Personal names from Kaniš: the oldest Indo-European linguistic material

Personal names from Kaniš: the oldest Indo-European linguistic

material

Alwin Kloekhorst ([email protected])

The Impact of Migration in the Ancient Near East

Directed by J.G. Dercksen, Funded by NWO

Farewell symposium Michiel de Vaan, 19 June 2014, Leiden

- The oldest attested IE language: Hittite


Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)


Kaniš / Neša (1930 - 1720 BC)

Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)


Kaniš / Neša (in Old Assyrian) (1930 - 1720 BC)

Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)


Aššur

Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)



Aššur

Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)


trading

Kaniš (modern-day Kültepe):


Anatolian city


Anatolian city (incl. palace)


Anatolian city (incl. palace) vs. Assyrian kārum

kārum Kaniš:

kārum Kaniš:

- where all the Assyrian merchants lived

kārum Kaniš:

- where all the Assyrian merchants lived

- where most of the 23,000 OAss. texts stem from

Old Assyrian texts stem from private archives

Old Assyrian texts stem from private archives,

they contain administrative texts:

- sale contracts - divorce contracts

- debt notes - letters

- wedding contracts - testimonies

Old Assyrian texts stem from private archives,

they contain administrative texts:

- sale contracts - divorce contracts

- debt notes - letters

- wedding contracts - testimonies

Ca. 23,000 texts are excavated, some 4,500 of which are published, although many unpublished texts are made available for the members of the Old Assyrian Text Project.

Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts


- thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000)



- mostly Assyrian



- mostly Assyrian

- hundreds of non-Assyrian names



- mostly Assyrian


→ names of local, Anatolian population



- mostly Assyrian



- my database: ca. 1900 non-Assyrian persons



- mostly Assyrian




→ what language do these belong to?



- mostly Assyrian





difficult question:



- mostly Assyrian





meaning

difficult question: form

language



- mostly Assyrian





meaning?


language



- mostly Assyrian





meaning? (names!)


language



- mostly Assyrian





meaning? (names!)


language?



- mostly Assyrian





meaning? (names!)

difficult question: form ?

language?

Are some of these Hittite?


- Hittites call their language nešili, kanišumnili ‘the language of (the people of) Kaniš / Neša’



- the oldest Hittite texts (Anitta-text, Zalpa-text) are situated in Kaniš / Neša




→ Kaniš / Neša is the original home-town of the Hittites




→ Kaniš / Neša is the original home-town of the Hittites

→ some time before 1650 BC the royal house moved from Kaniš to Ḫattuša, taking along their language


- some Kanišite names occur in Hittite:


- some Kanišite names occur in Hittite:

Kaniš Ḫattuša

ḫapuašu = mḪappuu̯aššu

ilaliuman = mIlaliuma

inarawa = mInnarau ̯a

šupiuman = mŠuppiuman


- some Kanišite onomastic elements resemble Hitite words:



-ḫšu (m.) vs. -ḫšušar (f.)




ḫapiaḫšu ḫapiaḫšušar





niwaḫšu niwaḫšušar






šupiaḫšu šupiaḫšušar







Hitt. ḫaššu- ‘king’ vs. ḫaššuššara- ‘queen’







Hitt. ḫaššu- ‘king’ vs. ḫaššuššara- ‘queen’

(ḫašš- ‘to give birth’, so maybe originally ‘child’?)




ḫapi-a-ḫšu ḫapi-a-ḫšušar ‘rich’ +







niwa-ḫšu niwa-ḫšušar ‘new’ +






niwa-ḫšu niwa-ḫšušar ‘new’ +

šupi-a-ḫšu šupi-a-ḫšušar ‘pure’ +



-nika (f.)



-nika (f.) ~ Hitt. neka- ‘sister’



-nika (f.) ~ Hitt. neka- ‘sister’ (vs. Luw. nanašri-)




-uman (m.)




-uman (m.) ~ Hitt. -umen- / -um(a)n- ‘coming from’





(also in e.g. Šuppiluliuma(n)-)





(also in e.g. Šuppiluliuma(n)-)

(vs. Luw. -u̯ann(i)-)

Table:

Table: 181 different Hittite names in Kaniš


(6 of which in Ḫattuša)


→ the oldest Indo-European language material!

Problems in interpretation


- many elements are unclear



- also due to the defective nature of OAss. cuneiform script:




- syllabic signs (so no tricons. clusters)





- no geminates





- no geminates

- no difference in voice (except TA vs. DA)





- no geminates


- no -nC-clusters





- no geminates


- no -nC-clusters

- only a, i, u

Clusters

Clusters

king’s name: wa-ar-áš-ma

Clusters


wa-ar-ša-ma

Clusters


wa-ar-ša-ma

wa-ar-šu-ma

Clusters


wa-ar-ša-ma

wa-ar-šu-ma

/warsma/

Clusters


wa-ar-ša-ma

wa-ar-šu-ma

/warsma/

[warsǝma]

Clusters


wa-ar-ša-ma

wa-ar-šu-ma

CTMMA 1, 90: ta-am-ri-a

/warsma/

[warsǝma]

Clusters


wa-ar-ša-ma

wa-ar-šu-ma


ta-mu-ri-a

/warsma/

[warsǝma]

Clusters


wa-ar-ša-ma

wa-ar-šu-ma


ta-mu-ri-a

/warsma/

[warsǝma]

/tmria/

Clusters


wa-ar-ša-ma

wa-ar-šu-ma


ta-mu-ri-a

/warsma/

[warsǝma]

/tmria/

[tmǝria]

Clusters


wa-ar-ša-ma

wa-ar-šu-ma


ta-mu-ri-a

→ certain examples

/warsma/

[warsǝma]

/tmria/

[tmǝria]

Clusters

less certain:

Clusters

less certain:

ša-ak-ri-ú-ma-an

Clusters

less certain:

ša-ak-ri-ú-ma-an

ší-ik-ri-ú-ma-an

Clusters

less certain:

ša-ak-ri-ú-ma-an

ší-ik-ri-ú-ma-an

/skrioman/

Clusters

less certain:

ša-ak-ri-ú-ma-an

ší-ik-ri-ú-ma-an

ša-ḫi-iš-nu-ma-an

/skrioman/

Clusters

less certain:

ša-ak-ri-ú-ma-an

ší-ik-ri-ú-ma-an


ší-ḫi-iš-nu-ma-an

/skrioman/

Clusters

less certain:

ša-ak-ri-ú-ma-an

ší-ik-ri-ú-ma-an



/skrioman/

/shisnoman/

Clusters

less certain:

ša-ak-ri-ú-ma-an

ší-ik-ri-ú-ma-an



wa-al-ḫa-áš-na

/skrioman/

/shisnoman/

Clusters

less certain:

ša-ak-ri-ú-ma-an

ší-ik-ri-ú-ma-an



wa-al-ḫa-áš-na

wa-al-ḫi-iš-na

/skrioman/

/shisnoman/

Clusters

less certain:

ša-ak-ri-ú-ma-an

ší-ik-ri-ú-ma-an



wa-al-ḫa-áš-na

wa-al-ḫi-iš-na

wa-lá-aḫ-ší-na

/skrioman/

/shisnoman/

Clusters

less certain:

ša-ak-ri-ú-ma-an

ší-ik-ri-ú-ma-an



wa-al-ḫa-áš-na

wa-al-ḫi-iš-na

wa-lá-aḫ-ší-na

/skrioman/

/shisnoman/

/walhsna/

TA vs. DA

TA vs. DA

ḫi-iš-ta-aḫ-šu

TA vs. DA

ḫi-iš-ta-aḫ-šu : always (30x) spelled with TA

TA vs. DA


(also ḫa-áš-ta-aḫ-šu, so /hstahsu/)

TA vs. DA



ḫu-ma-da-šu

TA vs. DA



ḫu-ma-da-šu : always (>30x) spelled with DA

TA vs. DA




complementary distribution

TA vs. DA




analyzed as Hitt. ḫūmant- ‘all’ + āššu- ‘good’

TA vs. DA





→ /homand-asu/

TA vs. DA





→ /homand-asu/

also 1x ḫu-mu-un-da-šu

TA vs. DA





→ /homand-asu/

also 1x ḫu-mu-un-da-šu : /homǝnd-asu/?

TA vs. DA





→ /homand-asu/

(PIE *h2eiu̯-u̯ent-)


(PIE *h2eiu̯-u̯n̥t-)

TA vs. DA





→ /homand-asu/




→ phonetic value of DA = /nda/

TA vs. DA





→ /homand-asu/




→ phonetic value of DA = /nda/

[Ass. did not have -nC-clusters: e.g. *indin > iddin ‘he will give’]

TA vs. DA

tár-ḫu-da-šu

TA vs. DA

tár-ḫu-da-šu : /tarhundasu/

TA vs. DA

tár-ḫu-da-šu : /tarhund-asu/

TA vs. DA

tár-ḫu-da-šu : /tarhund-asu/ < *trh2unt- + āššu-

TA vs. DA


‘storm-god’ + ‘good’

TA vs. DA



ša-da-aḫ-šu

TA vs. DA



ša-da-aḫ-šu : /sandahsu/

TA vs. DA



ša-da-aḫ-šu : /sanda-hsu/

TA vs. DA



ša-da-aḫ-šu : /sanda-hsu/ < Šanda- + ḫaššu-

TA vs. DA




‘(a deity)’ + ‘child / king’

TA vs. DA





ta-ri-ku-da

TA vs. DA





ta-ri-ku-da / ti-ri-ku-da

TA vs. DA





ta-ri-ku-da / ti-ri-ku-da : /trikunda/

TA vs. DA





ta-ri-ku-da / ti-ri-ku-da : /trikunda/ = /trikǝmda/

TA vs. DA






< PIE *tri-ḱmt-o- ‘13th’ or ‘30’?

TA vs. DA







cf.

ša-áp-ta-ma-ni-kà (f.) /sptmanika/

TA vs. DA







cf.

ša-áp-ta-ma-ni-kà (f.) /sptmanika/

< *sptmo- + neka- ‘7th sister’

TA vs. DA

iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu

TA vs. DA

iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu

TA vs. DA

iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : /spundahsu/

TA vs. DA

iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : /spundahsu/ = /spǝndahsu/

TA vs. DA

iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : /spund-a-hsu/ = /spǝnd-a-hsu/

TA vs. DA


< PIE *spnd- ‘to libate’ ?

(Hitt. išpānt-i / išpant- ‘libate’)

Detailed history


< PIE *spnd- ‘to libate’ ?

(Hitt. išpānt-i / išpant- ‘libate’)

Detailed history


if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’:

Detailed history



qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu-

Detailed history



qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/

Detailed history




iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu-

Detailed history


if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’: ?



Detailed history





Detailed history

iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : /(ɨ)spundahsu/ = /(ɨ)spǝndahsu/




Detailed history [Assyrian perception] ← /underlying Hittite form/

iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : [(ɨ)spundahsu] = /(ɨ)spǝndahsu/





iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : [(ɨ)spundahsu] = /(ɨ)spǝndahasu/





iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : [(ɨ)spundahsu] = /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/









Problem:






Problem:

also attested in Hattuša Hittite:






Problem:


mIš-pu-ta-aḫ-šu- mIš-pu-taḫ-šu- mIš-pu-da-aḫ-šu-






Problem:


mIš-pu-ta-aḫ-šu- mIš-pu-taḫ-šu- mIš-pu-da-aḫ-šu-

king of Kizzuwatna, ca. 1525 BC (seal found in Tarsus)






Problem:


mIš-pu-ta-aḫ-šu- mIš-pu-taḫ-šu- /ɨspudahsu-/ mIš-pu-da-aḫ-šu-

king of Kizzuwatna, ca. 1525 BC (seal found in Tarsus)

Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu-

Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)

Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)


Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)

Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)

/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/


Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)

Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)

[(ɨ)spundahsu]

/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/


Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)

Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)

[(ɨ)spundahsu]

from underlying

/(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/

/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/


Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)

Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)

[(ɨ)spundahsu] (“Ass.”)

from underlying

/(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ (Hitt.)

/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/


Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)

Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)


from underlying


/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/

“proto-form”


Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)

Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)


from underlying


/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/

Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC)

“proto-form”


Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)

Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)


from underlying


/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/


/ɨspudahsu-/

“proto-form”


Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)

Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)


from underlying


/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/


/ɨspudahsu-/

“proto-form”

Kizzuwatnaean outcome


Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)

Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)


from underlying



/ɨspudahsu-/

“proto-form”

/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/

Around 1500 BC



Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)

Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)


from underlying



/ɨspudahsu-/

“proto-form”

/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/

Around 1500 BC


Ḫatti-Hittite vs. Kizzuwatna-Hittite


Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)

Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)


from underlying



/ɨspudahsu-/

“proto-form”

/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/


Around 1500 BC

?



Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)

Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)


from underlying



/ɨspudahsu-/

“proto-form”

/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/


Around 1500 BC

?


First time proof of dialectal diversity within Hittite!


Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)

Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)


from underlying


/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/


/ɨspudahsu-/

“proto-form”


Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)

Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)


from underlying


/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/


/ɨspudahsu-/


Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)

Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)

/(ɨ)spundahsu/

/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/


/ɨspudahsu-/


Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)

Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)

/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/


one form

/(ɨ)spundahsu/

/ɨspudahsu-/


Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)

Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)

/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/


older

/(ɨ)spundahsu/

younger

/ɨspudahsu-/


Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)

Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)

/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/


older

/(ɨ)spundahsu/

younger

/ɨspudahsu-/

1930 - 1500 BC

older


Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)

Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)

/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/


/(ɨ)spundahsu/

younger

/ɨspudahsu-/

1930 - 1500 BC

older


Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)

Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)


/(ɨ)spundahsu/

younger

/ɨspudahsu-/

1930 - 1500 BC

/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/

older


Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)

Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)


/(ɨ)spundahsu/

younger

/ɨspudahsu-/

1930 - 1500 BC

/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/

North-Hittite vs. South-Hittite

older


Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)

Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)


/(ɨ)spundahsu/

younger

/ɨspudahsu-/

1930 - 1500 BC

/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/


Very early dialectal diversity within Hittite!

older


Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)

Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)


/(ɨ)spundahsu/

younger

/ɨspudahsu-/

1930 - 1500 BC

/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/

?



older


Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)

Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)


/(ɨ)spundahsu/

younger

/ɨspudahsu-/

1930 - 1500 BC

/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/

?

= more archaic form

= innovated form



older



Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)

Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)


/(ɨ)spundahsu/

younger

/ɨspudahsu-/

1930 - 1500 BC

/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/

?

= more archaic form

= innovated form

= “Nešite”!


Conclusions

Conclusions

- OAss. texts contain oldest IE language material

Conclusions


- good arguments for Hittite

Conclusions



- interpretation is difficult

Conclusions




- e.g. išpudaḫšu = ‘libate + child/king’ < *spnd-ó-h2emsu-?

Conclusions





If so:

Conclusions





If so:

- mIšputaḫšu- points to a Kizzuwatna dialect of Hittite

Conclusions





If so:


- if Kizz. mIšputaḫšu- = Kan. išpudaḫšu, then Kizz.-Hittite already distinct from Ḫatt.-Hittite around 1900 BC

Conclusions





If so:


- if Kizz. mIšputaḫšu- = Kan. išpudaḫšu, then Kizz.-Hittite already distinct from Ḫatt.-Hittite around 1900 BC

→ raises many new questions...

Thank you

for your attention!

Personal names from Kaniš: the oldest Indo-European linguistic material

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