Personal names from Kaniš: the oldest Indo-European linguistic
material
Alwin Kloekhorst ([email protected])
The Impact of Migration in the Ancient Near East
Directed by J.G. Dercksen, Funded by NWO
Farewell symposium Michiel de Vaan, 19 June 2014, Leiden
- The oldest attested IE language: Hittite
Kaniš / Neša (in Old Assyrian) (1930 - 1720 BC)
Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)
- The oldest attested IE language: Hittite
Aššur
Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)
Kaniš / Neša (in Old Assyrian) (1930 - 1720 BC)
- The oldest attested IE language: Hittite
Aššur
Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)
Kaniš / Neša (in Old Assyrian) (1930 - 1720 BC)
trading
kārum Kaniš:
- where all the Assyrian merchants lived
- where most of the 23,000 OAss. texts stem from
Old Assyrian texts stem from private archives,
they contain administrative texts:
- sale contracts - divorce contracts
- debt notes - letters
- wedding contracts - testimonies
Old Assyrian texts stem from private archives,
they contain administrative texts:
- sale contracts - divorce contracts
- debt notes - letters
- wedding contracts - testimonies
Ca. 23,000 texts are excavated, some 4,500 of which are published, although many unpublished texts are made available for the members of the Old Assyrian Text Project.
Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts
- thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000)
- mostly Assyrian
Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts
- thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000)
- mostly Assyrian
- hundreds of non-Assyrian names
Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts
- thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000)
- mostly Assyrian
- hundreds of non-Assyrian names
→ names of local, Anatolian population
Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts
- thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000)
- mostly Assyrian
- hundreds of non-Assyrian names
→ names of local, Anatolian population
- my database: ca. 1900 non-Assyrian persons
Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts
- thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000)
- mostly Assyrian
- hundreds of non-Assyrian names
→ names of local, Anatolian population
- my database: ca. 1900 non-Assyrian persons
→ what language do these belong to?
Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts
- thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000)
- mostly Assyrian
- hundreds of non-Assyrian names
→ names of local, Anatolian population
- my database: ca. 1900 non-Assyrian persons
→ what language do these belong to?
difficult question:
Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts
- thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000)
- mostly Assyrian
- hundreds of non-Assyrian names
→ names of local, Anatolian population
- my database: ca. 1900 non-Assyrian persons
→ what language do these belong to?
meaning
difficult question: form
language
Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts
- thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000)
- mostly Assyrian
- hundreds of non-Assyrian names
→ names of local, Anatolian population
- my database: ca. 1900 non-Assyrian persons
→ what language do these belong to?
meaning
difficult question: form
language
Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts
- thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000)
- mostly Assyrian
- hundreds of non-Assyrian names
→ names of local, Anatolian population
- my database: ca. 1900 non-Assyrian persons
→ what language do these belong to?
meaning
difficult question: form
language
Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts
- thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000)
- mostly Assyrian
- hundreds of non-Assyrian names
→ names of local, Anatolian population
- my database: ca. 1900 non-Assyrian persons
→ what language do these belong to?
meaning
difficult question: form
language
Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts
- thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000)
- mostly Assyrian
- hundreds of non-Assyrian names
→ names of local, Anatolian population
- my database: ca. 1900 non-Assyrian persons
→ what language do these belong to?
meaning
difficult question: form
language
Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts
- thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000)
- mostly Assyrian
- hundreds of non-Assyrian names
→ names of local, Anatolian population
- my database: ca. 1900 non-Assyrian persons
→ what language do these belong to?
meaning
difficult question: form
language
Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts
- thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000)
- mostly Assyrian
- hundreds of non-Assyrian names
→ names of local, Anatolian population
- my database: ca. 1900 non-Assyrian persons
→ what language do these belong to?
meaning
difficult question: form
language
Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts
- thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000)
- mostly Assyrian
- hundreds of non-Assyrian names
→ names of local, Anatolian population
- my database: ca. 1900 non-Assyrian persons
→ what language do these belong to?
meaning
difficult question: form
language
Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts
- thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000)
- mostly Assyrian
- hundreds of non-Assyrian names
→ names of local, Anatolian population
- my database: ca. 1900 non-Assyrian persons
→ what language do these belong to?
meaning?
difficult question: form
language
Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts
- thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000)
- mostly Assyrian
- hundreds of non-Assyrian names
→ names of local, Anatolian population
- my database: ca. 1900 non-Assyrian persons
→ what language do these belong to?
meaning? (names!)
difficult question: form
language
Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts
- thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000)
- mostly Assyrian
- hundreds of non-Assyrian names
→ names of local, Anatolian population
- my database: ca. 1900 non-Assyrian persons
→ what language do these belong to?
meaning? (names!)
difficult question: form
language?
Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts
- thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000)
- mostly Assyrian
- hundreds of non-Assyrian names
→ names of local, Anatolian population
- my database: ca. 1900 non-Assyrian persons
→ what language do these belong to?
meaning? (names!)
difficult question: form ?
language?
Are some of these Hittite?
- Hittites call their language nešili, kanišumnili ‘the language of (the people of) Kaniš / Neša’
Are some of these Hittite?
- Hittites call their language nešili, kanišumnili ‘the language of (the people of) Kaniš / Neša’
- the oldest Hittite texts (Anitta-text, Zalpa-text) are situated in Kaniš / Neša
Are some of these Hittite?
- Hittites call their language nešili, kanišumnili ‘the language of (the people of) Kaniš / Neša’
- the oldest Hittite texts (Anitta-text, Zalpa-text) are situated in Kaniš / Neša
→ Kaniš / Neša is the original home-town of the Hittites
Are some of these Hittite?
- Hittites call their language nešili, kanišumnili ‘the language of (the people of) Kaniš / Neša’
- the oldest Hittite texts (Anitta-text, Zalpa-text) are situated in Kaniš / Neša
→ Kaniš / Neša is the original home-town of the Hittites
→ some time before 1650 BC the royal house moved from Kaniš to Ḫattuša, taking along their language
Are some of these Hittite?
- some Kanišite names occur in Hittite:
Kaniš Ḫattuša
ḫapuašu = mḪappuu̯aššu
ilaliuman = mIlaliuma
inarawa = mInnarau ̯a
šupiuman = mŠuppiuman
Are some of these Hittite?
- some Kanišite onomastic elements resemble Hitite words:
-ḫšu (m.) vs. -ḫšušar (f.)
Are some of these Hittite?
- some Kanišite onomastic elements resemble Hitite words:
-ḫšu (m.) vs. -ḫšušar (f.)
ḫapiaḫšu ḫapiaḫšušar
Are some of these Hittite?
- some Kanišite onomastic elements resemble Hitite words:
-ḫšu (m.) vs. -ḫšušar (f.)
ḫapiaḫšu ḫapiaḫšušar
niwaḫšu niwaḫšušar
Are some of these Hittite?
- some Kanišite onomastic elements resemble Hitite words:
-ḫšu (m.) vs. -ḫšušar (f.)
ḫapiaḫšu ḫapiaḫšušar
niwaḫšu niwaḫšušar
šupiaḫšu šupiaḫšušar
Are some of these Hittite?
- some Kanišite onomastic elements resemble Hitite words:
-ḫšu (m.) vs. -ḫšušar (f.)
ḫapiaḫšu ḫapiaḫšušar
niwaḫšu niwaḫšušar
šupiaḫšu šupiaḫšušar
Hitt. ḫaššu- ‘king’ vs. ḫaššuššara- ‘queen’
Are some of these Hittite?
- some Kanišite onomastic elements resemble Hitite words:
-ḫšu (m.) vs. -ḫšušar (f.)
ḫapiaḫšu ḫapiaḫšušar
niwaḫšu niwaḫšušar
šupiaḫšu šupiaḫšušar
Hitt. ḫaššu- ‘king’ vs. ḫaššuššara- ‘queen’
(ḫašš- ‘to give birth’, so maybe originally ‘child’?)
Are some of these Hittite?
- some Kanišite onomastic elements resemble Hitite words:
-ḫšu (m.) vs. -ḫšušar (f.)
ḫapi-a-ḫšu ḫapi-a-ḫšušar ‘rich’ +
niwaḫšu niwaḫšušar
šupiaḫšu šupiaḫšušar
Are some of these Hittite?
- some Kanišite onomastic elements resemble Hitite words:
-ḫšu (m.) vs. -ḫšušar (f.)
ḫapi-a-ḫšu ḫapi-a-ḫšušar ‘rich’ +
niwa-ḫšu niwa-ḫšušar ‘new’ +
šupiaḫšu šupiaḫšušar
Are some of these Hittite?
- some Kanišite onomastic elements resemble Hitite words:
-ḫšu (m.) vs. -ḫšušar (f.)
ḫapi-a-ḫšu ḫapi-a-ḫšušar ‘rich’ +
niwa-ḫšu niwa-ḫšušar ‘new’ +
šupi-a-ḫšu šupi-a-ḫšušar ‘pure’ +
Are some of these Hittite?
- some Kanišite onomastic elements resemble Hitite words:
-nika (f.) ~ Hitt. neka- ‘sister’
Are some of these Hittite?
- some Kanišite onomastic elements resemble Hitite words:
-nika (f.) ~ Hitt. neka- ‘sister’ (vs. Luw. nanašri-)
Are some of these Hittite?
- some Kanišite onomastic elements resemble Hitite words:
-nika (f.) ~ Hitt. neka- ‘sister’ (vs. Luw. nanašri-)
-uman (m.)
Are some of these Hittite?
- some Kanišite onomastic elements resemble Hitite words:
-nika (f.) ~ Hitt. neka- ‘sister’ (vs. Luw. nanašri-)
-uman (m.) ~ Hitt. -umen- / -um(a)n- ‘coming from’
Are some of these Hittite?
- some Kanišite onomastic elements resemble Hitite words:
-nika (f.) ~ Hitt. neka- ‘sister’ (vs. Luw. nanašri-)
-uman (m.) ~ Hitt. -umen- / -um(a)n- ‘coming from’
(also in e.g. Šuppiluliuma(n)-)
Are some of these Hittite?
- some Kanišite onomastic elements resemble Hitite words:
-nika (f.) ~ Hitt. neka- ‘sister’ (vs. Luw. nanašri-)
-uman (m.) ~ Hitt. -umen- / -um(a)n- ‘coming from’
(also in e.g. Šuppiluliuma(n)-)
(vs. Luw. -u̯ann(i)-)
Problems in interpretation
- many elements are unclear
- also due to the defective nature of OAss. cuneiform script:
Problems in interpretation
- many elements are unclear
- also due to the defective nature of OAss. cuneiform script:
- syllabic signs (so no tricons. clusters)
Problems in interpretation
- many elements are unclear
- also due to the defective nature of OAss. cuneiform script:
- syllabic signs (so no tricons. clusters)
- no geminates
Problems in interpretation
- many elements are unclear
- also due to the defective nature of OAss. cuneiform script:
- syllabic signs (so no tricons. clusters)
- no geminates
- no difference in voice (except TA vs. DA)
Problems in interpretation
- many elements are unclear
- also due to the defective nature of OAss. cuneiform script:
- syllabic signs (so no tricons. clusters)
- no geminates
- no difference in voice (except TA vs. DA)
- no -nC-clusters
Problems in interpretation
- many elements are unclear
- also due to the defective nature of OAss. cuneiform script:
- syllabic signs (so no tricons. clusters)
- no geminates
- no difference in voice (except TA vs. DA)
- no -nC-clusters
- only a, i, u
Clusters
king’s name: wa-ar-áš-ma
wa-ar-ša-ma
wa-ar-šu-ma
CTMMA 1, 90: ta-am-ri-a
/warsma/
[warsǝma]
Clusters
king’s name: wa-ar-áš-ma
wa-ar-ša-ma
wa-ar-šu-ma
CTMMA 1, 90: ta-am-ri-a
ta-mu-ri-a
/warsma/
[warsǝma]
Clusters
king’s name: wa-ar-áš-ma
wa-ar-ša-ma
wa-ar-šu-ma
CTMMA 1, 90: ta-am-ri-a
ta-mu-ri-a
/warsma/
[warsǝma]
/tmria/
Clusters
king’s name: wa-ar-áš-ma
wa-ar-ša-ma
wa-ar-šu-ma
CTMMA 1, 90: ta-am-ri-a
ta-mu-ri-a
/warsma/
[warsǝma]
/tmria/
[tmǝria]
Clusters
king’s name: wa-ar-áš-ma
wa-ar-ša-ma
wa-ar-šu-ma
CTMMA 1, 90: ta-am-ri-a
ta-mu-ri-a
→ certain examples
/warsma/
[warsǝma]
/tmria/
[tmǝria]
Clusters
less certain:
ša-ak-ri-ú-ma-an
ší-ik-ri-ú-ma-an
ša-ḫi-iš-nu-ma-an
ší-ḫi-iš-nu-ma-an
/skrioman/
Clusters
less certain:
ša-ak-ri-ú-ma-an
ší-ik-ri-ú-ma-an
ša-ḫi-iš-nu-ma-an
ší-ḫi-iš-nu-ma-an
/skrioman/
/shisnoman/
Clusters
less certain:
ša-ak-ri-ú-ma-an
ší-ik-ri-ú-ma-an
ša-ḫi-iš-nu-ma-an
ší-ḫi-iš-nu-ma-an
wa-al-ḫa-áš-na
/skrioman/
/shisnoman/
Clusters
less certain:
ša-ak-ri-ú-ma-an
ší-ik-ri-ú-ma-an
ša-ḫi-iš-nu-ma-an
ší-ḫi-iš-nu-ma-an
wa-al-ḫa-áš-na
wa-al-ḫi-iš-na
/skrioman/
/shisnoman/
Clusters
less certain:
ša-ak-ri-ú-ma-an
ší-ik-ri-ú-ma-an
ša-ḫi-iš-nu-ma-an
ší-ḫi-iš-nu-ma-an
wa-al-ḫa-áš-na
wa-al-ḫi-iš-na
wa-lá-aḫ-ší-na
/skrioman/
/shisnoman/
Clusters
less certain:
ša-ak-ri-ú-ma-an
ší-ik-ri-ú-ma-an
ša-ḫi-iš-nu-ma-an
ší-ḫi-iš-nu-ma-an
wa-al-ḫa-áš-na
wa-al-ḫi-iš-na
wa-lá-aḫ-ší-na
/skrioman/
/shisnoman/
/walhsna/
TA vs. DA
ḫi-iš-ta-aḫ-šu : always (30x) spelled with TA
(also ḫa-áš-ta-aḫ-šu, so /hstahsu/)
ḫu-ma-da-šu
TA vs. DA
ḫi-iš-ta-aḫ-šu : always (30x) spelled with TA
(also ḫa-áš-ta-aḫ-šu, so /hstahsu/)
ḫu-ma-da-šu : always (>30x) spelled with DA
TA vs. DA
ḫi-iš-ta-aḫ-šu : always (30x) spelled with TA
(also ḫa-áš-ta-aḫ-šu, so /hstahsu/)
ḫu-ma-da-šu : always (>30x) spelled with DA
complementary distribution
TA vs. DA
ḫi-iš-ta-aḫ-šu : always (30x) spelled with TA
(also ḫa-áš-ta-aḫ-šu, so /hstahsu/)
ḫu-ma-da-šu : always (>30x) spelled with DA
analyzed as Hitt. ḫūmant- ‘all’ + āššu- ‘good’
TA vs. DA
ḫi-iš-ta-aḫ-šu : always (30x) spelled with TA
(also ḫa-áš-ta-aḫ-šu, so /hstahsu/)
ḫu-ma-da-šu : always (>30x) spelled with DA
analyzed as Hitt. ḫūmant- ‘all’ + āššu- ‘good’
→ /homand-asu/
TA vs. DA
ḫi-iš-ta-aḫ-šu : always (30x) spelled with TA
(also ḫa-áš-ta-aḫ-šu, so /hstahsu/)
ḫu-ma-da-šu : always (>30x) spelled with DA
analyzed as Hitt. ḫūmant- ‘all’ + āššu- ‘good’
→ /homand-asu/
also 1x ḫu-mu-un-da-šu
TA vs. DA
ḫi-iš-ta-aḫ-šu : always (30x) spelled with TA
(also ḫa-áš-ta-aḫ-šu, so /hstahsu/)
ḫu-ma-da-šu : always (>30x) spelled with DA
analyzed as Hitt. ḫūmant- ‘all’ + āššu- ‘good’
→ /homand-asu/
also 1x ḫu-mu-un-da-šu : /homǝnd-asu/?
TA vs. DA
ḫi-iš-ta-aḫ-šu : always (30x) spelled with TA
(also ḫa-áš-ta-aḫ-šu, so /hstahsu/)
ḫu-ma-da-šu : always (>30x) spelled with DA
analyzed as Hitt. ḫūmant- ‘all’ + āššu- ‘good’
→ /homand-asu/
also 1x ḫu-mu-un-da-šu : /homǝnd-asu/?
TA vs. DA
ḫi-iš-ta-aḫ-šu : always (30x) spelled with TA
(also ḫa-áš-ta-aḫ-šu, so /hstahsu/)
ḫu-ma-da-šu : always (>30x) spelled with DA
analyzed as Hitt. ḫūmant- ‘all’ + āššu- ‘good’
→ /homand-asu/
(PIE *h2eiu̯-u̯ent-)
also 1x ḫu-mu-un-da-šu : /homǝnd-asu/?
(PIE *h2eiu̯-u̯n̥t-)
TA vs. DA
ḫi-iš-ta-aḫ-šu : always (30x) spelled with TA
(also ḫa-áš-ta-aḫ-šu, so /hstahsu/)
ḫu-ma-da-šu : always (>30x) spelled with DA
analyzed as Hitt. ḫūmant- ‘all’ + āššu- ‘good’
→ /homand-asu/
(PIE *h2eiu̯-u̯ent-)
also 1x ḫu-mu-un-da-šu : /homǝnd-asu/?
(PIE *h2eiu̯-u̯n̥t-)
→ phonetic value of DA = /nda/
TA vs. DA
ḫi-iš-ta-aḫ-šu : always (30x) spelled with TA
(also ḫa-áš-ta-aḫ-šu, so /hstahsu/)
ḫu-ma-da-šu : always (>30x) spelled with DA
analyzed as Hitt. ḫūmant- ‘all’ + āššu- ‘good’
→ /homand-asu/
(PIE *h2eiu̯-u̯ent-)
also 1x ḫu-mu-un-da-šu : /homǝnd-asu/?
(PIE *h2eiu̯-u̯n̥t-)
→ phonetic value of DA = /nda/
[Ass. did not have -nC-clusters: e.g. *indin > iddin ‘he will give’]
TA vs. DA
tár-ḫu-da-šu : /tarhund-asu/ < *trh2unt- + āššu-
‘storm-god’ + ‘good’
ša-da-aḫ-šu : /sandahsu/
TA vs. DA
tár-ḫu-da-šu : /tarhund-asu/ < *trh2unt- + āššu-
‘storm-god’ + ‘good’
ša-da-aḫ-šu : /sanda-hsu/
TA vs. DA
tár-ḫu-da-šu : /tarhund-asu/ < *trh2unt- + āššu-
‘storm-god’ + ‘good’
ša-da-aḫ-šu : /sanda-hsu/ < Šanda- + ḫaššu-
TA vs. DA
tár-ḫu-da-šu : /tarhund-asu/ < *trh2unt- + āššu-
‘storm-god’ + ‘good’
ša-da-aḫ-šu : /sanda-hsu/ < Šanda- + ḫaššu-
‘(a deity)’ + ‘child / king’
TA vs. DA
tár-ḫu-da-šu : /tarhund-asu/ < *trh2unt- + āššu-
‘storm-god’ + ‘good’
ša-da-aḫ-šu : /sanda-hsu/ < Šanda- + ḫaššu-
‘(a deity)’ + ‘child / king’
ta-ri-ku-da
TA vs. DA
tár-ḫu-da-šu : /tarhund-asu/ < *trh2unt- + āššu-
‘storm-god’ + ‘good’
ša-da-aḫ-šu : /sanda-hsu/ < Šanda- + ḫaššu-
‘(a deity)’ + ‘child / king’
ta-ri-ku-da / ti-ri-ku-da
TA vs. DA
tár-ḫu-da-šu : /tarhund-asu/ < *trh2unt- + āššu-
‘storm-god’ + ‘good’
ša-da-aḫ-šu : /sanda-hsu/ < Šanda- + ḫaššu-
‘(a deity)’ + ‘child / king’
ta-ri-ku-da / ti-ri-ku-da : /trikunda/
TA vs. DA
tár-ḫu-da-šu : /tarhund-asu/ < *trh2unt- + āššu-
‘storm-god’ + ‘good’
ša-da-aḫ-šu : /sanda-hsu/ < Šanda- + ḫaššu-
‘(a deity)’ + ‘child / king’
ta-ri-ku-da / ti-ri-ku-da : /trikunda/ = /trikǝmda/
TA vs. DA
tár-ḫu-da-šu : /tarhund-asu/ < *trh2unt- + āššu-
‘storm-god’ + ‘good’
ša-da-aḫ-šu : /sanda-hsu/ < Šanda- + ḫaššu-
‘(a deity)’ + ‘child / king’
ta-ri-ku-da / ti-ri-ku-da : /trikunda/ = /trikǝmda/
< PIE *tri-ḱmt-o- ‘13th’ or ‘30’?
TA vs. DA
tár-ḫu-da-šu : /tarhund-asu/ < *trh2unt- + āššu-
‘storm-god’ + ‘good’
ša-da-aḫ-šu : /sanda-hsu/ < Šanda- + ḫaššu-
‘(a deity)’ + ‘child / king’
ta-ri-ku-da / ti-ri-ku-da : /trikunda/ = /trikǝmda/
< PIE *tri-ḱmt-o- ‘13th’ or ‘30’?
cf.
ša-áp-ta-ma-ni-kà (f.) /sptmanika/
TA vs. DA
tár-ḫu-da-šu : /tarhund-asu/ < *trh2unt- + āššu-
‘storm-god’ + ‘good’
ša-da-aḫ-šu : /sanda-hsu/ < Šanda- + ḫaššu-
‘(a deity)’ + ‘child / king’
ta-ri-ku-da / ti-ri-ku-da : /trikunda/ = /trikǝmda/
< PIE *tri-ḱmt-o- ‘13th’ or ‘30’?
cf.
ša-áp-ta-ma-ni-kà (f.) /sptmanika/
< *sptmo- + neka- ‘7th sister’
TA vs. DA
iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : /spund-a-hsu/ = /spǝnd-a-hsu/
< PIE *spnd- ‘to libate’ ?
(Hitt. išpānt-i / išpant- ‘libate’)
Detailed history
iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : /spund-a-hsu/ = /spǝnd-a-hsu/
< PIE *spnd- ‘to libate’ ?
(Hitt. išpānt-i / išpant- ‘libate’)
Detailed history
iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : /spundahsu/ = /spǝndahsu/
if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’:
Detailed history
iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : /spundahsu/ = /spǝndahsu/
if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’:
qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu-
Detailed history
iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : /spundahsu/ = /spǝndahsu/
if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’:
qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
Detailed history
iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : /spundahsu/ = /spǝndahsu/
if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’:
qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu-
Detailed history
iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : /spundahsu/ = /spǝndahsu/
if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’: ?
qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu-
Detailed history
iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : /spundahsu/ = /spǝndahsu/
if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’:
qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu-
Detailed history
iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : /spundahsu/ = /spǝndahsu/
if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’:
qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu-
Detailed history
iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : /spundahsu/ = /spǝndahsu/
if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’:
qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu-
Detailed history
iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : /(ɨ)spundahsu/ = /(ɨ)spǝndahsu/
if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’:
qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu-
Detailed history
iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : /(ɨ)spundahsu/ = /(ɨ)spǝndahsu/
if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’:
qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu-
Detailed history
iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : /(ɨ)spundahsu/ = /(ɨ)spǝndahsu/
if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’:
qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu-
Detailed history
iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : /(ɨ)spundahsu/ = /(ɨ)spǝndahsu/
if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’:
qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu-
Detailed history
iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : /(ɨ)spundahsu/ = /(ɨ)spǝndahsu/
if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’:
qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu-
Detailed history [Assyrian perception] ← /underlying Hittite form/
iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : [(ɨ)spundahsu] = /(ɨ)spǝndahsu/
if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’:
qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu-
Detailed history [Assyrian perception] ← /underlying Hittite form/
iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : [(ɨ)spundahsu] = /(ɨ)spǝndahsu/
if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’:
qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu-
Detailed history [Assyrian perception] ← /underlying Hittite form/
iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : [(ɨ)spundahsu] = /(ɨ)spǝndahsu/
if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’:
qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu-
Detailed history [Assyrian perception] ← /underlying Hittite form/
iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : [(ɨ)spundahsu] = /(ɨ)spǝndahsu/
if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’:
qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu-
Detailed history [Assyrian perception] ← /underlying Hittite form/
iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : [(ɨ)spundahsu] = /(ɨ)spǝndahasu/
if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’:
qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu-
Detailed history [Assyrian perception] ← /underlying Hittite form/
iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : [(ɨ)spundahsu] = /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/
if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’:
qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu-
Detailed history [Assyrian perception] ← /underlying Hittite form/
iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : [(ɨ)spundahsu] = /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/
if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’:
qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu-
Detailed history [Assyrian perception] ← /underlying Hittite form/
iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : [(ɨ)spundahsu] = /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/
if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’:
qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu-
Detailed history [Assyrian perception] ← /underlying Hittite form/
iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : [(ɨ)spundahsu] = /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/
if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’:
qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu-
Problem:
Detailed history [Assyrian perception] ← /underlying Hittite form/
iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : [(ɨ)spundahsu] = /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/
if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’:
qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu-
Problem:
also attested in Hattuša Hittite:
Detailed history [Assyrian perception] ← /underlying Hittite form/
iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : [(ɨ)spundahsu] = /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/
if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’:
qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu-
Problem:
also attested in Hattuša Hittite:
mIš-pu-ta-aḫ-šu- mIš-pu-taḫ-šu- mIš-pu-da-aḫ-šu-
Detailed history [Assyrian perception] ← /underlying Hittite form/
iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : [(ɨ)spundahsu] = /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/
if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’:
qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu-
Problem:
also attested in Hattuša Hittite:
mIš-pu-ta-aḫ-šu- mIš-pu-taḫ-šu- mIš-pu-da-aḫ-šu-
king of Kizzuwatna, ca. 1525 BC (seal found in Tarsus)
Detailed history [Assyrian perception] ← /underlying Hittite form/
iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : [(ɨ)spundahsu] = /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/
if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’:
qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu-
Problem:
also attested in Hattuša Hittite:
mIš-pu-ta-aḫ-šu- mIš-pu-taḫ-šu- /ɨspudahsu-/ mIš-pu-da-aḫ-šu-
king of Kizzuwatna, ca. 1525 BC (seal found in Tarsus)
Detailed history [Assyrian perception] ← /underlying Hittite form/
iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : [(ɨ)spundahsu] = /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/
if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’:
qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu-
Problem:
also attested in Hattuša Hittite:
mIš-pu-ta-aḫ-šu- mIš-pu-taḫ-šu- /ɨspudahsu-/ mIš-pu-da-aḫ-šu-
king of Kizzuwatna, ca. 1525 BC (seal found in Tarsus)
Detailed history [Assyrian perception] ← /underlying Hittite form/
iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : [(ɨ)spundahsu] = /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/
if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’:
qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu-
Problem:
also attested in Hattuša Hittite:
mIš-pu-ta-aḫ-šu- mIš-pu-taḫ-šu- /ɨspudahsu-/ mIš-pu-da-aḫ-šu-
king of Kizzuwatna, ca. 1525 BC (seal found in Tarsus)
Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu-
Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)
Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)
[(ɨ)spundahsu]
/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu-
Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)
Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)
[(ɨ)spundahsu]
from underlying
/(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/
/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu-
Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)
Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)
[(ɨ)spundahsu] (“Ass.”)
from underlying
/(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ (Hitt.)
/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu-
Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)
Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)
[(ɨ)spundahsu] (“Ass.”)
from underlying
/(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ (Hitt.)
/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu-
Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)
Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)
[(ɨ)spundahsu] (“Ass.”)
from underlying
/(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ (Hitt.)
/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
“proto-form”
Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu-
Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)
Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)
[(ɨ)spundahsu] (“Ass.”)
from underlying
/(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ (Hitt.)
/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
“proto-form”
Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu-
Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)
Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)
[(ɨ)spundahsu] (“Ass.”)
from underlying
/(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ (Hitt.)
/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC)
“proto-form”
Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu-
Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)
Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)
[(ɨ)spundahsu] (“Ass.”)
from underlying
/(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ (Hitt.)
/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC)
/ɨspudahsu-/
“proto-form”
Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu-
Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)
Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)
[(ɨ)spundahsu] (“Ass.”)
from underlying
/(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ (Hitt.)
/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC)
/ɨspudahsu-/
“proto-form”
Kizzuwatnaean outcome
Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu-
Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)
Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)
[(ɨ)spundahsu] (“Ass.”)
from underlying
/(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ (Hitt.)
Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC)
/ɨspudahsu-/
“proto-form”
/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
Around 1500 BC
Kizzuwatnaean outcome
Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu-
Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)
Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)
[(ɨ)spundahsu] (“Ass.”)
from underlying
/(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ (Hitt.)
Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC)
/ɨspudahsu-/
“proto-form”
/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
Around 1500 BC
Kizzuwatnaean outcome
Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu-
Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)
Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)
[(ɨ)spundahsu] (“Ass.”)
from underlying
/(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ (Hitt.)
Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC)
/ɨspudahsu-/
“proto-form”
/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
Around 1500 BC
Kizzuwatnaean outcome
Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu-
Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)
Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)
[(ɨ)spundahsu] (“Ass.”)
from underlying
/(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ (Hitt.)
Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC)
/ɨspudahsu-/
“proto-form”
/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
Around 1500 BC
Kizzuwatnaean outcome
Ḫatti-Hittite vs. Kizzuwatna-Hittite
Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu-
Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)
Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)
[(ɨ)spundahsu] (“Ass.”)
from underlying
/(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ (Hitt.)
Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC)
/ɨspudahsu-/
“proto-form”
/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
Ḫatti-Hittite vs. Kizzuwatna-Hittite
Around 1500 BC
?
Kizzuwatnaean outcome
Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu-
Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)
Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)
[(ɨ)spundahsu] (“Ass.”)
from underlying
/(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ (Hitt.)
Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC)
/ɨspudahsu-/
“proto-form”
/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
Ḫatti-Hittite vs. Kizzuwatna-Hittite
Around 1500 BC
?
Kizzuwatnaean outcome
First time proof of dialectal diversity within Hittite!
Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu-
Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)
Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)
[(ɨ)spundahsu] (“Ass.”)
from underlying
/(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ (Hitt.)
/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC)
/ɨspudahsu-/
“proto-form”
Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu-
Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)
Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)
[(ɨ)spundahsu] (“Ass.”)
from underlying
/(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ (Hitt.)
/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC)
/ɨspudahsu-/
“proto-form”
Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu-
Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)
Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)
[(ɨ)spundahsu] (“Ass.”)
from underlying
/(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ (Hitt.)
/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC)
/ɨspudahsu-/
“proto-form”
Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu-
Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)
Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)
[(ɨ)spundahsu] (“Ass.”)
from underlying
/(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ (Hitt.)
/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC)
/ɨspudahsu-/
Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu-
Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)
Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)
/(ɨ)spundahsu/
/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC)
/ɨspudahsu-/
Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu-
Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)
Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)
/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC)
one form
/(ɨ)spundahsu/
/ɨspudahsu-/
Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu-
Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)
Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)
/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC)
older
/(ɨ)spundahsu/
younger
/ɨspudahsu-/
Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu-
Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)
Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)
/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC)
older
/(ɨ)spundahsu/
younger
/ɨspudahsu-/
Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu-
Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)
Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)
/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC)
older
/(ɨ)spundahsu/
younger
/ɨspudahsu-/
1930 - 1500 BC
older
Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu-
Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)
Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)
/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC)
/(ɨ)spundahsu/
younger
/ɨspudahsu-/
1930 - 1500 BC
older
Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu-
Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)
Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)
Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC)
/(ɨ)spundahsu/
younger
/ɨspudahsu-/
1930 - 1500 BC
/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
older
Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu-
Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)
Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)
Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC)
/(ɨ)spundahsu/
younger
/ɨspudahsu-/
1930 - 1500 BC
/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
North-Hittite vs. South-Hittite
older
Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu-
Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)
Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)
Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC)
/(ɨ)spundahsu/
younger
/ɨspudahsu-/
1930 - 1500 BC
/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
North-Hittite vs. South-Hittite
Very early dialectal diversity within Hittite!
older
Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu-
Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)
Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)
Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC)
/(ɨ)spundahsu/
younger
/ɨspudahsu-/
1930 - 1500 BC
/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
?
North-Hittite vs. South-Hittite
Very early dialectal diversity within Hittite!
older
Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu-
Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)
Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)
Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC)
/(ɨ)spundahsu/
younger
/ɨspudahsu-/
1930 - 1500 BC
/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
?
= more archaic form
= innovated form
North-Hittite vs. South-Hittite
Very early dialectal diversity within Hittite!
older
Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu-
Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)
Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)
Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC)
/(ɨ)spundahsu/
younger
/ɨspudahsu-/
1930 - 1500 BC
/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
?
= more archaic form
= innovated form
North-Hittite vs. South-Hittite
Very early dialectal diversity within Hittite!
older
North-Hittite vs. South-Hittite
Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu-
Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC)
Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC)
Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC)
/(ɨ)spundahsu/
younger
/ɨspudahsu-/
1930 - 1500 BC
/ɨspǝntáHaSu-/
?
= more archaic form
= innovated form
= “Nešite”!
Very early dialectal diversity within Hittite!
Conclusions
- OAss. texts contain oldest IE language material
- good arguments for Hittite
- interpretation is difficult
Conclusions
- OAss. texts contain oldest IE language material
- good arguments for Hittite
- interpretation is difficult
- e.g. išpudaḫšu = ‘libate + child/king’ < *spnd-ó-h2emsu-?
Conclusions
- OAss. texts contain oldest IE language material
- good arguments for Hittite
- interpretation is difficult
- e.g. išpudaḫšu = ‘libate + child/king’ < *spnd-ó-h2emsu-?
If so:
Conclusions
- OAss. texts contain oldest IE language material
- good arguments for Hittite
- interpretation is difficult
- e.g. išpudaḫšu = ‘libate + child/king’ < *spnd-ó-h2emsu-?
If so:
- mIšputaḫšu- points to a Kizzuwatna dialect of Hittite
Conclusions
- OAss. texts contain oldest IE language material
- good arguments for Hittite
- interpretation is difficult
- e.g. išpudaḫšu = ‘libate + child/king’ < *spnd-ó-h2emsu-?
If so:
- mIšputaḫšu- points to a Kizzuwatna dialect of Hittite
- if Kizz. mIšputaḫšu- = Kan. išpudaḫšu, then Kizz.-Hittite already distinct from Ḫatt.-Hittite around 1900 BC
Conclusions
- OAss. texts contain oldest IE language material
- good arguments for Hittite
- interpretation is difficult
- e.g. išpudaḫšu = ‘libate + child/king’ < *spnd-ó-h2emsu-?
If so:
- mIšputaḫšu- points to a Kizzuwatna dialect of Hittite
- if Kizz. mIšputaḫšu- = Kan. išpudaḫšu, then Kizz.-Hittite already distinct from Ḫatt.-Hittite around 1900 BC
→ raises many new questions...
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