Palakkad District - क द्र य भू म जल बोडर् जल संसाधन,...

क� द्र�य भू�म जल बोडर्

जल संसाधन, नद� �वकास और गंगा संर�ण मंत्रालय

भारत सरकार Central Ground Water Board

Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation

Government of India

Report

on

MAPPING OF HARD ROCK AQUIFER SYSTEM AND AQUIFER MANAGEMENT PLAN

Palakkad District, Kerala

केरल �ेत्र, �त्रवेन्द्गम Kerala Region, Thiruvananthapuram

MAPPING OF HARD ROCK AQUIFER SYSTEM AND AQUIFER MANAGEMENT PLAN IN CHITTUR & MALAMPUZHA BLOCKS OF

PALAKKAD DISTRICT, KERALA

भारत सरकार

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

,

MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES, RIVER DEVELOPMENT & GANGA REJUVENATION

केन्द्रीय भूमिजल बोर्ड

CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD

PREFACE

The State of Kerala, located in the South-western tip of India, accounts for only 1.2 percent of its

geographical area but is home to about 3 percent of its population. Although bestowed with copious

average annual rainfall of more than 3000 mm and also endowed with large surface water resources, only a small portion of the available resources is being utilized. To overcome the paradoxical situation, a

proper understanding of the disposition, extents, characteristics, status of resource and quality aspects of

the water-bearing formations, is required to ensure judicious and planned utilization of this precious

natural resource and its long-term sustainability. Detailed aquifer mapping studies in Kerala State were taken up with this objective, prioritizing study of the Over exploited and Critical blocks along with

Coastal aquifers during the Twelfth plan.

The report titled “Mapping of hard rock aquifers systems in Chittur and Malampuzha Blocks of Palakkad district, Kerala” gives a complete and detailed scientific account of the various aspects of the hard rock

aquifers in the area including its vertical and horizontal dimensions, flow directions, quantum and quality

of the resources, of both - the shallow and deeper zones of the hard rock aquifers in Chittur and Malampuzha blocks. Voluminous data were generated consequent to hydrogeological studies, ground

water regime monitoring studies, exploratory drilling, geophysical studies etc carried out in the area, are

incorporated in the report. The information is further supplemented by documenting all the relevant

available data collected from concerned state department. It portrays the various ground water issues pertaining to the area alongwith recommendation for suitable interventions and remedial measures. Thus

it provides a total and holistic solution to the water security problems in the over exploited and critical

blocks of Palakkad district.

This document has been prepared under the guidance of Dr. N.Vinayachandran,Scientist D & Nodal

Officer, National Aquifer Mapping Studies in Kerala, Central Ground Water Board and through the

sincere and painstaking efforts of Sh.S.Singathurai, Scientist B, Dr. S.Shakti Murugan, Assistant Hydrogeologist, of the Central Ground Water Board, Kerala Region, Trivandrum. I take this opportunity

to thank all of them for their help and cooperation in the preparation of this report. I am also thankful to

the Chairman, Members and officers of CGWB, Faridabad for their valuable guidance in finalizing this

document. Thanks are also due to various organizations of Government of Kerala and Government of India for providing data required for the compilation of this document.

I hope this compilation will be of help to the planners, administrators and stakeholders in the water sector

in Kerala and will serve as a useful guide for the optimal and sustainable management of limited ground water resources in Chittur and Malampuzha Blocks.

Trivandrum

May 2016

(V.Kunhambu)

Regional Director

Table of Contents

1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Objectives ..................................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Approach and Methodology ........................................................................................................... 1

1.3 About the area ............................................................................................................................... 2

1.4 Climate.......................................................................................................................................... 2

1.5 Soil ............................................................................................................................................... 3

1.6 Cropping Pattern ........................................................................................................................... 3

1.7 Drainage ........................................................................................................................................ 3

1.8 Previous work ............................................................................................................................... 4

1.9 Geology of the area ....................................................................................................................... 5

1.10 Structures .................................................................................................................................... 6

2.0 DATA COLLECTION, GENERATION AND INTEGRATION ................................................ 7

2.1 Data collection and data gap analysis ............................................................................................. 7

2.1.1 Water Level Monitoring ......................................................................................................... 7

2.1.2 Exploration ............................................................................................................................. 8

2.1.3 VES and Profiling .................................................................................................................. 8

2.1.4 Water Quality Monitoring....................................................................................................... 8

2.2 Data Generation and Integration .................................................................................................... 9

2.2.1 Groundwater Exploration ....................................................................................................... 9

2.2.2 Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) and Profiling ................................................................. 10

2.2.3 Water levels and piezometric heads ...................................................................................... 11

2.3 Water quality monitoring ............................................................................................................. 12

3.0 DATA INTERPRETATION AND AQUIFER MAPPING .......................................................... 16

3.1 Rainfall ....................................................................................................................................... 16

3.2 Soil Characteristics ...................................................................................................................... 19

3.3 Geomorphology ........................................................................................................................... 19

3.4 Drainage characteristics ............................................................................................................... 20

3.5 The aquifer systems ..................................................................................................................... 22

3.5.1 Thickness of weathered zone ................................................................................................ 23

3.5.2 Water levels ......................................................................................................................... 23

3.5.3 Saturated thickness of the weathered zone ............................................................................ 29

3.5.4 Water level trend .................................................................................................................. 30

3.5.5 Quality of water in the weathered zone ................................................................................. 32

3.5.6 Groundwater potential of weathered zone ............................................................................. 35

3.5.7 Fracture Aquifer Geometry ................................................................................................... 37

3.5.8 Geophysical Investigations ................................................................................................... 39

3.5.9 Piezometric head in the fracture zone .................................................................................... 43

3.5.10 Groundwater and its relation to Geological Structures ......................................................... 46

3.5.11 Aquifer characteristics ........................................................................................................ 49

3.5.12 Groundwater potential of fracture aquifer system ................................................................ 51

3.5.13 Water quality in fracture aquifer system .............................................................................. 52

4. GROUNDWATER RESOURCES .................................................................................................. 56

4.1 Dynamic groundwater Resources in the weathered zone .............................................................. 56

4.2 Groundwater resources in the Fracture zone ................................................................................. 58

5. GROUNDWATER RELATED ISSUES ......................................................................................... 58

Sand mining ......................................................................................................................................... 59

Industrial pollution ............................................................................................................................... 60

6. AQUIFER MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................................................................................... 60

SUMMARY OF THE AQUIFER MAPPING .................................................................................... 66

LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1.1 Location map of the study area ................................................................................................... 5

Fig. 1.2 Geology of the area ..................................................................................................................... 6

Fig. 2.1 Exploratory well locations in the area. ...................................................................................... 10

Fig 2.2 Integrated map of VES locations ................................................................................................ 11

Fig. 2.3 Locations of integrated water level monitoring wells and Piezometers....................................... 12

Fig. 2.4 Locations of integrated Quality monitoring wells and Piezometers ............................................ 16

Fig 3.1 Histogram of decadal monthly rainfall distribution at Malampuzha ............................................ 18

Fig 3.2 Histogram decadal monthly rainfall distribution at Meenkara ..................................................... 18

Fig. 3.3 Isohyetal map of the Study area ................................................................................................ 19

Fig. 3.4 Soil map of the area .................................................................................................................. 20

Fig. 3.5 Geomorphology of the study area ............................................................................................. 21

Fig. 3.6 Drainage map of the area .......................................................................................................... 21

Fig. 3.7 The range in thickness of weathered zone ................................................................................. 24

Fig 3.7a : 3D view of the weathered zone .............................................................................................. 24

Fig.3.7b East west cross section showing the water level and weathered zone thickness in the area ........ 25

Fig. 3.8 Premonsoon water level map of the study area .......................................................................... 27

Fig. 3.9 Post monsoon water level map of the study area ........................................................................ 27

Fig.3.10 Water level fluctuation map ..................................................................................................... 28

Fig. 3.11 Water table elevation contour map .......................................................................................... 28

Fig. 3.12 Saturated thickness of aquifer during Pre-monsoon ................................................................. 29

Fig. 3.13 Saturated thickness of aquifer during post-monsoon ................................................................ 29

Fig.3.14 Water level trend in phreatic aquifers ....................................................................................... 31

Fig. 3.15 Water quality in the weathered zone ........................................................................................ 33

Fig. 3.16 Plotting of samples of NHS in Hill-Piper diagram ................................................................... 34

Fig. 3. 17 Groundwater potential map of phreatic aquifer system in the weathered zone ......................... 35

Fig 3.18 Aquifer map of the weathered zone .......................................................................................... 36

Fig. 3.19 Panel diagram displaying lateral and vertical variations in weathered thickness and depth of

occurrence of fractures .......................................................................................................................... 38

Fig. 3.20. Panel diagram displaying lateral and vertical variations in weathered thickness ...................... 38

Fig. 3.21a Apparent resistivity vs AB/2 at 6 locations in the area .......................................................... 42

Fig 3.21b. Apparent resistivity vs AB/2 graph at 3 locations in the area ................................................. 43

Fig 3.22 Piezometric head during pre-monsoon period ........................................................................... 45

Fig. 3.23 Piezometric head during post-monsoon period ........................................................................ 45

Fig. 3.24 Rose diagram showing the lineament trends in the area. .......................................................... 46

Fig. 3.25 Dolerite dyke intruded into the country rock, near Kanjikode. ................................................. 47

Fig.3.26 Pegmatite vein intruded in to the Hornblende biotite gneiss at Vadakarapathy .......................... 47

Fig. 3.27 Comparison of yield and lineament/fracture trends .................................................................. 48

Fig. 3.28 Ground water potential map of fracture aquifer system ............................................................ 52

Fig. 3.29Piper diagram of Exploratory Wells ......................................................................................... 54

Fig.3.30 Water quality in the fracture zone ............................................................................................ 54

Fig 3.31Aquifer map of fracture aquifer ................................................................................................. 55

LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Crop wise irrigation details ...................................................................................................... 3

Table 2.1 The data availability for data gap analysis ................................................................................ 7

Table 2.2 Ground Water Monitoring Wells of CGWB and SGWD ........................................................... 8

Table 2.3 Data requirement and data generated under aquifer mapping. ................................................... 9

Table 2.4 Summary of exploratory wells after integration ...................................................................... 10

Table 2.5 Monitoring wells details of phreatic aquifer ............................................................................ 13

Table 2.6 Monitoring wells details of fracture aquifer system ............................................................... 15

Table 3.1 Rain fall data of Malampuzha rain gauge station..................................................................... 17

Table 3.2 Rain fall data of Meenkara rain gauge station ......................................................................... 17

Table 3.3 Water level data from the Phreatic aquifers (dug wells) .......................................................... 25

Table 3.4. Water level trend values in the weathered zone. ..................................................................... 30

Table 3.5 WaterQuality data of dug wells representing phreatic aquifers ................................................ 32

Table 3.6 Interpretation of Geophysical (VES) data of the area .............................................................. 40

Table 3.7 Piezometric head data from the fracture aquifer system .......................................................... 44

Table 3.8 Percentage of lineaments observed in different trend directions .............................................. 46

Table 3.9 High yielding wells and its relation to Lineaments .................................................................. 48

Table 3.10 Exploratory Drilling in Chittur & Malampuzha blocks of Palakkad district (Data generated) 50

Table 3.11: Yield of bore wells in different ranges and their percentage ................................................. 51

Table 3.12 Water Chemistry of Exploratory wells in the Aquifer mapping study area ............................ 52

Table 4.1 Dynamic Ground water resources estimated for the Aquifer mapping study area .................... 57

Table 4.2 Groundwater in-storage in the fracture aquifer system ............................................................ 58

Table. 6.1 Viable solutions and interventions suggested for the water issues in the area ......................... 61

Table 6.2 Artificial Recharge Structures ................................................................................................ 62

Table 6.3 Artificial Recharge projects feasible for the area..................................................................... 63

Table 6.4 Groundwater augmentation from well recharge ...................................................................... 64

Table.6.5 Expected ground water scenario after implementation of management plans ........................... 64

MAPPING OF HARD ROCK AQUIFER SYSTEM AND AQUIFER MANAGEMENT PLAN IN CHITTUR & MALAMPUZHA BLOCKS OF PALAKKAD DISTRICT, KERALA

1

MAPPING OF HARD ROCK AQUIFER SYSTEM IN CHITTUR &

MALAMPUZHA BLOCKS OF PALAKKAD DISTRICT, KERALA (AAP 2013 –14)

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Mapping of the hard rock aquifer systems in Chittur & Malampuzha blocks of Palakkad district

was carried out during the Annual Action Plan (AAP) 2013-14 covering an area of 1000 sq.Km.

Aquifer mapping is a multi-disciplinary scientific process where data related to the aquifer

system and groundwater regime are integrated to characterize the quantity, quality and

movement of groundwater in aquifers. The study area is located on the famous structural gap on

the Sahyadri Ranges (Western Ghats) popularly known as ‘Palghat Gap’. This structural gap of

about 32 Km width is tectonically disturbed and the multi fracture systems in the area are

developed at different stages of deformation of the rock formations during the evolution of the

Gap structure. Because of this reason the groundwater potential as well as development in this

area is high. A better understanding of the hydrogeological processes that control the distribution

and availability of groundwater in the weathered and fracture zones of the aquifer system is

imperative for sustainable resource management. The sustainable development and management

of hard rock aquifer system involves development of strategies for balancing the water draft and

water availability. Integrated studies on various aspects of the groundwater regime have been

carried out to know the disposition and productivity of the aquifer systems.

The hydrogeological environment of the study area has been conceptualized from the study of

historical data (available data) on the groundwater regime and from the available technical

reports and publications. The data gaps could be identified from the analysis of historical data

which facilitated generation of new data in gap areas. The hydrogeological, hydrological,

geophysical, hydrochemical and meteorological data were analyzed for data gaps. Groundwater

draft from the aquifer systems has been evaluated from well inventory data and integrated use of

lithological and geophysical data used to refine the aquifer geometry of the area.

1.1 Objectives

Aquifer mapping is a process wherein a combination of geologic, geophysical, hydrologic and

chemical field and laboratory analyses are applied to characterize the quantity, quality and

sustainability of ground water in aquifers. Thus, the main objective of aquifer mapping is to

generate an aquifer map of the area in 1:50,000 scale so as to develop a management plan for

aquifer sustainability.

1.2 Approach and Methodology

The major activities envisaged under aquifer mapping to achieve the objectives are data gap

analysis, data generation, dataintegration, preparation ofthematic maps and development of

aquifer models. The data gap analysis primarily involves compilation, analysis and interpretation

of the existing data on the groundwater regime. The data inadequacy or data gaps identified from

this study forms the base for additional data generation. The existing data and the new data

generated under aquifer mapping activitieshave been integrated and various thematic maps


2

depicting hydrogeology, hydrology, geomorphology, water quality etc and cross-sections, panel

diagrams, elevation models and aquifer geometry (2-D models and 3-D models) were prepared.

The information derived from various activities described above could be used to

i. Define the aquifer geometry and characterizethe aquifersystems.

ii. Define groundwater regime behaviour.

iii. Identify the recharge characteristics and resource potential.

iv. Identify the hydro-chemical characteristics of weathered and fracture aquifer systems

and the extent of contaminant/pollutant in groundwater, if any.

v. Arrive at an effective groundwater management plan.

1.3 About the area

The study area is situated in the eastern part of Palakkad district of KeralaState and is bounded

on the north by Attapady block, in the east by Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu, in the south by

Kollengode block and in the west by parts of Kuzhalmannam, Alattur and Palakkad blocks. The

area lies between North latitudes 100 36' 34'' and 10

0 56'33'' and East longitudes 76

0 32'42'' and

760 54'28'', covering an areaof about 1000 sq.km of which 300 Sq Km falls under hilly and forest

category and the balance 700 Sq. Km is considered for aquifer mapping. The mapping area

includes whole of Malmpuzha and Chittur blocks and part of Kuzhalmannam, Kollangode,

Alattur and Nenmara blocks.The area falls in parts of Survey of India topo sheets 58B/9, 10, 13

and B/14 and is served by a good network of roads and rail connecting important adjoining

places in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The National Highway NH 47 and the broad gauge rail

sectionsof Southern Railway such as Thiruvananthapuram-Palakkad-Coimbatore-Chennai and

Palakkad- Pollachi railspasses through the area.

There are 45 villages and 22 panchayats in the study area and the location map of the study area

is given in. Fig.1.1. Majority of the population depend on both surface and ground water

resources to meet their water needs. As per 2011 census, the total population of the study area is

6, 75,841 in this 3, 31,381 are men and 3, 44,442 are women.

1.4 Climate

The climatic data from IMD station and the rainfall data from six rain gauge stations having

influence over the area were utilized. However, the rainfall data from two rain gauge stations

located within the area viz; Meenkara and Malampuzha were analysed in detail. The analysis of

existing data identified no data gaps for additional establishment of rain gauge stations.

The annual rainfall varies from 2400 to 1570 mm based on long term normal. Southwest

monsoon contributes 71% of rainfall from June to September and the northeast monsoon

contributes about 18%. The continuous five year (2008 to 2012) deficient rainfall has contributed

a lot in crop failures and to reduce the groundwater recharge as well as water level decline,

especially in Chittur and Malampuzha blocks.


3

1.5 Soil

The information on soil types of the area were collected from the soil conservation department,

Govt. of Kerala and from the published of reports of CGWB. There are four types of soils in the

area and have limited information on its water infiltration characteristics. Based on data gap

analysis 25 sites were identified for soil infiltration tests. These studies are projected for in-house

studies under the AAP of 2015-16.

1.6 Cropping Pattern

The important crop is Paddy and the other crops are Banana, Sugarcane, Coconut and vegetables.

The crop wise irrigation details are given in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1 Crop wise irrigation details

S No Name of Block Paddy Sugar cane Banana+Plantain

Total Area( in

Hectares)

1 Chittur 5231.46 386.47 1082.6 6700.53

2 Malampuzha 4971 155.61 507.5 5634.11

3 Rest of the blocks 3978.78 0 90.32 4069.1

Total 16403.74

About 40 industries are operating in Kanjikode and Chittur area, which are extracting

groundwater heavily for their industrial needs. Hence, this district records highest industrial and

irrigation draft in the State.Kinfra Park at Kanjikode in the area is the major industrial belt of the

State and houses number of factories like agro-based, forest, Textile Park, steel and iron based,

tiles, chemical, and groundwater based Soft drinks. Coconut, banana, sugarcane and vegetables

are the groundwater irrigated crops during summer months.

1.7 Drainage

The area is mainly drained by Bharathapuzha’s tributaries namely Gayathripuzha, Kannadipuzha

Chitturpuzha and Kalpathypuzha. Gayathripuzha originates in Anamali hills and flows along

NW - SE trending faulty valley through Kollengode, Nenmara, Vadakancherry, Alathur and

Pazhayannur before its confluence with Ponnani River (Bharathapuzha) at Mayannur. The

Kannadipuzha has three sub-tributaries viz; Palar, Aliyarand and Uppar. Kalpathypuzha

originates south of Coimbatore and flows roughly in an E - W trend. It has four sub-tributaries

viz - Korayar, Varattar, Walayar and Malampuzha. No additional data on drainage generated and

the available information has been used in the present study.

There are one major irrigation projects in the study area (Malampuzha) amd two medium

irrigation projects (Walayar and Chitturpuzha). These reservoirs and their canal network act as

sources of groundwater recharge and the return seepage from irrigated land also contributes to

aquifer system in the western part of the study area.

Malampuzha Project

The Malampuzha Project, which is one of the major irrigation projects of Kerala, has its source

in the Western Ghats and located North East of Palakkad Town. The project Consists of a


4

Masonry dam across Malampuzha, a tributary of Bharathapuzha, having a water spread area of

22 Sq.Km. A network of canal system including two main canals, one at left bank and the other

at right bank, branches and distributaries having a length of 320 km. to irrigate an area of 21349

ha. The Malampuzha reservoir water is being used for Irrigation, drinking water supply, industry,

fisheries, power generation, tourism, artificial recharge of groundwater.

Walayar Project

The Walayar project consists of an earthen dam with masonry spillway section across Walayar, a

tributary of Bharathapuzha. A left bank canal with two minor distributaries and tail end major

distributaries together irrigate 3238 hectares of land .The Reservoir intended to store 18.406

m.cum of water has a catchment area of 106.19 sq.km in Palakkad and Coimbatore Districts. The

Walayar dam is situated about 200m downstream of the confluence of Walayar and Navakara

River and the canal system is in Palakkad Taluk.

Chitturpuzha project

The Chitturpuzha project consists of Moolathara Regulator, Kunnamkattupathy Regulator,

Themaramadakku Regulator, Nurnee system and Meenakshipuram Lift Irrigation Scheme. The

project is situated in Chitturpuzha, one of the tributaries of Bharathapuzha which originates from

Anamalai hills of Tamilnadu. The total ayacut of the project is 16940 Ha located in ChitturTaluk

of Palakkad District.

1.8 Previous work

Major part of the study area was covered under Assisted Ground Water Project in Noyil, Ponnani

and Amaravathi River Basins, Tamil Nadu and Kerala - 1983.

The area is part of Palakkad district and the district has a very good data base on hydrogeology,

and geology. The compilation on ‘Hydrogeological conditions in Palghat district, Kerala’ by

John Kurian (1981) details the status of studies upto 1979. Subsequent works include the

Reappraisal Hydrogeological Survey in parts of Palakkad carried out by Sri K.Md Najeeb (1990-

91) and the environmental hydrogeological studies along Bharathapuzha by V. Dhinagaran

(1992-94). Drilling activities were carried out under Technology Mission and regular

groundwater exploration was taken up under drought eradication programme during the period

1987-91 and 2002 to 2002. Reports on “Ground water resources and development potential of

Palakkad district” had been published during the years 1997 and 2005 by CGWB, Kerala

Region.


5

Fig. 1.1 Location map of the study area

1.9 Geology of the area

The study area is mainly comprised of Archaean metamorphic complex, predominantly the

migmatite gneissic complex. Other rock formations such as charnockite and khondalite group of

rocks cover less than 5% of the area. Intrusive rocks, pegmatite and quartz veins, are common in

the eastern part of the area.

Recent alluium

Top soil and weathered mantle forms the major recent litho unit as it covers almost the entire

area. In the valley portion fill deposits of talus and scree are also observed. Alluvium composed

of sand, silt, and clay is observed along the banks of river and their areal extent is very limited

and insignificant as a geological unit from a hydrogeological point of view.

Archaean Crystalline rocks

The geological formations of the Palakkad area belong chiefly to the Precambrian metamorphic

complex. The study area is mainly composed of migmatitic gneisses. Charnockite, khondalite

and calc-granulites occurs as discontinuous bands and is seen in the western and northern part of

the area. Lenticular bands of crystalline limestones intimately associated with calc granulites

have been observed in the north-eastern part of the area. Acidic intusives (pegmatites and quartz

veins) have also been observed. Within the study area, the predominant rock units are migmatitic


6

gneisses and calc granulites (Fig. 1.2). The migmatitic suite consisting of biotiteand hornblende

gneisses containing concordant enclaves of amphibolite and associated granulites are mainly

seen in the Palghat Gap area. Transition from the meta-sedimentary granulites to the migmatitic

gneisses is marked by a sequence of hornblende biotite gneisses.

Fig. 1.2 Geology of the area

All these rock types are weathered and the depth of weathering varies from place to place and

goes upto 22 mbgl. Mica schist are noticed as relicts within the hornblende biotite gneiss in

Chittur Taluk.

1.10 Structures

Palghat gap is the major structural feature in the area. Widely contrasting and contradicting

hypotheses exist on its origin, advocating marine and fluviatile erosion, crustal upwarp and

consequent development of joints and fractures, as well as tectonic processes such as block

faulting (Thara, 1992). This clearly shows that the origin of the Palghat Gap is still a

controversy, and evinces further geological interest.

Different generations of planar and linear structures are recognised in the rocks of the study area.

Based on the geometry, orientation and superposition characteristics of the folds, the planar and

linear structures of the study area have been grouped into three generations, corresponding to

three deformation phases (Thara, 1992).


7

The tectonic framework of the area may be suggestive of a deep rooted rupture in E-W direction.

The general foliation trend of the gneisses in the E-W direction with steep dip to both sides, also

lead the earlier workers (Nageswara Rao & Srinivasan, 1980) to infer the presence of a first

order fold system in the Palakkad Gap area, across which prominent N-S lineaments were

identified. Folds in the south were reported by them to be overturned to the north and fractures in

the NW-SE, N-S, NNE-SSW, NE-SW and ENE-WSW directions were indicated to be

subsequent tectonic features. There are five lineament directions observed in the area viz; NE-

SW, N-S, ENE-WSW, NE-SW, and NNE-SSW. Lineaments could be identified from satellite

imageries and topo-sheets of 1:50,000 scale.

2.0 DATA COLLECTION, GENERATION AND INTEGRATION

2.1 Data collection and data gap analysis

The historical or available data on Geology, Geophysics, Hydrogeology and Hydrochemistry

generated under various studies by the department (CGWB) such as Systematic Hydrogeologial

studies, Reappraisal Hydrogeological studies, Groundwater Management studies, Exploratory

drilling, Microlevel hydrogeological studies and special studies have been utilized for data gap

analysis in conjunction with the data collected from various State and Central government

departments. The thematic layers on drainage, geomorphology, land use and land cover were

reproduced from the data obtained from concerned State departments. The existingdata on

various themes analyzed for finding the data gaps is given in Table 2.1 and the results of the data

gap analysis are described in detail in subsequent sections.

Table 2.1 The data availability for data gap analysis

Sl.

No

Themes Data Availability

1 Groundwater level data 36 nos.

2 Peizometers 13 nos.

3 Groundwater quality Data Dug wells-30nos.

Bore wells -9 nos.

4 Borehole Lithology Data 50 nos

5 Geophysical Data nil

6 Pumping Test 9 nos

7 Land use and Land Cover Available

8 Drainage Available

9 Geology Available

10 Soil Available

11 Climate Data Available

2.1.1 Water Level Monitoring

Water level monitoring wells maintained by CGWB and SGWD in the area have been made part

of the monitoring network for the present study. Thirty dug wells are presently monitored by


8

CGWB and 6 dug wells by SGWD for water levels in the phreatic aquifer system. CGWB wells

are being monitored four times (January, April, August and November) in a year whereas, the

monitoring wells of State Ground Water Department (SGWD) are being monitored every month.

The status of water level monitoring wells of CGWB and SGWD in the area is listed in Table

2.2. The historical data from these stations have been used for data gap analysis and identified 23

new sites to fill up the data gaps.

Table: 2.2 Ground Water Monitoring Wells of CGWB and SGWD

Name Blocks CGWB GWD Total

Dug well Piezometer Dug well Piezometer Dug well Piezometer

Malampuzha 8 3 2 2 10 5

Chittur 14 6 3 2 17 8

Rest of the area 8 4 1 2 3 6

Grand Total 30 13 6 6 30 19

2.1.2 Exploration

Information on aquifer geometry, Groundwater potential of fracture systems and their

characterization are primarily inferred from exploratory drilling data. The basic data from 50

exploratory drillings in the area could be used for data gap analysis and based on this study data

gaps were identified for 29 more exploratory wells. Information on weathered thickness and

depth of occurrence of fractures are also inferred from geophysical data such as Vertical

Electrical Sounding (VES) and profiling. Geophysical methods are normally employed as a

reconnaissance study before exploratory drilling. As the cost of geophysical investigation is

much less when compared to exploratory drilling it is effectively used to extract subsurface

information.

2.1.3 VES and Profiling

Geophysical data on VES and profiling are used to extract information on the weathered

thickness, fracture depth, thickness of fracture etc. The aquifer geometry could be refined from

the interpretation of geophysical data in conjunction with the available groundwater exploration

data. Based on the study data gap of 25 VES sites were identified.

2.1.4 Water Quality Monitoring

The historical data on water quality in the area is available from the water level monitoring

stations maintained by CGWB. Water sampling is being done every year from these wells during

pre-monsoon period (April). The data gap analysis has been carried out to find out the adequacy

of information on water quality and identified 9 new locations for additional sampling. Water

sampling analysis from the integrated locations is proposed for out sourcing.


9

2.2 Data Generation and Integration

The data gaps were identified from detailed analysis of existing data and based on the finding of

the studies new data generated for the data gaps. The activities include establishment of Key

wells, water quality monitoring wells, geophysical survey and aquifer evaluation. The data gap

identified and the new addition of data under various themes is given in Table 2.3. The value

addition made after data generation and integration of various components of the groundwater

regime are described in the following sections.

Table 2.3 Data requirement and data generated under aquifer mapping.

Themes Existing

data

Data

Gap

Total Data

generated

Additional

Data

requirement

Remarks

Dugwells 36 23 59 23 nil -

Exploratory wells

50 29 79 29 nil Including Ow

Piezometers 13 0 13 0 nil -

VES 0 25 25 42 nil 17 VES conducted for E/W sites

Water quality 30 9 39 9 nil Water quality analysis Projected for out sourcing

Soil

Infiltration

Nil 25 0 Nil 25 Assigned in the AAP2015-16

Pumping tests 9 19 28 11 8 Projected for out sourcing

2.2.1 Groundwater Exploration

Based on the findings of data gap analysis 29 new exploratory wells were constructed in the area.

The summary of newly constructed and existing exploratory wells is given in Table 2.4 and the

well locations are shown in Fig 2.1. The integrated data could be used for refining the aquifer

geometry and characterization of the aquifer systems in the area which is described under the

chapter ‘Aquifer mapping’.


10

Fig. 2.1 Exploratory well locations in the area.

Table 2.4 Summary of exploratory wells after integration

2.2.2 Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) and Profiling

Twenty five VES were conducted in the data gap areas and 17 VES investigations were carried

out for locating the sites for exploratory drillings. Thus, 42 VES investigation were made in the

area and the locations of VES are shown in Fig. 2.2.

Name Blocks

CGWB GWD Data gap

identified

(B/W)

Total Piezo

meter

Exp.Well Piezometer

Malampuzha 3 14 2 16

Chittur 6 17 2 13

Rest of the area 4 6 2 0

Total 13 37 6 29 79


11

The VES were carried out by employing Schlumberger electrode configuration up to a maximum

spread length (AB/2) of 200m. The obtained VES curves were of H, A, HA, AA, QH, KH and

HAA type and were interpreted manually as well as by employing computer interpretational

techniques. The interpreted results have given rise to 4 to 5- layered geoelectric sections. At

majority of the VES (37 VES) the last layer was recorded as massive formation whereas at the

remaining VES (5VES) the last layer was extending with depth. The depth to massive formation

was varying in the range of 4-90 m.

Fig 2.2 Integrated map of VES locations

2.2.3 Water levels and piezometric heads

On the basis of data gap analysis 23 additional monitoring stations were established and

monitored water levels from both existing and newly established wells four times in a year. In

addition to this the water levels from the monitoring wells of State Ground Water Department

were also collected. The integrated data on water level could refine water level maps and

resource computations. The data on piezometric head have been collected from 13 piezometers

tapping the fracture systems in the area. The integrated data on water level (Phreatic) and

piezometric heads are given in Table 2.5 and 2.6 respectively and an integrated location map of

these sites is shown in Fig. 2.3. Historical data on water levels and piezometric heads are

available for different periods for all the monitoring wells in the area.


12

2.3 Water quality monitoring

The existing water level monitoring wells are maintained as water quality monitoring wells by

CGWB and historical data is available for pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC) and for the ions Ca,

Mg, Na, K, Cl,CO3, HCO3, SO4, NO3 and F. The monitoring wells and piezometers of both

CGWB and SGWD are integrated for water quality monitoring through out sourcing. The

integrated water quality monitoring well location map is given in Fig.2.4.

Fig. 2.3 Locations of integrated water level monitoring wells and Piezometers


13

Table 2.5 Monitoring wells details of phreatic aquifer

Sl.No Name of Village/ Location Latitude Longitude RL

(mamsl)

Total

Depth

(mbgl)

Type of

well

Dia(m) MP Aquifer

1 Mundur NHS 10 50 12 76 34 48 97 08.90 DW 3.90 0.80 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

2 Vadakkampuram (Mailampalli) 10 51 16 76 34 24 117 06.10 DW 2.30 0.70 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

3 Nochipalli 10 49 59 76 35 33 103 06.70 DW 2.35 0.85 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

4 Thyyara 10 50 11 76 35 57 106 09.05 DW 2.80 0.70 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

5 Mundur Korma 10 51 06 76 36 3 133 08.50 DW 2.70 0.00 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

6 Dhoni Forest check gate 10 51 35 76 37 22 134 09.40 DW 2.30 0.60 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

7 Pudupariyaram NHS 10 48 22 76 37 09 84 10.00 DW 3.00 0.50 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

8 Akathuthara 10 48 55 76 39 03 109 09.78 DW 3.00 0.80 Hornblende biotite gneiss

9 Chunnambuthara 10 47 56 76 39 51 97 08.35 DW 2.70 0.85 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

10 Palakkad(NHS) 10 45 56 76 39 36 102 12.80 DW 3.15 0.30 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

11 Olavakkod 10 47 52 76 38 05 112 06.80 DW 2.40 1.00 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

12 Ummini 10 50 00 76 37 38 154 07.40 DW 3.00 0.75 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

13 Kalmandapam 10 46 20 76 40 20 98 10.30 DW 2.70 0.85 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

14 Pallethery 10 46 20 76 40 20 98 07.50 DW 1.70 0.75 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

15 Khanjikode(NHS) 10 47 48 76 44 47 114 10.70 DW 3.00 0.90 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

16 Malampuzha NHS 10 49 34 76 40 27 91 05.10 DW 2.00 0.55 Hornblende biotite gneiss

17 Cithali 10 40 30 76 34 38 70 07.80 DW 3.50 0.70 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

18 Kuzhalmannam NHS 10 42 30 76 35 40 85 12.15 DW 3.60 0.75 Hornblende biotite gneiss

19 Kannadi NHS 10 43 51 76 38 20 97 07.80 DW 3.00 0.80 Hornblende biotite gneiss

20 Tenkurussi 10 42 15 76 37 42 150 11.55 DW 3.10 0.85 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

21 Koduvayur NHS 10 45 14 76 38 20 124 08.00 DW 3.00 0.75 Hornblende biotite gneiss

22 Kakayur 10 39 21 76 38 26 98 05.30 DW 2.90 0.65 Biotite gneiss

23 Pallassana 10 38 16 76 36 05 117 08.25 DW 2.70 0.80 Biotite gneiss

24 Kunnisseri NHS 10 38 03 76 35 47 87 12.00 DW 3.00 0.90 Granite gneiss

25 Elapully 10 45 29 76 45 07 144 09.50 DW 4.70 0.85 Granite gneiss

26 Chittur NHS 10 41 53 76 45 15 135 10.30 DW 3.80 0.80 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

27 Chittur(Gwd) 10 42 12 76 44 18 124 07.90 DW 2.40 0.80 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

28 Thathamangalam 10 41 33 76 43 33 115 04.70 DW 1.40 0.70 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

29 Pudunagaram NHS 10 40 54 76 41 00 127 12.50 DW 3.30 0.70 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

30 Perumatti NHS 10 38 58 76 45 47 166 08.00 DW 2.20 0.60 Hornblende Biotite gneiss


14

Sl.No Name of Village/ Location Latitude Longitude RL

(mamsl)

Total

Depth

(mbgl)

Type of

well

Dia(m) MP Aquifer

31 Pattenchery 10 38 58 76 44 19 153 06.75 DW 1.20 0.80 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

32 Oottara NHS 10 37 28 76 41 44 101 05.55 DW 1.60 0.80 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

33 Walayar NHS 10 50 00 76 15 00 165 10.90 DW 2.35 0.85 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

34 Chullimada NHS 10 47 55 76 46 44 141 11.10 DW 2.00 0.67 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

35 K.N.Pudur 10 47 51 76 46 23 151 09.20 DW 1.80 0.45 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

36 Erumaikaranpudur 10 47 56 76 49 42 162 07.00 DW 6.85 0.45 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

37 Edapakulam 10 46 51 76 47 40 154 12.30 DW 1.40 0.75 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

38 Menonpara 10 45 45 76 48 54 143 08.24 DW 6.00 0.00 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

39 Velanthavalam NHS 10 48 53 76 51 27 183 13.20 DW 1.25 0.60 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

40 Kozhipara NHS 10 47 49 76 50 15 120 08.00 DW 1.50 0.80 Biotite gneiss

41 Erattakkulam NHS 10 45 17 76 47 33 145 08.10 DW 0.77 0.80 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

42 Athikkodu NHS 10 45 30 76 48 52 151 10.10 DW 4.10 0.80 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

43 Nallepalli 10 43 42 76 46 47 119 07.20 DW 3.10 1.00 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

44 Elissery 10 42 29 76 47 46 152 09.10 DW 2.00 0.70 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

45 Kunnankattupathy 10 41 27 76 49 17 225 13.25 DW 2.50 1.00 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

46 Kozhinjanpara NHS 10 44 35 76 49 53 163 10.20 DW 3.00 0.60 Biotite gneiss

47 Kamblichungam NHS 10 44 17 76 49 59 110 10.30 DW 2.00 0.60 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

48 Vembra 10 39 45 76 46 51 165 10.00 DW 2.00 0.80 Biotite gneiss

49 Kannimari NHS 10 38 48 76 48 30 193 07.90 DW 3.00 0.80 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

50 Kozhinjampara(gwd) 10 44 12 76 49 59 156 08.00 DW 2.80 0.75 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

51 Nedupuni NHS 10 43 28 76 53 14 200 11.40 DW 3.60 0.70 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

52 Vannamada NHS 10 42 08 76 51 05 200 10.80 DW 3.00 0.80 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

53 Gopalapuram NHS 10 41 37 76 52 10 221 18.50 DW 2.30 0.80 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

54 Meenakshipuram NHS 10 38 16 76 51 46 190 11.45 DW 3.00 0.70 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

55 R.V.Pudur NHS 10 43 44 76 52 36 180 10.10 DW 3.00 0.70 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

56 Mattumantha NHS 10 48 34 76 40 27 90 08.50 DW 3.50 0.80 Hornblende biotite gneiss

57 Athikode(Panayur) NHS 10 42 44 76 54 06 180 11.00 DW 3.00 0.75 Hornblende biotite gneiss

58 Vandithavalam NHS 10 38 58 76 45 33 127 11.09 DW 3.00 0.80 Hornblende biotite gneiss


15

Table 2.6 Monitoring wells details of fracture aquifer system

Sl.No Name of Village/ Location Latitude in

degrees

decimal

Longitude in

degrees

decimal

RL

(mamsl)

Total

Depth

(mbgl)

Type of well Dia(mm) MP Aquifer

1 Mundur Korma 10 5106 76 36 03 133 137.16 P/z 177.8 0.5 Hornblende biotite gneiss

2 Maruda road(Pz Gwd) 10 47 04 76 40 31 107 65.71 P/z 177.8 0.7 Biotite gneiss

3 Pudussery(pz Gwd) 10 47 51 76 45 52 134 76.67 P/z 177.8 0.7 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

4 Ozhlapathi(Pz Gwd) 10 47 48 76 53 22 236 65.45 P/z 177.8 0.7 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

5 Nattukal 10 44 25 76 49 00 160 65 P/z 177.8 0.7 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

6 Nallepalli(Pz Gwd) 10 43 41 76 46 45 117 65 P/z 177.8 0.7 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

7 Thathamangalam(Gwd) 10 40 43 76 42 06 127 65 P/z 177.8 0.7 Hornblende biotite gneiss

8 Kannadi NHS 10 43 49 76 38 31 77 101 P/z 177.8 0.68 Hornblende biotite gneiss

9 Malampuzha NHS 10 41 06 76 39 31 100 100 P/z 177.8 0.68 Hornblende biotite gneiss

10 Perumatti NHS 10 49 14 76 40 00 102 101 P/z 177.8 0.7 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

11 Kanjikode FCRI (NHS) 10 38 42 76 45 56 130 100 P/z 177.8 0.7 Hornblende biotite gneiss

12 Kozhipara NHS 10 47 42 76 44 51 110 101 P/z 177.8 0.2 Biotite gneiss

13 Kunnisseri NHS 10 47 52 76 50 30 110 101 P/z 177.8 0.3 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

14 Plachimada colony NHS 10 38 03 76 35 45 88 101 P/z 177.8 0.5 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

15 Villuni NHS 10 38 46 76 48 56 190 101 P/z 177.8 0.5 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

16 Koduvayur NHS 10 4514 76 38 20 124 100 P/z 177.8 0.5 Hornblende biotite gneiss

17 Panayur(Athikode) NHS 10 42 44 76 54 6 180 101 P/z 177.8 0.5 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

18 Mundur NHS 10 42 53 76 44 07 82 101 P/z 177.8 0.5 Hornblende biotite gneiss

19 Moochangundu NHS 10 43 44 76 52 36 150 101 P/z 177.8 0.5 Hornblende biotite gneiss

20 Thachankode NHS 10.63413 76.5949 123 101.2 B/w 177.8 0.5 Hornblende biotite gneiss

21 Chullimada(Pepsico) I 10 47 28 76 46 59 132 74.31 B/w 177.8 0.7 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

22 Chullimada(Pepsico) III 10 47 34 76 46 52 129 65 B/w 177.8 0.7 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

23 Chullimada(Pepsico) IV 10 47 34 76 46 52 130 65 B/w 177.8 0.7 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

24 Chullimada(Pepsico) V 10 47 22 76 46 58 130 65 B/w 177.8 0.7 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

25 Chullimada(Pepsico) VI 10 47 19 76 47 03 135 65 B/w 177.8 0.7 Hornblende Biotite gneiss

26 Chullimada(Pepsico) VII 10 47 17 76 47 02 134 65 B/w 177.8 0.7 Hornblende Biotite gneiss


16

Fig. 2.4 Locations of integrated Quality monitoring wells and Piezometers

3.0 DATA INTERPRETATION AND AQUIFER MAPPING

The aquifer map of the area is generated based on the inputs generated from the synthesis and

analysis of geological, geophysical, hydrological, hydrogeological, and hydro-chemical data. In

the present study the aquifer disposition and aquifer characterization has been brought out

mainly by analyzing the data from 79 lithological logs, 42 electrical logs, 59 hydrograph from

dug wells, 13 piezometric heads, hydro-chemical data from NHS, previous literatures and inputs

from the field investigations. Aquifer mapping involves extraction of information from the

analysis of data and preparation of various thematic maps related to the groundwater regime so

as to get any required information about the aquifer system from the thematic layer or from a

suitable combination of thematic layers. Various aspects of the groundwater regime such as

rainfall, soil, geomorphology, geology, aquifer geometry, aquifer characteristics, water levels,

water resources and water quality were studied in detail and thematic maps prepared as part of

the aquifer mapping.

3.1 Rainfall

The annual rainfall varies from 2400 to 1570 mm based on long term normal. Southwest

monsoon contributes 71% of rainfall from June to September and the northeast monsoon

contributes about 18%. The rain fall data of Malampuzha & Chittur rain gauge stations are given


17

in Table 3.1&3.2 respectivelyand the decadal monthly rainfall variations is depicted in Fig 3.1

and 3.2.

Table 3.1 Rain fall data of Malampuzha rain gauge station.

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2003 - 21.40 62.40 95.20 19.40 204.00 242.20 150.10 31.30 245.40 38.80 - 2004 12.00 - 22.20 46.20 343.60 474.30 295.20 412.80 255.90 202.60 47.00 - 2005 9.60 - 7.60 105.00 128.40 390.90 927.00 204.20 395.00 164.10 65.50 35.80

2006 14.60 - 102.40 44.80 299.20 402.60 439.80 349.00 426.60 248.30 221.60 - 2007 3.00 - - 93.40 51.10 601.10 824.30 470.00 482.50 280.40 7.60 22.20

2008 - 36.00 80.10 71.00 7.20 379.90 360.00 189.20 155.80 388.40 14.20 - 2009 - - 105.20 0.80 129.00 180.40 777.20 143.80 292.80 213.60 206.80 - 2010 - - 37.60 153.60 124.60 365.20 412.40 267.80 359.00 269.40 127.80 4.80

2011 - 204.20 - 190.20 26.80 569.60 386.80 406.10 295.30 156.40 201.60 59.20

2012 - - - 138.60 25.80 339.30 286.80 398.60 165.90 177.70 48.10 -

Table 3.2 Rain fall data of Meenkara rain gauge station

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2003 - 92.00 113.00 70.00 - 201.00 281.00 107.00 - 341.50 103.00 28.00

2004 13.00 - 38.00 55.00 260.00 470.00 338.00 440.00 48.00 76.00 102.00 - 2005 - 5.00 6.00 323.50 161.00 369.00 850.00 282.00 141.00 106.00 171.00 113.00

2006 5.00 - 154.00 66.00 195.00 254.00 435.00 292.00 148.00 118.00 168.00 6.00

2007 - - - 85.00 48.00 243.00 607.00 184.00 197.00 233.00 50.00 68.00

2008 - 45.00 148.00 16.00 6.00 154.00 237.00 185.00 141.00 321.00 34.00 4.00

2009 - - 23.00 2.00 23.00 138.00 595.00 95.00 126.00 158.00 208.50 1.50

2010 8.00 - - 109.00 33.00 146.50 361.00 147.50 84.00 136.50 260.50 34.00

2011 - 50.00 3.00 78.00 37.00 445.00 329.50 194.50 108.00 58.50 219.00 24.00

2012 - - - 73.50 26.00 162.50 151.00 157.20 64.50 190.40 89.40 -

The eastern part of the area receives less rainfall and is categorized as rain shadow area.

Deficient rainfall during five consecutive years was recorded in the area from 2008 to 2012,

which resulted in crop failures and groundwater level decline, especially in Chittur block.


18

Fig 3.1 Histogram of decadal monthly rainfall distribution at Malampuzha

Fig 3.2 Histogram decadal monthly rainfall distribution at Meenkara

The spatial variation in rainfall over the area is best represented by isohyetal map (Fig. 3.3)

which shows a gradual increase in rainfall from south east to North West direction.

The maximum temperature ranges from 28.1 to 37.40C and the minimum temperature ranges

from 22.2 to 25.30C. The average annual maximum temperature is 32.3

0C and the average

annual minimum temperature is 23.40C. The wind is predominantly from west and east during

morning as well as in the evening hours. The wind speed is high during August (13.6 kmph).

The humidity is higher (around 90 %) during the monsoon period i.e. from June to September.

During the period 1901-1980, the areas did not experience any severe drought, but mild

droughts.

Rai

nfa

ll in

mm

Months

Rainfall data of Malampuzha 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Rai

n fa

ll in

mm

Months

Rain fall data of Meenkara

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012


19

Fig. 3.3 Isohyetal map of the Study area

3.2 Soil Characteristics

There are four types of soils encountered in the area; they are Red loam soil, forest soil, clayey

soil and gravelly clay soil. Red loam soil is the most predominant soil type in the area and is seen

in major part of Chittur block. Forest soil is seen in forest areas of Malampuzha block. They are

rich in humus and organic matter. Clayey soil is seen in the low lying areas of Chittur and

Malampuzha blocks, which is used for the cultivation of cotton and sugar cane. They exhibit

mud cracks and have high water retaining power. Gravelly clay soil is seen along the banks of

rivers. In the valley portion, valley fill deposits such as talus and scree are observed. The soil

map of the area modified after the soil map published by Kerala land Use board is shown in Fig.

3.4.

3.3 Geomorphology

Geomorphologically the area is characterized by the land features of mid land and high land

regions.The prominant physiographic feature of the area is the Palghat gap which is a structural

gap of about 32km wide developed in the Western Ghats. Palghat Gap is the only major break

within the Western Ghats. Geomorphologically, three distinct physiographic horizons of both

erosional and depositional types with characteristic soils have been discerned in the Gap area.

Various geomorphological features of the area are depicted in the modified geomorphological

map sourced from the Land Use Board (Fig.3.5).


20

Fig. 3.4 Soil map of the area

3.4 Drainage characteristics

Topo analysis of the area has brought to light remarkable linear, consequent rivers of high orders

in the Gap area, as compared to closely spaced, lower order streams of trellis, dendritic,

obsequent and subsequent patterns of the hill ranges (Nageswara Rao & Srinivasan, 1980). The

drainage pattern of the study area is shown in Fig. 3.6.


21

Fig. 3.5 Geomorphology of the study area

Fig. 3.6 Drainage map of the area


22

3.5 The aquifer systems

The weathered zone and fracture system in crystalline rocks form the repositories of groundwater

in the area. Groundwater exists under phreatic condition in shallow/ weathered zone and under

semi confined conditions in fracture systems. The weathered zone and the zone of fractures are

interconnected and groundwater draft from the fracture system impacts the groundwater levels in

the weathered zone. Hence, the area is considered to have a SINGLE AQUIFER SYSTEM with

two distinct horizons of different hydraulic properties such as;

1. Weathered zone with associated shallow fractures

2. Deeper Fracture zone

Weathered zone with associated shallow fractures

The shallow aquifers in the weathered zone form the phreatic aquifer system in the study area.

Weathered migmatitic gneisses and charnockites cover a major part of the area and the

weathered thickness varies highly in these formations. The occurrence and movement of

groundwater in the weathered zone is mainly influenced by the depth of weathering and

topography and generally groundwater follows the topography. Groundwater abstraction

structures in this zone include dug wells, dug-cum bore wells and shallow bore wells. The depth

of dug wells ranges from 5 to 18 m bgl and that of bore well up to the depth of 30 m bgl. The

water level ranges from 2 to 13 m bgl during the pre-monsoon period. During post monsoon

period the water level ranges from1.00 to 7m bgl. The diameter of the dug well ranges from 1 to

5 m. The yield of dug wells ranges from 5 to 15 m3/day and sustains 1 to 4 hours of pumping. In

canal command area and in deep weathered zones dug wells yield high.

The yielding capacity of phreatic aquifers varies spatially and is related to the aquifer

characteristics, rainfall received, surface water availability, and thickness of weathered residuum.

The central and eastern part of the area is having relatively high density of fractures/lineaments,

moderate rainfall and surface water recharge to the aquifer systems from the Malampuzha dam

occurs on the western part of the area. Whereas, the eastern part of the area receive low rainfall

and high extraction of ground water for irrigation purpose. Groundwater levels have gone deeper

in these areas and even dried up during the peak summer (April and May), in areas such as

Vadakarapathy, Ozhalapathy, Kozhinjampara and Eruthenpahty Panchayat till it becomes

recouped during the monsoon season.

Deeper Fracture zone

The Deeper Fracture zone is very potential as the area is tectonically disturbed and groundwater

exists there under semi-confined conditions. Since the area experienced several episodes of

tectonic deformations, a large number of interconnected fractures developed which offer very

good conduits and storage space for groundwater. The Central Ground Water Board has drilled

44 numbers of exploratory wells in the study area, the depth of the bore wells ranges from 50 m

to 300 mbgl. The depth to fracture zones ranges from 20 m to 150 m bgl and the discharge

ranges from 0.5 to 20 lps. However, most of the potential fracture zones occur within the depth


23

of 120 mbgl. Bore wells located along the lineaments are yielding high compared to the wells

located away from the lineaments.

3.5.1 Thickness of weathered zone

From the exploratory drilling data two aquifer zones were identified viz; the weathered zone

(aquifer Zone- 1) and the fracture zone below it. Weathered zone includes the weathered

formation and the shallow fractures and its thickness varies in the range of 1-22 m.The

weathered thickness in the area vary highly as observed from exploratory drillings and the data

have been used to elucidate the lateral and vertical changes in weathered zone. The information

from 79 bore wells (Annexure -1) have been analyzed for understanding the spatial variations in

the thickness of weathered zone and the contour map depicting the same is given in Fig.3.7. The

weathering thickness is relatively shallow in the eastern and south-eastern part of the area.

Similarly among the geological formations the weathering thickness is shallow in gneisses.

Deepest zones of weathering are observed at three locations in the central part and southeastern

part of the area. The 3d view and cross sections depicting the spatial variations in the thickness

of weathered zone is shown in Fig 3.7a and 3.7b.

3.5.2 Water levels

Measurements of water levels in wells provide the most fundamental indicator of the status of

groundwater resource and are critical to meaningful evaluation of the quantity of ground water

and its interaction with surface water. It foster a more comprehensive and systematic approach to

the long-term collection of these essential data. Water levels were monitored four times (April,

August, November and January) during the field seasonfrom 53 dug wells which include 25

newly established dug wells for this purpose and 28 regular monitoring wells (NHS) of CGWB.

The water level data given in Table 3.3 shows minimum water levels during the months of

August and November and deepest water levels during April. November water level is

considered as post-monsoon and that in April is taken as pre-monsoon for detailed analysis.

The water levels in the weathered zone were analyzed for pre and post monsoon water levels and

depth to water level maps were prepared (Fig. 3.8 and 3.9).The pre monsoon water level map

shows deep water levels in the range of 8.5 to 12.5m in the eastern and central parts of the area

where weathered zone and shallow fractures form the phreatic aquifers. In a major part of the

area the water level is less than 6.5m. The water level fluctuation varies from 02 to 11.00m, in

the eastern part of the study area shows the fluctuation is more, the fluctuation map is given in

Fig.3.10.


24

Fig. 3.7 The range in thickness of weathered zone

Fig 3.7a : 3D view of the weathered zone


25

Fig.3.7b East west cross section showing the water level and weathered zone thickness in the area

Table 3.3 Water level data from the Phreatic aquifers (dug wells)

Sl.No Location Water levels in Phreatic aquifer (May 2013

to jan 2014) mbgl

Type of well

May Aug Nov Jan

01 Vadakkampuram 05.00 02.20 03.10 03.56 Dw

02 Thyyara 05.25 05.00 05.48 06.39 Dw

03 Mundur Korma 08.75 04.00 05.56 06.34 Dw

04 Dhoni Forest check gate 07.25 04.40 05.85 04.50 Dw

05 Akathuthara 07.20 05.10 06.09 06.65 Dw

06 Chunnambuthara 03.85 01.95 02.55 03.80 Dw

07 Olavakkod 01.40 00.50 02.70 03.65 Dw

08 Ummini 06.25 04.65 05.25 03.60 Dw

09 Kalmandapam 07.78 02.27 03.91 04.58 Dw

10 Pallethery 06.30 01.45 02.90 03.76 Dw

11 Cithali 06.30 03.69 04.95 05.40 Dw

12 Tenkurussi 10.15 05.91 06.79 07.41 Dw

13 Kakayur 04.05 01.25 03.00 03.47 Dw


26

14 Pallassana 04.45 01.80 03.30 04.52 Dw

15 Elapully 06.25 02.25 03.29 04.69 Dw

16 Thathamangalam 03.80 02.05 02.42 03.30 Dw

17 Pattenchery 05.10 01.40 02.65 03.51 Dw

18 K.N.Pudur 07.40 03.22 04.22 04.72 Dw

19 Erumaikaranpudur 05.65 02.45 03.55 04.78 Dw

20 Edapakulam 11.15 04.95 05.66 06.76 Dw

21 Menonpara 07.45 03.12 05.00 06.13 Dw

22 Nallepalli 06.10 02.89 04.16 04.60 Dw

23 Elissery 07.60 04.43 05.64 05.35 Dw

24 Kunnankattupathy 11.55 05.17 06.32 07.23 Dw

25 Vembra 07.45 01.60 03.07 04.27 Dw

26 Mundur NHS 05.70 01.42 01.40 03.20 Dw

27 Pudupariyaram NHS 06.50 03.34 05.20 04.95 Dw

28 Palakkad NHS 11.40 06.42 07.30 08.40 Dw

29 Khanjikode NHS 09.10 03.37 02.00 05.60 Dw

30 Malampuzha NHS 04.30 02.25 01.95 01.65 Dw

31 Kuzhalmannam NHS 04.70 02.90 01.55 02.35 Dw

32 Kannadi NHS 07.90 02.68 03.40 03.50 Dw

33 Koduvayur NHS 06.94 03.04 03.14 04.45 Dw

34 Kunnisseri NHS 05.70 01.74 02.20 03.70 Dw

35 Chittur NHS 06.30 02.72 03.00 04.15 Dw

36 Pudunagaram NHS 08.10 03.27 04.00 06.80 Dw

37 Perumatti NHS 06.30 02.73 04.21 03.90 Dw

38 Oottara NHS 04.90 02.13 01.20 02.86 Dw

39 Walayar NHS 08.50 02.62 02.75 03.65 Dw

40 Chullimada NHS 10.70 05.43 05.18 06.70 Dw

41 Velanthavalam NHS 12.00 03.37 04.75 07.10 Dw

42 Kozhipara NHS 07.20 02.67 02.55 04.10 Dw

43 Erattakkulam NHS 04.35 03.12 03.23 04.68 Dw

44 Athikkodu NHS 08.50 04.21 03.20 05.20 Dw

45 Kozhinjanpara NHS 09.70 03.80 05.00 06.80 Dw

46 Kamblichungam NHS 05.00 01.47 01.30 03.13 Dw

47 Kannimari NHS 07.90 03.41 04.20 06.60 Dw

48 Nedupuni NHS 10.40 04.92 06.10 07.30 Dw

49 Vannamada NHS 10.45 05.10 06.20 05.50 Dw

50 Gopalapuram NHS 18.00 05.95 06.80 08.88 Dw

51 Meenakshipuram NHS 09.00 03.44 04.15 05.30 Dw

52 R.V.Pudur NHS 07.80 03.29 04.70 06.12 Dw

53 Panayur(Athikode) NHS 05.54 04.21 04.00 07.32 Dw

MAPPING OF HARD ROCK AQUIFER SYSTEM IN AND AQUIFER MANAGEMENT PLAN IN CHITTUR & MALAMPUZHA BLOCKS OF PALAKKAD DISTRICT, KERALA

27

Fig. 3.8 Premonsoon water level map of the study area

Fig. 3.9 Post monsoon water level map of the study area


28

Fig.3.10 Water level fluctuation map

Fig. 3.11 Water table elevation contour map


29

The pattern of post monsoon water level in the area (Fig.3.9) is similar to that of pre monsoon

but the water level in major part of the area is below 3m and it is less than 5m in 90% of the area.

The water table elevation map (Fig 3.11) shows groundwater flow towards west, following the

topography.

3.5.3 Saturated thickness of the weathered zone

The saturated thickness of the weathered zone which is under phreatic conditions during pre and

post-monsoon seasons are shown in Fig. 3.12 and 3.13. During post monsoon period majority of

the aquifer are having saturated.

Fig. 3.12 Saturated thickness of aquifer during Pre-monsoon

Fig. 3.13 Saturated thickness of aquifer during post-monsoon


30

Thickness in the range of 2 to 5m.and the water levels are shallow (Fig.6.9), indicating limited

scope for artificial recharge. Whereas, during pre-monsoon period the saturated thickness is (Fig

3.12) mostly within 2m and the water levels are also deep, providing ample scope artificial

recharge. As the thickness of aquifer is limited even one meter rise in water level through

artificial recharge will have great impact on the groundwater scenario of the area.

3.5.4 Water level trend

The water level data available for a long term help us in the protection, management, and

sustainable development of the aquifer system and make the best possible decisions. More than

50% of the regular monitoring wells of CGWB (NHS) are established within last 5 years and

because of that water level data for longer period could be analyzed from 13 NHS only and the

analysis result is given in Table 3.4.

Table 3.4. Water level trend values in the weathered zone.

Sl. No. Location

Data

Points Rise(m/year) Fall(m/year) Trend

1 Gopalapuram 7 0.2838

0.2838

2 Kanjikode 9 0.0491

0.0491

3 Kodavayur 9

0.164 -0.164

4 Koduvayur 9 0.212

0.212

5 Kozhinjampara-R1 6

0.43 -0.43

6 Malampuzha 10 0.0006

0.0006

7 Malampuzha1 9

0.0342 -0.0342

8 Meenakshipuram 10 0.0067

0.0067

9 Meenkara 7

0.3382 -0.3382

10 Palghat 9

0.0281 -0.0281

11 Perumatty 9

1.4046 -1.4046

12 Pudur 10 0.5419

0.5419

13 Walayar 9 0.0835 -0.0835

The water level trend values indicate significant rise or fall in 23% of the wells only. The fall in

water level is mainly observed in Chittur block and the rise in wells located in ayacut areas and

the water level trend of three representative NHS is given in Fig. 3.14.


31

Fig.3.14 Water level trend in phreatic aquifers


32

3.5.5 Quality of water in the weathered zone

The existing water quality data from the dug wells have been analyzed for extracting information

on regional distribution of water quality and their suitability for various uses. In a groundwater

flow regime water chemistry constantly undergoes modification due to various processes such as

dissolution of minerals, precipitation of dissolved ions under unstable conditions, cation

exchange etc. The hydrochemical evolution along the flow paths are significantly altered under

anthropogenic interferences and consequent pollution of aquifer systems (Drever, 1982;

Langmuir, 1997; Abu-Jabeer, 2001;Singh et al, 2007). The effects of pollution in the flow system

can easily be identified from a comparison of dissolved ions and ion ratio studies in simple terms

(Hem, 1985).

The groundwater quality in the area is generally good for all purposes except for certain

locations where high fluoride and salinity are observed. High salinity is noticed from

Kadumthuruthi (Yakkara) and Kuduvayoor area. About 1 sq km area is affected in both the

villages. The dug wells in the Kadumthuruthi colony (about 40 numbers) area showing high EC

(Electrical Conductivity) values in the range of 2000 – 6700 µs/cm at 250 C. In the Kuduvayoor

area about 25 dug wells are showing high EC values of 756 – 7200 µmicro Siemens/cm at 250

C.

The source of salinity is mainly from the saline soils developed due to low rain fall and high

evapotranspiration under irrigated agriculture. The chemical analysis data given in Table 3.6

shows salinity of water samples in the range of 318 to 1839 with 58% of the samples with EC

above 750 and 42% above 1000 µs /cm at 25oC. High EC values are observed in the eastern part

of the area with alkaline soil.

The eastern part of the area shows fluoride above permissible limits, where the dug wells show

fluoride in the range of 0.3 – 4.85 ppm and in the bore wells in the range of 0.3 to 3.12 ppm.

During aquifer performance test (eg. exploratory well at Vadakarapathy Panchayat office), it was

observed that prolonged pumping, leads to enrichment of fluoride in water. During six hours of

pumping fluoride concentration increased from 0.765 ppm to 1.5 ppm. The Phreatic Aquifer

Water quality map is given in Fig.3.15.

Table 3.5 WaterQuality data of dug wells representing phreatic aquifers

Sl.

No Name of locaton pH

TH

as

CaC

O3

Ca Mg Na K CO3 HCO3 SO4 Cl F NO3

EC

us/c

m at

25oC

Mg/L 1 Chittoor 9.26 110 12 19 47 2 24 137 12 64 0.64 1.4 526

2 Chullimade 8.86 255 30 44 126 2.1 26 76 57 299 0.42 2 1324

3 Gopalapuram 9.3 125 18 19 140 1 12 132 12 206 0.99 83 1112

4 Kanjikode 8.99 200 36 27 107 103 42 220 74 192 0.3 76 1383

5 Kodavayur 8.73 32 6.4 3.9 19 0.9 4.8 66 2.8 16 0.78 3.4 180

6 Kuzhalmannam 8.63 94 16 13 40 4.6 12 127 31 44 0.9 0.52 459

7 Malampuzha 8.53 100 24 9.7 27 9.2 12 93 0.7 64 0.14 1.4 412

8 Meenakshipuram 8.75 165 24 25 76 9.5 18 134 51 96 0.32 108 853

9 Meenkara 9.11 220 12 46 136 0.9 48 256 55 156 1.1 4.7 1144

10 Mundur 8.63 74 16 8.3 21 2.6 4.8 100 7.2 31 0.38 3.2 318

11 Walayar 8.84 295 38 49 67 3.8 24 116 43 171 1.09 68 934

12 Perumatt 8.88 90 12 15 34 5.5 14 156 12 26 1.01 3.7 371


33

13 Kozhippara 8.63 355 28 69 138 3.6 30 140 58 341 0.38 46 1490

14 Kambazhichungam 9.66 150 10 30 87 18 54 140 49 114 1.25 1.5 779

15 Koppanur 8.5 50 4 9.7 33 42 34 65 85 231 4.85 2.1 1930

16 Pudhunagaram 8.89 250 48 32 116 63 24 305 65 171 0.44 70 1281

17 Oottara 8.83 220 16 44 79 10 36 244 34 110 0.8 5.4 872

18 Panayur 8.99 160 16 29 44 1.9 36 183 7.4 60 0.64 2.5 565

19 Mattumandla 8.63 104 22 12 22 19 14 80 13 60 0.22 15 439

20 Pudhupariyaram 8.09 58 14 5.4 27 11 0 73 17 47 0.14 6.6 335

21 Erattakulam 9 86 14 12 17 4.2 12 100 12 20 0.74 0.2 297

22 RVP Pudur 9.09 200 24 34 120 4.9 36 207 109 131 2.12 24 1056

23 Nadupeni 9.19 284 22 55 198 51 66 220 202 249 2.62 75 1689

24 Koduvayur-I 7.83 340 78 35 61 3.3 0 183 8.4 236 0.52 1.5 1101

25 Athikode 9.15 230 12 49 325 3.1 54 299 75 355 1.16 10 1839

Fig. 3.15 Water quality in the weathered zone


34

The alkaline soil favours release of fluoride from weathered hornblende and biotite in the area.

Other factors which influence the release of fluoride are geology, mineral content, residence time

and degree of weathering.

Hydrochemical facies

Plotting of the percentage of epm values of cations and anions in Hill-Piper diagram falls mostly

either in the field wherechemical properties are dominated by alkaline earths and weak acids

(Ca-Mg-HCO3 type) or in the field where chemical properties are dominated by alkalis and

strong acids (Na-Cl type).The rest of the samples fall in the mixed cation-anion field where no

single cation-anion pair exceeds 50% (mixed Ca-Na-HCO3 type or mixed Ca-Mg-Cl type)

(Fig.3.16). Influence of human intervention and soil salinity may be the causative factors for the

samples with mixed cation-anion nature. The samples from Chullimada and Kozhippara indicate

contribution from soil salinity. About 33% of the samples are Ca-Mg-HCO3 type and 37 % of the

samples represent Na-Cl type. The samples of Na-Cl type are mainly from the eastern part of the

area where alkaline soils and fluoride enrichment in groundwater are observed.Alkaline

environment favours release of fluoride in groundwater

The hydrochemical environment in the aquifer systems of the low rainfall areas and highly

weathered rock formations with alkaline soils favours release of fluoride in to the groundwater.

Fluoride concentrations above permissible limits are observed in most of the wells in the eastern

part of area and it goes up to 4.85mg/l. High correlation of fluoride with HCO3 ion, alkaline

groundwater and Mg-Ca-HCO3 type water are the major hydro-chemical characteristics of the

area.

Weathering and ion exchange under alkaline hydro-chemical environment favours release of

fluoride into the water from the aquifer material.

Fig. 3.16 Plotting of samples of NHS in Hill-Piper diagram


35

3.5.6 Groundwater potential of weathered zone

Based on the weathered thickness, aquifer geometry, water levels, groundwater yield and

hydraulic properties the groundwater potential map of the phreatic aquifer system is prepared

(Fig.3.17& 3.18). The central part of the study area is having relatively high groundwater

potential with yield of wells ranging up to 10 cum/hr. and sustains 2 to 4 hours of pumping.

Fig. 3. 17 Groundwater potential map of phreatic aquifer system in the weathered zone


36

Fig 3.18 Aquifer map of the weathered zone


37

3.5.7 Fracture Aquifer Geometry

The information on weathered thickness and fracture zones from 12 exploratory wells have been

used for the preparation of panel diagrams (Fig.3.19 and 3.20). It shows relatively deep

weathering in the central and western part of the area. The hard rock below the weathered zone

consists of massive formation with fracture zones at varying depths. The fracture zones are

encountered in the depth range of 65-198.5 m in the exploratory wells representing different rock

formations with significant changes in yield and aquifer characteristics. They are confined to

Semi-confined in nature with a high frequency of occurrence of potential fractures within 120 m

depth. Deep fractures are also encountered in the area such as the one encountered in the

exploratory well at Vannamada at the depth of 190.00 m bgl but their frequency is very low. It is

a general practice in the area to go for deep drilling even after encountering a potential zone with

the expectation of augmented yield or for long survival of wells. This may not give expected

results as the study of exploration data reveals. However, the surface manifestations of fractures

in the area are best indicators of deep fractures and proper scientific investigations a prior

necessity for deep well drilling. Thus fracture pattern analysis in conjunction with the

exploration data has given meaningful information on the fracture aquifer systems in the area.

Dry fractures are mainly encountered in the eastern part of the area such as Meenakshipuram and

Thevarayankattai (near Menonpara). At these locations dry fractures are encountered at 135 and

183 m respectively and the reason for un-saturation is attributed to over exploitation and

consequent drying up of aquifer systems. Natural recharge in these areas is even otherwise low

due to low rainfall compared to other parts of the area.


38

Fig. 3.19 Panel diagram displaying lateral and vertical variations in weathered thickness and depth

of occurrence of fractures

Fig. 3.20. Panel diagram displaying lateral and vertical variations in weathered thickness


39

3.5.8 Geophysical Investigations

The interpreted results of the VES indicated that the first layer resistivity varies in the range of

12-800 ohm.m which represents the soil. The thickness of this formation is varying in the range

of 0.6-3.5 m. In this range the lower order of resistivities (<55 ohm.m) indicate clayey nature of

soil whereas higher order of resistivity indicate red soils. TheInterpretation of Geophysical

(VES) data is given in Table 3.7.

The second layer resistivity was varying in the range of 12-900 ohm.m with thickness in the

range of 2.5-33 m. In this resistivity range the formation with resisitivity up to 160 ohm.m was

considered as weathered in nature and was recorded at 30 no. of VES. The resistivity of the

second layer at these 30 VES was varying in the range of 12-160 ohm.m with thickness in the

range of 3-11m except at one VES where it was 33m. At the remaining 12 no. of VES the

resistivity of the second layer is varying in the range of 200-900 ohm.m which is hard formation.

The thickness of this formation is varying in the range of 3-18 m.

The third layer resistivity was varying in the range of 35-1300 ohm.m. At about 13 VES the third

layer was recorded as massive formation. At about 2 VES the third layer resistivity was varying

around 1200 ohm.m and 750 ohm.m respectively which is extending in nature. At the remaining

27 VES the third layer resistivity was varying in the range of 35-1300 ohm.m with thickness in

the range of 4-63 m. At 2 VES the third layer resistivity was varying around 35 ohm.m and 45

ohm.m respectively which is weathered in nature.At the remaining 25 VES the resistivity was

varying in the range of 100-1300 ohm.m which was considered as hard formation with fractures

at some of the sites.

The interpreted results have given rise to fourth layer at about 25 VES only. Of this 25 VES at

about 19 VES the fourth layer was recorded as massive formation. At the remaining 6 VES the

fourth layer resistivity was varying in the range of 300-2500 ohm.m which is expected to be hard

formation with fractures at some of the VES. At about 3, VES this layer was extending with

depth with resistivity around 1500-2500 ohm.m. At the remaining 3 VES this layer resistivity

was varying in the range of 300-450 ohm.m with thickness in the range of 54-70 m.

The interpreted results have given rise to fifth layer at about 2VES only where it was recorded as

massive formation. By considering the type of VES curves and interpreted results at about 22

VES the hard rock formation is expected to be fractured in nature. At about 8 VES the first layer

in the hard rock is expected to be fractured in nature. At the remaining 14 VES the second, third

&/or fourth layer is expected to be fractured in nature along with inter laying massive formation.

The resistivity of this formation in general varies in the range of 120-850 ohm.m. Some of the

graph on apparent resistivity vs AB/2 is shown in Fig.3.21a and b.


40

Table 3.6 Interpretation of Geophysical (VES) data of the area

Location

Depth

of

Interpr

etation

Layers Layer Thickness (m) Depth to

Massive

formatio

n

Interpreted

Depth of

Occurrence of

Aquifers

Identified

Remarks

Roh

1

Roh

2

Roh

3

Roh

4

Roh

5

1 2 3 4 5 I II

Olavakkode1 100 170 75 VH 2.0 33.0 H 35 35 65 Fracture

Olavakkode2 150 50 18 120 300 VH 1.5 4.5 14.0 70 HAA 90 6 144 Fracture

Olavakkode3 55 155 26 VH 2.0 11.0 H 13 13 42

Muttukulangara1 100 280 160 650 VH 2.8 8.2 19.0 HA 30 11 89 Fracture

Muttukulangara2 180 200 29 VH 1.3 4.7 H 6 6 174

Muttukulangara3 180 380 160 650 1500 2.6 6.4 19.0 Ext. HAA 9 171 Fracture

Muttukulangara4 100 680 450 145 VH 1.5 4.0 11.5 QH 17 2 99

Muttukulangara5 120 420 370 1250 2500 3.0 3.0 19.0 Ext. HAA 3 117

Muttukulangara6 70 280 310 550 VH 1.0 9.0 8.0 AA 18 1 69

Mundur1 80 80 200 750 VH 2.0 10.0 28.0 AA 40 2 78 Fracture

Mundur2 80 240 800 1500 VH 2.0 8.0 38.0 AA 48 2 78

Mundur3 60 450 850 1200 2.0 8.0 Ext. AA 2 58

Dhoni1 180 330 160 300 VH 1.5 10.5 35.0 HA 47 12 168 Fracture

Dhoni2 200 400 160 550 1300 1.1 6.9 17.0 Ext. HAA 25 8 192 Fracture

Dhoni3 150 340 700 1500 VH 2.0 10.0 63.0 AA 75 2 148

Dhoni4 150 270 900 450 VH 2.0 18.0 60.0 KH 80 2 148

Dhoni5 180 220 95 270 VH 0.9 3.7 4.5 HA 9 5 176

Dhoni6 180 800 210 850 VH 1.5 13.5 60.0 HA 75 2 179 Fracture


41

Dhoni BW 200 550 80 VH 3.5 9.5 H 13 13 187

Eruthenpathy 180 55 150 VH 2.0 8.0 A 10 10 170 Fracture

R.V.Pudur 180 18 100 280 VH 2.0 8.0 50.0 AA 60 10 170 Fracture

Minakshipuram 60 120 80 650 1.0 4.5 Ext. HA 6 55 Fracture

Chithali 200 95 250 750 1.5 6.5 27.0 AA 35 2 199

Tenkurssi 200 110 26 150 450 1.2 4.8 5.0 54.0

0

HAA 65 6 194 Fracture

Pallasana 200 40 85 VH 2.0 9.0 A 11 11 189 Fracture

Anikkad 200 56 20 VH 2.2 6.8 H 9 9 191

Chittur 200 12 24 VH 2.8 4.2 A 7 7 193

Pokunni 180 25 90 280 VH 3.0 15.0 25.0 AA 43 18 162 Fracture

Pattancherry 180 140 18 VH 0.9 3.3 H 4 4 176 Fracture

Nanniyode 50 65 220 750 2.0 8.0 Ext. AA 10 40 Fracture

Plachimada 180 72 150 650 VH 1.5 10.5 78.0 AA 90 12 168 Fracture

Nallippilli 200 85 12 35 VH 0.6 3.4 7.0 HA 11 11 189

Natukkal 200 70 34 170 450 VH 1.1 3.4 10.5 55.0

0

HAA 70 5 196 Fracture

Puduppariyaram 100 120 85 150 VH 1.5 4.5 4.0 HA 10 6 94

Chullimada 120 13 24 VH 3.0 5.0 A 8 8 112 Fracture

Walayar 180 55 15 45 VH 1.0 2.5 12.5 HA 16 16 164

Athicode 80 75 35 100 VH 1.0 3.5 9.5 HA 14 14 66 Fracture

Erimayoor 80 17 45 VH 2.0 3.0 A 5 5 75 Fracture

Vemballur 180 80 39 VH 3.0 7.0 H 10 10 170

Kannadi 200 110 39 220 VH 1.0 5.0 43.0 HA 49 6 194

Nacheppulli 180 400 600 1300 VH 3.0 10.0 29.0 AA 42 3 177


42

Fig. 3.21a Apparent resistivity vs AB/2 at 6 locations in the area


43

Fig 3.21b. Apparent resistivity vs AB/2 graph at 3 locations in the area

3.5.9 Piezometric head in the fracture zone

The water level data from the piezometers during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons show

high water level fluctuations compared to the phreatic aquifers. The maximum and minimum

depth to water levels during pre-monsoon is 41.57m and 5.4bgl respectively and that during post

monsoon is 29.32 and 3.2 mbgl. The water levels from the fracture systems during the four

monitoring periods are given in Table 3.7

The contour maps on the spatial distribution of piezometric head during pre-monsoon and post-

monsoon periods (Fig.3.22 and 3.23) shows a similar pattern with the water level contour maps

of phreatic aquifer. This may be the manifestation of the leaky nature of the fracture aquifer

system. In both the aquifers deeper water levels are observed in the eastern part where irrigated

agriculture from bore wells is common. The difference in water levels indicates that vertical

recharge from the phreatic aquifers to the fracture system is a slow process and the fracture

systems are extensive and interconnected so that the aquifer matrix which contributes water to

the fracture conduits takes time for getting fully saturated.


44

Table 3.7 Piezometric head data from the fracture aquifer system

Sl.No Location Water levels in fracture aquifer system

(May 2013 to jan 2014) mbgl

May Aug Nov Jan

1 Vandithavalam 08.13 03.91 04.12 05.62

1 Mundur Korma 08.27 03.41 06.71 07.10

2 Maruda road(Pz GWD) 07.26 02.82 04.51 05.34

3 Pudussery(pz GWD) 12.93 04.23 06.46 08.76

4 Ozhlapathi(Pz GWD) 15.97 05.98 07.43 08.92

5 Nattukal(GWD) 17.58 09.76 01.65 13.64

6 Nallepalli(Pz GWD) 06.89 03.00 04.96 05.54

7 Thathamangalam(GWD) 09.67 02.36 05.87 07.27

8 Kannadi NHS 02.20 00.25 00.20 00.65

9 Koduvayur NHS 12.20 02.82 03.89 05.47

10 Malampuzh NHS 06.00 03.41 02.40 04.50

11 Perumatti NHS 25.00 15.33 09.30 21.80

12 Kanjikode FCRI NHS 10.00 01.29 08.30 09.34

13 Kozhipara NHS 06.00 02.21 01.80 03.11

14 Kunnisseri NHS 09.70 02.90 06.40 07.56

15 Plachimada colony NHS 25.00 01.10 09.80 12.16

16 Villuni NHS 55.00 23.14 35.23 56.84

17 Panayur(Athikode) NHS 05.40 01.28 03.20 03.83

18 Mundur NHS 23.80 14.61 17.20 20.56

19 Koduvayur NHS 06.40 04.21 03.96 07.42

20 Thachankode NHS 06.55 04.33 05.00 07.00

21 Moochangundu NHS 18.00 09.12 12.00 10.12

22 Chullimada(Pepsico) I 14.79 06.27 10.23 11.23

23 Chullimada(Pepsico) III 41.57 24.87 25.67 27.89

24 Chullimada(Pepsico) IV 41.22 26.76 29.32 35.63

25 Chullimada(Pepsico) V 14.08 06.65 08.12 12.55

26 Chullimada(Pepsico) VI 13.63 07.34 09.32 10.98

27 Chullimada(Pepsico) VII 41.27 23.32 25.19 36.53


45

Fig 3.22 Piezometric head during pre-monsoon period

Fig. 3.23 Piezometric head during post-monsoon period


46

3.5.10 Groundwater and its relation to Geological Structures

Geological structures like fractures, lineaments, faults, joints, intrusive rocks etc influence the

occurrence and movement of groundwater. Such information extracted from field investigations

as well as from the study of topo-sheets and imagery were utilized to identify potential

lineaments and fractures in the area.The lineaments identified in the basin trend various

directions such as N-S, NNE-SSW, ENE-WSW, E-W, ESE-WNW, and NW-SE. The prominent

lineaments in the area mainly trend in NW-SE, NE-SW and E-W direction and is shown as a rose

diagram (Fig.3.24) based on the results of lineament analysis given in Table 3.8 Intersection of

lineaments are also observed such as in Muttikulangara and Chullimada. Similarly the sites at

kadukkankunnam, malampuzha and dhoni are affected by normal fault with the fault plane

dipping at an angle of 45o towards North. The fault plane is identified with Slickenside and

abundance of Biotite. The intrusive rocks and pegmatite veins in the area mainly trend in the NE-

SW or NNW-SSE direction. The field pictures of dolerite dyke seen at Kanjikode and the

pegmatite vein seen at Vadakarapathy are shown in Fig. 3.25 and 3.26 respectively.

Fig. 3.24 Rose diagram showing the lineament trends in the area.

Table 3.8 Percentage of lineaments observed in different trend directions

Sl. No. Orientation Lineament traces

Number Percentage

1 N-S 32 11.68

2 NNE-SSW 49 17.88

3 ENE-WSW 41 14.96

4 E-W 69 10.50

5 ESE-WNW 46 16.79

6 NW-SE 37 13.50


47

The groundwater potential of fracture systems in terms of the well yield shows that the NE-SW

trending fractures/lineaments are most productive and the least productive are the N - S trending

fractures. The list of relatively high yielding wells in the area located in different fracture

systems are given in Table 3.9 and a comparison of the yield of these wells are shown in Fig

3.27. The exploration results shows that the wells located on intersection of lineaments are high

yielding and such features are the surface manifestations of potential zone beneath it.

Fig. 3.25 Dolerite dyke intruded into the country rock, near Kanjikode.

However, the shear/tensile relation of fractures may play a significant role in the yield

characteristics of wells. Most of the dykes in the area are trending NE-SW or NNE-SSW

direction and dipping vertical. The lineaments/fractures parallel to these dykes are considered as

tensile and the wells located on these fractures have relatively high yield.

Fig.3.26 Pegmatite vein intruded in to the Hornblende biotite gneiss at Vadakarapathy


48

Table 3.9 High yielding wells and its relation to Lineaments

SL

No Location lithology casing Fracture zones

SWL

mbgl

Discharge

(lps)

Lineament

direction 1

Velanthavalam Biotite gneiss 3.04 26-41, 46-51,

98-101/2300 5.73 25.00

NE -SW

2 Nallepalli Biotite gneiss 7.62

26-27, 32-37,

40-60, 73-

90/1500

1.51 25.00 NW-SE

3 Pudussery Biotite gneiss 7.5 49.0-52.0 2.1 12.00

NW - SE

4 S.N.Pallam

Hb-Biotite

Gneiss 12.5 62-63 11.83 16.00

NW - SE

5 Kanjikode

Hb-Biotite

Gneiss 16.5 45-46 4.66 14.00

E - W

6 Palayamanthurai

Biotite gneiss/

Pegmatite 3.8

31.0-32.0 45.0-

47.0 65.0-68

84.0-86.5

16.64 13.00 NW - SE

7 Nellipalam Biotite Gneiss 10.4

19.3-21.6 65.3-

68.0 89.9-92.7 0.4 25.00

NW-SE

8 Chullimada

Hornblende

Biotite gneiss 9.00 77-78 3.50 18.00 NE -SW

9 Erumakaranur

Hornblende

Biotite gneiss 3

65.0-67.0, 79.0-

80.0 29.7 10.00 NE -SW

10 Kadukankunnu

Hornblende

Biotite gneiss 14.00 27-28 2.10 8.5 NE -SW

11 Malampuzha

Hornblende

Biotite gneiss 10.50 26-27 & 77-78 6.20 4.5 NE -SW

12 Kunnankattupathy

Hornblende

Biotite gneiss 12.10

79-80 & 101-

102 9.23 5.00 NW - SE

13 Vadakarapathy

Hornblende

Biotite gneiss 12.00

62-63, 65-66 &

86-87 8.12 6.00 E - W

Fig. 3.27 Comparison of yield and lineament/fracture trends

Most of high yielding bore wells in the area are falling in NE-SW trending lineaments and this is

the major strike direction of dykes in the area. Hence, it is likely that that the NE-SW trending

fractures/lineaments are tensile in nature.

Groundwater is used for irrigation through dug wells, dug-cum bore wells and bore wells. The

dug wells located along the valleys of midland and hilly area and the bore wells located along the

fractures and lineaments are yielding more water during summer months. In Chittur block most

of the dug wells are getting dry during summer season. The ground water abstraction structures


49

like Public tanks, ponds, bore wells and dug wells constructed in Malampuzha and Chittur

blocks.

3.5.11 Aquifer characteristics

The hydraulic properties of fracture systems are evaluated from pumping tests and the results of

which are given in Appendix-2. The Transmissivity value varies from 5.273 to 166.13 m2/day

and the Storativity values varies from 0.00011 to 0.00099. The aquifer characteristics ofthe

newly constructed 29 exploratory wells are given in Table 3.10.


50

Table 3.10 Exploratory Drilling in Chittur & Malampuzha blocks of Palakkad district (Data generated)

SL.

No

Name of Location Block Drill

Depth(m)

Casing

(m)

Fracture zone(m) Discharge

(LPS)

SWL(m) Aquifer Parameter(T

in m2/day& S)

1 Vennakara Ew Malampuzha 101 07.0 54-55 03.00 12.42 7.19

2 Vennakara Ow Malampuzha 100 06.6 Nil 00.50 11.00 23.27 & 0.00120

3 Kadukkankunnam Ew Malampuzha 92 13.6 21-22 08.00 02.10 39.55

4 Kadukkankunnam Ow Malampuzha 100 14.0 27-28 08.00 02.00 52.74 & 0.00012

5 Kallepully Ew Malampuzha 100 10.6 38-39 04.00 06.28 23.5

6 Kallepully Ow Malampuzha 95 09.7 78-79 04.00 06.00 23.50 & 0.00088

7 Malampuzha Ew Malampuzha 101 10.5 26-27 & 77-78 05.00 07.75 14.38

8 Malampuzha Ow Malampuzha 104 12.0 26-27 & 100-101 02.50 07.00 27.69 & 0.00017

9 Chullimada Ew Malampuzha 100 12.0 70-71 09.50 02.20 24.029

10 Chullimada Ow Malampuzha 77 12.0 75-76 18.00 02.40 29.08 & 0.00039

11 Muttikulangara Ew Malampuzha 104 9.0 103-104 10.00 18.00 48.15

12 Muttikulangara Ow Malampuzha 112 12.0 103-104 & 110-111 12.00 17.73 64.4 & 0.0028

13 Hemambiha Nagar Ew Malampuzha 101 10.0 Nil 00.02 14.50 Nil

14 Mundur Ew Malampuzha 107 14.3 Nil 00.05 18.00 Nil

15 Pudupariyaram Ew Malampuzha 110 16.0 Nil 00.02 25.00 Nil

16 Kunnamkattupathy Ow Chittur 200 12.1 79-80 & 101-102 05.00 06.50 92.29 & 0.00099

17 Vannamada Ew Chittur 200 18.0 41-42 03.00 10.00 15.82

18 Vannamada Ow Chittur 200 20.0 48-49, 171-172 &

191-192

03.50 10.25 18.66 & 0.00011

19 Nanniyode Ew Chittur 200 13.3 53-54 03.00 22.00

20 Nanniyode Ow Chittur 200 14.6 54-55 03.00 22.34

21 Dhoni Ew Malampuzha 200 18.0 23-24 &125-126 05.00 09.20 12.78

22 Elippara

Ew

Chittur 200 09.0 62-63 00.50 12.00 Nil

23 Eruthenpathy Ew Chittur 200 12.0 127(dry fracture) 00.02 Nil Nil

24 Meenakshipuram Ew Chittur 200 06.4 135 00.50 28.00 Nil

25 Athikode Ew Chittur 200 15.0 59-60 00.38 25.00 Nil

26 Thevarayankottai(Menonp

ara)

Chittur 183 06.1 20-21 & 140-141 dry Nil Nil

27 Vadakarapathy Ew Chittur 200 12.0 62-63, 65-66 & 86-87 06.00 09.12 9.0046

28 Vadakarapathy Ow Chittur 200 10.1 50-51 & 72-73 05.50 09.50 166.13 & 0.00012

29 kunnamkattupathy Ew Chittur 200 12.1 95-96 05.00 06.00 5.273


51

3.5.12 Groundwater potential of fracture aquifer system

The yield from bore wells varies highly in the area irrespective of the geological formations.

Within the same geological formation the spatial variations in yield is very common and it does

not show any relation with the spatial variations in weathered thickness. The fracture systems

have major influence on the yield. The percentage of wells having yield in varying ranges is

given in Table 3.11.

Table 3.11: Yield of bore wells in different ranges and their percentage

Yield of Expl.Wells No of wells % Wells

10 to 30 lps 13 16.46

5 to 10 lps 14 17.72

3 to 5 lps 10 12.66

1 to 3 lps 11 13.92

< 1 lps to dry 31 39.24

The yield map of fracture aquifer system (Fig. 3.28) shows high groundwater potential areas in

the central part of the area where successful wells yield upto 20lps. The yield from fracture zones

are generally good.


52

Fig. 3.28 Ground water potential map of fracture aquifer system

3.5.13 Water quality in fracture aquifer system

Water samples from 31 samples wells were analyzed for EC, pH, major ions and fluoride and the

details are given in Table 3.12. The water quality data shows alkaline nature of water and the

major quality issue is presence of fluoride above permissible limit (>1mgl) in more than 50% of

the samples.

Table 3.12 Water Chemistry of Exploratory wells in the Aquifer mapping study area

Sno Location pH

EC in us/cm

at 25oC

TH as

CaCO3 C

a Mg Na K

CO

3

HCO

3 SO4 Cl F NO3

Mg/L

1 Vadakarapathy

(APT) 7.01 1140 415 84 50 63 11 0 451 72 135 0.9 4.4

2 Kunnamkattupathy I 8.09 590 190 32 27 41 5.6 0 256 38 53 0.95 3

3 Kunnamkattupathy

II 7.46 800 290 62 33 55 5.4 0 378 75 50 1.5 0.39

4 Kunnamkattupathy

I(a) 7.53 630 230 50 26 36 7 0 348 35 43 0.78 0.32

5 Kunnamkattupathy

II(a) 7.55 700 285 68 28 37 5.5 0 397 36 39 0.86 2.3


53

6 Kunnamkattupathy(

APT) 7.51 870 335 84 30 54 5.3 0 458 72 53 1.46 0.63

7 Kadukkankunnam I 7.87 1370 530 86 77 49 12 0 226 78 284 0.31 0.8

8 Kadukkankunnam II 6.85 1390 540 94 74 52 11 0 275 75 27 0.32 0.97

9 ElipparaExpl.well 7.41 1410 480 11

6 46 110 15 0 317 335 110 0.83 0.66

10 Vennakara, APT 7.7 690 280 76 22 30 5.5 0 287 102 28 1.56 0.39

11 Vannamada, PYT 8.06 670 280 24 53 23 10 0 323 35 57 0.78 18

12 Vannamada, PYT 7.7 840 415 84 50 17 8.1 0 445 8 78 0.8 56

13 Vannamada, APT 7.31 1040 460 90 57 38 10 0 488 135 65 0.94 12

14 Kallipully, PYT 7.57 720 260 54 30 25 8.7 0 195 19 131 1.1 0.74

15 Kallipully, 95 M

depth 7.66 740 290 68 29 22 7.4 0 238 21 124 0.25 0.33

16 Malampuzha, PYT 8.05 540 245 76 13 23 4.2 0 232 118 11 0.87 1.8

17 Malampuzha, APT 7.77 520 240 66 18 22 4 0 220 118 13 0.96 0.08

18 Chinnamoolathara 8.47 2000 340 28 66 338 8.6 60 537 218 227 3.12 2.5

19 Nanniyode, PYT 7.69 520 195 42 22 35 4.9 0 268 19 40 1.2 3.5

20 Nanniyode,SDT 1 7.95 580 225 48 26 36 4.9 0 256 50 36 1.3 1.6

21 Nanniyode,SDT 2 7.56 590 215 44 26 36 4.9 0 262 55 36 1.3 1.2

22 Nanniyode,SDT 3 7.76 580 220 48 24 34 4.9 0 275 50 33 1.2 0.76

23 Nanniyode,SDT 4 7.64 580 225 50 24 34 5 0 281 48 37 1.2 0.64

24 Nanniyode,APT at

end 7.48 570 220 48 24 32 4.8 0 262 50 33 1.2 0.27

25 Nanniyode, PYT 7.77 520 200 40 24 34 4.6 0 275 31 36 1.2 2.7

26 Chullimada, PYT 8.01 670 175 30 24 77 5.7 0 342 23 45 1.2 1.5

27 Chullimada, APT 7.98 610 185 28 28 72 5.2 0 329 23 53 1.2 2

28 Chullimada, PYT 8.11 630 170 28 24 75 5.4 0 334 22 48 1.2 1.5

29 Chullimada Ow,

PYT 8.18 620 170 26 26 69 5.1 0 305 23 43 1.2 0.94

30 Muttikulangara,APT 7.93 460 115 28 11 46 4.4 0 164 78 24 0.73 0

31 Dhoni Farm,APT 8.11 260 105 26 9.7 10 4.4 0 168 4 8.5 0.7 0

Plotting of the percentage of epm values of major cations and anions in Hill-Piper diagram falls

mostly in the calcium-magnesium- bicarbonate field (Fig.3.29). A comparison of phreatic aquifer

characterized by high alkalinity (>8pH), higher concentration of fluoride and no dominant

cation-anion type water with fracture aquifer system characterized by low alkalinity, and

calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate type water indicates that the water chemistry of fracture aquifer

is evolved mainly from the movement of water through the fracture system and associated rock

matrix than the vertical leakage from the top phreatic aquifer. The water quality map is given in

Fig.3.30.


54

Fig. 3.29Piper diagram of Exploratory Wells

Fig.3.30 Water quality in the fracture zone


55

Fig 3.31Aquifer map of fracture aquifer


56

4. GROUNDWATER RESOURCES

4.1 Dynamic groundwater Resources in the weathered zone

Phreatic aquifers are major sources for irrigation and drinking water in the area. Groundwater

draft for irrigated agriculture in the area has been high and depletion in the resource is observed

over the years. Any decision about future utilizations depend on having a clear understanding of

the status of the resource, the amount that has already been extracted, the amount remaining, and

the impact of further depletion. The dynamic groundwater resources in the area are estimated

based on the methodology proposed by Groundwater Estimation Committee (GEC 1997

methodology).

In this study the area under command and non-command could not be separated mainly due to

non-availability of data pertaining to canal command areas of the State. Further, the irrigation

projects of Kerala are mostly planned for irrigating paddy along the topographic lows and as

such the irrigation canals are all centre controlled. Hence in each unit there are large areas along

the upstream side of the canal, which do not get benefits of surface water irrigation. Due to the

highly undulating topography of the mid land area where most of the canals exist, it is quite

difficult to accurately demarcate the areas under command and non-command. In view of the

factors mentioned above, the computations have been made by taking all assessment units as

non-canal command area. The recharge from canal segments and return seepage from irrigation

due to surface water in the command area have, however, been incorporated into the

computations.

The block wise groundwater resources in the area is estimated as per ground water estimation

methodology 1997. The stages of ground water development in Chittur is 100.9 % and is

categorised as over exploited and in Malampuzha block the stage of ground water development

is 92.27 and categorised as critical. Most of the rural water supply schemes use ground water as

the source, whereas the urban schemes depend on Surface water or both, rest of the population

(48 %) is depending on ground water. The block wise ground water resources estimated for the

area (Chittur & Malampuzha blocks and 9 panchayats of other 4 blocks) is given in Table 4.1.

Ground water Draft

Ground water draft in Chittur & Malampuzha blocks of Palakkad district is mainly for irrigation

and domestic uses. In view of the non-availability of data on the number of wells being used for

domestic purposes, the ground water draft for domestic uses has been computed block-wise on

the basis of 2011 population, projected to the year of assessment (2013). Domestic requirement

of water in the study area has been computed as the product of the population and the per-capita

water requirement (assumed as 150 L/day/person). The share of ground water in the requirement

has been computed as a percentage varying from 25 to 100%, arrived at on the basis of

availability of surface water sources for domestic water supply.The ground water draft has been

computed from the data on the block-wise number of irrigation wells collected by the State

Ground Water Dept., Government of Kerala. The ground water draft figures are arrived at by

multiplying the number of wells with the corresponding unit draft.

The Annual Ground Water Draft for all uses in the study area is 101.44 MCM.


57

Table 4.1 Dynamic Ground water resources estimated for the Aquifer mapping study area

Assessment Year 2013

Sl.

No

Assessment Unit/

Block

Mapped

Area

In sq km

Net

Annual

Ground

Water

Availabilit

y

Existing

Gross

Ground

Water

Draft for

irrigation

Existing Gross

Ground Water

Draft for

domestic and

industrial water

supply

Existing

Gross

Ground

Water

Draft for

All uses

(5+6)

Provision

for

domestic

and

industrial

use up to

2025

Net Ground

Water

Availability for

future

irrigation

development

(4-5-8)

Stage of

Ground Water

Development

{(7/4) * 100}

(%)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 Chittur 271.0 6619.80 5647.00 1032.34 6679.34 1059.41 0.00 100.90

2 Malampuzha 300.0 3754.88 2192.09 1272.65 3464.74 1101.76 461.04 92.27

3 Kuzhalmannam (part) 55.00 2925.40 508.66 378.04 886.72 379.76 2036.96 30.31

4 Kollengode (part) 50.00 2636.26 680.54 262.42 942.96 284.62 1671.10 35.77

5 Alathur (part) 16.00 385.75 120.60 67.02 187.63 72.89 192.26 48.64

6 Nenmara (part) 8.00 514.292 219.36 116.77 336.13 126.97 167.95 65.36

Total (ha.m) 16430 9195 3037 12232 2925 4396

Total (MCM) 700 164.3 91.95 30.37 122.32 29.252 43.96

From the dynamic resources estimated it can be seen that ground water draft is very high in Chittur and Malampuzha blocks. Whereas, in other

three blocks situation is complacent with low groundwater development.


58

In-storage in the weathered zone

Total in storage in the weathered zone is worked out based on the total area of 700 sq km, total

thickness of 20m and specific yield of 0.007. The in-storage in this zone is estimated as 70

MCM. The total groundwater availability in the weathered zone is the sum of dynamic resources

and the in-storage which comes about 234 MCM.

4.2 Groundwater resources in the Fracture zone

The groundwater resources in the fracture aquifer system are estimated based on the depth of

occurrence of fracture and on the assumption that the storativity/ Sp.yield of the fracture and

associated matrix is about .003 to .0009. The total water resources in the fracture system is about

175 MCM. The ground water storage in fracture aquifer is given in Table.4.2.

Table 4.2 Groundwater in-storage in the fracture aquifer system

Sl No Total

area

(Sq Km)

Common

fracture

depth (m)

Sp. Yield

(Average)

Groundwater

Resource

MCM

Malampuzha 300 120 .0025 75

Chittur 271 120 .0025 68

Others 129 120 .0025 32

Total 700 120 175

5. GROUNDWATER RELATED ISSUES

High Fluoride in groundwater in the eastern part of the area falling in Chittur Block and over

draft of groundwater for irrigated agriculture are the major issues in the area and are discussed in

chapter 3 and 4.

The Groundwater draft in Chittur and Malampuzha Blocks are very high and is nearly 101 and

92 percentage respectively. These two blocks have to adopt suitable water management

strategies both in supply and demand side.

Factors affecting the groundwater environment

The groundwater environment in the area is affected by mining activities such as granite

quarrying and sand mining for building industry and lime stone mining from Walayar area.

Groundwater draft for bottled water and soft drinks and associated water contamination is one of

the serious issues in the area. Indiscriminate mining activities are rampant in the area for

Building materials. Precambrian gneisses, Charnockites and granites occupying the highland and

midland region of the study area are good sources of construction/building materials. No large

scale issue of groundwater depletion is observed and the problems are localized in nature from

quarrying of building materials.


59

Indiscriminate quarrying activities in and around Dhoni

Limestone quarry is located within the Walayar reservoir forest and mining has led to

deforestation in the area. It is estimated that an area of 250 ha. of virgin forest largely of

deciduous type has been deforested by the Malabar cement factory. The waste materials of the

cement factory dumped into the drainage channels of Cheemanthinala are safe at present but are

potential sources to contaminate Malampuzha reservoir and pollute the surface water system.

Sand mining

The high demand for sand from building sector leads to uncontrolled illegal and legal sand

mining in the rivers here in Chittur & Malampuzha blocks. Despite numerous prohibitions and

regulations, sand mining continues rapidly on the riverbed of all the tributaries of

Bharathapuzha. Excavation of sand from river beds leads to deepening of river beds, accelerating

erosion in the upper river course and often leading to lowering of ground water levels in the

adjoining areas. Alterations in the river bed morphology also affect the flow characteristics of

rivers. Excessive seepage of groundwater in to river channels during sand mining especially in

abandoned channels generally result in depletion of groundwater resources causing severe

scarcity and affecting irrigation and potable water availability. In extreme cases it may also result

in creation of ground fissures and land subsidence in adjacent areas. Dumping of final material,

compaction of filter zone due to movement heavy machineries and vehicles for mining purposes

may reduce the permeability and porosity of the filter material through which the groundwater is

recharging, thus resulting in steady decrease of ground water resources.


60

Sand mining in Walayar River, near Walayar village

Industrial pollution

Most of the industries in the area are located in the industrial area at Kanjikode and pollution

from such industries is not found in significant levels in the groundwater or aquifer systems of

adjoining villages. However, the effluents from the soft drinks industries in Kanjikode and

Plachimada are potential sources of water contamination. Moreover, the heavy draft of

groundwater for these industries lower the groundwater levels in adjoining area and consequent

problems. The groundwater pollution from the decentralized sources of effluent sludge from the

Hindustan Coco

Cola Beverages Private Ltd at Plachimada arouse hue and cry from scientific community and

human rights activists and was forced to shut down the company way back in March 2004.

6. AQUIFER MANAGEMENT PLAN

The households in the study area have own drinking water wells, both dug and bore

wells.Thedependence on bore wells has gained momentum during the last few decades and they

are mainly been used for irrigation. As the area receives good rainfall and well drained by the

tributaries of Bharatapuzha there is sufficient scope for aquifer managementthrough effective

utilization of both rainwater and surface water.The stage of groundwater development in the area

is 97% which points to the need for optimal utilization of the available resources and

augmentation of groundwater resources through appropriate artificial recharge methods. The

major problems, viable solutions and necessary interventions are suggested below in Table 6.1.


61

Table. 6.1 Viable solutions and interventions suggested for the water issues in the area

Problems /Issues Viable solution Inervetions suggested for the area

The GW development

is 97% (over exploited)

Augmentation of

GW through

artificial recharge

9 MCM of water can be recharged through

AR structures such as Sub surface dykes,

ponds and other water shed development

practices.

Through dug well recharge schemes 4.7

MCM of water can be recharged.

Excess groundwater

draft for irrigated

agriculture

Promote Water Use

Efficient methods

through incentives in

the place of power

subsidies

Water spread Irrigation for coconuts may be

replaced with drip/ sprinkler irrigation.

Discourage water spreading methods

through awareness.

Water quality problem

(Salinity & Fluoride) in

Vadakarapathy

Panchayat.

Implement surface

water irrigation in

the area from the

water diverted from

Chittur puzha.

Promote rainwater harvesting and diversion

of water from Chittur puzha to the salinity

affected areas

Regular desilting of existing check dams and ponds are suggested for augmenting recharge to the

phreatic aquifers. Moreover, the canal system in the area needs to be improvised and ensure

water distribution to the tail ends. This way irrigation draft from deeper fracture system can be

reduced and at the same time groundwater recharge will be augmented.

The draw down in water levels and water quality issues are mainly seen in the eastern part of the

area and these issues can be addressed through water supply to these areas by constructing a

check dam across the Chittur puzha and by promoting rainwater harvesting for direct use in

fluoride affected areas.

More stress should be given for watershed development with an integrated approach to conserve

soil and augment recharge of rain water. It is observed that many surface water structures like

ponds, tanks, irrigation canal and even cultivable land are being encroached for settlement

purposes which reduce natural recharge. The existing water resources and dug wells, ponds,

streams, need to be cleaned, protected and conserved so as to augment the groundwater resources

in the area.

CGWB has implemented a number of demonstrative artificial recharge and rainwater harvesting

schemes in the area.The demonstrative schemes of CGWB on artificial recharge are given in

Table 6.2


62

Table 6.2 Artificial Recharge Structures

S.No. Location Year Structure

1. Bavaji Nagar 1998 Sub-surface Dam

2. Komauttichella 2003 Sub-surface Dam

3. Chunnambukalthodu 2003 Check Dam

These schemes are successful and can be replicated at other suitable locations identified in the

area. The farmers are being benefited by the schemes implemented in the area. The subsurface

dyke constructed at Bavaji Nagar received wide appreciation. The agricultural production on the

upstream side has increased. The dug well near by the structure maintained higher water level

during summer season and yielded more water.

Rainwater harvesting and artificial recharge schemes should be practiced in the study area. In

situ collection of rainwater is recommended for the salinity affected areas for direct use as well

asfor augmentinggroundwater recharge.

There are plenty of dry bore well in the Chittur block, which can be used for recharging.The roof

water can be diverted to the defunct bore wells and farmers may be encouraged to practice bore

well recharge and rainwater harvesting. Similarly, the canal water may be diverted to the nearby

ponds and tanks for augmented groundwater recharge.

Adoption of Water Use Efficient (WUE) irrigation techniques, regulation of groundwater draft,

shifting of Agricultural practices and cropping pattern may enhance the crop production.

Advanced Water Use Efficient (WUE) methods suitable for the area include drip irrigation and

sprinkler irrigation. Artificial recharge schemes feasible for the area and the cost involved for

their implementation are given in the Table 6.3.The Groundwater augmentation structures

feasible in various Panchayats are depicted in Fig.6.1.


63

Table 6.3 Artificial Recharge projects feasible for the area

*CD-Check dams, P-Ponds, SSD-Sub Surface Dyke, NB-Nala Bund, DRD-dug well Recharge domestic, DRI- dug well

Recharge Irrigation.

Groundwater augmentation feasible from well recharge sourcing rainfall is given in Table 6.4.

Blo

ck

Are

a su

itab

le

for

rech

arge

(Sq.k

m)

Volu

me

of

wat

er

requir

ed

for

rech

arge

(MC

M)

Volu

me

of

surp

lus

Loca

l/dis

tant

sourc

e

avai

lable

fo

r re

char

ge

(MC

M)

Type

Unit

cap

acit

y i

n (

MC

M)

Num

ber

of

stru

cture

s

feas

ible

Tota

l M

CM

Rec

har

gea

ble

Unit

cost

per

stru

cture

(Rs.

Lak

h)

Tota

l co

st (

Unit

cost

*N

um

ber

of

stru

cture

s (R

s.L

akh)

Chittur 271 20 275

CD .033 11 0.363 20 220

P .033 21 0.693 20 420

SSD .003 10 0.03 15 150

NB .00225 430 0.9675 2 860

DRD .00013 3000 0.39 0.1 300

DRI .0075 350 2.625 .08 28

Malampuzha 95 12 96

CD .033 11 0.363 20 220

P .033 16 0.528 20 320

SSD .003 6 0.018 15 90

NB .00225 300 0.675 2 600

DRD .00013 1500 0.195 0.1 150

DRI .0075 230 1.725 .08 18.4

Rest of the blocks 30 6 30

CD .033 4 0.132 20 80

P .033 5 0.165 20 100

SSD .003 1 0.003 15 15

NB .00225 25 0.05625 2 50

DRD .00013 500 0.065 0.1 50

DRI .0075 50 0.375 .08 4

Total 38 401 9.3668 3675.4


64

Table 6.4 Groundwater augmentation from well recharge

Blo

ck

Are

a su

itab

le f

or

rech

arge

Volu

me

of

wat

er

requir

ed f

or

rech

arge

(MC

M)

Volu

me

of

surp

lus

Loca

l/dis

tant

sourc

e

avai

lable

for

rech

arge

(MC

M)

Type

Unit

cap

acit

y i

n

(MC

M)

Num

ber

of

stru

cture

s

feas

ible

Tota

l re

char

ge

(MC

M)

Unit

cost

per

stru

cture

(Rs.

Lak

h)

Tota

l co

st (

Unit

cost

*N

um

ber

of

stru

cture

s (R

s.L

akh)

Chittur 271 20 275 Bore

well .0315 120 3.78 1 120

Malampuzha 95 12 96 Bore

well .0315 30 0.945 1 30

Rest of the blocks 30 6 30 Bore well

.0315 25 0.788 1 25

Total 38 401 4.725 175

The benefit expected from the implementation of the artificial schemes and on adoption of Water

Use Efficient methods described above will be of the tune of 47.18 MCM as detailed below.

10 to 30% reduction in draft is expected by adopting WUE methods

Ie 10% of 120 MCM draft in the present scenario = 12 MCM

Total GW recharge from AR structures: 4.72 MCM

GW augmentation from Well recharge : 9.28 MCM

Total recharge = 26.00 MCM

Expected groundwater scenario after the implementation of the management plans

The impact of groundwater management plans on the groundwater system in the area after its

implementation is evaluated and the outcome shows significant improvement in groundwater

scenario in both the blocks as given in the Table 6.5.

Table.6.5 Expected ground water scenario after implementation of management plans

Assessment

Block

Net Ground Water Availability for

future irrigation development (ha.m)

Stage of Ground Water Development

(%)

Present

scenario

Expected Scenario after

implementation of WM

plans

Present

scenario

Expected Scenario after

implementation of WM

plans

Chittur 0 1548 100.9 84

Malampuzha 705 1799 92.27 76

Rest of the

block

1500 2000 44.00 35


65

Fig 6.1: Artificial Recharge feasible Structures


66

SUMMARY OF THE AQUIFER MAPPING

Sl.

No.

Particulars Description

1 Mapped area 700sq km

2 Factors affecting

Groundwater storage

and movement in the

area.

Groundwater in the area is influenced by various components such as the rainfall,

terrain characteristics (geomorphology), soil types, weathered thickness, drainage

characteristics, fracture system, dykes and other structures developed in the area.

The area receives rainfall in the range of 1570 to 2400 mm and the eastern part of

the area receives relatively low rain fall. Geomorphologically the area is

characterized by the land features of mid land and high land regions. The elevation

of the area varies from 20 to 2386 m amsl. The prominant physiographic feature of

the area is the Palghat gap which is a structural gap of about 32km wide developed in the Western Ghats. The soils encountered in the area are Red loam soil, forest

soil, clayey soil and gravelly clay soil. The area is mainly drained by

Bharathapuzha’s tributaries namely Gayathripuzha, Kannadipuzha Chitturpuzha

and Kalpathypuzha.

2 Aquifer systems The area represents single aquifer system with two horizons named weathered zone

and fracture zone

3 Aquifer thickness The total thickness of aquifer comprising both weathered zone and fracture zone is

around 120m as most of the potential fractures are encountered within this depth

range. The weathered zone thickness varies up to 22m in the area.

4 Aquifer response to

seasonal variations

and human

interference

In a major part of the area the water level is less than 6.5m during pre-monsoon

(April-May) period in the weathered zone. The water levels in the weathered zone

shows deep water levels in the range of 8.5 to 12.5m in the eastern and central parts

of the area where weathered zone and shallow fractures form the phreatic aquifers.

The water level fluctuation varies from 02 to 11.00m, in the eastern part of the study area shows the fluctuation is more. The post monsoon water level in major

part of the area is below 3m and it is less than 5m in 90% of the area. The water

level trend values indicate significant rise or fall in 23% of the wells only. The fall

in water level is mainly observed in Chittur block and the rise in wells located in

ayacut areas.

5 Aquifer yield

characteristics

Groundwater from the weathered zone is mainly drawn through dug wells and

shallow bore wells. The depth of dug wells ranges from 5 to 18 m bgl and that of

bore well up to the depth of 30 m bgl. The water level ranges from 2 to 13 m bgl

during the pre-monsoon period. During post monsoon period the water level ranges

from1.00 to 7m bgl. The diameter of the dug well ranges from 1 to 5 m. The yield

of dug wells ranges from 5 to 15 m3/day and sustains 1 to 4 hours of pumping. The

depth to fracture zones ranges from 20 m to 150 m bgl and the discharge ranges from 0.5 to 20 lps. However, most of the potential fracture zones occur within the

depth of 120 mbgl. Bore wells located along the lineaments are yielding high

compared to the wells located away from the lineaments.

5 Groundwater

Resources in the

weathered zone

Net Annual Ground Water Availability in the weathered zone (dynamic resource) is

164 MCM and gross groundwater draft is 122 MCM leaving a balance of about 44

MCM for the whole area. The in-storage in this zone is estimated as 70 MCM. The

total groundwater availability in the weathered zone is the sum of dynamic

resources and the in-storage which comes about 234 MCM.

6 Groundwater

Resources in the

Fracture zone

The total water resources (instorage) in the fracture system is about 175 MCM.

7 Groundwater

Resources in the area

for future use

The groundwater resource available in the dynamic zone for future use is only 44

MCM. There is no resource for further use (Irrigation) in Chittur Block and is a

bare minimum of 4 MCM in Malampuzha blocks. The instorage in the weathered


67

zone and fracture zone can’t be treated as additional resource as the two zones are

well connected and the changes in the dynamic zone is a reflection of the total draft

from both the aquifer zones.

8 Groundwater quality Salinity is observed in the eastern part of the area where rainfall is low. Also, the

eastern part of the area shows fluoride above permissible limits, where the dug

wells show fluoride in the range of 0.3 – 4.85 ppm and in the bore wells in the

range of 0.3 to 3.12 ppm. The source of fluoride in groundwater in the area is

mainly from the weathered zone.

9 Aquifer Management

Plan

To balance the high utilization of groundwater in the area artificial recharge

practices are suggested. 9 MCM of water can be recharged through AR structures

such as Sub surface dykes, ponds and other water shed development practices.

Through dug well recharge schemes about 4.7 MCM of water can be recharged.

Water Use Efficient methods are to be Promoted through incentives in the place of

power subsidies. Water spread Irrigation for coconuts may be replaced with drip/ sprinkler irrigation. Discourage water spreading methods through awareness.


PART-II

BLOCK WISE AQUIFER MAPS AND

MANAGEMENT PLANS

1. CHITTUR BLOCK

2. MALAMPUZHA BLOCK


1. CHITTUR BLOCK


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents

1.0 SALIENT INFORMATION: ............................................................................................. 71

1.1 About the area .......................................................................................................................................... 71

1.2 Population ................................................................................................................................................ 71

1.3 Rainfall .................................................................................................................................................... 72

1.4 Agricultre and Irrigation: .......................................................................................................................... 72

1.5 Ground water resources availability & Extraction: .................................................................................... 72

1.6 Existing & Future Water demands: ........................................................................................................... 73

1.7 Water level behaviour: ............................................................................................................................. 73

2.0 AQUIFER DISPOSITION: ............................................................................................... 75

2.1 Number of Aquifers: ................................................................................................................................ 75

3.0 GROUND WATER RESOURCES, EXTRACTION, CONTAMINATION & OTHER

ISSUES:.................................................................................................................................. 77

3.1 Aquifer wise resource availability and Extraction: .................................................................................... 77

In-storage in the Fracture zone ....................................................................................................................... 77

3.2 Chemical quality of ground water and Contamination: .............................................................................. 78

4.0 GROUND WATER RESOURCE ENHANCEMENT: ...................................................... 79

4.1 Aquifer wise space availability for recharge and proposed interventions: ................................................... 79

4.2 Other interventions Proposed, if any: ........................................................................................................ 81

5.0 DEMAND SIDE INTERVENTIONS ................................................................................ 82

5.1 Advanced irrigation practices: .................................................................................................................. 82

5.2 Change in cropping pattern: ...................................................................................................................... 82

5.3 Alternate water sources: ........................................................................................................................... 82

5.4 Regulation and control ............................................................................................................................. 82

5.5 Other Interventions proposed .................................................................................................................... 83


71

CHITTUR BLOCK AQUIFER MAPS AND MANAGEMENT PLANS

1.0 SALIENT INFORMATION:

1.1 About the area

The Chittur Block is situated in the eastern part of Palakkad district of Kerala and is bounded on

the north by Malampuzha block, in the east by Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu, in the south

by Kollengode block and in the west by parts of Kuzhalalmannam, Alattur and Palakkad blocks

of Palakkad district. The area lies between 100 37' 41’’and 10

0 48'56’’N latitudes and 76

0

41'20’’ and 760 54'26’’ E longitudes. The geographical extension of the study area is 271 sq.km

representing around 7 % of the district's geographical area. The area is served by a good road

network from both Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The administrative map of Chittur block is shown in

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.1 Administrative map

1.2 Population

As per 2011 census, the total population of the block is 2,59,057, in this 1,88,164 is living in

Rural area and 70, 893 are in Urban area, the total growth rate is 07%.


72

1.3 Rainfall

Rain fall varies from 1000 to 2200mm. the eastern part of the block receives up to 1000 mm and

the rainfall gradually increases towards north western part of the block upto 2200 mm.

1.4 Agricultre and Irrigation:

The principal crop of the block is Paddy and other important crops are Banana, coconut,

sugarcane and vegetables etc. The Gross cropped area is 20,543 hectares and the net shown area

is 15,791 hectares. The area is irrigated by both surface water as well as ground water. Aliyar,

Parmbikulam, and Moolathara regulaters Projects are important sources for surface water, other

sources are tanks and ponds, and the total area, under surface water irrigation is 5,830.72

hectares. The ground water extracted through abstraction structures like dug wells, shallow bore

wells and deep bore wells and irrigating an area of 6,700.53 hectares. The crop wise area

irrigated by ground water is given Table 1.1.

Table 1.1: Area under Irrigation in Chittur block of Palakkad district

S No Name of Block Paddy Sugar cane Banana+Plantain Total Area( in Hectares)

1 Chittoor 5231 386 1083 6700

Due to change in the land use and cropping pattern along with low income from paddy and

coconut, farmers are forced to change the cropping pattern to cash crops like sugarcane, Plantain,

vegetables and flower cultivation. Over dependence on groundwater for domestic, irrigation and

industrial purposes in the block has led to the lowering of water table and water scarcity.

1.5 Ground water resources availability & Extraction:



over the years. Any decision about future utilization depends on having a clear understanding of



based on the methodology proposed by the Groundwater Estimation Committee (GEC 1997

methodology).



associated matrix is about .003 to .0009. The total water resources in the fracture system of the

block is about 68 MCM.

Ground water Draft

Ground water draft in Chittur block of Palakkad district is mainly for irrigation and domestic

uses. In view of the non-availability of data on the number of wells being used for domestic

purposes, the ground water draft for domestic uses has been computed block-wise on the basis of

2011 population, projected for the year of assessment (2013). Domestic requirement of water in

the study area has been computed as the product of the population and the per-capita water

requirement (assumed as 150 L/day/person). The share of groundwater in meeting the


73

requirement has been computed as a percentage varying from 25 to 100%, arrived at on the basis

of availability of surface water sources for domestic water supply.

The ground water draft has been computed from the data on the block-wise number of irrigation

wells collected by the State Ground Water Dept., Government of Kerala. The ground water draft

figures are arrived at by multiplying the number of wells with the corresponding unit draft.

In Chittur block the stages of ground water development is 100.90 and categorised as over

exploited. Most of the rural water supply schemes use ground water as the source, whereas the

urban schemes depend on Surface water or both, rest of the population (48 %) is depending on

ground water.

1.6 Existing & Future Water demands:

Existing cross ground water draft for domestic & industrial water supply is 10.32 MCM and the

irrigation draft is 56.47 MCM. The existing cross ground water draft for all uses is 66.79 MCM.

Provision for domestic and industrial use up to 2025 is 10.60 and Net Ground Water Availability

for future irrigation development is 0.00. Stage of Ground Water Development is 100.90%.

1.7 Water level behaviour:

The water levels in the weathered zone were monitored for pre and post monsoon period and the

water level maps were prepared (Fig. 1.2 and 1.3). The pre monsoon water level map shows

deep water levels in the range of 12 to 18 m in the eastern part of the block where weathered

zone and shallow fractures form the phreatic aquifers. In a major part of the area the water level

is 5 to 7 m. The water level fluctuation varies from 2 to 8 m, the central and eastern part of the

study area shows high fluctuation as can be seen in the fluctuation map (Fig.1.4).

Fig.1.2 Premonsoon water level map


74

Fig.1.3 Postmonsoon water level map

Fig.1.4. Water level fluctuation map


75

2.0 AQUIFER DISPOSITION:

2.1 Number of Aquifers:

There are two distinct zones viz; the weathered zone and the fracture zone where groundwater

exists under Phreatic and semi-confined conditions respectively. These two zones are

hydraulically inter connected and hence, treated as a Single Aquifer System.

Weathered Zone:



(Fig.2.1). The central part of the study area is having relatively high groundwater potential with

yield of wells ranging up to 10 cum/hr. and sustains 2 to 4 hours of pumping.

Fig.2.1 Aquifer map (Phreatic)

Fracture zone

The hard rock below the weathered zone consists of massive formation with fracture zones at

varying depths. The fracture zones are encountered in the depth range of 65-198.5 m in the

exploratory wells representing different rock formations with significant changes in yield and

aquifer characteristics. They are confined to Semi-confined in nature with a high frequency of

occurrence of potential fractures within 120 m depth.

It is a general practice in the area to go for deep drilling even after encountering a potential zone

with the expectation of augmented yield or for long survival of wells. This may not give

expected results as the study of exploration data reveals. However, the surface manifestations of


76

fractures in the area are best indicators of deep fractures and proper scientific investigations a

prior necessity for deep well drilling. Thus fracture pattern analysis in conjunction with the


The aquifer map (Fracture ) is given in Fig.2.2.

Fig.2.2 Aquifer map (Fracture zone)

2.2 3 D Aquifer disposition and basic Characteristics of each aquifer:







77



Fig.2.2.a Fence diagram of Aquifer

The panel diagram shows lateral and vertical variations in weathered zone and variations in

water levels which generally follows the topography.

3.0 GROUND WATER RESOURCES, EXTRACTION, CONTAMINATION & OTHER

ISSUES:

3.1 Aquifer wise resource availability and Extraction:

Net annual ground water availability is 66.20 MCM. Existing cross ground water draft for

domestic & industrial water supply is 10.32 MCM and the irrigation draft is 56.47 MCM. The

existing cross ground water draft for all uses is 66.80 MCM. For future provisions for domestic

and industrial use up to 2025 is 10.59 MCM. Net Ground Water Availability for future irrigation

development is nil and the stages of ground water development is 100.9%. The block is

categorized as over exploited.





and the in-storage.

In-storage in the Fracture zone




78


68 MCM. The ground water storage in fracture aquifer is given in Table.4.2.

Table 3.1Groundwater in-storage in the fracture aquifer system

Sl No Total

area

(Sq Km)

Common

fracture

depth (m)

Sp. Yield

(Average)

Groundwater

Resource

MCM Chittur 271 120 .0025 68

As the Block is over exploited the in-storage of 103 MCM available in both the weathered zone

and fracture zone is essential for maintaining the Environmental Water Requirement of the

aquifer system. Hence, Water supply as well as water demand management is required for

managing the aquifer system sustainably.

3.2 Chemical quality of ground water and Contamination:

The groundwater quality in the area is generally good for all purposes except for the eastern part

of the area where high fluoride and salinity are observed. In this part of the area the dug wells

show fluoride in the range of 0.5 – 2.25 ppm and in the bore wells in the range of 0.5 to 3.12

ppm. Chemical quality map of Phreatic & Fracture aquifers are given in Fig.3.2.a & b.

Fig.3.2.a Chemical quality map (Phreatic aquifer)


79

Fig.3.2.b Chemical quality map (Fracture aquifer)

About 25 habitations in four panchayats are affected by fluoride contaminated water.

4.0 GROUND WATER RESOURCE ENHANCEMENT:

4.1 Aquifer wise space availability for recharge and proposed interventions:

The average space available for recharge during pre-monsoon period is about 5m which accounts

for more than 27 MCM of water recharge. However, only 20-30% of this quantity could be

recharged by artificial means. About % MCM of water can be recharged through AR structures

such as such as Sub surface dykes, ponds and other water shed development practices. Through

dug well recharge schemes about 3.78 MCM of water can be recharged. The details of the

artificial recharge schemes feasible for the Block is given in table 4.1 and 4.2 and the structure

locations in different panchayats are shown in Fig.4.1.


80

Table 4.1. Artificial Recharge projects feasible for the area

*CD-Check dams, P-Ponds, SSD-Sub Surface Dyke, NB-Nala Bund, DRD-dug well Recharge domestic, DRI- dug

well Recharge Irrigation.

Table 4.2 Groundwater augmentation from Bore well recharge

Blo

ck

Are

a su

itab

le

for

rech

arge

Vo

lum

e o

f w

ater

req

uir

ed f

or

rech

arg

e

(MC

M)

Vo

lum

e o

f su

rplu

s

Lo

cal/

dis

tant

sou

rce

avai

lab

le

for

rech

arge

(MC

M)

Ty

pe

Un

it c

apac

ity

in

(MC

M)

Nu

mb

er o

f

stru

ctu

res

feas

ible

To

tal

rech

arg

e

(MC

M)

Un

it c

ost

per

stru

ctu

re(R

s.L

akh

)

To

tal

cost

(U

nit

cost

*N

um

ber

of

stru

ctu

res

(Rs.

Lak

h)

Chittur 271 20 275 Bore

well .0315 120 3.78 1 120

Blo

ck

Are

a su

itab

le

for

rech

arge

(Sq.k

m)

Volu

me

of

wat

er

requir

ed f

or

rech

arge

(MC

M)

Volu

me

of

surp

lus

Loca

l/dis

tant

sourc

e

avai

lable

fo

r

rech

arge

(MC

M)

Type

Unit

cap

acit

y i

n

(MC

M)

Num

ber

of

stru

cture

s

feas

ible

Tota

l M

CM

Rec

har

gea

ble

Unit

cost

per

stru

cture

(Rs.

Lak

h)

Tota

l co

st (

Unit

cost

*N

um

ber

of

stru

cture

s (R

s.L

akh)

Chittur 271 20 275

CD .033 11 0.363 20 220

P .033 21 0.693 20 420

SSD .003 10 0.03 15 150

NB .00225 430 0.9675 2 860

DRD .00013 3000 0.39 0.1 300

DRI .0075 350 2.625 .08 28


81

Fig.4.1 Artificial recharge structures map

Table 4.1.d.Expected ground water scenario after implementation of management plans

Assessment

Block

Net Ground Water Availability

for future irrigation development

(ha.m)

Stage of Ground Water Development

(%)

Present

scenario

Expected Scenario

after

implementation of

WM plans

Present scenario

Expected Scenario

after

implementation of

WM plans

Chittur 0 1548 100.9 84

4.2 Other interventions Proposed, if any:

Regular de-silting of existing check dams and ponds are suggested for augmenting recharge to

the phreatic aquifers. Moreover, the canal system in the area needs to be improvised and ensure


82

water distribution to the tail ends. This way irrigation draft from deeper fracture system can be

reduced and at the same time groundwater recharge will be augmented. The panchayat wise

Check dam and ponds are disiltation are given in Table 4.2.a.

Table 4.2.a Panchayat wise Check dam and Ponds for disiltation

S No Name of panchayat No.of.Ponds No.of.Check dam Remarks

1 Vadakarapathy 3 2

2 Eruthenpathy 2 0

3 Kozhinjampara 2 0

5.0 DEMAND SIDE INTERVENTIONS

There are certain agricultural practices that may reduce the existing water demand and augment

the ground water resources. They are change of irrigation practices, change of cropping pattern

and control and regulation of Pumping of ground water from dug wells and bore wells.

5.1 Advanced irrigation practices:

20% of the irrigated area (600 ha of land) can be put under advanced irrigation practices like

sprinkler or drip irrigation. Thus a 10% reduction in the existing irrigation draft of 57 MCM can

be achieved which accounts for about 5.7 MCM. About Rs.3 Crores is required for the same at

the rate of Rs.50000 per hectare expenditure.

5.2 Change in cropping pattern:

In Chittur block, the areas, about 1469 hectares are put under the cultivation of Sugarcane &

Bananas and these crops require about 23MCM of water for irrigation annually. Instead of these

cash crops, the vegetables and pulses should be encouraged, so that, considerable quantity of

water can be saved.

5.3 Alternate water sources:

Rainfall is the source of water in the area and proper management of the excess water received

from rainfall is sufficient to manage the present crisis. The alternate source of water available in

the area is from Aliyar, Parmbikulam, and Moolathara regulaters.

5.4 Regulation and control

Optimum utilization of ground water should be ensured through regulation of pumping and

incentives for switching over to low water crops and adoption of water use efficient irrigation

practices such as sprinkler and drip irrigation.


83

5.5 Other Interventions proposed

It is necessary to evolve a participatory mechanism wherein the farmer groups or associations

control the overall irrigation draft and choice of crop with effective support from the local

administration by way of technical guidance, incentives, marketing and fixing base level prize

for the products.


2. MALAMPUZHA BLOCK


1.0 SALIENT INFORMATION: ............................................................................................ 86

1.1 About the Block ......................................................................................................................................... 86

1.2 Population .................................................................................................................................................. 86

1.3 Rainfall ...................................................................................................................................................... 86

1.4 Agriculture and Irrigation: .......................................................................................................................... 87

1.5 Ground water resources availability & Extraction: ...................................................................................... 87

1.6 Existing & Future Water demands: ............................................................................................................. 88

1.7 Water level behaviour: ............................................................................................................................... 88

2.0 AQUIFER DISPOSITION:............................................................................................... 90

2.1 Number of Aquifers: .................................................................................................................................. 90

Fracture zone .................................................................................................................................................. 90

3.0 GROUND WATER RESOURCES, EXTRACTION. CONTAMINATION & OTHER

ISSUES: ................................................................................................................................... 94

3.1 Aquifer wise resource availability and Extraction: ...................................................................................... 94

3.2 Chemical quality of ground water and Contamination: ................................................................................ 94

4.0 GROUND WATER RESOURCE ENHANCEMENT: .................................................... 96

4.1 Aquifer wise space availability for recharge and proposed interventions: ..................................................... 96

4.2 Other interventions Proposed, if any: .......................................................................................................... 98

5.0 DEMAND SIDE INTERVENTIONS: .............................................................................. 98

5.1 Advanced irrigation practices: .................................................................................................................... 98

5.2 Change in cropping pattern: ........................................................................................................................ 99

5.3 Alternate water sources: ............................................................................................................................. 99

5.4 Regulation and control: .............................................................................................................................. 99


86

MALAMPUZHA BLOCK AQUIFER MAPS AND MANAGEMENT PLANS

1.0 SALIENT INFORMATION:

1.1 About the Block

Malampuzha block is situated in the eastern part of Palakkad district of Kerala State and is

bounded on the north by Attapady block, in the east by Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu, in the

south by Chittur block and in the west by Palakkad and Kuzhalmannam blocks. The block lies

between North latitudes 100 40' 57'' and 10

0 55' 40'' and East longitudes 76

0 34 '07'' and 76

0 51'

43'', falls in parts of survey of india topo sheets No- 58B/9 and 10 covering an area of 516 sq.km.

Aquifer mapping is done in 300 sq.km and the rest of the area represent forest and hills of high

gradient. The administrative map of the block is given in Fig 1.1

1.2 Population

As per 2011 census, the total population of the block is 3, 95,240, in this 1, 43,066 is living in

Rural area and 2, 52,174 are in Urban area, the total Population growth rate is 07%.

1.3 Rainfall

Rain fall varies from 1600 to 2000 mm. the eastern part of the block receives up to 1600 mm and

the rain fall gradually increases towards north western part the block up to 2000 mm.

Fig.1.1 Administrative map


87

1.4 Agriculture and Irrigation:

The principal crop of the block is Paddy and other important crops are Banana, coconut,

sugarcane and vegetables. The gross cropped area is 15743hectares and the net sown area is

11632 hectares. The area is irrigated by both surface water as well as ground water.

Malampuzha and Walayar dams are important surface water sources, other surface water sources

are tanks and ponds, and total area, under surface water irrigation is 5998 hectares. The ground

water extracted through abstraction structures like dug wells, shallow bore wells and deep bore

wells and irrigating an area of 5634 hectares. The crop wise area irrigated by ground water is

given Table No-1.1.

Table No-1.1 Area under Irrigation in Malampuzha block of Palakkad district

S No Name of

Block

Area in hectares Total Area ( in Hectares) Paddy Sugar cane Banana+Plantain

2 Malampuzha 4971 156 507 5634

1.5 Ground water resources availability & Extraction:



over the years. Any decision about future utilizations depend on having a clear understanding of



based on the methodology proposed by Groundwater Estimation Committee (GEC 1997

methodology).



associated matrix is about .003 to .0009. The total water resources in the fracture system of the

block is about 75 MCM.

Ground water draft in Malampuzha blocks of Palakkad district is mainly for irrigation and

domestic uses. In view of the non-availability of data on the number of wells being used for

domestic purposes, the ground water draft for domestic uses has been computed block-wise on

the basis of 2011 population, projected to the year of assessment (2013). Domestic requirement

of water in the study area has been computed as the product of the population and the per-capita

water requirement (assumed as 150 L/day/person). The share of ground water in the requirement

has been computed as a percentage varying from 25 to 100%, arrived at on the basis of

availability of surface water sources for domestic water supply.

The ground water draft has been computed from the data on the block-wise number of irrigation

wells collected by the State Ground Water Dept., Government of Kerala. The ground water draft

figures are arrived at by multiplying the number of wells with the corresponding unit draft.

In Malampuzha block the stages of ground water development is 92.27 and categorised as

critical. Most of the rural water supply schemes use ground water as the source, whereas the

urban schemes depend on Surface water or both, rest of the population (48 %) is depending on

ground water.


88

1.6 Existing & Future Water demands:

Existing cross ground water draft for domestic & industrial water supply is 12.73 MCM and the

irrigation draft is 21.92 MCM. The existing cross ground water draft for all uses is 34.65 MCM.

Net Ground Water Availability for future irrigation development is 4.61 MCM only and the

block is categorized as critical.

1.7 Water level behaviour:

The water levels in the weathered zone were monitored for pre and post monsoon period and the

water level maps were prepared (Fig. 1.2.a and 1.2.b). The pre monsoon water level map shows

deep water levels in the range of 10.00 to 12.00m in the eastern and central parts of the block

where weathered zone and shallow fractures form the phreatic aquifers. In a major part of the

area the water level is 5.00 to 7.00m. The water level fluctuation varies from 2 to 8.00m, the

central and eastern part of the study area shows the fluctuation is more, the fluctuation map is

given in Fig.1.2.c.

Fig.1.2.a. Premonsoon water level map


89

Fig.1.2.b Pre-monsoon water level map

Fig.1.2.c Water level fluctuation map


90

2.0 AQUIFER DISPOSITION:

2.1 Number of Aquifers:

There are two distinct zones viz; the weathered zone and the fracture zone where groundwater

exists under Phreatic and semi-confined conditions respectively. These two zones are

hydraulically inter connected and hence, treated as a Single Aquifer System.

Phreatic Zone:



(Fig.2.1). The central part of the study area is having relatively high groundwater potential with

yield of wells ranging up to 10 cum/hr. and sustains 2 to 4 hours of pumping.

Fracture zone

The hard rock below the weathered zone consists of massive formation with fracture zones at

varying depths. The fracture zones are encountered in the depth range of 65-112 m in the

exploratory wells representing different rock formations with significant changes in yield and

aquifer characteristics. They are confined to Semi-confined in nature with a high frequency of

occurrence of potential fractures within 120 m depth.

It is a general practice in the area to go for deep drilling even after encountering a potential zone

with the expectation of augmented yield or for long survival of wells. This may not give

expected results as the study of exploration data reveals. However, the surface manifestations of

fractures in the area are best indicators of deep fractures and proper scientific investigations a

prior necessity for deep well drilling. Thus fracture pattern analysis in conjunction with the


The ground water potential map(Fracture Aquifer ) is given in Fig.2.2.


91

Fig.2.1 Ground water potential (Phreatic Aquifer)

Fig.2.2 Ground water potential (Fracture Aquifer)


92

2.2 3-D Aquifer disposition and basic Characteristics of aquifer:

The weathered zone and fracture zone in crystalline rocks form the repositories of groundwater

in the area. Groundwater exists under phreatic condition in shallow/ weathered zone and under

semi confined conditions in fracture systems. The weathered zone and the zone of fractures are

interconnected and groundwater draft from the fracture system impacts the groundwater levels in

the weathered zone. Hence, the area is considered to have a single aquifer system with two

distinct horizons of different hydraulic properties. The fence diagram and the lithological cross-

section in the block is given in Fig. 2.2.a, 2.2.b, and 2.2.c.

Fig.2.2.a Fence diagram of weathered zone

The panel diagram and cross section shows lateral and vertical variations in weathered zone and

variations in water levels which generally follows the topography.


93

Fig.2.2.b Map showing the cross section direction

Fig.2.2.c Cross section connecting Mattumantha, Pudussery & Para bore wells


94

3.0 GROUND WATER RESOURCES, EXTRACTION. CONTAMINATION & OTHER

ISSUES:

3.1 Aquifer wise resource availability and Extraction:

Net annual ground water availability is 38 MCM. Existing cross ground water draft for domestic

& industrial water supply is 13 MCM and the irrigation draft is 22 MCM. The existing cross

ground water draft for all uses is 35 MCM. The future provisions for domestic and industrial use

up to 2025 is 11 MCM and Net Ground Water Availability for future irrigation development is

4.6 MCM. The stages of ground water development is 92 % and the block is categorized as

critical.





and the in-storage.

In-storage in the Fracture zone




75 MCM. The ground water storage in fracture aquifer is given in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1 Groundwater in-storage in the fracture zone

Sl No Total

area

(Sq Km)

Common

fracture

depth (m)

Sp. Yield

(Average)

Groundwater

Resource

MCM

Malampuzha 300 120 .0025 75

As the Block is under Critical category the in-storage of 115 MCM available in both the

weathered zone and fracture zone is essential for maintaining the Environmental Water

Requirement of the aquifer system. Hence, Water supply as well as water demand management

is required for managing the aquifer system sustainably.

3.2 Chemical quality of ground water and Contamination:

The groundwater quality in the area is generally good for all purposes except for certain

locations where high fluoride and salinity are observed. The eastern part of the area shows

fluoride above permissible limits, where the dug wells show fluoride in the range of 0.3 –

4.85ppm (Koppanur) and in the bore wells in the range of 0.5 to 1.5 ppm. Chemical quality map

of Phreatic & Fracture aquifers are given in Fig.3.1.a & b.


95

Fig.3.1.a Chemical quality map (Phreatic Aquifer)

Fig.3.1.b Chemical quality map (Fracture Aquifer)


96

Five habitations in Elapully and Pudussery panchayats are having fluoride contamination in

groundwater.

4.0 GROUND WATER RESOURCE ENHANCEMENT:

4.1 Aquifer wise space availability for recharge and proposed interventions:

The average space available for recharge during pre-monsoon period is about 5m which accounts

for more than 30 MCM of water recharge. However, only 20-30% of this quantity could be

recharged by artificial means. About 4.5 MCM of water can be recharged through AR structures

such as such as Sub surface dykes, ponds and other water shed development practices. Through

dug well recharge schemes about 1 MCM of water can be recharged. The details of the artificial

recharge schemes feasible for the Block is given in Table 4.1 and 4.2. The tentative locations for

the artificial recharge structures in various panchayats in the block are shown in Fig.4.1.

Table 4.1.a. Artificial recharge structures of Malampuzha block, Palakkad district

*CD-Check dams, P-Ponds, SSD-Sub Surface Dyke, NB-Nala Bund, DRD-dug well Recharge domestic, DRI- dug

well Recharge Irrigation.

Blo

ck

Are

a su

itab

le

for

rech

arge

(Sq.k

m)

Volu

me

of

wat

er

requir

ed

for

rech

arge

(MC

M)

Volu

me

of

surp

lus

Loca

l/dis

tant

sourc

e

avai

lable

fo

r

rech

arge

(MC

M)

Type

Unit

cap

acit

y i

n

(MC

M)

N

um

ber

of

stru

cture

s fe

asib

le

Tota

l M

CM

Rec

har

gea

ble

Unit

cost

per

stru

cture

(Rs.

Lak

h)

Tota

l co

st (

Unit

cost

*N

um

ber

of

stru

cture

s (R

s.L

akh)

Malampuzha 95 12 96

CD .033 11 0.363 20 220

P .033 16 0.528 20 320

SSD .003 6 0.018 15 90

NB .00225 300 0.675 2 600

DRD .00013 1500 0.195 0.1 150

DRI .0075 230 1.725 .08 18.4


97

Table 4.1.b. Artificial Recharge projects feasible for the area

Blo

ck

Are

a su

itab

le

for

rech

arge

Volu

me

of

wat

er

requir

ed

for

rech

arge

(MC

M)

Volu

me

of

surp

lus

Loca

l/dis

tant

sourc

e

avai

lable

fo

r re

char

ge

(MC

M)

Type

Unit

cap

acit

y i

n

(MC

M)

N

um

ber

of

stru

cture

s

feas

ible

Tota

l re

char

ge

(MC

M)

Unit

cost

per

stru

cture

(Rs.

Lak

h)

Tota

l co

st (

Unit

cost

*N

um

ber

of

stru

cture

s (R

s.L

akh)

Malampuzha 95 12

96 Bore

well

.031

5 30 0.945 1 30

Table 4.1.c. Expected ground water scenario after implementation of management plans

Assessment

Block

Net Ground Water

Availability for future

irrigation development

(ha.m)

Stage of Ground Water

Development (%)

Present

scenario

Expected

Scenario after

implementation

of WM plans

Present scenario

Expected

Scenario after

implementation

of WM plans

Malampuzha 705 1799 92.27 76


98

Fig.4.1 Artificial Recharge Structures feasible in the area

4.2 Other interventions Proposed, if any:

Regular de-silting of ponds are suggested for augmenting recharge to the phreatic aquifers.

Moreover, the canal system in the area needs to be improvised and ensure water distribution to

the tail ends. This way irrigation draft from deeper fracture system can be reduced and at the

same time groundwater recharge will be augmented. Two number of ponds needs to be de-silted

in Pudusseri Panchayat and one in Marutharoad panchayat.

5.0 DEMAND SIDE INTERVENTIONS:

There are certain agricultural practices that may reduce the existing water demand and augment

the ground water resources. They are change of irrigation practices, change of cropping pattern

and control and regulation of Pumping of ground water from dug wells and bore wells.

5.1 Advanced irrigation practices:

20% of the irrigated area can be put under advanced irrigation practices like sprinkler or drip

irrigation. Thus a 10% reduction in the existing irrigation draft of 22 MCM can be achieved

which accounts for about 2.2 MCM. About Rs.1.5 Croers is required for the same at the rate of

Rs.50000 per hectare expenditure.


99

5.2 Change in cropping pattern:

In Malampuzha block 663 hectars of land in Pudusseri and Maruda road panchyats are put under

cultivation of Sugarcane and Bananas which require about 10.29 MCM of water. Instead of these

cash crops, the vegetables can be cultivated, so that the water requirement can be reduced to

about 4.79 MCM.

5.3 Alternate water sources:

Rainfall is the source of water in the area and proper management of the excess water received

from rainfall is sufficient to manage the present crisis. The alternate source of water available in

the area is from Malampuzha dam.

5.4 Regulation and control:

In recent past, the area of Pudusseri Panchayat, started heavy withdrawal of ground water for

irrigation as well as for industrial purposes, it is affecting the ground water regime in the vicinity

and may lead to severe water crisis in future. As a solution, the malampuzha water may be

supplimented from Malampuzha dam to this panchayat. The dam is situated within 6 km radius.

Indiscriminate drilling at present is being regulated by the State Ground Water Authority.


100

Annexure Ia


101


102


103

Annexure-I

EXPLORATORY DRILLING DATA OF THE AREA

Sl.

No Location Longitude Latitude

Depth

drilled

(mbgl)

casin

g

Fracture zones with

yield

SWL

mbgl

Discharg

e (lps)

T

m2/day S Aquifer

1 Velanthavalam 10 40 52 76 52 25 101.21 3.04 26-41, 46-51, 98-101 38.33 43.15 Biotite gneiss

2 Vannamada 10 42 10 76 00 51 128.62 1.52 41-46, 81-87, 123-128 6.87 1.59 0.00296 Biotite gneiss

3 Kozhinjampara 10 44 10 76 50 15 152.4 1.52 7.6-20, 31-42, 78-152 4.14 2.20 2.59 0.00102 Qz. Fed. gneiss

4 Nallepalli 10 44 15 76 47 40 89.92 7.62 26-27, 32-37, 40-60,

73-90 1.51 25.00 39.7 Biotite gneiss

5 Pallatheri 10 45 40 76 43 30 182.88 3.04 52.57, 78.82, 117-138 2.95 2.95 4.19 4.3E-05 Biotite gneiss

6 Maruda Road 10 46 15 76 41 45 300 1.52 Nil dry NA Biotite gneiss

7 Kolippara 10 47 39 76 50 13 107.9 1.52 58.4-85.5 4.42 8.83 11.66 0.00073 Biotite gneiss

8 Para 10 45 20 76 46 15 193.4 5.50 4.30 0.20 Biotite gneiss

9 Menonpara 10 46 20 76 48 45 175.2 12.80 46.5-48.0 5.40 8.50 84.5 Biotite gneiss

10 Pudussery 10 46 50 76 42 30 59 7.50 49.0-52.0 2.10 12.00 118 Biotite gneiss

11 S.N.Pallam 10 47 02 76 46 46 89.7 12.50 11.83 16.00 40 Hb-Biotite Gneiss

12 Akkathethara 10 49 17 76 38 49 200 4.30 0.15 Hb-Biotite Gneiss

13 Vattapara 10 49 31 76 48 55 200 16.50 9.15 3.00 9.44 Hb-Biotite Gneiss

14 Kanjikode 10 47 54 76 45 00 138.5 16.50 4.66 14.00 Hb-Biotite Gneiss

15 Maniyeripallam 10 46 48 76 44 43 200 22.00 7.30 0.40 Hb-Biotite Gneiss

16 Kirampara 10 46 08 76 52 46 200 5.50 114-116 18.72 0.10 Hb-Biotite Gneiss

17 Nallaveettuchell

a 10 46 16 76 50 28 200 13.50 22.0-25.0 2.00 Hb-Biotite Gneiss

18 Palakkad 10 45 57 76 41 30 200 19.60 20.5-23.0 56.0-59.0 16.20 0.40 0.2 Hb-Biotite Gneiss

19 Chittur 10 40 47 76 39 13 200 20.20 77-78, 129-132, 151-

152 14.52 0.30 Quartz Biotite Schist

20 Palayamanthurai 10 48 40 76 50 15 89.7 3.80 31.0-32.0 45.0-47.0

65.0-68 84.0-86.5 16.64 13.00 41.27 0.00375 Biotite gneiss

21 Erumakaranur 10 47 37 76 49 12 80 3.00 65.0-67.0, 79.0-80.0 29.70 10.00 29.84 Hornblende Biotite

gneiss

Malayandikaun 10 42 24 76 51 35 101.35 8.00 55.6-56.0 71.7-74.9 2.79 1.00 0.61 Biotite Gneiss


104

22 dannur 77.0-80.0

23

Pothikal

R.G.Dasalaksha

m Colony

10 44 55 76 52 19 200 10.40 80.5-83.60 28.00 0.10 Biotite Gneiss

24 Mallampathy 10 46 44 76 53 47 200 4.30 78-80.0 152.0-153.0 60.40 0.60 Biotite Gneiss

25 Puzhapallam 10 46 00 76 48 58 101.35 9.85 27.10-28.15 78.95-

80 92.2-93.2 3.60 6.00 41.64

Hornblende Biotite

gneiss

26 Chinnamoolatha

ra 10 43 38 76 51 51 120 3.75 43.4-44.4 49.5-51.5 32.80 2.00 4 Biotite Gneiss

27 Moongilmada

(Gopalapuram) 10 41 28 76 52 17 200 11.40 144.6-147.6 14.79 1.00 2.34 Biotite Gneiss

28 Kinarpallam 10 47 25 76 52 21 200 4.30 dry Biotite Gneiss

29 Nellipalam 10 43 37 76 48 12 92.7 10.40 19.3-21.6 65.3-68.0

89.9-92.7 0.40 25.00 Biotite Gneiss

30 Vallickad 10 37 00 76 40 00 200 9.00 104-108 3.00 2.00 Biotite Gneiss

31 Kozhinjampara

(6th mile) 10 41 22 76 50 00 101.35 6.95 45.0-48.0, 92.0-101.0 10.35 2.00 1.91 Biotite Gneiss

32 Mambran 10 44 54 76 40 00 101.35 9.00 69.0-74.0 9.82 3.00 28 Biotite Gneiss

33 Kadumthrithi 10 44 30 76 38 54 85.8 21.75 24.8-25.8, 47.1-52.2 7.48 14.00 142.22 Biotite Gneiss/ Schist

34 Annamthodu 10 43 16 76 46 52 101.2 12.90

20.85 – 21.90, 48.30

– 49.35 97.10 –

98.15

7.94 12.90 Hornblende biotite

gneiss

35 Plachimada

colony 10 38 48 76 48 30 101.2 10.80

28.00 - 29.00, 46.30 -

47.31 23.54 Meagre 4.088

Hornblende biotite

gneiss

36 Kanjikode I 10 47 25 76 46 52 101.2 3.60 64.60 - 65.60, 71.70-72.70 86.95-

87.95

20.82 1.50 214 Hornblende biotite gneiss

37 Kanjikode II 10 47 27 76 43 29 101.2 11.50 0 4.52 4.68 1.6736 Hornblende biotite

gneiss

38 Villonni 10 44 59 76 53 10 101.2 7.20 79.70-80.70 98-99 15.96 0.5 5.455 Hornblende biotite

gneiss

39 Chulliarmedu 10 36 10 76 50 45 101.2 0.00 15.75-16.75 37.10-

38.10 7.29 meagre 2.276

Hornblende biotite

gneiss

40 Moochangundu 10 34 49 76 48 32 101.2 5.90 95.10-96.10 13.46 0.5 68.51 Hornblende biotite

gneiss

41 Pallassana 10 37 22 76 39 53 73.75 6.65 71.70-72.70 1.25 0.7 24.64 Granite gneiss

42 Kunnisserry 10 38 27 76 30 46 101.2 11.80 0 6.84 Megre 1.423 Granite gneiss


105

43 Puthunagaram 10 40 36 76 40 41 101.2 15.70 30-31.10 33-34

68.7-69.7 12.33 0.23 59.12

Hornblende biotite

gneiss

44 Vadavannoor 10 37 48 76 43 35 101.2 8.20 34.70-35.70 1.40 0.5 2.85 Granite gneiss

45 Vembra 10 39 23 76 47 17 101.2 8.70 59.60-60.50 7.12 0.6 98.54 Hornblende biotite

gneiss

46 Thachankode 10 39 00 76 38 47 101.2 6.65 60.50-61.55 4.50 0.5 0 Hornblende biotite

gneiss

47 Muttumanda 10 48 10 76 39 55 100 16.00 21-22 80-81 6.00 13.6 Hornblende biotite

gneiss

48 Athikode 10 42 50 76 44 05 100 11.50 27-28 3.95 6.00 1.26 Hornblende biotite

gneiss

49 Kodumbu 10 45 35 76 40 40 100 5.50

10.65-11.65 23.85-

24.85 48.25-49.30

78.65- 79.65

4.80 0.50 15.8 Hornblende biotite

gneiss

50 Mundur 10 50 10 76 34 50 100 9.80 17.00 0.32 Hornblende biotite

gneiss

51 Vennakara Ew 10 45 28 76 37 54 101 7 54-55 12.42 3 7.19 Hornblende biotite

gneiss

52 Vennakara Ow 10 45 28 76 37 54 100 6.6 Nil 11 0.5 23.27 0.0012 Hornblende biotite

gneiss

53 Kadukkankunnam Ew

10 48 36 76 39 47 92 13.6 21-22 2.1 7.5 39.55 Hornblende biotite gneiss

54 Kadukkankunna

m Ow 10 48 36 76 39 47 100 14 27-28 2 8 52.74 0.00012

Hornblende biotite

gneiss

55 Kallepully Ew 10 48 36 76 40 17 100 10.6 38-39 6.28 4.5 23.5 Hornblende biotite

gneiss

56 Kallepully Ow 10 47 05 76 40 17 95 9.7 78-79 6 2.5 23.5 0.00088 Biotite gneiss

57 Malampuzha

Ew 10 48 59 76 40 24 101 10.5 26-27 & 77-78 7.75 4.5 14.38 Biotite gneiss

58 Malampuzha

Ow 10 48 59 76 40 24 104 12 26-27 & 100-101 7 2 27.69 0.00017

Hornblende biotite

gneiss

59 Chullimada Ew 10 48 14 76 46 37 100 12 70-71 2.2 9 24.029 Hornblende biotite

gneiss

60 Chullimada Ow 10 48 14 76 46 37 77 12 75-76 2.4 18 29.08 0.00039 Hornblende biotite

gneiss

61 Muttikulangara

Ew 10 48 31 76 36 35 104 9 103-104 18 10 48.15

Hornblende biotite

gneiss


106

62 Muttikulangara

Ow 10 48 31 76 36 35 112 12 103-104 & 110-111 17.73 12 64.4 0.0028

Hornblende biotite

gneiss

63 Vadakarapathy

Ew 10 48 15 76 50 59 200 12 62-63, 65-66 & 86-87 9.12 5 9.0046

Hornblende biotite

gneiss

64 Vadakarapathy

Ow 10 48 15 76 50 59 200 10.1 50-51 & 72-73 9.5 6 166.13 0.00012

Hornblende biotite

gneiss

65 kunnamkattupat

hy Ew 10 40 55 76 49 16 200 12.1 95-96 6 5 5.273

Hornblende biotite

gneiss

66 Kunnamkattupat

hy Ow 10 40 55 76 49 16 200 12.1 79-80 & 101-102 6.5 5 92.29 0.00099

Hornblende biotite

gneiss

67 Vannamada Ew 10 42 08 76 51 05 200 18 41-42 10 3 15.82 Hornblende biotite

gneiss

68 Vannamada Ow 10 42 08 76 51 05 200 20 48-49, 171-172 &

191-192 10.25 3 18.66 0.00011

Hornblende biotite

gneiss

69 Nanniyode Ew 10 38 37 76 46 46 200 13.3 53-54 22 3 Hornblende biotite

gneiss

70 Nanniyode Ow 10 38 37 76 46 46 200 14.6 54-55 22.34 3 Hornblende biotite

gneiss

71 Dhoni Ew 10 49 57 76 37 20 200 18 23-24 &125-126 9.2 5 12.78 Biotite gneiss

72 Elippara Ew 10 47 09 76 49 46 200 9 62-63 0.5 Nil Biotite gneiss

73 Eruthenpathy

Ew 10 44 54 76 52 16 200 12 127(dry fracture) Nil dry Nil

Hornblende biotite

gneiss

74 Meenakshipuram Ew

10 37 56 76 51 58 200 6.4 135 > 50 m Negligible

Nil Hornblende biotite gneiss

75 Athikode Ew 10 44 50 76 49 00 200 15 59-60 >50 m Negligibl

e Nil

Hornblende biotite

gneiss

76 Thevarayankotta

i(Menonpara) 10 46 18 76 50 13 183 6.1 20-21 & 140-141 Nil dry Nil

Hornblende biotite

gneiss

77 Hemambiha

Nagar Ew 10 49 06 76 38 11 101 10 Nil >50 dry Nil

Hornblende biotite

gneiss

78 Mundur Ew 10 49 55 76 35 37 107 14.3 Nil >50 dry Nil Hornblende biotite

gneiss

79 Pudupariyaram

Ew 10 48 23 76 37 46 110 16 Nil >50 dry Nil

Hornblende biotite

gneiss


107

Annexure-II

LITHOLOGICAL DATA OF EXPLORATORY WELLS

Litholog of Vadakarapathi (Panchayat office) E/W

Drilling depth(m) Thickness

(m)

Lithology

From To

00.00 03.00 03.00 Top soil: Yellowish brown in colour, consist of sand silt and clay.

03.00 11.00 08.00 Hornblende biotite gneiss: Weathered, buff in colour, consist of highly

weathered plagioclase feldspars , Hornblende &biotiten and unweathered

quartz

11.00 62.00 51.00 Hornblende biotite gneiss: Lecocratic to mesocratic, medium to coarse

grained consist of Plagioclase feldspars, Quratz. Accessory mineral

Hornblendeand biotite gneiss.

62.00 63.00 01.00 Hornblende biotite gneiss, Fractured, intruded with Pegmatite vein.

63.00 65.00 02.00 Hornblende biotite gneiss: Lecocratic to mesocratic, medium to coarse

grained consist of Plagioclase feldspars, Quratz. Accessory mineral Hornblendeand biotite gneiss.

65.00 66.00 01.00 Fractured Hornblende biotite gneiss, intruded with Pegmatite vein.

66.00 86.00 20.00 Hornblende biotite gneiss: Luecocratic to mesocratic, medium to coarse



86.00 87.00 01.00 Fractured Hornblende biotite gneiss, intruded with Pegmatite vein.

87.00 165.00 78.00 Hornblende biotite gneiss: Luecocratic to Melano cratic, medium to coarse




grained. Consist of fieldspar group of minerals, Quartz, Hornblende and

biotite.

Litholog of Elippara E/W


(m)

Lithology

From To

00.00 04.00 04.00 Top Soil: Yellowish brown in colour, Consist of Sand, Silt and Clay.

04.00 09.00 05.00 Hornblende biotite gneiss: Weathered, Buff in colour, consist of highly

weathered Plagioclase feldspar, Hornblende & biotite group of minerals

and Presence of unweathered quartz grains.

09.00 62.00 53.00 Hornblende Biotite gneiss: Luecocratic to mesocratic, medium to coarse

grained. Consist of Plagioclase feldspar, Quartz, Hornblende and biotite

group of minerals.

62.00 63.00 01.00 Hornblende biotite gneiss, Fractured intruded with Pegmatite vein.

63.00 89.00 26.00 Hornblende biotite gneiss: Leucocratic to mesocratic, medium to coarse

grained. Consist of Plagioclase feldspar, Hornblende and biotite group of

minerals.

89.00 140.00 51.00 Hornblende biotite gneiss: Leucocratic to mesocratic, highly massive.

Consist of Plagioclase feldspar, quartz, Hornblende and biotite.

140.00 178.00 38.00 Hornblende biotite gneiss: Leucocratic to mesocratic, medium to coarse

grained. Consist of Plagioclase feldspar, Hornblende and biotite group of minerals.

178.00 200.00 22.00 Hornblende biotite gneiss: Leucocratic to mesocratic, highly massive.

Consist of Plagioclase feldspar, quartz, Hornblende and biotite.


108

Litholog of kunnamkattupathy E/W


(m)

Lithology

From To

00.00 04.00 04.00 Top Soil: reddish brown in colour, consist of Sand Silt and Clay.

04.00 12.10 08.10 Hornblende biotite gneiss: Weathered, Light grey to buff in colour,

consist of highly weathered Plagioclase feldspar, biotite & Hornblende

and unweathered quartz grains.

12.10 69.00 56.90 Hornblende biotite gneiss: Luecocratic to mesocratic, medium to coarse grained. Consist of plagioclase feldspars, Biotite, Hornblende and

presence of garnet.

69.00 95.00 26.00 Hornblende biotite gneiss: Luecocratic, medium to coarse grained.

Consist of Plagioclase feldspar, Hornblende and biotite.



grained. Consist of plagioclase feldspars, Biotite, Hornblende and

presence of garnet.



Litholog of Vannamada E/W

Drilling

depth(m)

Thickness(m) Lithology

From To

00.00 03.00 03.00 Top Soil: Yellowish brown in colour, consist of Sand, Silt and Clay.

03.00 18.00 15.00 Hornblende biotite gneiss: Weathered, Light yellowish to buff in colour,

consist of highly weathered Plagioclase feldspar, biotite & Hornblende and

unweathered quartz grains.

18.00 41.00 23.00 Hornblende biotite gneiss: Luecocratic to mesocratic, medium to coarse grained. Consist of Plagioclase feldspar, Hornblende and enriched with

biotite.

41.00 42.00 01.00 Hornblende biotite gneiss, Fractured, enriched with biotite.

42.00 93.00 51.00 Hornblende biotite gneiss: Luecocratic, medium to coarse grained. Consist

of Plagioclase feldspars, Hornblende and biotite.


grained. Consist of Plagioclase feldspar, Hornblende and enriched with

biotite.


of Plagioclase feldspars, Hornblende and biotite.


grained. Consist of Plagioclase, Hornblende and enriched with biotite.


109

Litholog of Nanniyode E/W

Drilling

depth(m)

Thickness

(m)

Lithology

From To

00.00 05.00 05.00 Top Soil: Yellowish brown in colour, consist of Sand, Silt and Clay.

05.00 13.50 08.50 Hornblende biotite gneiss: Weathered, dirty to buff in colour, consist of

highly weathered Plagioclase feldspar, biotite & Hornblende and unweathered quartz grains.






biotite.





biotite.



Litholog of Meenakshipuram E/W

Drilling

depth(m)

Thickness

(m)

Lithology

From To

00.00 03.00 03.00 Top Soil: brownish yellow in colour, Consist of Silt, Sand and Clay.

03.00 6.40 03.40 Weathered Hornblende biotite gneiss: buff in colour, consist of highly

weathered Plagioclase feldspar, biotite & Hornblende and unweathered quartz

grains.


grained. Consist of Plagioclase feldspar, Hornblende and enriched with biotite.

59.00 97.00 38.00 Hornblende biotite gneiss: Luecocratic, medium to coarse grained. Consist of

Plagioclase feldspar, Hornblende and biotite.







Plagioclase feldspar, Hornblende and biotite.


110

Litholog of Athikode E/W

Drilling

depth(m)

Thickness

(m)

Lithology

From To


04.00 14.00 10.00 Hornblende biotite gneiss: Weathered, yellowish tobuff in colour, consist of

highly weathered Plagioclase feldspar, biotite & Hornblende and unweathered quartz grains.


Plagioclase Feldspar, Hornblende and biotite.





grained. Consist of Plagioclase Feldspar, Hornblende and enriched with biotite.



Muttikulangara exploratory well

Drilling

depth(m)

Thickness

(m)

Lithology

From To

00.00 05.00 05.00 Top Soil: (Lateritic soil), brownish yellow in colour, Consist of Silt, Sand

and Clay.


weathered Plagioclase feldspar, biotite & Hornblende and unweathered

quartz grains.


of Plagioclase Feldspar, Hornblende and biotite.


grained. Consist of Plagioclase Feldspar, Hornblende and enriched with

biotite.

103.00 104.00 01.00 Hornblende biotite gneiss: Fractured, Luecocratic to mesocratic, medium to

coarse grained. Consist of Plagioclase Feldspar, Hornblende and enriched

with biotite group of minerals.


of Plagioclase Feldspar, Hornblende and biotite.

110.00 112.00 02.00 Hornblende biotite gneiss: Highly fractured, Luecocratic to mesocratic, medium to coarse grained. Consist of Plagioclase group of minerals,

Hornblende and enriched with biotite.


111

Litholog of Dhoni farm E/W

Drilling

depth(m)

Thickness(m) Lithology

From To


05.00 17.00 12.00 Biotite gneiss: Weathered, buff to dark grey in colour, consist of highly

weathered Plagioclase Feldspar, biotite and unweathered quartz grains.

17.00 23.00 06.00 Massive Biotite gneiss: Mesocratic to melanocratic, medium to coarse grained. Consist of Plagioclase Feldspar and enriched with biotite group

of minerals.

23.00 24.00 01.00 Fractured Biotite gneiss: Mesocratic to melanocratic, medium to

coarse grained. Consist of Plagioclase Feldspar and enriched with

biotite.

24.00 74.00 50.00 Biotite gneiss: Massive, Luecocratic to Mesocratic, medium to coarse

grained. Consist of Plagioclase Feldspar and enriched with biotite.

74.00 125.00 51.00 Biotite gneiss: Massive, Mesocratic to melanocratic, medium to coarse

grained. Consist of Plagioclase feldspar and enriched with biotite group

of minerals.

125.00 126.00 01.00 Biotite gneiss: Fractured, Mesocratic to melanocratic, medium to coarse

grained. Consist of Plagioclase feldspar and enriched with biotite group

of minerals.

126.00 171.00 45.00 Biotite gneiss: Massive, Luecocratic to Mesocratic, medium to coarse

grained. Consist of Plagioclase feldspar and enriched with biotite.

171.00 200.00 29.00 Biotite gneiss: Massive, Mesocratic to melanocratic, medium to coarse

grained. Consist of Plagioclase feldspar and enriched with biotite group of minerals.

Litholog of Thevarayankottai E/W

Drilling

depth(m)

Thickness

(m)

Lithology

From To



weathered Plagioclase feldspar group of minerals, biotite & Hornblende

and unweathered quartz grains.

06.10 20.00 13.90 Hornblende biotite gneiss: Luecocratic, medium to coarse grained. Consist of Plagioclase feldspar, Hornblende and biotite.

20.00 21.00 01.00 Hornblende biotite gneiss, Fractured & intruded with Pegmatite vein.


Consist of Plagioclase Feldspar, Hornblende and biotite.



biotite.


Consist of Plagioclase Feldspar, Hornblende and biotite.



biotite.


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Litholog of vennakara E/W

Depth Range(m) Thickness

Lithology From To (m)

00.00 06.00 06.00 Top Soil/Sub Soil weathered.

06.00 09.00 03.00

Weathered Hornblende Biotite Gneiss: Light grey to dark grey in colour

Consist of Plagioclase Feldspar group of minerals.

09.00 30.00 21.00

Hornblende Biotite Gneiss: Leucocratic, medium to coarse grained,

consist of plagioclace feldspar.

30.00 54.00 24.00 Hornblende Biotite Gneiss: melanocratic, medium grained, consist of plagioclace feldspar.

54.00 55.00 01.00 Fractured Hornblende Biotite Gneiss

55.00 72.00 17.00

Hornblende Biotite Gneiss: Leucocratic, medium grained, consist of

plagioclace feldspar.

72.00 101.0 29.00

Hornblende Biotite Gneiss: melanocratic, medium grained, consist of


Kadukkankunnam Exploratory well



00.00 09.00 09.00 Top Soil/Sub Soil.

09.00 13.00 04.00

Weathered Hornblende Biotite Gneiss: Consist of weathered Plagioclase

Feldspar group of minerals.

13.00 27.00 14.00

Hornblende Biotite Gneiss: melanocratic, fine grained, consist of plagioclace

feldspar.


28.00 42.00 14.00



42.00 45.00 03.00 Quartz vein, light pink in colour

45.00 100.0 55.00



Kallepully Exploratory Well



00.00 08.00 08.00 Top Soil/Sub Soil, weathered.

08.00 10.00 02.00 Weathered Hornblende Biotite Gneiss: Light grey to dark grey in colour, Consist of highly weathered Plagioclase Feldspars.

10.00 38.00 28.00

Hornblende Biotite Gneiss: Leucocratic, fine grained, consist of


38.00 39.00 01.00 Fractured Hornblende Biotite Gneiss.

39.00 62.00 23.00



62.00 77.00 15.00



77.00 89.00 12.00



89.00 100.0 11.00




113

Litholog of Malampuzha Exploratory well



00.00 09.00 09.00 Top Soil/Sub Soil.

09.00 12.00 03.00

Weathered Hornblende Biotite Gneiss: Consist of Highly weathered

Plagioclase Feldspar group of minerals.

12.00 26.00 14.00


consist of plagioclace feldspars.

26.00 27.00 01.00 Mild Fractured, Quartz vein

27.00 77.00 50.00



77.00 78.00 01.00 Fractured Hornblende Biotite Gneiss.

78.00 90.00 12.00 Hornblende Biotite Gneiss: melanocratic, medium grained, consist of plagioclace feldspar.

90.00 101.0 11.00


consist of plagioclace feldspar.

Litholog of Exploratory Well at Chullimada

Depth

Range(m) Thickness


00.00 09.00 09.00 Top Soil/Sub Soil weathered.

09.00 12.00 03.00

Weathered Hornblende biotite Gneiss: Consist of Highly weathered Plagioclse

Feldspar group of minerals.

12.00 70.00 58.00

Hornblende Biotite Gneiss: Leucocratic, medium to coarse grained, consist of



71.00 88.00 17.00

Hornblende Biotite Gneiss: Leucocratic, medium to coarse grained, consist of


88.00 100.0 12.00



Litholog of Kendriya Vidyalaya Hemambika Nagar Depth Range(m) Thickness


00.00 09.00 09.00 Top Soil/Sub Soil

09.00 12.00 03.00

Weathered Hornblende Gneiss: Consist of weathered Feldspar group of

minerals.

12.00 42.00 30.00



42.00 45.00 03.00

Hornblende Biotite Gneiss: mesocratic, medium grained, consist of plagioclace

feldspar.

45.00 75.00 30.00



75.00 78.00 03.00

Hornblende Biotite Gneiss: mesocratic, medium grained, consist of plagioclace

feldspar.

78.0 101.0 23.00




114

Litholog of Exploratory well at Mundur Depth

Range(m) Thickness


00.00 05.00 05.00 Top Soil: Yellow in colour consist of clay, sand and silt

05.00 14.00 09.00 Weathered Hornblende Gneiss: Consist of weathered Feldspar group of minerals.

14.00 66.00 52.00

Hornblende Biotite Gneiss: Leucocratic, medium grained, consist of plagioclace

feldspar.

66.00 69.00 03.00

Hornblende Biotite Gneiss: Leucocratic, medium grained and cosist of

Plagioclase feldspar.

69.00 82.00 13.00

Hornblende Biotite Gneiss: melanocratic, medium grained, consist of plagioclace

feldspar.

82.00 85.00 03.00

Hornblende Biotite Gneiss: melanocratic, medium grained, The accessory

minerals are Hornblende and Biotite, Quartz vein intrusion.

85.00 107.0 22.00

Hornblende Biotite Gneiss: melanocratic, medium grained, consist of plagioclace

feldspar, The accessory minerals are Hornblende and Biotite

Litholog of Exploratory Well at Pudhupariyaram Depth Range(m) Thickness


00.00 04.00 04.00 Top soil/Sub Soil

04.00 15 11.00 Weathered Hornblende biotite Gneiss: Consist of weathered Feldspar group of minerals.

15.00 60.00 45.00 Hornblende Biotite Gneiss: Leucocratic, medium grained, consist of plagioclace feldspar.

60.00 92.00 32.00 Hornblende Biotite Gneiss: melanocratic, medium grained, consist of plagioclace

feldspar.

92.00 107.0 15.00 Hornblende Biotite Gneiss: Leucocratic, medium grained, consist of plagioclace feldspar.

107 110.0 03.00 Hornblende Biotite Gneiss: Leucocratic, medium grained and intruded by Quartz vein.


115

Annexure III

Composite logs of exploratory wells constructed in the area


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CONTRIBUTORS’ PAGE

Principal Authors

S.Singathurai, Scientist-B

Dr. S.Sakthi Murugan, Asst. Hydrogeologist

Supervision & Guidance

Dr.Nandakumaran.P, Regional Director

V.Kunhambu, Regional Director

Anitha Shyam, Scientist-D (Nodal officer)

A.Ravi, Scientist-D (Supervision)

Scrutiny

Dr.N.Vinayachandran, Scientist-D

Mini Chandran, Scientist D

Hydrogeology

A.Ravi, Scientist-D (Team Leader)

S.Singathurai, Scientist-B

Dr.S.Sakthi Murugan, Asst.Hydrogeologist

Mohammad Rafi STA (HG)

Geophysics

K.Kotti Reddy, Scientist-D (Geophysics)

Hydrometerology

C.Rajkumar, Scientist-C

Hydrochemistry

V.N.Sreelatha, Scientist-D

Bindu.J.Viju, Scientist-B

Palakkad District - क द्र य भू म जल बोडर् जल संसाधन,...

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Transcript of Palakkad District - क द्र य भू म जल बोडर् जल संसाधन,...