 1

23 2

46 2

8 146 115 154 223 215 3

8 1

23 1

328


SPECIES

TREE OVERSTORY LAYERAbies grandisAbies lasiocarpaBetula papyri/eraLarix occidentalisPinus albicaulisPinus contortaPicea engelmannnPinus monticolaPinus ponderosaPseudotsuga memiesiiThuja plicataTsuga heterophylla

TREE UNDERSTORY LAYERAbies grandisAbies lasiocarpaPinus albicaulisPicea engelmanniiPinus ponderosaPseudostuga memiesiiThuja plicataTsuga heterophylla

SHRUBS AND SUBSHRUBSAcer douglasilAinus sinuataAmelanchier ainifoliaArctostaphylos uva-ursiBerberis aquifoliumBerberis nervosaChimaphila umbellataComus canadensisComus stoloniferaHolodiscus discolorJuniperus communisLinnaea borealisLonicera ciliosaLonicera utahensis

ABLA2/RHAL11 PLOTS

CON COV

100 26

73 11

82 1045 1818 8

27 5

ABLA2/RHAL-XETE

11 PLOTSCON COV

100 35

27 79 2

36 582 139 3

18 39 218 3

ABLA2/TRCA38 PLOTS

CON COV50 1488 23

75 21

50 1688 15

88 713 1

ABLA2/VACA15 PLOTS

CON COV

20 5

93 18

73 2047 7

7 173 23

9 1100 14

36 3

9 29 218 1

18 1

9 29 1

55 2

18 3

73 4

100 10

73 3

9 827 2

9 19 5

9 4

82 4

38 188 3

63 1

13 2

25 213 2

13 2

13 3

13 3

75 3

13 360 6

67 3

93 67 1

7 2

13 480 287 973 2

73 433 6

7 17 193 1920 267 3

329


SPECIES

SHRUBS AND SUBSHRUBS, confcMenziesia ferrugineaOpiopanax horridumPachistima myrsinitesPhysocarpus malvaceusPyrola asarifoliaPyrola secundaRhododendron albiflorumRibes lacustreRosa gymnocarpaRubus parviflorusRubus pedatusSalix scoulerianaShepherdia canadensisSorbus scopuhnaSpiraea betulifoliaSymphoricarpos albusSymphoricarpos oreophilusTaxus brevifoliaVaccinium caespitosumVaccinium membranaceumVaccinium myrtillusVaccinium scopariumXerophyllum tenax

HERBSAchillea millefoliumActaea rubraAdenocaulon bicolorAgropyron inermeAgropyron spicatumAralia nudlcaulisArnica cordifoliaAsarum caudatumAthyrium filix-feminaBalsamorhiza sagittataBromus tectorumBromus vulgarisCalamagrostis canadensisCalamagrostis rubescens

ABLA2/RHAL11 PLOTS

CON COV

36 33

55 5

9 155 3100 22

36 2

18 15

9 3

9 19 1

55 15

55 12

64 14

27 1

18 9

9 2

18 2

ABLA2/RHAIXETE

11 PLOTSCON COV

64 17

82 4

18 373 3100 36

18 1

100 3

100 18

9 5

9 2

100 15

9 2

ABLA2/TRCA38 PLOTS

CON COV

63 2

50 4100 213 1

63 413 225 325 10

13 2

25 250 213 1

63 19

13 4

38 3

13 1

25 6

13 6

13 213 213 3

ABLA2/VACA15 PLOTS

CON COV

93 5

60 2

13 353 327 3

33 447 6

7 160 520 2

67 633 5

27 10

40 5

27 2

33 3

20 2

100 27

330


SPFPTFS ABIA2/RHALSPECIES 11 PLOTS

HERBS, cont CON COVCarex concinnoides 18 2Carex rossil 9 1Circaea alpinaClintonia uniflora 18 10Disporum hookeriDisporum trachycarpumEquisetum arvenseEriogonum heracleoidesFestuca idahoensisGalium triflorum 18 5Goodyera oblongifolia 45 2Gymnocarpium dryoptens 18 13Hieraciiim albiflorum 36 2Hypopitys monotropa 9 1Koelena cristataLithospermum ruderaleLupinus sericeusLuzula hitchcochi 27 1Osmorhiza chilensis 27 3Pedicularis bracteosaPediculans racemosa 27 1Poa pratensisPoa sandbergilSenecio triangularis 18 9Smilacina racemosaSmilacina stellata 9 5Streptopus amplexifolius 18 3Thalictrum occidentale 18 2Tiarella unifoliata 18 13Trautvettena caroliniensis 18 3Trillium ovatumValeriana sitchensis 18 1Viola aduncaViola canadensis 18 9Viola orbiculata 36 2

ABLAZ/RHAI^XETE

11 PLOTSCON COV

9 39 1

36 2

9 118 2

45 49 218 118 1

9 1

64 3

18 1

45 2

ABLA2/TOCA38 PLOTS

CON COV13 3

75 713 1

50 375 113 313 1

63 263 225 2

38 238 525 375 425 12100 1550 125 2

88 4

ABLA2/VACA15 PLOTS

CON COV53 320 1

27 3

13 4

7 247 2

80 2

33 6

40 113 17 2

47 233 3

20 2

20 2

20 2

331


SPECIESTREE OVERS-TORY LAYERAbies grandisAbies lasiocarpaBetula papyri/eraLarix occidentalisPinus albicaulisPinus contortaPicea engelmanniiPinus monticolaPinus ponderosaPseudotsuga memiesitThuja plicataTsuga heterophylla

TREE UNDERSTORY LAYERAbies grandis

Abies lasiocarpa

Pinus albicaulis

Picea engelmannii

Pinus ponderosa

Pseudostuga memiesii

Thuja plicata

Tsuga heterophylla

SHRUBS AND SUBSHRUBSAcer douglasiiAinus sinuataAmetanchier ainifoliaArctostaphylos uva-ursiBerberis aquifoliumBerberis nervosaChimaphila umbellataComus canadensisComus stoloniferaHolodiscus discolorJuniperus communisLinnaea borealisLonicera ciliosaLonicera utahensis

ABLA2/VAME24 PLOTS

CON COV21 671 15

96 19

79 2238 134 18 3

67 18

ABLA2/VASC6 PLOTS

CON COV

100 31

17 2

100 26

17 3

ABLA2/XETE15 PLOTS

CON COV

100 35

40 10

50 670 11

50 610 210 5

PIEN/EQUIS5 PLOTS

CON COV

80 13

20 2

100 44

40 3

25 279 11

42 6

42 58 2

13 125 342 213 4

13 3

75 3

4 14 1

38 9

62 3

100 14

67 2

33 2

100 2010 1

70 3

10 640 230 1

10 1

10 5

20 3

70 3

80 5

100 2

20 1

80 920 1

60 1100 8100 5

80 4

20 2

332


SPECIESSHRUBS AND SUBSHRUBS, confcMenziesiafemigineaOpiopanax horridumPachistima myrsinitesPhysocarpus malvaceusPyrola asarifoliaPyrola secundaRhododendron albiflorumRibes lacustreRosa gymnocarpaRubus parviflorusRubus pedatusSalix scoulenanaShepherdia canadensisSorbus scopulinaSpiraea betulifoliaSymphoncarpos albusSymphoricarpos oreophilusTaxus brevifohaVaccinium caespitosumVaccinium membranaceumVaccinium myrtillusVaccinium scopariumXerophyllum tenax

HERBSAchillea millefoliumActaea rubraAdenocaulon bicolorAgropyron inermeAgropyron spicatumAralia nudicaulisArnica cordifoliaAsarum caudatumAthynum filix-feminaBalsamorhiza sagittataBromus tectorumBromus vulgarisCalamagrostis canadensisCalamagrostis rubescens

ABLA2/VAME24 PLOTS

CON COV

92 6

4 250 3

8 217 238 321 2

13 54 25

38 262 613 1

4 14 1

54 18

58 1025 15

4 2

13 2

17 2

38 3

33 2

79 25

ABLA2/VASC6 PLOTS

CON COV

67 6

33 8

50 2

17 2

50 1067 25

33 1

17 8

17 8

ABLA2/XETE15 PLOTS

CON COV

30 1

40 3

10 140 250 3

10 1

100 420 3

20 590 24

50 1030 16

100 31

10 2

10 2

10 10

PIEN/EQUIS5 PLOTS

CON COV

60 580 2

100 420 360 1

60 3

40 3

60 3

40 2

40 1

80 3

100 5

333


SPECIESHERBS, contCarex concinnoidesCarex rossiiCircaea alpinaClintonia unifloraDisporum hookeriDisporum trachycarpumEquisetum arvenseEriogonum heracleoidesFestuca idahoensisGalium triflorumGoodyera oblongifoliaGymnocarpium dryopterisHieracium albiflorumHypopitys monotropaKoeleria cristataLithospermum ruderaleLupinus sericeusLuzula hitchcocldiOsmorhiza chilensisPedicularis bracteosaPedicularis racemosaPoapratensisPoa sandbergiiSenecio triangularisSmilacina racemosaSmilacina stellataStreptopus amplexifoliusThalictrum occidentaleTiarella unifoliataTrautvetteria caroliniensisTrillium ovatumValeriana sitchensisViola aduncaViola canadensisViola orbiculata

ABLA2/VAME24 PLOTSCON COV

33 28 3

33 2

13 1

42 2

75 28 3

4 10

54 217 213 1

13 229 14 2

33 48 1

4 1

13 1

79 3

ABLA2/VASC6 PLOTS

CON COV

33 233 2

17 250 2

83 3

17 2

ABLA2/XETE15 PLOTS

CON COV

10 310 2

10 2

30 2

60 2

60 310 2

10 1

10 1

10 2

10 1

20 2

PIEN/EQUIS5 PLOTS

CON COV

20 140 3

80 36

40 220 180 19

60 2

60 2

40 280 4

60 580 2

334

Table 90. Mean cover and constancy of important plant species in the Western Hemlock Seriesby plant association.

SPECIESTREE OVERSTORY LAYERAbies grandisAbies lasiocarpaBetula papyri/eraLarix occidentalisPinus albicaulisPinus contortaPicea engelmanniiPinus monticolaPinus ponderosaPseudotsuga menziesiiThujaplicataTsuga heterophylla


SHRUBS AND SUBSHRUBSAcer douglasiiAinus sinuataAmelanchier ainifoliaArctostaphylos uva-ursiBerbens aquifoliumBerberis nervosaChimaphila umbellataComus canadensisComus stolomferaHolodiscus discolorJuniperus commumsLinnaea borealisLonicera ciliosaLonicera utahensis

TSHE/ARNU311 PLOTS

CON COV91 25

27 264 14

36 69 7

64 1018 382 12

91 11

91 17

TSHE/CLUN58 PLOTSCON COV66 1512 417 579 15

33 1122 7

53 57 679 16

95 25

74 19

TSHE/GYDR15 PLOTS

CON COV

73 137 1

33 11

13 633 3

20 11100 37100 28

TSHE/MEFE11 PLOTS

CON COV

91 11

9 40

9 1591 18

9 1

36 8

27 273 36

73 3

18 1

27 391 682 7

55 3

64 1

9 282 3

100 345 2

36 1

100 11

36 364 2

52 524 2

7 1

24 495 1083 4

34 522 3

43 2

7 241 3

74 49 3

16 3

81 817 267 2

53 2

7 1

87 6100 4

33 2

7 2

7 20

87 7

60 2

9 191 5

27 1

18 127 291 6

9 1

9 1

36 2

9 3

91 6

335

Table 90 (cont.). Mean cover and constancy of important plant species in the WesternHemlock Series by plant association.

SPECIESSHRUBS AND SUBSHRUBS, conLMemiesiaferrugineaOphpanax horridumPachistima myrsinitesPhysocarpus malvaceusPyrola asarifoliaPyrola secundaRhododendron albiflorumRibes lacustreRosa gymnocarpaRubus parviflorusRubus pedatusSalix scoulerianaShepherdia canadensisSorbus scopulinaSpiraea betulifoliaSymphoricarpos albusSymphoricarpos oreophilusTaxus brevifoliaVaccinium caespitosumVaccinium membranaceumVaccinium myrtillusVaccinium scopariumXerophyllum tenax

HERBSAchillea millefoliumActaea rubraAdenocaulon bicolorAgropyron inermeAgropyron spicatumAralia nudicaulisArnica cordifoliaAsarum caudatumAthyrium filix-feminaBalsamorhiza sagittataBromus tectorumBromus vulgansCalamagrostis canadensisCalamagrostis rubescens

TSHE/ARNU311 PLOTS

CON COV

45 29 118 145 2

82 373 4

18 49 373 355 2

64 427 1

9 1

TSHE/CLUN58 PLOTS

CON COV

2 3

2 178 516 1024 274 2

9 169 343 25 33 4

19 321 231 321 3

10 3

55 326 79 27 1

TSHE/GYDR15 PLOTS

CON COV

7 233 1

53 2

33 247 2

27 333 1

7 1

13 2

47 4

73 3

TSHE/MEFE11 PLOTS

CON COV

100 8

100 4

9 273 391 1045 3

45 745 19

91 29 1

100 129 1

91 14

9 145 2

91 189 118 127 2

55 2

18 1

9 126 4

5 69 33 1

29 3

16 6

33 273 3

7 5

53 487 2

27 2

18 29 2

9 227 4

45 2

336

Table 90 (cont). Mean cover and constancy of important plant species in the WesternHemlock Series by plant association.

TSHE/ARNU3SPECIES 11 PLOTSHERBS, cont CON COV

Carex concinnoides 9 1Carex rossii 27 1Circaea alpinaClintonia uniflora 82 5Disporum hooken 18 3Disporum trachycarpum 64 1Equisetum arvenseEnogonum heracleoidesFesluca idahoensisGalium triflorum 73 2Goodyera oblongifolia 36 2Gymnocarpium dryoptensHieracmm albtflorum 36 1Hypopitys monotropaKoelena cristataLithospermum mderaleLupinus senceusLuzula hitchcockiiOsmorhiza chilensis 55 2Pedicularis bracteosaPediculans racemosa 18 2Poa pratensisPoa sandbergiiSenecio triangularisSmilacina racemosa 9 2Smilacina stellata 82 5Streptopus amplexifoliusThalictrum occidentals 9 1Tiarella umfoliata 45 2Trautvettena caroliniensis 9 1Tnllium ovatum 64 1Valeriana sitchensisViola aduncaViola canadensisViola orbiculata 91 2

TSHE/CLUN58 PLOTS

CON COV

12 15 12 193 39 216 2

22 271 25 2

41 23 1

33 2

9 1

22 159 3

16 341 22 859 1

2 188 3

TSHE/GYDR15 PLOTS

CON COV

100 680 37 57 1

73 273 2100 15

67 27 2

100 527 213 293 727 473 2

13 287 3

TSHE/MEFE11 PLOTS

CON COV

9 2

55 918 9

45 345 245 1336 2

36 227 2

18 236 718 245 373 7

27 2

18 455 5

337

Table 90 (cont.). Mean cover and constancy of important plant species in the WesternHemlock Series by plant association.

SPECIESTREE OVERSTORY LAYERAbies grandisAbies lasiocarpaBetula papyri/eraLarix occidentalisPinus albicaulisPinus contortaPicea engelmanniiPinus monticolaPinus ponderosaPseudotsuga menziesiiThuja plicataTsuga heterophylla

TSHE/RUPE15 PLOTS

CON COV

53 67 1

27 8

7 3047 733 9

27 193 29100 36

TSHE/XETE8 PLOTS

CON COV

63 5

38 6

13 6075 638 4

13 188 1688 46


SHRUBS AND SUBSHRUBSAcer douglasiiAinus sinuataAmelanchier ainifoliaArctostaphylos uva-ursiBerberis aqwfoliumBerberis nervosaChimaphila umbellataComus canadensisComus stoloniferaHolodiscus discolorJuniperus communisLinnaea borealisLonicera ciliosaLonicera utahensis

147

13

93100

22

2

55

63

13

75100

2

2

810

13

13

47

73

3

1

9

3

131313

13

75

75

100

273

2

5

9

3

338


SPECIESSHRUBS AND SUBSHRUBS, confcMenziesiaferrugineaOpiopanax horridumPachistima myrsinitesPhysocarpus malvaceusPyrola asarifoliaPyrola secundaRhododendron albiflorumRibes lacustreRosa gymnocarpaRubus parviflorusRubus pedatusSalix scoulerianaShepherdia canadensisSorbus scopulinaSpiraea betulifoliaSymphoricarpos albusSymphoricarpos oreophilusTaxus brevifoliaVaccinium caespitosumVaccinium membranaceumVaccinium myrtillusVaccinium scopariumXerophyllum tenax

HERBSAchillea millefoliumActaea rubraAdenocaulon bicolorAgropyron inermeAgropyron spicatumAralia nudicaulisArnica cordlfollaAsarum caudatumAthyrium filix-feminaBalsamorhiza sagittataBromus tectorumBromus vulgarisCalamagrostis canadensisCalamagrostis rubescens

TSHE/RUPE15 PLOTS

CON COV

73 213 180 3

13 387 327 2

33 1

47 2100 9

7 17 1

7 6

93 7

7 27 120 2

TSHE/XETE8 PLOTS

CON COV

50 3

100 5

63 388 3

38 2

38 113 725 325 413 313 1513 113 8

88 8

38 8

100 9

713

13

53

20

23

1

3

4

63

13

25

25

13

2

3

1

2

3

339


SPECKSHERBS, contCarex concinnoidesCarex rossilCircaea alpinaClintonia unifloraDisporum hookeriDisporum trachycarpumEquisetvm arvenseEriogonum heracleoidesFestuca idahoensisGalium triflorumGoodyera oblongifoliaGymnocarpium dryopterisHieracium albi/IorvmHypopitys monotropaKoelena cristataLithospermum ruderaleLupinus sericeusLuzula hitchcocldiOsmorhiza chilensisPedicularis bracteosaPedicularis racemosaPoapratensisPoa sandbergiiSenecio triangulansSmilacina racemosaSmilacina stellataStreptopus amplexifoliusThalictrum occidentaleTiarella unifoliataTrautvetteria caroliniensisTrillium ovatumValeriana sitchensisViola aduncaViola canadensisViola orbiculata

TSM15

CON

10047

40731007

60

7

7

134093

53

932793

7100

E/RUPEPLOTS

COV

73

32121

2

1

1222

2812

24

TSHE/XETE8 PLOTS

CON COV

100 650 2

75 225 238 213 1

13 150 125 150 2

13 125 313 1

25 288 5

75 213 1

25 288 3

340

Table 91. Mean cover and constancy of important plant species in the Western RedcedarSeries by plant association.

SPECIESTREE OVERSTORY LAYERAbies grandisAbies lasiocarpaBetula papyri/eraLarix occidentalisPinus albicaulisPinus contortaPicea engelmanmiPinus monticolaPinus ponderosaPseudotsuga menziesiiThuja plicataTsuga heterophylla


SHRUBS AND SUBSHRUBSAcer douglasiiAinus sinuataAmelanchier ainifoliaArctostaphylos uva-ursiBerbens aquifoliumBerberis nervosaChimaphila umbellataComus canadensisComus stoloniferaHolodiscus discolorJuniperus communisLinnaea borealisLonicera ciliosaLonicera utahensis

THPL/ARNU316 PLOTS

CON COV75 13

50 675 8

31 456 1419 213 33100 1894 2413 2

THPL/CLUN31 PLOTSCON COV48 22

29 490 12

32 1426 716 426 9

87 2168 346 1

THPL/OPHO6 PLOTS

CON COV100 13

33 8100 35100 23

THPL/VAME20 PLOTSCON COV70 840 5

5 595 15

65 1915 35 5

95 1955 11

56 5

44 4

38 294 4

94 4

13 363 2

75 3

31 2

63 6

19 119 2

94 613 438 2

71 413 3

10 1

39 590 6

3 1

71 4

6 248 216 468 43 277 5

3 129 11

81 1235 365 2

17 1

67 4

100 2

83 3

33 2

67 3

65 440 3

10 1

80 4100 4

10 1

40 545 570 355 480 3

75 5

5 130 3

70 1625 280 4

341

Table 91 (cont.). Mean cover and constancy of important plant species in the WesternRedcedar Series by plant association.

SPECIESSHRUBS AND SUBSHRUBS, confcMenziesiaferrugineaOpiopanax horridumPachistima myrsinitesPhysocarpus malvaceusPyrola asarifoliaPyrola secundaRhododendron albiflorumRibes lacustreRosa gymnocarpaRubus parviflorusRubus pedatusSalix scoulerianaShepherdia canadensisSorbus scopulinaSpiraea betulifoliaSymphoricarpos albusSymphoricarpos oreophilusTaxus brevifoliaVaccinium caespitosumVaccinium membranaceumVaccinium myrtillusVaccinium scopariumXerophyllum tenax

HERBSAchillea millefoliumActaea rubraAdenocaulon bicolorAgropyron inermeAgropyron spicatumAralia nudicaulisArnica cordifoliaAsarum caudatumAthyriumfilix-feminaBalsamorhiza sagittataBromus tectorumBromus vulgarisCalamagrostis canadensisCalamagrostis rubescens

THPL/ARNU316 PLOTS

CON COV

56 144 2

56 2

31 3

88 469 5

6 2

19 256 4

6 1

THPL/CLUN31 PLOTSCON COV

84 1042 33 261 1

6 377 548 5

26 216 410 155 645 3

3 16 313 223 1

THPL/OPHO6 PLOTS

CON COV

100 9

50 217 1

67 2

33 1

33 3

50 3

33 2

THPL/VAME20 PLOTSCON COV

95 730 320 325 2

10 295 450 12

30 445 465 270 510 4

5 295 1430 12

15 8

6 150 244 2

81 12

31 619 4

63 3

19 2

3 1

45 4

13 43 1

6 2

32 2

26 7

100 483 2

100 7100 29

33 117 1

40 3

5 115 2

5 1

50 3

40 9

342

Table 91 (cont). Mean cover and constancy of important plant species in the WesternRedcedar Series by plant association.

THPL/ARNU3SPECIES 16 PLOTSHERBS, cont. CON COVCarex concinnoidesCarexrossii 13 1Circaea alpma 19 6Clintonia unijiora 81 4Disponim hookeri 19 4Disporum trachycarpum 56 2Equisetum arvense 25 1Eriogonum heracleoidesFestuca idahoensisGalium triflorum 69 3Goodyera oblongifolia 31 1Gymnocarpium dryopteris 6 1Hieracium albiflorum 44 1Hypopitys monotropa 6 1Koeleria cristataLithospermum ruderaleLupmus sericeusLuzula hitchcockiiOsmorhiza chilensis 63 3Pediculans bracteosaPedicularis racemosaPoapratensis 6 3Poa sandbergilSenecio triangularisSmilacina racemosa 25 1Smilacina stellata 75 5Streptopus amplexifolius 19 1Thalictrum occidentals 13 5Tiarella umfoliata 50 5Trautvetteria caroliniensis 6 1Trillium ovatum 44 3Valeriana sitchensisViola adunca 6 2Viola canadensis 19 2Viola orbiculata 50 2

THPL/CLUN31 PLOTS

CON COV23 16 1

65 410 829 23 2

19 261 23 1558 23 1

42 2

3 1

35 158 43 4

29 36 63 823 2

3 1

68 2

THPL/OPHO6 PLOTS

CON COV

100 2100 483 3

100 267 2100 23

67 2

50 2

83 983 3

100 733 450 2

50 350 3

THPL/VAME20 PLOTS

CON COV50 210 110 585 420 325 2

35 360 2

60 3

40 325 25 2

55 265 4

35 415 610 4015 25 4

90 4

343

Table 92. Mean cover and constancy of important plant species for the Incidental VegetationTypes by community type.

PIAL6 PLOTS

CON COV

50 7

100 1317 817 5

50 15

PICO/SHCA20 PLOTS

CON COV

5 55 20

60 13

100 4615 2

10 3

50 55 1

POTR/CARU7 PLOTS

CON COV

57 8

100 4214 5

POTR/SYAL3 PLOTS

CON COV

73 11

82 10

100 7733 2

SPECIESTREE OVERSTORY LAYERAbies grandisAbies lasiocarpaBetula papyri/eraLarix occidentalisPinus albicaulisPinus contortaPicea engelmanniiPinus monticolaPinus ponderosaPopulus tremuloidesPseudotsuga memiesiiThuja plicataTsuga heterophylla

TREE UNDERSTORY LAYERAbies grandisAbies lasiocarpaPinus albicaulisPicea engelmanniiPinus ponderosaPopulus tremuloidesPseudostuga memiesiiThuja plicataTsuga heterophylla

SHRUBS AND SUBSHRUBSAcer douglasiiAinus sinuataAmelanchier ainifoliaArctostaphylos uva-ursiBerberis aquifoliumBerberis nervosaChimaphila umbellataComus canadensisComus stoloniferaHolodiscus discolorJuniperus communisLinnaea borealisLonicera ciliosaLonicera utahensis

17 183 217 2

17 30

20 345 2

30 8

65 4

35 110 2

45 235 560 435 1170 4

90 520 1215 230 45 275 2310 340 2

86 1414 2

14 114 1

33 10

33 15100 2100 10100 5

67 3

344

Table 92 (cont.). Mean cover and constancy of important plant species for the IncidentalVegetation Types by community type.

SPECIESSHRUBS AND SUBSHRUBS, confcMenziesiafermgineaOpiopanax homdumPachistima myrsmitesPhysocarpus malvaceus

Pyrola asanfoliaPyrola secundaRhododendron albiflorumRibes lacustreRosa gymnocarpaRubus parviflorusRubus pedatusSalix scoulerianaShepherdia canadensisSorbus scopulinaSpiraea betuhfoliaSymphoricarpos albusSymphoricarpos oreophilusTaxus brevifoliaVaccimum caespitosumVaccinium membranaceumVaccinium myrtillusVaccimum scopariumXerophyllum tenax

HERBSAchillea millefoliumActaea rubraAdenocaulon bicolorAgropyron inermeAgropyron spicatumAralia nudicaulisArnica cordifoliaAsarum caudatumAthyrium filix-feminaBalsamorhiza sagittataBromus tectorumBromus vulgarisCalamagrostis canadensisCalamagrostis rubescens

PIAL6 PLOTS

CON COV

67 2

17 3

50 3

100 5

33 2

100 10

PICO/SHCA20 PLOTSCON COV

5 3

90 525 2

5 145 2

5 175 440 3

60 470 7

25 195 765 3

25 5

55 11

45 930 175 1

30 2

20 3

35 3

20 3

90 19

POTR/CARU7 PLOTS

CON COV

29 3

42 3

14 214 2

57 2

14 1

29 1

100 59

POTR/SYAL3 PLOTS

CON COV

33 533 2

33 1

100 34

66 1

33 1

33 4

33 1

33 30

345

Table 92 (cont.). Mean cover and constancy of important plant species for the IncidentalVegetation Types by community type.

SPECIESHERBS, contCarex concinnoidesCarex rossiiCircaea alpinaClintonia unifloraDisporum hookeriDisporum trachycarpumEquisetum arvenseEriogonum heracleoidesFestuca idahoensisGalium triflorumGoodyera oblongifoliaOymnocarpium dryopterisHieracium albiflorumHypopitys monotropaKoeleria cristataLithospermum ruderaleLupinus sericeusLuzula hitchcockilOsmorhiza chilensisPedicularis bracteosaPedicularis racemosaPoa pratensisPoa sandbergiiSenecio triangularisSmilacina racemosaSmilacina stellataStreptopus amplexifoliusThalictrum occidentaleTiarella unifoliataTrautvetteria caroliniensisTrillium ovatumValeriana sitchensisViola aduncaViola canadensisViola orbiculata

PIAL6 PLOTS

CON COV17 367 6

50 6

33 3

17 517 5

PICO/SHCA20 PLOTSCON COV

20 215 1

35 55 220 2 '

20 220 2

75 2

15 3

35 35 1

20 240 1

10 2

10 8

60 3

POTR/CARU7 PLOTS

CON COV

14 1

29 2

14 3

14 3

86 15

POTR/SYAL3 PLOTS

CON COV

33 1

33 1

66 4

66 2

100 2

33 5

346

APPENDIX 2

• Stocking, basal area and stand density index

• Site index and growth basal area

347

Table 93. Trees per aindex, and

TYPEABGR/ACGLD/CLUNABGR/VAME/CLUNABGR/PHMAABGR/VACAABLA2/CARUABLA2/CLUNABLA2/COCAABLA2/LBOLABLA2/RHALABLA2/RHAL-XETEABLA2/TRCA3ABLA2/VACAABLA2/VAMEABLA2/VASCABLA2/XETEPIALPICO/SHCAPIEN/EQUISPIPO-PSME/AGSPPSME/CARUPSME/PHMAPSME/PHMA-LIBOLPSME/SYALPSME/SYORPSME/VACAPSME/VAMETHPL/ARNU3THPL/CLUNTHPL/OPHOTHPL/VAMETSHE/ARNU3TSHE/CLUNTSHE/GYDRTSHE/MEFETSHE/RUPETSHE/XETE

ere, total basal area, quherbage production avi

NUMBERTREES/AC1

5893923025084095633383926565576384379751173104018077930249321310331174127420878389547145568498547406273223307

TBA(ff/ac)2

25826125219124525423823221322227015123727723652

17323364207240209186145201204288258359204237258420233390312

;adratic meaneraged by typ

QUADRATICMEAN

DIAMETER3

9111281291112910887679612161213111315971210218101018141914

diameter,e.

STANDDENSE?

INDEX4

49145742337541948141340741241151730149859649910137539799

355405368297226372426485476485402436476632382550500

stand density

f HERBAGE(Ib/ac)5

1964921011944339184812

1671256655

113751294353114710265172103576528

206751282854604313

' Average number of trees per acre.'Average total basal area.3 Average quadratic mean diameter (QMD). QMD is the diameter of a tree of average basal area.4 Average stand density index. Reineke's (1933) equation for mixed-conifer forests was used for all

associations and community types in this table5 Average dry weight of herb (grasses, forbs, and ferns) standing crop at sampling time

348

Table 94. Site index and growth basal area by species and type, and volume growth estimates by type.

TYPE ABGR(SI base years) (50)

ABGR/ACGLD/CLUN 59/4562

ABGR/PHMA

ABGR/VACA

ABGR/VAME/CLUN 72/361

ABLA2/CARU

ABLA2/CLUN

ABLA2/COCA

ABLA2/LBOL

ABLA2/RHAL

ABLA2/RHAL-XETE

ABLA2/TRCA3 62/134

ABLA2/VACA

ABLA2/VAME

ABLA2/VASC

ABLA2/XETE

PIEN/EQUIS

PIAL

PICO/SHCA

PIPO-PSME/AGSP349

ABLA2(50)

58/278

48/199

60/202

39/206

42/211

66/242

57/259

46/239

39/222

LAOC(50)

67/233

66/168

43/169

49/192

57/182

68/169

62/182

48/164

46/135

57/272

65/108

60/252

30/205

60/142

PIEN(50)

60/288

68/237

62/210

51/246

44/202

65/216

64/257

47/218

63/191

PICO PIPO(50) (100)

79/208 135/207

60/164 114/190

52/170

59/277

54/191

53/251

60/110

54/206

50/238

54/167

61/162

79/73

PIMO PSME THPL(50) (50) (50)

74/360

73/240

68/205

58/278

48/188

59/251

57/202

62/283

47/169

56/248

55/255

25/101

TSHE GBA VOL'(50) (ft3/ac/yr)

(PIEN)

(PEN)

(PIEN)

(PICO)

(PIEN)

(LAOC)

(PIPO)

168

126

92

119

65

114

111

73

(95

i60

124

55

93

83

99

86

17

72

25

^ Table 94 (cont). Site index0

TYPE ABGR(SI base years) (50)

PSME/CARU

PSME/PHMA

PSME/PHMA-LIBOL

PSME/SYAL

PSME/SYOR

PSME/VACA

PSME/VAME

THPL/ARNU3

THPL/CLUN 65/301

THPL/OPHO

THPL/VAME 74/292

TSHE/ARNU3 81/286

TSHE/CLUN 66/286

TSHE/GYDR 78/373

TSHE/MEFE

TSHE/RUPE

TSHE/XETE

and growth

ABLA2 LAOC PIEN(50) (50) (50)

49/K

57/1;

57/1'

60/2<

81/3'

65/1-

57/1 (

73/2'

68/2-

70/4-

49/238 61/3:

58/289

basal area

51

51

?!

38

76 64/254

73

S3

70

16 59/199

12

10 54/261

70/409

61/375

by species

PICO(50)

66/169

50/164

60/210

65/140

50/149

59/199

PIPO PIMO(100) (50)

98/153

92/170

103/234

81/82

122/316

114/179

128/315 66/270

118/254 54/283

and type, and volume

PSME(50)

49/173

61/220

53/178

76/234

47/126

61/185

69/371

64/235

57/180

65/209

69/245

66/310

growth

THPL(50)

.55/380

43/317

58/473

45/317

57//496

estimates by type.

TSHE GBAVOL(50) (ft3/ac/yr)

(LAOC

(THPL)

69/287 (LAOC)

68/285

76/506 (LAOC)

(PEN)

56/362 (PEN)

59

96

64

117

34

)79

80

183

102

200

75

139

120

208

135

176

122

1 Average GBA volume production for each type. GBA VOL is an empirical estimate of cubic wood production that is the product ofGBA x SI x c, where c is a species-specific constant. The constant for Douglas-fir (PSME) is used unless otherwise noted.

lumbers in this part of the table use this format: site index/growth basal area (SI/GBA). These are average values for that species inthat type.

APPENDIX 3

• Birds of the Colville National Forest

• Mammals of the Colville National Forest

• Reptiles and Amphibians of the ColvilleNational Forest

• Fishes of the Colville National Forest

351

Table 95. Birds of the Colville National Forest and vicinity. Data compiled by T. Burke and J.Nisbet (1979). Nomenclature from American Birding Association. Abundance codes:C=common, U=uncommon, I=introduced, 0=occassional. Seasonality codes:P=permanent resident, S=summer resident, W=winter visitor, M=migrant.

Species nameFamily- Gaviidae1 COMMON LOON2 ARCTIC LOON

Family- Podicipedidae3 RED-NECKED GREBE4 HORNED GREBE5 EARED GREBE6 WESTERN GREBE7 PIED-BILLED GREBE

Family- Pelicanidae8 AMERICAN WHITE PELICAN

Family- Ardeidae9 GREAT BLUE HERON10 BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON11 AMERICAN BITTERN

Family- Anatidae12 TUNDRA SWAN13 TRUMPETER SWAN14 CANADA GOOSE15 GREATER WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE16 SNOW GOOSE17 ROSS'GOOSE18 MALLARD19 GADWALL20 NORTHERN PINTAIL21 GREEN-WINGED TEAL22 BLUE-WINGED TEAL23 CINNAMON TEAL24 AMERICAN WIDGEON25 NORTHERN SHOVELER26 WOOD DUCK27 REDHEAD28 RING-NECKED DUCK29 CANVASBACK30 GREATER SCAUP31 LESSER SCAUP32 COMMON GOLDENEYE32 COMMON GOLDENEYE

Scientific name

Gavia immerGavia arctica

Podiceps grisegenaPodiceps auritusPodiceps nigricollisAechmophorus occidentalisPodilymbus podiceps

Pelecanus erythrorhynchos

Ardea herodtasNycticorax nycticoraxBotaurus lentiginosus

Cygnus columbianusOlor buccinatorBranta canadensisAnser albifronsChen caemlescensChen rossiiAnas platyrhynchosAnas streperaAnas acutaAnas creccaAnas discorsAnas cyanopteraAnas americanaAnas clypeataAix sponsaAythya americanaAythya collarisAythya valisineriaAythya marilaAythya affimsBucephala clangulaBucephala clangula

Abundanceand

SeasonaUty

U/SM0/M

U/SMU/SMU/SMC/SMC/SM

U/M

C/S0/MU/B

0/W0/MC/SU/MU/M0/MC/SU/SC/SC/SC/SC/SC/SMC/SU/SC/SC/SU/MU/MC/SC/MWC/MW

352

Table 93. (cont.). Birds of the Colville National Forest and vicinity.

Species name

Family- Anatidae, cont.33 BARROW'S GOLDENEYE34 BUFFLEHEAD35 HARLEQUIN DUCK36 WHITE-WINGED SCOTER37 RUDDY DUCK38 HOODED MERGANSER39 COMMON MERGANSER

Family- Cathartidae40 TURKEY VULTURE

Family- Accipitridae41 NORTHERN GOSHAWK42 SHARP-SHINNED HAWK43 COOPER'S HAWK44 RED-TAILED HAWK45 SWAINSONSHAWK46 ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK47 FERRUGINOUS HAWK48 GOLDEN EAGLE49 BALD EAGLE50 NORTHERN HARRIER51 OSPREY

Family- Falconidae52 GYRFALCON53 PRAIRIE FALCON54 PEREGRINE FALCON55 MERLIN56 AMERICAN KESTREL

Family- Phasianidae57 BLUE GROUSE58 SPRUCE GROUSE59 RUFFED GROUSE60 WHITE-TAILED PTARMIGAN61 CALIFORNIA QUAIL62 RING-NECKED PHEASANT63 CHUKAR64 GRAY PARTRIDGE65 WILD TURKEY

Family- Gruidae66 SANDHILL CRANE

Scientific name

Bucephala islandicaBucephala albeolaHistrionicus histrionicusMelanitta fuscaOxyura jamaicensisLophodytes cucullatusMergus merganser

Cathartes aura

Accipiter gentilisAccipiter striatusAccipiter cooperiiButeo jamaicensisButeo ywainsoniButeo lagopusButeo regalisAquila chrysaetosHaliaeetus leucocephalusCircus cyaneusPandion haliaetus

Faico rusticolusFaico mexicanusFaico peregnnusFaico columbarisFaico sparverius

Dendragapus obscurusDendragapus canadensisBonasa umbellusLagopus leucurusCallipepla califomicusPhasianus colchicusAlectoris chukarPerdixperdixMeleagris gallopavo

Grus canadensis

Abundanceand

Seasonality

C/SWC/SWO/M0/MC/SC/SWu/sw

u/s

u/sC/SC/SC/SWO/MC/WO/MU/SWT/WC/SC/S

0/WO/ME/MU/SC/S

C/PU/PC/PNAI/PI/PI/PI/PI/P

U/M

353

Table 95 (cont). Birds of the Colville National Forest and vicinity.

Species name

Family- Rallidae67 VIRGINIA RAIL68 SORA69 AMERICAN COOT

Family- Charadriidae70 KILLDEER71 BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER

Family- Scolopacidae72 COMMON SNIPE73 LONG-BILLED CURLEW74 SPOTTED SANDPIPER75 SOLITARY SANDPIPER76 GREATER YELLOWLEGS77 LESSER YELLOWLEGS78 PECTORAL SANDPIPER79 BAIRD'S SANDPIPER80 LEAST SANDPIPER81 SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER82 WESTERN SANDPIPER83 SANDERLING84 LONG-BILLED DOWITCHER85 STILT SANDPIPER87 WILSON'SPHALAROPE88 RED-NECKED PHALAROPE

Family- Recurvirostridae86 AMERICAN AVOCET

Family- Laridae89 HERRING GULL90 CALIFORNIA GULL91 RING-BILLED GULL92 BONAPARTE'S GULL93 FORSTER'S TERN94 BLACK TERN

Family- Columbidae95 ROCK DOVE96 MOURNING DOVE

Family- Strigidae97 WESTERN SCREECH OWL98 FLAMMULATED OWL99 GREAT-HORNED OWL100 SNOWY OWL

Scientific name

Rallus limicolaPorzana CarolinaFulica americana

Charadnus vociferusPluvialus squatarola

Gallinago gallinagoNumenius amencanusActitus maculariaTnnga solitariaTringa melanoleucaTnnga flavipesCalidris melanotosCalidris bairduCalidris mmulillaCalidris pusillaCalidris maunCalidris albaLimnodromus scolopaceusMicropalama himantopusPhalaropus tricolorPhalaropus lobatus

Recurvirostrata amencana

Larus argentatusLarus califomicusLarus delawarensisLarus PhiladelphiaSterna forsteriChlidonias niger

Columba liviaZenaida macroura

Otus kenmcottiiOtus flammeolusBubo virginianusNyctea scandiaca

Abundanceand

Seasonalitv

c/sc/sc/sw

c/s0/M

C/S0/MC/SU/MC/MC/MU/MU/MC/MU/MC/M0/MU/M0/MU/SM0/M

0/M

0/MU/MC/M0/MU/MC/S

I/PC/SW

C/P0/SC/P0/W

354

Table 95 (cont.). Birds of the Colville National Forest and vicinity.

Species name

Family- Strigidae, cont.101 NORTHERN HAWK OWL102 NORTHERN PYGMY OWL103 BURROWING OWL104 BARRED OWL105 GREAT GRAY OWL106 LONG-EARED OWL107 SHORT-EARED OWL108 BOREAL OWL109 NORTHERN SAW-WHET OWL

Family- Caprimulgidae110 COMMON POORWILL111 COMMON NIGHTHAWK

Family- Apodidae112 VAUX'S SWIFT113 WHITE-THROATED SWIFT

Family- Trochilidae114 BLACK-CHINNED HUMMINGBIRD115 RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD116 CALLIOPE HUMMINGBIRD

Family- Alcedinidae117 BELTED KINGFISHER

Family- Picidae118 NORTHERN FLICKER119 PILEATED WOODPECKER120 LEWIS'WOODPECKER121 YELLOW-BELLED SAPSUCKER122 WILLIAMSONS SAPSUCKER123 HAIRY WOODPECKER124 DOWNY WOODPECKER125 WHITE-HEADED WOODPECKER126 BLACK-BACKED WOODPECKER127 THREE-TOED WOODPECKER

Family- Tyrannidae

128 EASTERN KINGBIRD129 WESTERN KINGBIRD130 SAY'S PHOEBE131 WILLOW FLYCATCHER132 LEAST FLYCATCHER133 HAMMOND'S FLYCATCHER134 DUSKY FLYCATCHER

Scientific name

Sumia ululaGlaucidium gnomaAthene cuniculariaStrix variaStrix nebulosaAsio otusAsioflammeusAegolius funereusAegolius acadicus

Phalaenoptilis nuttalliiChordeiles minor

Chaetura vauxiAeronautes saxatalis

Archilochus alexandriSelasphorus rufusStellula calliope

Ceryle alcyon

Colaptes auratusDryocopus pileatusMelanerpes lewisSphyrapicus vanusSphyrapicus thyroideusPicoides villosusPicoides pubescensPicoides albolarvatusPicoides arcticusPicoides tridactylus

Tyrannus tyrannusTyrannus verticalisSayomis soyaEmpidonax trailliiEmptdonax minimusEmpidonax hammondiiEmptdonax oberholseri

Abundanceand

Seasonalitv

0/WC/P0/MU/POAVC/SU/P0/WU/P

C/SC/S

C/Su/s

C/SC/SC/S

C/P

C/PC/Pu/sC/S0/SMC/PC/PU/PU/PU/P

C/SC/Su/sC/So/sC/SC/S

355


Species name

Family- Tyrannidae, cont.135 PACIFIC-SLOPE FLYCATCHER136 WESTERN WOOD-PEWEE137 OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER

Scientific name

Empidonax difficilisContopus sordidulisContopus borealis

Abundanceand

Seasonalitv

u/sc/sc/s

Family- Alaudidae138 HORNED LARK

Family- Hirundinidae139 VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW140 TREE SWALLOW141 BANK SWALLOW142 NORTHERN ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW143 BARN SWALLOW144 CLIFF SWALLOW

Family- Corvidae145 GRAY JAY146 STELLER'S JAY147 BLACK-BILLED MAGPIE148 COMMON RAVEN149 AMERICAN CROW150 CLARK'S NUTCRACKER

Family- Paridae\ 51 BLACK-CAPPED CHICKADEE152 MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE153 BOREAL CHICKADEE154 CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE

Family- Sittidae155 WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH156 RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH157 PYGMY NUTHATCH

Family- Certhiidae\ 58 BROWN CREEPER

Family- Cinclidae\ 59 AMERICAN DIPPER

Family- Troglodytidae160 HOUSE WREN161 WINTER WREN162 MARSH WREN163 CANYON WREN164 ROCK WREN

Eremophila alpestris C/MW

Tachycineta thalassma C/STachycineta bicolor C/SRiparia riparia C/SStelgidopteryx serripennis C/SHirundo rustica C/SHirundo pyrrhonota C/S

Perisoreus canadensis C/PCyanocitta stellen C/PPica pica C/PCorvus corax C/PCorvus brachyrhynchos C/SNucifraga colum biana C/P

Parus atricapillus C/PParus gambeli C/PParus hudsomcus R/PParus rufescens U/P

Sitta carolinensis C/PSitta canadensis C/PSitta pygmaea U/P

Certhia americana C/P

Cinclus mexicanus C/P

Troglodytes aedon U/STroglodytes troglodytes C/PCistothorus palustris CP/SCCatherpes mexicanus U/PSalpinctes obsoletus U/P

356


Species name

Family- Mimidae165 GRAY CATBIRD

Family- Muscicapidae166 AMERICAN ROBIN167 VARIED THRUSH168 HERMIT THRUSH169 SWAINSON'S THRUSH170 VEERY171 WESTERN BLUEBIRD172 MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD173 TOWNSEND'S SOLITARE174 GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET175 RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET

Family- Motacillidae176 WATER PIPIT

Family- Bombycillidae177 BOHEMIAN WAXWING178 CEDAR WAXWING

Family- Laniidae179 NORTHERN SHRIKE180 LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE

Family- Sturnidae181 EUROPEAN STARLING

Family- Vireonidae182 SOLITARY VIREO183 RED-EYED VIREO184 WARBLING VIREO

Family- Passeridae185 HOUSE SPARROW

Family- Embemidae186 TENNESSEE WARBLER187 ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER188 NASHVILLE WARBLER189 YELLOW WARBLER190 YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER191 TOWNSEND'S WARBLER192 NORTHERN WATERTHRUSH193 MacGILLIVRAY'S WARBLER194 COMMON YELLOWTHROAT

Scientific name

Dumetella carolinensis

Turdus migratoriusIxoreus naeviusCathams guttatusCatharus ustulatusCatharus fuscescensSialia mexicanaSialia currucoidesMyadestes townsendiRegulus satrapaRegulus calendula

Anthus spmoletta

Bombycilla garrulusBombycilla cedrorum

Laniiis excubitorLamus ludovicianus

Stumus vulgaris

Vireo solitariusVireo olivaceusVireo gilvus

Passer domesticus

Vermivora peregrinaVennivora celataVermivora ruficapillaDendroica petechiaDendroica corona/aDendroica townsendiSeiurus noveboracensisOporomis tolmieiGeothlypis trichas

Abundanceand

Seasonality

c/s

C/SMC/SC/SC/SC/Su/sc/sc/sC/Pc/s

C/M

c/wc/s

c/wu/s

I/p

c/sc/su/s

vs

0/Mc/sc/sc/sc/su/so/sc/sc/s


Species name

Family- Emberizidae, cont.195 YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT196 WILSON'S WARBLER197 AMERICAN REDSTART198 BOBOLINK199 WESTERN MEADOWLARK200 YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD201 RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD202 NORTHERN ORIOLE203 BREWER'S BLACKBIRD204 BROWN-HEADED COWBERD205 BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK206 LAZULI BUNTING207 WESTERN TANAGER208 RUFOUS-SIDED TOWHEE209 SAVANNAH SPARROW210 GRASSHOPPER SPARROW211 VESPER SPARROW212 DARK-EYED JUNCO213 AMERICAN TREE SPARROW214 CHIPPING SPARROW215 CLAY-COLORED SPARROW216 BREWER'S SPARROW217 WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW218 FOX SPARROW219 LINCOLN'S SPARROW220 SONG SPARROW221 LAPLAND LONGSPUR222 SNOW BUNTING

Family- Fringillidae223 EVENING GROSBEAK224 PURPLE FINCH225 CASSIN-S FINCH226 HOUSE FINCH227 PINE GROSBEAK228 ROSY FINCH229 COMMON REDPOLL230 HOARY REDPOLL231 PINE SISKIN232 AMERICAN GOLDFINCH233 RED CROSSBILL234 WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL

Scientific name

Icteria virensWilsonia pusillaSetophaga ruticillaDolichonyx oryzivorusStumella neglecSaXanthocephalus xanthcep.Agelaius phoeniceusIcterus galbulaEuphagus cyanocephalusMolothrus aterPheucticus melanocephaluPassenna amoenaPiranga ludovicianaPipilo erythrophthalmusPasserculus sandwichensisAmmodramus savannarumPooecetes grammeusJunco hyemalisSpizella arboreaSpizella passennaSpizella pallidaSpizella brewenZonotnchia leucophrysPasserella iliacaMelospiza lincolniiMelospiza melodiaCalcarius lapponicusPlectrophenax nivalis

Coccothraustes vespertinusCarpodacus purpureusCarpodacus cassinnCarpodacus mexicanusPinicola enucleatorLeucosticte arctoaCarduelis flammeaCarduelis homemanniCarduelis pinusCarduelis tristisLoxia curvirostraLoxia leucoptera

Abundanceand

Seasonality

U/Sc/sc/sU/Sc/sc/sc/sU/Sc/sc/sU/Sc/sc/sc/sCMU/Sc/sC/PU/Mc/so/sU/SC/SMc/sw0/MC/Po/wo/w

c/swo/wc/swc/swC/Pu/wu/wo/wC/Pc/sC/Pu/w

358

Table 96. Mammals of the Colville National Forest and vicinity. Data compiled by T. Burke(1976). Abundance codes: C= common, U= uncommon, X= unknown, 1=introduced, R= rare.

Species name Scientific name Abundance

Order- InsectivoraPYGMY SHREWMASKED SHREWNORTHERN WATER SHREWVAGRANT SHREWDUSKY SHREW

Order- Chiroptera

Microsorex hoyiSorex cinereusSorex palustrisSorex vagransSorex obscurus

Xuucc

6 LITTLE BROWN MYOTIS7 YUMA MYOTIS8 LONG-EARED MYOTIS9 FRINGED MYOTIS10 LONG-LEGGED MYOTIS11 CALIFORNIA MYOTIS12 SMALL-FOOTED MYOTIS13 SILVER-HAIRED BAT14 BIG BROWN BAT15 RED BAT16 HOARY BAT17 TOWNSEND'S BIG-EARED BAT18 PALLID BAT

Order- Lagomorpha19 PKA20 SNOWSHOE HARE21 MOUNTAIN COTTONTAIL

Order- Rodentia22 YELLOW PINE CHIPMUNK23 RED-TAILED CHIPMUNK24 WOODCHUCK25 YELLOW-BELLIED MARMOT26 HOARY MARMOT27 COLUMBIAN GROUND SQUIRREL28 MANTLED GROUND SQUIRREL29 RED SQUIRREL30 NORTHERN FLYING SQUIRREL31 NORTHERN POCKET GOPHER

Order- Rodentia32 GREAT BASIN POCKET MOUSE33 BEAVER34 DEER MOUSE35 BUSHY-TAILED WOODRAT36 BOREAL RED-BACKED VOLE37 HEATHER VOLE

Myotis lucifugusMyotis yumanensisMyotis evotisMyotis thysanodesMyotis volansMyotis califomicusMyotis subulatusLasionycteris noctivagansEptesicus fuscusLasiurus borealisLasiurus cinereusPlecotus towsendiAntrozous pallidus

Ochotona princepsLepus americanusSylvilagus nuttalli

Eutamias amoenusEutamias ruficaudusMarmota monaxMarmota flaviventrisMarmota caligataCitellus columbianusCitellus lateralisTamiasciurus hudsomcusGlaucomys sabrinusThomomys talpoides

Perognathus parvusCastor canadensisPeromyscus maniculatusNeotoma cinereaClethrionomys gappenPhenacomys intermedius

cXXuXcXXcXXXX

ccX

ccXcucuccc

Xccccu

Table 96 (cont). Mammals of the Colville National Forest and vicinity.

Specie;

Order-3839404142434445464748

Order-495051525354555657585960616263646566

Order-67686970717273

sname

Rodentia, cont.MEADOW VOLEMOUNTAIN VOLELONG-TAILED VOLEWATER VOLESAGEBRUSH VOLEMUSKRATNORTHERN BOG LEMMINGNORWAY RATHOUSE MOUSEWESTERN JUMPING MOUSEPORCUPINE

CarnivoraCOYOTEGRAY WOLFRED FOXBLACK BEARGRIZZLY BEARRACCOONAMERICAN MARTENFISHERSHORT-TAILED WEASELLONG-TAILED WEASELMINKWOLVERINEBADGERSTRIPED SKUNKRIVER OTTERMOUNTAIN LIONLYNXBOBCAT

ArtiodactylaROCKY MOUNTAIN ELKMULE DEERWHITE-TAILED DEERMOOSEWOODLAND CARIBOUMOUNTAIN GOATROCKY MOUNTAIN BIGHORN SHEEP

Scientific name

Microtus pennsylvanicusMicrotus montanusMicrotus longicaudusArvicola richardsoniLagurus curtatusOndatra zibethicusSynaptomys borealisRattus norvegicusMus musculusZapus princepsErethizon dorsatum

Canis latransCams lupusVulpesfulvaUrsus americanusUrsus arctosProcyon lotorMartes americanaMartes pennantiMustela ermineaMustela frenataMustela visonGulo luscusTaxidea taxusMephitis mephitisLutra canadensisFelis concolorLynx canadensisLynxrufus

Cervus canadensisOdocoileus hemionusOdocoileus virgimanusA Ices aloesRangifer tarandusOreamnos americanusOvis canadensis

Abundance

CXXXXCUIXICC

CXXCRCCRCCCRUCUCUC

CCCURII

360

Table 97. Reptiles and amphibians found on the Colville National Forest and vicinity. Datafrom Slater (1963, 1964).

Common name

1 BLOTCHED TIGER SALAMANDER

2 CENTRAL LONG-TOED SALAMANDER

3 GREAT BASIN SPADEFOOT

4 WESTERN TOAD

5 PACIFIC TREE FROG

6 SPOTTED FROG

7 NORTHERN LEOPARD FROG

8 BULLFROG

9 PAINTED TURTLE

10 WESTERN SKINK

11 NORTHERN ALLIGATOR LIZARD

12 ROCKY MOUNTAIN RUBBER BOA

13 WESTERN YELLOW-BELLIED RACER

14 GREAT BASIN GOPHER SNAKE

15 VALLEY GARTER SNAKE

16 WANDERING GARTER SNAKE

17 NORTHERN PACIFIC RATTLESNAKE

Scientific name

Ambystoma tigrinum

Ambystoma macrodactylum

Scaphiopus inennontanus

Bufo boreus

Hyla regilla

Ranapretiosa

Rana pipens

Rana catesbeiana

Chrysemys picta

Eumeces sidltonianus

Gerrhonotus coeruleus

Charina bottae

Coluber constrictor

Pituophis melanoleucus

Thamnophis sirtalis

Thamnophis elegans

Crotalus viridus

361

Table 98. Fishes of the Colville National Forest and vicinity.

Species name

1 White Sturgeon

2 Kokanee (Silver Trout)*

3 Westslope Cutthroat Trout*

4 Coastal Rainbow Trout*

5 Redband Trout (Interior Rainbow)*

6 Brown Trout*

7 Brook Trout*

8 Bull Trout*

9 Lake Trout*

10 Pygmy Whitefish*

11 Mountain Whitefish*

12 Grass Pickerel

13 Common Carp*

14 Tench*

15 TuiChub

16 Redside Shiner*

17 Northern Squawfish*

18 Peamouth

19 Chiselmouth

20 Longnose Dace

21 Leopard Dace

22 Speckled Dace*

23 Bridgelip Sucker*

24 Largescale Sucker*

25 Black Bullhead

26 Yellow Bullhead

27 Brown Bullhead*

28 Threespine Stickleback

29 Burbot (Lingcod)*

Scientific name

Acipenser transmontanus

Onchorhynchus nerka kennerlyi

Onchorhynchus clarki lewisi

Oncorhynchus myhss irideus

Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri

Saimo tmtta

Salvelinus fontinalis

Salvelinus confluentus

Salvelinus namaycush

Prosopium coulteri

Prosopium williamsoni

Esox americanus

Cypnnus carpio

Tinea tinea

Gila bicolor

Richardsonius balteatus

Ptychocheilus oregonensis

Mylocheilus caurinus

Acrocheilus alutaceus

Rhimchthys cataractae

Rhinichthys falcatus

Rhinichthys osculus

Catostomus columbianus

Catostomus macrocheilus

Ictalurus melas

Ictalurus natalis

Ictalurus nebulosus

Gasterosteus aculeatus

Lota lota

362

Table 98 (cont). Fishes of the Colville National Forest and vicinity.

Species name

30 Smallmouth Bass*

31 Largemouth Bass*

32 Black Crappie*

33 Green Sunfish

34 Pumpkinseed Sunfish*

35 Walleye

36 Yellow Perch*

37 PncklySculpin(l)

38 Mottled Sculpin (1)

39 Piute Sculpin*

40 Torrent Sculpm(l)

41 Shorthead Sculpm (1)

42 Slimy Sculpin*

43 Arctic Grayling*

Scientific name

Micropterus dolomieui

Micropterus salmoides

Pomoxis nigromaculatus

Lepomis cyanellus

Lepomis gibbosus

Stizostedion vitreum

Perca flavescens

Coitus asper

Coitus bairdi

Coitus beldingi

Coitus rhotheus

Coitus confusus

Cottus cognatus

Thymallus arcticus

* Species found in waters on the Colville N.F. proper.(1) Sculpin are present in waters on the Forest, but data on species is incomplete.

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APPENDIX 4

• Field Form for Plant AssociationIdentification

364

ECOLOGY FIELD FORM - COLVILLE NATIONAL FOREST

DATE / / T N

DISTRICT

COMPARTMENT CELL

GENERALLOCATION

PLANT ASSOCIATION

ELEVATION FT. SLOPE

POSITION:(circle) SLOPE1-Ridge CONFIGURATION^2-Upper 1/3 1-Convex3-Mid slope 2-Straight(flat)4-Lower 1/3 3-Concave5-Bench or flat6-Valley bottom

Scientific nameTREES1 Abies grandis2 Abies lasiocarpa3 Betula papyri/era4 Larix occidentalis5 Picea engelmannii6 Pinus albicaulis1 Pinus contorta8 Pinus monticola9 Pinus ponderosa10 Populus tremuloides11 Populus trichocarpa12 Pseudotsuga menziesii13 Thuja plicata14 Tsuga heterophylla

SHRUBS AND SUBSHRUBS1 Acerglabrum var. Douglasii2 Ainus sinuata3 Amelanchier ainifolia4 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi5 Berberis aquifolium6 Comus canadensis7 Comus stolonifera8 Holodiscus discolor9 Linnaea borealis10 Memiesia ferruginea11 Opiopanax horridum12 Pachistima myrsinites13 Physocarpus malvaceus14 Pyrola secunda

R

%

circle)

Code

ABGRABLA2BEPALAOCPENPIALPICOPIMOPIPOPOTRPOTR2PSMETHPLTSHE

ACGLDALSIAMALARUVBEAQCOCACOSTHODILIBOLMEFEOPHOPAMYPHMAPYSE

E SEC E

OBSERVER

COMMUNTTYTYPE

ASPECT

% CROWN COVER: (1/10th acre)PERCENT AREArft2^ RADIUS fft.1

Trace <43.6 <3.71% 43.6 3.75% 217.8 8.310% 435.6 11.8

%COVERCommon name OSf>12') USr<12')

grand firsubalpine firpaper birchwestern larchEngelmann sprucewhitebark pinelodgepole pinewestern white pineponderosa pinequaking aspenblack cottonwoodDouglas-firwestern redcedarwestern hemlock

Douglas mapleSitka alderserviceberrybearbenyOregon grapebunchberry dogwoodred-osier dogwoodocean-spraytwinflowerrusty menziesiadevil's clubpachistimanmebarksidebells pyrola

365

ECOLOGY FIELD FORM - COLVILLE NATIONAL FOREST

Scientific nameSHRUBS AND SUBSHRUBS15 Rhododendron albiflorum16 Ribes lacustre17 Rubus parviflorus18 Rubus pedatus\ 9 Sahx scouleriana20 Shepherdia canadensis21 Sorbus scopulina22 Spirea betulifolia var. lucida23 Symphoricarpos albus24 Symphoricarpos oreophilus25 Vaccinium caespitosum26 Vaccinium membranaceum27 Vaccinium myrtillus28 Vaccinium scoparium29 Xerophyllum tenax

HERBS1 Actaea rubra2 Adenocaulon bicolor3 Agropyron spicatum4 Aralia nudicaulis5 ./Irwt'co cordifolia6 Asarum caudatum7 Athyrium ftlix-femina8 Balsamorhiza sagittata9 Calamagrostis rubescens10 Clintonia uniflora11 Equisetum arvense12 Equisetum sylvaticum13 Fetsuca idahoensis14 Galium triflorum15 Goodyera oblongifolia16 Gymnocarpium dryopteris17 Lupmus species18 Luzula hitchcocfdi19 Senecio triangularis20 Smilacina racemosa21 Smilacina stellata22 Streptopus amplexifolius23 Tiarella unifoliata24 Trautvetteria caroliniensis25 Trillium ovatum26 Valeriana sitchensis27 r/o/a orbiculata

ADDITIONAL SPECIES OROBSERVATIONS

Code

RHALRILARUPARUPESASCSHCASOSC2SPBELSYALSYORVACAVAMEVAMYVASCXETE

ACRUADBIAGSPARNU3ARCOASCA3ATFIBASACARUCLUNEQAREQSYFEIDGATRGOOBGYDRLUPINLUHISETRSMRASMSTSTAMTIUNTRCA3TROVVASIVIOR2

Common name %COVER

Cascade azaleaprickly currantthunbleberryfive-leaved brambleScouler willowrusset buffaloberrymountain ashshiny-leaf spireacommon snowberrymountam snowberrydwarf huckleberrybig huckleberrylow huckleberrygrouse huckleberrybeargrass

baneberrypathfinderbluebunch wheatgrasswild sarsaparillaheartleaf arnicawild gingerlady-femarrowleaf balsamrootpinegrassqueencup beadlilycommon horsetailwood horsetailIdaho fescuesweetscented bedstraww. rattlesnake plantainoak-femlupine speciessmooth woodrusharrowleaf groundselfeather solomonplumestarry solomonplumeclaspleaf twisted-stalkcoolwort foamflowerfalse bugbanewhite trilliumSitka valerianaround-leaved violet

366

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Absent Not found in the plot, community or association.

Abundant When relating to plant canopy cover in association descriptions or key, any species with25% or more cover (after Pfister et al. 1977).

Accidental A species infrequently found in a particular habitat that is present as an accident or flukeof establishment.

All-aged A condition of a forest or stand that contains trees of all or almost all age classes. It isgenerally a primary stand where individuals have entered at various times when and where suitableconditions such as space has allowed. (See Uneven-aged).

Allelopathy The influence of one plant upon another by products of metabolism. "Chemical warfareof plants".

Alpine The part of a mountain above the tree line; or refers to plants that grow in that environment.Thus by definition there is no such thing as an alpine tree because alpine means "above the tree line".

Annual A plant that grows, matures, produces seed and dies in only one year.

Association a. A unit of vegetation classification based on the projected climax community type.b. A group of plants growing together in a climax state, c. An assemblage of species recognized andcharacterized by certain characteristic dominates, d. R. Daubenmire: "...a particular combination ofclimax tree and understory dominants..." (Daubenmire 1968).

Awn A slender bristle or hairlike projection.

Biennial A plant that completes its life cycle in 2 years and then dies.

Bunchgrass A grass that grows from a bunch or clump (see Caespitose, Contrast withRhizomatous.)

Caespitose Growing in dense tufts, i.e. bunchgrass.

Canopy The cover of branches and foliage formed collectively by the crowns of adjacent trees.

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Clearcut The cutting method that describes the silvicultural system in which harvesting removesmost or all of the existing trees over a considerable area at one time. An even-aged forest usuallyresults.

Climax A self-replacing association or species; with no evidence of replacement by other plants.

Climax community The stable community in an ecological succession which is able to reproduceitself indefinitely under existing environmental conditions in the absence of disturbance. Viewed asthe final stage or end-point in plant succession for a site. The climax community develops andmaintains itself in steady state conditions (without disturbance). Often termed the association.

Climax species Species that are self perpetuating in the absence of disturbance without evidence ofreplacement by other species. Usually considered the most shade tolerant and competitive species.

Oimax vegetation The pattern or complex of climax communities in a landscape corresponding tothe pattern of environmental gradients or habitats (Gabriel and Talbot 1984).

Clone A group of individuals that originated vegetatively from a single individual.

Codominant Species in a mixed stand that are about equally numerous and vigorous, forming partof the upper canopy of a forest.

Common When used in association descriptions or keys any species with 1% or more cover in thestand (several individuals present) (after Pfister et al. 1977). Often may include species with covervalues somewhat less than 1% since trace was not recorded in the Colville N.F. data.

Community A general term for an assemblage of plants living together and interacting amongthemselves in a specific location; no particular ecological status is implied.

Community type An aggregation of all plant communities with similar structure and floristiccomposition. A unit of vegetation within a classification with no particular successional statusimplied.

Constancy The number of occurrences of a species in a series of plots divided by the total numberof plots (expressed as a percentage and all plots must be the same size), i.e. If a particular associationhas 10 plots and a species is found in 8 of the 10 then its constancy is 80%.

Cover Usually meant as canopy cover which is the gross outline of the foliage of an individual plantor group of plants within a stand or plot. Expressed as a percent of the total area of the plot and mayexceed 100% if more than one layer is considered.

Decumbent Lying on the ground with a prostrate base and erect tips.

Depauperate Poorly developed in terms of both species and cover of individuals.

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Dominant A taxon or group oftaxa which by their collective size, mass, or numbers exert the mostinfluence on other components of the ecosystem (Daubenmire 1978).

Duff The partially decomposed organic matter (litter of leaves, flowers and/or fruits) found beneathplants, as on a forest floor.

Ecotone The boundary or transition zone between plant communities.

Edaphic Refers to the soil.

Ephemeral Lasting only a short time.

Epiphyte An organism that grows on another plant, but is not parasitic on it.

Even-aged management The application of a combination of actions that results in the creation ofstands in which trees of essentially the same age grow together. The difference in age between treesforming the main canopy level of a stand usually does not exceed 20 percent of the age of the levelof a stand at maturity. Cutting methods producing even-aged stands are clearcut, shelterwood, orseed tree.

Evergreen Foliage remains green throughout the year; not deciduous.

Forb An herb. Any herbaceous plant that is not grasslike.

Genus A taxonomic class below a family and above a species (e.g. all pines are of one genus).

Graminoid Refers to an herb with long narrow leaves such as grasses and grasslike plants (sedgesand rushes).

Grass Any member of the family Gramineae.

Grasslike Includes plants such as sedges and rushes that resemble grasses in gross morphology butare not part of the family Gramineae. See Graminoid.

Group selection The cutting method which describes the silvicultural system in which trees areremoved periodically in small groups resulting in openings that do not exceed 1 to 2 acres in size.This usually leads to the formation of an uneven-aged stand.

Habit The general growth form and appearance of a species.

Habitat The area or type of environment in which an organism or population normally lives oroccurs.

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Habitat type Defined originally by R. Daubenmire to mean: "All the area that now supports, orwithin recent time has supported, and presumably is still capable of supporting, one plantassociation..." (Daubenmire 1968). An aggregation of all land areas capable of supporting similarplant communities at climax (Pfister et al. 1977).

Herb A plant with a fleshy stem that dies back to ground level each year. A non-woody plant.

Herbaceous Leaf-like in color and texture; non-woody.

Hydric A relative term used with xeric and mesic to denote the wetness of a site. Xeric-mesic-hydricindicates from dry to wet. Hygric is a synonymous term that is probably more appropriate (orcorrect).

Hygric See Hydric.

Increaser A native plant that increases under disturbance (usually grazing). It carries a negativeconnotation for determination of range condition.

Indicator species A species which is sensitive to important environmental feature of a site such thatits constancy or abundance reflect significant changes in environmental factors. A plant whosepresence indicates specific site conditions or a type.

Individual tree selection The cutting method that describes the silvicultural system in which treesare removed individually over an entire stand over time. This usually results in uneven-aged stands.

Invader A introduced plant that increases after its introduction into a site; generally after some typeof disturbance. As used in range management the term carries the connotation of being undesirablefor grazing.

Krummholz The stunted growth habit, literally crooked wood, caused by wind and found in certaintree species at their upper limit of distribution.

Layering The ability of a plant to form roots where its stem comes in contact with the ground, (e.g.western redcedar or Pacific yew)

Litter The uppermost layer of organic debris on a forest floor consisting essentially of freshly fallenor only slightly decomposed vegetative matter.

Mesic A relative term used with xeric and hydric to denote the wetness of a site. Xeric-mesic-hydricindicates from dry to wet. Characterized by intermediate moisture conditions, neither decidedly wetnor dry.

Meso-, or Mes A prefix used to indicate middle or intermediate condition such as mesic(intermediate in terms of moisture and/or temperature; or along a gradient of riparian conditions suchas riparian, meso-riparian, xero-riparian to non-riparian communities or species).

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Microsite A small area (usually only a few square feet) of different site or habitat conditions fromthat surrounding it. (e.g. A small concave area within a larger area of convex slope.)

Moderate Used in the context of not extreme in terms of temperature, elevation and moisture.

Montane The biogeographic zone made up of relatively moist cool upland slopes between the lowerand upper timberlines, generally characterized by large evergreen trees as a dominant life form.

Mottling Variation of coloration in soils as represented by localized spots, patches, or blotches ofcontrasting color. Commonly develops under alternating wet and dry periods with associatedreduction and oxidation environments. Mottling generally indicates poor aeration and impededdrainage (Youngblood et al. 1985).

Old-growth Stands which are generally well past the age of maturity as defined by the culminationof mean annual increment and often exhibit characteristics of decadence. These characteristics mayinclude, but are not limited to: low growth rates, dead and dying trees, snags, and down woodymaterial. The stands are usually characterized by large diameter trees relative to species and sitepotential, multi-layered canopies and a range in tree diameter sizes. The specific attributes of an old-growth stand are primarily dependent on plant associations and forest cover type (Bums and Honkala1990).

Perennial A plant that lives more than 2 years.

Pioneer A plant capable of invading a newly exposed soil surface and persisting there untilsupplanted by successor species.

Plot A circumscribed sampling area for vegetation (Lincoln et al. 1982).

Poorly represented When relating to plant coverage in association descriptions or keys, includesany species with less than 5% cover, including absent. In practice often indicates species that are notespecially apparent (after Pfister et al. \ 977).

Pole-size A young tree generally with a d b.h. of not less than 4 in. or greater than 12 in.

Presence The state or fact of being present; or similar to constancy except that all the plots need notbe the same size.

Present Found in the plot (not obviously restricted to atypical microsites) (after Pfister et al. 1977).

Principal layer The layer which defines the characteristic physiognomy of the vegetation (at anygeographic or classification scale) being considered.

Prostrate Growing flat along the ground.

Pumice A volcanic glass full of cavities and very light in weight.

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Regolith "All loose earth material above the underlying solid rock; more or less equivalent to theterm soil..." (Lincoln etal. 1982).

Reproducing successfully An evaluation of the reproductive success of trees where a speciesappears capable of reproducing itself under current conditions (mainly applied to closed canopyconditions). Generally 10 or more individuals per acre is used as an arbitrary starting point forevaluation. Other items normally considered include 1) the health and vigor of individuals, 2) thespecies in question are not restricted to atypical microsites and 3) are usually in more than one sizeclass in the understory (after Pfister et al. 1977).

Rhizomatous Having rhizomes.

Rhizome A root-like underground stem that sends out shoots from its upper surface and roots fromthe under surface.

Riparian That land, next to water, where plants dependent on a perpetual source of water occur(Kovalchik 1987).

Riparian ecosystem Interacting system between aquatic and terrestrial situation, identified by soilcharacteristics, and distinctive vegetation that requires or tolerates free or unbound water(Youngblood et al. 1985).

Riparian species Plant species occurring within the riparian zone. Obligate species require theenvironmental conditions within the riparian zone; facultative species tolerate the environmentalconditions, therefore may also occur away from the riparian zone (Youngblood et al. 1985).

Riparian zone A geographically delineated portion of the riparian ecosystem (Youngblood etal.1985).

Rootstock Rhizome.

Rosette A basal cluster of leaves, flowers, etc.; arranged in a circle or disc.

Rush Grasslike plants of the family Juncaceae, with hollow or pithy stems that are usually roundin shape and without nodes.

Sapling A tree more than 3 ft. in height and less than 4 inches in d.b.h.

Scarce When relating to plant coverage in association descriptions or keys, includes any speciesabsent or with less than 1% cover (only one or two small plants).

Secund Having the flowers or branches all on one side of the axis (e.g. Pyrola secunda).

Sedge A grasslike plant of the family Cyperaceae that resemble grasses but have solid (oftentriangular) stems without nodes.

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Seedling A tree grown from seed that has not yet reached a height of 3 ft. or exceeded 2 inches ind.b.h.

Seed tree The cutting method that describes the silvicultural system in which the dominant featureis the removal of all trees except for a pre-determined number of seed bearers left singly or in smallgroups. The seed trees are often harvested when regeneration is established. This usually results inan even-aged stand.

Serai A species or plant community that is replaced by another (over time) as succession progresses.See Sere.

Sere The complete sequence of ecological communities successively occupying an area.

Series An aggregation oftaxonomically related associations that takes the name of climax speciesthat dominate the principal layer (Driscoll et al. 1984). A group of associations or habitat types withthe same dominant climax species.

Serotinous Late in developing; particularly applied to fruit and cones that remain closed for a yearor more after the seeds mature.

Serpentine A mineral or rock consisting essentially of a hydrous magnesium silicate. It usually hasa dull green color and often a mottled appearance.

Shelterwood The cutting method that describes the silvicultural system in which trees are harvestedin two or more successive cuttings. This process provides a source of seed and/or protection forregeneration. An even-aged stand usually results.

Shrub A woody perennial that differs from trees in that it is typically smaller in stature and hasmultiple stems from the ground. They tend to be categorized as follows: Low shrubs are up to 2feet tall; Medium shrubs are 2 to 6 feet high; and tall shrubs are more than 6 feet tall. See Subshrub.

Site An area delimited by fairly uniform climatic and soil conditions. Similar to habitat.

Site index (SI) A measure of site class based upon the height of the dominant trees in a stand at anarbitrarily chosen age, most commonly 100 years.

Solum The upper and most weathered part of the soil profile, i.e., the A and B horizons.

Species A taxonomic class below that of genus; generally refers to organisms capable ofinterbreeding.

Stable The condition of little or no perceived change in plant communities that are in relativeequilibrium with existing environmental conditions; describes persistent but not necessarilyculminating stages (climax) in plant succession (Youngblood etal. 1985).

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Stand Vegetation occupying a specific area and sufficiently uniform in species composition, agearrangement, structure and condition as to be distinguished from the vegetation on adjoining areas.A group of plants with a more-or-less uniform condition(s) such as composition, age, structure,condition, etc. Stands are real entities and can be sampled. Compare association, habitat type,community.

Stolen A creeping stem above the ground that roots at the nodes. Compare with Rhizome.

Stoloniferous Having or bearing stolons.

Subalpine A forested zone just below the treeless (alpine) zone. See Alpine.

Subshrub A very low (usually less than Ifoot tall) and semi-woody plant with a persistent,somewhat woody base. Some consider them as woody herbs. PYSE, CHUMO and LIBOL areexamples ofsubshrubs. (SufTrutescent is the proper botanical term for semi-shrubby plants.)

Succession The replacement of one type of community or species by another. Often given theconnotation of leading towards the climax but this is not necessarily so in all uses.

Succulent With thick, fleshy stems or leaves.

SufTrutescent Semi-woody, or half shrubby. See Subshrub.

Suppressed Very slowly growing trees with crowns in the lower layer of the canopy. Such treesare subordinate to dominants, codominants, and intermediates in the crown canopy.

Tiller A shoot from the base of a grass.

Timberline The upper or lower limit beyond which trees do not grow. The lower timberline isusually related to drought and the upper to low temperatures. See Tree line.

Trailing Prostrate, but not rooting.

Tree A woody plant with a single stem (usually) and more than 8 feet tall.

Tree line The limit beyond which trees do not grow except perhaps in a stunted form. Comparewith Timberline.

Undergrowth A generalized term that refers to the plants under a taller canopy of vegetation suchas shrubs under a canopy of trees. See Understory.

Understory Sometimes has the same meaning as undergrowth but usually carries the connotationof meaning small trees.

Uneven-aged A condition of forest or stand that contains a mix of trees that differ markedly in age.

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Well represented When relating to plant coverage in association descriptions or keys, any specieswith more than 5% canopy cover (readily apparent) (after Pfister et al. 1977).

Wintergreen Green throughout the year. Evergreen but without the connotation that evergreencarries of being specific to tree foliage.

Xero- A Greek prefix meaning dry; i.e. xerophyte = a dryness enduring or drought tolerant plant.Compare with the meaning ofMesic and Hydric (hygric).

Xeric Characterized by or adapted to a dry habitat. Compare with Hydric.

Zone The geographic area of uniform macroclimate where the climatic associations share the samecharacteristic species of the principal layer. Note: The zone has been used by Daubenmire (1978)to describe the geographical area over which one association is climatic climax. His definition is morespecific than the definition given above. The definition as used herein approximates the geographicalarea of a series, or possibly portions of other series, rather than the area of one association.

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Williams, Clinton 1C; Kelley, Brian F.; Smith, Bradley G.; Lillybridge, Terry R.1995. Forested plant associations of the Colville National Forest. Gen. Tech. Rep.PNW-GTR-360. Portland, OR. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,Pacific Northwest Research Station. 375 p. In cooperation with: Pacific NorthwestRegion, Colville National Forest.

A classification of forest vegetation is presented for the Colville National Forest innortheastern Washington State. It is based on potential vegetation with the plant associationas the basic unit. The classification is based on a sample of approximately 229 intensiveplots and 282 reconnaisance plots distributed across the forest from 1980 to 1983. Thehierarchical classification includes 5 forest tree series and 39 plant associations orcommunity types. Diagnostic keys are presented for each tree series and plant associationor community type. Descriptions include information about plant association or communityspecies composition, occurrences, distribution, environment and soils, forest productivity,management implications and relations to other vegetation classifications. Backgroundinformation is also presented on the ecology, geology, soils, climate, and fire history of theColville National Forest.

Keywords: Vegetation classification, climax plant communities, potential vegetation, plantassociation, vegetation series, forest ecology, fire, wildife, range, northeastern Washington.

The Forest Service of the U.S. Department ofAgriculture is dedicated to the principle of multipleuse management of the Nation's forest resourcesfor sustained yields of wood, water, forage, wildlife,and recreation. Through forestry research,cooperation with the States and private forestowners, and management of the National Forestsand National Grasslands, it strives—as directed byCongress—to provide increasingly greater serviceto a growing Nation.

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)prohibits discrimination in its programs on the basisof race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability,political beliefs, and marital or familial status. (Not allprohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons withdisabilities who require alternative means of communicationof program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.)should contact the USDA Office of Communications at(202)720-2791.

To file a complaint, write the Secretary of Agriculture,U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC 20250,or call (202) 720-7327 (voice), or (202) 720-1127 (TDD).USDA is an equal employment opportunity employer

Pacific Northwest Research Station333 S.W First AvenuePO Box 3890Portland, Oregon 97208-3890

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