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0 20 20 20 20 2 fhh;j;jpif> 2004fhh;j;jpif> 2004fhh;j;jpif> 2004fhh;j;jpif> 2004fhh;j;jpif> 2004

,e;jtUl (2004) khtPuu;ehs; ciuapy; jkpoPo

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opdk; jiyepkpu;e;J jho;Tr;rpf;fy; mfd;W

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gij ehk; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;. mjw;fhf me;jg;

Nghuhspfs; mzpNa Njrpaj; jiytUf;F ngU

ed;wpf;fld; nrYj;j flikg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ.

Vnddpy; xt;nthU Nghuhspf;Fs;Sk; kiwe;

jpUf;Fk; mupa Mw;wiy mtNdh> mtNsh

czu toptFj;j jpwd; mtuplNkapUe;jJ.

kdpj Fyj;jpw;Nf gpughfud; %yk;

nrhy;yg;gLk; ngWkhdk;kpf;f mwptpay; czu;

j;Jifia ,d;iwa etPd Ma;thsu; Ma;T

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kiwe;jpUf;Fk; mupa Mf;fj;jpwid> Mw;wiy>

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nghUs; mtNuahfpd;whu;.

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fhf cUthfpa jiytu;fis ehk; fz;Ls;Nshk;.

mt;tt; fhyfl;lq;fspy; cs;s #o;epiy ,j;j

ifa tpLjiyia ahrpg;gjhf ce;jpj;js;St

jhf miktijAk; ghu;f;fpd;Nwhk;. Mdhy;

(njhlh;r;rp 14Mk; gf;fk;)

04 04 04 04 04

(njhlh;r;rp 13Mk; gf;fk;)(njhlh;r;rp 13Mk; gf;fk;)(njhlh;r;rp 13Mk; gf;fk;)(njhlh;r;rp 13Mk; gf;fk;)(njhlh;r;rp 13Mk; gf;fk;)

fhh;j;jpif> 2004fhh;j;jpif> 2004fhh;j;jpif> 2004fhh;j;jpif> 2004fhh;j;jpif> 2004

> \\||

io mofhdJ. tPl;bDs; ,Ue;J

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gb NjdPu; gUFtJ vt;tsT Rthurpak;.

kioia re;Njhrkhf mDgtpf;fj; njupe;jtu;

fspw;F mJ fhyj;jpd; nfhil. me;j capu;

rpypu;f;Fk; Fspu; vj;jid Qhgfq;fis fpsWk;.

vj;jid ftpQu;fs; vd;ndd;d tpjkhf kio

iag; ghbapUf;fpwhu;fs;.

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fis mioj;Jr; nry;fpd;wd.

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NNNNNjf;f epiyapYs;s rkhjf;f epiyapYs;s rkhjf;f epiyapYs;s rkhjf;f epiyapYs;s rkhjf;f epiyapYs;s rkh

jhd Kaw;rpfis Kd;dfu;j;jpjhd Kaw;rpfis Kd;dfu;j;jpjhd Kaw;rpfis Kd;dfu;j;jpjhd Kaw;rpfis Kd;dfu;j;jpjhd Kaw;rpfis Kd;dfu;j;jp

tpLk; Nehf;Fld; fpspnehr;rptpLk; Nehf;Fld; fpspnehr;rptpLk; Nehf;Fld; fpspnehr;rptpLk; Nehf;Fld; fpspnehr;rptpLk; Nehf;Fld; fpspnehr;rp

te;jpUe;j Nehu;Nt ntsptptte;jpUe;j Nehu;Nt ntsptptte;jpUe;j Nehu;Nt ntsptptte;jpUe;j Nehu;Nt ntsptptte;jpUe;j Nehu;Nt ntsptpt

fhu mikr;riu jkpoPo Njrpaj;fhu mikr;riu jkpoPo Njrpaj;fhu mikr;riu jkpoPo Njrpaj;fhu mikr;riu jkpoPo Njrpaj;fhu mikr;riu jkpoPo Njrpaj;

jiytu; NkjF Nt. gpughfud;jiytu; NkjF Nt. gpughfud;jiytu; NkjF Nt. gpughfud;jiytu; NkjF Nt. gpughfud;jiytu; NkjF Nt. gpughfud;

mtu;fs; re;jpj ;J ePz;lNeuk;mtu;fs; re;jpj ;J ePz;lNeuk;mtu;fs; re;jpj ;J ePz;lNeuk;mtu;fs; re;jpj ;J ePz;lNeuk;mtu;fs; re;jpj ;J ePz;lNeuk;

ciuahbapUe;jhu ; .ciuahbapUe;jhu ; .ciuahbapUe;jhu ; .ciuahbapUe;jhu ; .ciuahbapUe;jhu ; .

Ngr;Rthu;j;ijia Muk;Ngr;Rthu;j;ijia Muk;Ngr;Rthu;j;ijia Muk;Ngr;Rthu;j;ijia Muk;Ngr;Rthu;j;ijia Muk;

gpg;gjw;Fr; rpy Gjpa MNyhgpg;gjw;Fr; rpy Gjpa MNyhgpg;gjw;Fr; rpy Gjpa MNyhgpg;gjw;Fr; rpy Gjpa MNyhgpg;gjw;Fr; rpy Gjpa MNyh

ridfisAk; jiytu; gpughridfisAk; jiytu; gpughridfisAk; jiytu; gpughridfisAk; jiytu; gpughridfisAk; jiytu; gpugh

fud; mtu;fs; Nehu;Nt mikr;rfud; mtu;fs; Nehu;Nt mikr;rfud; mtu;fs; Nehu;Nt mikr;rfud; mtu;fs; Nehu;Nt mikr;rfud; mtu;fs; Nehu;Nt mikr;r

&lhf Kd;itj;jpUe;jhu;.&lhf Kd;itj;jpUe;jhu;.&lhf Kd;itj;jpUe;jhu;.&lhf Kd;itj;jpUe;jhu;.&lhf Kd;itj;jpUe;jhu;.

mtw;iw rdhjpgjp re;jpmtw;iw rdhjpgjp re;jpmtw;iw rdhjpgjp re;jpmtw;iw rdhjpgjp re;jpmtw;iw rdhjpgjp re;jp

upfh mk;ikahUf;F vLj;Jf;$wpupfh mk;ikahUf;F vLj;Jf;$wpupfh mk;ikahUf;F vLj;Jf;$wpupfh mk;ikahUf;F vLj;Jf;$wpupfh mk;ikahUf;F vLj;Jf;$wp

- Mf;fG+u;tkhd gjpiy mtupl- Mf;fG+u;tkhd gjpiy mtupl- Mf;fG+u;tkhd gjpiy mtupl- Mf;fG+u;tkhd gjpiy mtupl- Mf;fG+u;tkhd gjpiy mtupl

kpUe;J ngw;Wtplyhk; vd;w ek;kpUe;J ngw;Wtplyhk; vd;w ek;kpUe;J ngw;Wtplyhk; vd;w ek;kpUe;J ngw;Wtplyhk; vd;w ek;kpUe;J ngw;Wtplyhk; vd;w ek;

gpf;ifapy; Nehu;Nt mikr;ru;gpf;ifapy; Nehu;Nt mikr;ru;gpf;ifapy; Nehu;Nt mikr;ru;gpf;ifapy; Nehu;Nt mikr;ru;gpf;ifapy; Nehu;Nt mikr;ru;

nfhOk;G nrd;wpUe;jhu;.nfhOk;G nrd;wpUe;jhu;.nfhOk;G nrd;wpUe;jhu;.nfhOk;G nrd;wpUe;jhu;.nfhOk;G nrd;wpUe;jhu;.

Mdhy;> toikNghyNtMdhy;> toikNghyNtMdhy;> toikNghyNtMdhy;> toikNghyNtMdhy;> toikNghyNt

mk;ikahu; Mf;fG+u;tkhf gjpy;mk;ikahu; Mf;fG+u;tkhf gjpy;mk;ikahu; Mf;fG+u;tkhf gjpy;mk;ikahu; Mf;fG+u;tkhf gjpy;mk;ikahu; Mf;fG+u;tkhf gjpy;

toq;fj; jtwptpl;lhu;.toq;fj; jtwptpl;lhu;.toq;fj; jtwptpl;lhu;.toq;fj; jtwptpl;lhu;.toq;fj; jtwptpl;lhu;.

,jdhy; Nehu;Nt ntsp,jdhy; Nehu;Nt ntsp,jdhy; Nehu;Nt ntsp,jdhy; Nehu;Nt ntsp,jdhy; Nehu;Nt ntsp

tptfhu mikr;rupd; rkhjhdtptfhu mikr;rupd; rkhjhdtptfhu mikr;rupd; rkhjhdtptfhu mikr;rupd; rkhjhdtptfhu mikr;rupd; rkhjhd

tp[ak; ntw;wpngwhkNy Kbe;Jtp[ak; ntw;wpngwhkNy Kbe;Jtp[ak; ntw;wpngwhkNy Kbe;Jtp[ak; ntw;wpngwhkNy Kbe;Jtp[ak; ntw;wpngwhkNy Kbe;J

t pl ; lJ . rkhjhdj ; J}jUk ;t pl ; lJ . rkhjhdj ; J}jUk ;t pl ; lJ . rkhjhdj ; J}jUk ;t pl ; lJ . rkhjhdj ; J}jUk ;t pl ; lJ . rkhjhdj ; J}jUk ;

ntWq;ifAld; Nehu;Nt jpUk;ntWq;ifAld; Nehu;Nt jpUk;ntWq;ifAld; Nehu;Nt jpUk;ntWq;ifAld; Nehu;Nt jpUk;ntWq;ifAld; Nehu;Nt jpUk;

gpr; nrd;whu;.gpr; nrd;whu;.gpr; nrd;whu;.gpr; nrd;whu;.gpr; nrd;whu;.

,Nj Nghd;Wjhd; [g;gh,Nj Nghd;Wjhd; [g;gh,Nj Nghd;Wjhd; [g;gh,Nj Nghd;Wjhd; [g;gh,Nj Nghd;Wjhd; [g;gh

dpar; rkhjhdj; J}ju; mfhrpdpar; rkhjhdj; J}ju; mfhrpdpar; rkhjhdj; J}ju; mfhrpdpar; rkhjhdj; J}ju; mfhrpdpar; rkhjhdj; J}ju; mfhrp

Ak; rkhjhd ek;gpf;ifAld; ,yAk; rkhjhd ek;gpf;ifAld; ,yAk; rkhjhd ek;gpf;ifAld; ,yAk; rkhjhd ek;gpf;ifAld; ,yAk; rkhjhd ek;gpf;ifAld; ,y

q;iff;F tp[ak;nra;J - ntWq;q;iff;F tp[ak;nra;J - ntWq;q;iff;F tp[ak;nra;J - ntWq;q;iff;F tp[ak;nra;J - ntWq;q;iff;F tp[ak;nra;J - ntWq;

ifAld; ehL jpUk;gpdhu;.ifAld; ehL jpUk;gpdhu;.ifAld; ehL jpUk;gpdhu;.ifAld; ehL jpUk;gpdhu;.ifAld; ehL jpUk;gpdhu;.

r pq ; fs mur pd ; fLk ;r pq ; fs mur pd ; fLk ;r pq ; fs mur pd ; fLk ;r pq ; fs mur pd ; fLk ;r pq ; fs mur pd ; fLk ;

Nghf;F [g;ghdpaj; J}JtUf;FNghf;F [g;ghdpaj; J}JtUf;FNghf;F [g;ghdpaj; J}JtUf;FNghf;F [g;ghdpaj; J}JtUf;FNghf;F [g;ghdpaj; J}JtUf;F

rpd%l;bAs;sJ. mjdhy;jhd;rpd%l;bAs;sJ. mjdhy;jhd;rpd%l;bAs;sJ. mjdhy;jhd;rpd%l;bAs;sJ. mjdhy;jhd;rpd%l;bAs;sJ. mjdhy;jhd;

rkhjhd Kaw;rpfs; Kd;Ndw;wrkhjhd Kaw;rpfs; Kd;Ndw;wrkhjhd Kaw;rpfs; Kd;Ndw;wrkhjhd Kaw;rpfs; Kd;Ndw;wrkhjhd Kaw;rpfs; Kd;Ndw;w

kilahky; rpq;fs murpw;F epjpkilahky; rpq;fs murpw;F epjpkilahky; rpq;fs murpw;F epjpkilahky; rpq;fs murpw;F epjpkilahky; rpq;fs murpw;F epjp

toq;f KbahJ vd;W nfhOk;toq;f KbahJ vd;W nfhOk;toq;f KbahJ vd;W nfhOk;toq;f KbahJ vd;W nfhOk;toq;f KbahJ vd;W nfhOk;

gpy; itj;Nj mwpf;iftpl;lhu;.gpy; itj;Nj mwpf;iftpl;lhu;.gpy; itj;Nj mwpf;iftpl;lhu;.gpy; itj;Nj mwpf;iftpl;lhu;.gpy; itj;Nj mwpf;iftpl;lhu;.

mJkl;Lky;y> tpiutpy; rkhjhmJkl;Lky;y> tpiutpy; rkhjhmJkl;Lky;y> tpiutpy; rkhjhmJkl;Lky;y> tpiutpy; rkhjhmJkl;Lky;y> tpiutpy; rkhjh

dg; Ngr;Rf;fs; Muk;gpf;fg;glhJdg; Ngr;Rf;fs; Muk;gpf;fg;glhJdg; Ngr;Rf;fs; Muk;gpf;fg;glhJdg; Ngr;Rf;fs; Muk;gpf;fg;glhJdg; Ngr;Rf;fs; Muk;gpf;fg;glhJ

tpl;lhy; thf;fspf;fg;gl;l Nlhf;tpl;lhy; thf;fspf;fg;gl;l Nlhf;tpl;lhy; thf;fspf;fg;gl;l Nlhf;tpl;lhy; thf;fspf;fg;gl;l Nlhf;tpl;lhy; thf;fspf;fg;gl;l Nlhf;

fpNah epjp ,yq;iff;F toq;fg;fpNah epjp ,yq;iff;F toq;fg;fpNah epjp ,yq;iff;F toq;fg;fpNah epjp ,yq;iff;F toq;fg;fpNah epjp ,yq;iff;F toq;fg;

glhky ; NtW ehLfSf ;Fj ;glhky ; NtW ehLfSf ;Fj ;glhky ; NtW ehLfSf ;Fj ;glhky ; NtW ehLfSf ;Fj ;glhky ; NtW ehLfSf ;Fj ;

jpUg;gptplg;glyhk; vd;Wk; fhl;jpUg;gptplg;glyhk; vd;Wk; fhl;jpUg;gptplg;glyhk; vd;Wk; fhl;jpUg;gptplg;glyhk; vd;Wk; fhl;jpUg;gptplg;glyhk; vd;Wk; fhl;

lkhf mwptpg;Gr; nra;jpUe;jhu;.lkhf mwptpg;Gr; nra;jpUe;jhu;.lkhf mwptpg;Gr; nra;jpUe;jhu;.lkhf mwptpg;Gr; nra;jpUe;jhu;.lkhf mwptpg;Gr; nra;jpUe;jhu;.

,e;j ,uz;L rkhjhdj;,e;j ,uz;L rkhjhdj;,e;j ,uz;L rkhjhdj;,e;j ,uz;L rkhjhdj;,e;j ,uz;L rkhjhdj;

J}ju;fspd; ,yq;if tp[aj;jpJ}ju;fspd; ,yq;if tp[aj;jpJ}ju;fspd; ,yq;if tp[aj;jpJ}ju;fspd; ,yq;if tp[aj;jpJ}ju;fspd; ,yq;if tp[aj;jp

dJ Kf;fpa mk;rk; ahnjdpy;dJ Kf;fpa mk;rk; ahnjdpy;dJ Kf;fpa mk;rk; ahnjdpy;dJ Kf;fpa mk;rk; ahnjdpy;dJ Kf;fpa mk;rk; ahnjdpy;

,tu ;fs ; ,UtUNk Gypfs ;,tu ;fs ; ,UtUNk Gypfs ;,tu ;fs ; ,UtUNk Gypfs ;,tu ;fs ; ,UtUNk Gypfs ;,tu ;fs ; ,UtUNk Gypfs ;

mikg;gpd; rkhjhd tpUg;igmikg;gpd; rkhjhd tpUg;igmikg;gpd; rkhjhd tpUg;igmikg;gpd; rkhjhd tpUg;igmikg;gpd; rkhjhd tpUg;ig

mjw ;fhd mtu ;fsJ nghWmjw ;fhd mtu ;fsJ nghWmjw ;fhd mtu ;fsJ nghWmjw ;fhd mtu ;fsJ nghWmjw ;fhd mtu ;fsJ nghW

ikia ghuhl;btpl;Nl nrd;wikia ghuhl;btpl;Nl nrd;wikia ghuhl;btpl;Nl nrd;wikia ghuhl;btpl;Nl nrd;wikia ghuhl;btpl;Nl nrd;w

ikahFk;.ikahFk;.ikahFk;.ikahFk;.ikahFk;.

rkhjhdg ; Ngr ; r p w ;Frkhjhdg ; Ngr ; r p w ;Frkhjhdg ; Ngr ; r p w ;Frkhjhdg ; Ngr ; r p w ;Frkhjhdg ; Ngr ; r p w ;F

,e;j cz;ikia ru;t,e;j cz;ikia ru;t,e;j cz;ikia ru;t,e;j cz;ikia ru;t,e;j cz;ikia ru;t

Njr ehLfs; cj;jpNahf G+u;tNjr ehLfs; cj;jpNahf G+u;tNjr ehLfs; cj;jpNahf G+u;tNjr ehLfs; cj;jpNahf G+u;tNjr ehLfs; cj;jpNahf G+u;t

khf mwptpf;fhJtpl;lhYk;> mq;khf mwptpf;fhJtpl;lhYk;> mq;khf mwptpf;fhJtpl;lhYk;> mq;khf mwptpf;fhJtpl;lhYk;> mq;khf mwptpf;fhJtpl;lhYk;> mq;

nfhd;Wk; ,q;nfhd;Wkhf ru;tnfhd;Wk; ,q;nfhd;Wkhf ru;tnfhd;Wk; ,q;nfhd;Wkhf ru;tnfhd;Wk; ,q;nfhd;Wkhf ru;tnfhd;Wk; ,q;nfhd;Wkhf ru;t

Njr ,uh[je;jpupfs; rpyu; ,f;Njr ,uh[je;jpupfs; rpyu; ,f;Njr ,uh[je;jpupfs; rpyu; ,f;Njr ,uh[je;jpupfs; rpyu; ,f;Njr ,uh[je;jpupfs; rpyu; ,f;

fUj;ij gfpuq;fkhff; $wpAs;sfUj;ij gfpuq;fkhff; $wpAs;sfUj;ij gfpuq;fkhff; $wpAs;sfUj;ij gfpuq;fkhff; $wpAs;sfUj;ij gfpuq;fkhff; $wpAs;s

du; .du ; .du ; .du ; .du ; .

jk po ; - r pq ; fs ,djk po ; - r pq ; fs ,djk po ; - r pq ; fs ,djk po ; - r pq ; fs ,djk po ; - r pq ; fs ,d

Nkhjiy mikjptopapy; murpNkhjiy mikjptopapy; murpNkhjiy mikjptopapy; murpNkhjiy mikjptopapy; murpNkhjiy mikjptopapy; murp

ay; jPu;T%yk; jPu;j;Jitf;Fk;ay; jPu;T%yk; jPu;j;Jitf;Fk;ay; jPu;T%yk; jPu;j;Jitf;Fk;ay; jPu;T%yk; jPu;j;Jitf;Fk;ay; jPu;T%yk; jPu;j;Jitf;Fk;

Nehf;fk; re;jpupfh mk;ikahUNehf;fk; re;jpupfh mk;ikahUNehf;fk; re;jpupfh mk;ikahUNehf;fk; re;jpupfh mk;ikahUNehf;fk; re;jpupfh mk;ikahU

f;F ,y;iy vd;gJ jkpo; kf;ff;F ,y;iy vd;gJ jkpo; kf;ff;F ,y;iy vd;gJ jkpo; kf;ff;F ,y;iy vd;gJ jkpo; kf;ff;F ,y;iy vd;gJ jkpo; kf;f

spd ; VNfhg pj ;j fUj ;jhFk ; .s pd ; VNfhg pj ;j fUj ;jhFk ; .s pd ; VNfhg pj ;j fUj ;jhFk ; .s pd ; VNfhg pj ;j fUj ;jhFk ; .s pd ; VNfhg pj ;j fUj ;jhFk ; .

Nghu;%yk; Gypfis ntd;W -Nghu;%yk; Gypfis ntd;W -Nghu;%yk; Gypfis ntd;W -Nghu;%yk; Gypfis ntd;W -Nghu;%yk; Gypfis ntd;W -

jkpo; ,dj;ij xLf;FtNj mk;jkpo; ,dj;ij xLf;FtNj mk;jkpo; ,dj;ij xLf;FtNj mk;jkpo; ,dj;ij xLf;FtNj mk;jkpo; ,dj;ij xLf;FtNj mk;

ikahupd; Mo;kd MirahFk;.ikahupd; Mo;kd MirahFk;.ikahupd; Mo;kd MirahFk;.ikahupd; Mo;kd MirahFk;.ikahupd; Mo;kd MirahFk;.

,Jtiu ehSk; cjl;ls,Jtiu ehSk; cjl;ls,Jtiu ehSk; cjl;ls,Jtiu ehSk; cjl;ls,Jtiu ehSk; cjl;ls

tpy; mk;ikahu; Ngrpte;j grg;tpy; mk;ikahu; Ngrpte;j grg;tpy; mk;ikahu; Ngrpte;j grg;tpy; mk;ikahu; Ngrpte;j grg;tpy; mk;ikahu; Ngrpte;j grg;

ghd rkhjhd thu ;j ;ijfisghd rkhjhd thu ;j ;ijfisghd rkhjhd thu ;j ;ijfisghd rkhjhd thu ;j ;ijfisghd rkhjhd thu ;j ;ijfis

,g;NghJ mtu; Nghl;Lilj;J,g;NghJ mtu; Nghl;Lilj;J,g;NghJ mtu; Nghl;Lilj;J,g;NghJ mtu; Nghl;Lilj;J,g;NghJ mtu; Nghl;Lilj;J

- jdJ cz;ikahd Nehf;fj;- jdJ cz;ikahd Nehf;fj;- jdJ cz;ikahd Nehf;fj;- jdJ cz;ikahd Nehf;fj;- jdJ cz;ikahd Nehf;fj;

ijg; Gyg;gLj;jptpl;lhu;.ijg; Gyg;gLj;jptpl;lhu;.ijg; Gyg;gLj;jptpl;lhu;.ijg; Gyg;gLj;jptpl;lhu;.ijg; Gyg;gLj;jptpl;lhu;.

,e;jr; rkhjhd fhyj;jpy;,e;jr; rkhjhd fhyj;jpy;,e;jr; rkhjhd fhyj;jpy;,e;jr; rkhjhd fhyj;jpy;,e;jr; rkhjhd fhyj;jpy;

nts pa plg ; gl ; l 2 0 0 5Mk ;nts pa plg ; gl ; l 2 0 0 5Mk ;nts pa plg ; gl ; l 2 0 0 5Mk ;nts pa plg ; gl ; l 2 0 0 5Mk ;nts pa plg ; gl ; l 2 0 0 5Mk ;

Mz ;bw ; f hd gl ;[l ; by ;Mz ;bw ; f hd gl ;[l ; by ;Mz ;bw ; f hd gl ;[l ; by ;Mz ;bw ; f hd gl ;[l ; by ;Mz ;bw ; f hd gl ;[l ; by ;

jkhFk;.jkhFk;.jkhFk;.jkhFk;.jkhFk;.

NghUf;Fj; NjitahdNghUf;Fj; NjitahdNghUf;Fj; NjitahdNghUf;Fj; NjitahdNghUf;Fj; Njitahd

xU cldb murpay; fhuzj;xU cldb murpay; fhuzj;xU cldb murpay; fhuzj;xU cldb murpay; fhuzj;xU cldb murpay; fhuzj;

ijAk; mJ fz;Lgpbj;Js;sJ.ijAk; mJ fz;Lgpbj;Js;sJ.ijAk; mJ fz;Lgpbj;Js;sJ.ijAk; mJ fz;Lgpbj;Js;sJ.ijAk; mJ fz;Lgpbj;Js;sJ.

mJjhd; mk;ikahu; tpjpj;Js;smJjhd; mk;ikahu; tpjpj;Js;smJjhd; mk;ikahu; tpjpj;Js;smJjhd; mk;ikahu; tpjpj;Js;smJjhd; mk;ikahu; tpjpj;Js;s

xU Gjpa epge;jidahFk;.xU Gjpa epge;jidahFk;.xU Gjpa epge;jidahFk;.xU Gjpa epge;jidahFk;.xU Gjpa epge;jidahFk;.

Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elhj;j rk;Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elhj;j rk;Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elhj;j rk;Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elhj;j rk;Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elhj;j rk;

kjkh! ,y;iyah! vd;W bnrk;kjkh! ,y;iyah! vd;W bnrk;kjkh! ,y;iyah! vd;W bnrk;kjkh! ,y;iyah! vd;W bnrk;kjkh! ,y;iyah! vd;W bnrk;

gu; khjk; njhlq;fKd;du; Gypgu; khjk; njhlq;fKd;du; Gypgu; khjk; njhlq;fKd;du; Gypgu; khjk; njhlq;fKd;du; Gypgu; khjk; njhlq;fKd;du; Gyp

fs; ,af;fk; muRf;F mwptpf;ffs; ,af;fk; muRf;F mwptpf;ffs; ,af;fk; muRf;F mwptpf;ffs; ,af;fk; muRf;F mwptpf;ffs; ,af;fk; muRf;F mwptpf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd;W mk;ikahu; epge;Ntz;Lk; vd;W mk;ikahu; epge;Ntz;Lk; vd;W mk;ikahu; epge;Ntz;Lk; vd;W mk;ikahu; epge;Ntz;Lk; vd;W mk;ikahu; epge;

jid tpjpj;Js;shu;.jid tpjpj;Js;shu;.jid tpjpj;Js;shu;.jid tpjpj;Js;shu;.jid tpjpj;Js;shu;.

Ngr ;Rthu ;j ;ijf ;F tuNgr ;Rthu ;j ;ijf ;F tuNgr ;Rthu ;j ;ijf ;F tuNgr ;Rthu ;j ;ijf ;F tuNgr ;Rthu ;j ;ijf ;F tu

kWj;JtUtJ rpq;fs muRjhd;.kWj;JtUtJ rpq;fs muRjhd;.kWj;JtUtJ rpq;fs muRjhd;.kWj;JtUtJ rpq;fs muRjhd;.kWj;JtUtJ rpq;fs muRjhd;.

Mdhy;> Gypfs; ,af;fk;kPJ me;Mdhy;> Gypfs; ,af;fk;kPJ me;Mdhy;> Gypfs; ,af;fk;kPJ me;Mdhy;> Gypfs; ,af;fk;kPJ me;Mdhy;> Gypfs; ,af;fk;kPJ me;

jf; Fw;wr;rhl;il mk;ikahu;jf; Fw;wr;rhl;il mk;ikahu;jf; Fw;wr;rhl;il mk;ikahu;jf; Fw;wr;rhl;il mk;ikahu;jf; Fw;wr;rhl;il mk;ikahu;

Rkj;jpapUg;gJ cz;ikapy; xURkj;jpapUg;gJ cz;ikapy; xURkj;jpapUg;gJ cz;ikapy; xURkj;jpapUg;gJ cz;ikapy; xURkj;jpapUg;gJ cz;ikapy; xU

Nfypf;$j;J. Mdhy;> mk;ikNfypf;$j;J. Mdhy;> mk;ikNfypf;$j;J. Mdhy;> mk;ikNfypf;$j;J. Mdhy;> mk;ikNfypf;$j;J. Mdhy;> mk;ik

ahu; ,ij xU NghUf;fhd rhl;ahu; ,ij xU NghUf;fhd rhl;ahu; ,ij xU NghUf;fhd rhl;ahu; ,ij xU NghUf;fhd rhl;ahu; ,ij xU NghUf;fhd rhl;

lhfNt gad;gLj;j Kidfpd;lhfNt gad;gLj;j Kidfpd;lhfNt gad;gLj;j Kidfpd;lhfNt gad;gLj;j Kidfpd;lhfNt gad;gLj;j Kidfpd;

nghd;iw muRf;F rku;g;gpj;Jnghd;iw muRf;F rku;g;gpj;Jnghd;iw muRf;F rku;g;gpj;Jnghd;iw muRf;F rku;g;gpj;Jnghd;iw muRf;F rku;g;gpj;J

tpl;L Ngr;R Nkirf;F muirtpl;L Ngr;R Nkirf;F muirtpl;L Ngr;R Nkirf;F muirtpl;L Ngr;R Nkirf;F muirtpl;L Ngr;R Nkirf;F muir

tUk;gb mioj;jgbAs;sdu; .tUk;gb mioj;jgbAs;sdu; .tUk;gb mioj;jgbAs;sdu; .tUk;gb mioj;jgbAs;sdu; .tUk;gb mioj;jgbAs;sdu; .

mk;ikahiu Ngr;R Nkirf;Fmk;ikahiu Ngr;R Nkirf;Fmk;ikahiu Ngr;R Nkirf;Fmk;ikahiu Ngr;R Nkirf;Fmk;ikahiu Ngr;R Nkirf;F

tuj;J}z;lTk; - vr ;rupf ;fTk;tuj;J}z;lTk; - vr ;rupf ;fTk;tuj;J}z;lTk; - vr ;rupf ;fTk;tuj;J}z;lTk; - vr ;rupf ;fTk;tuj;J}z;lTk; - vr ;rupf ;fTk;

jhd ; Nehu ;Nt ntsptptfhujhd ; Nehu ;Nt ntsptptfhujhd ; Nehu ;Nt ntsptptfhujhd ; Nehu ;Nt ntsptptfhujhd ; Nehu ;Nt ntsptptfhu

mikr;rUk;> [g;ghdpaj; J}Jtmikr;rUk;> [g;ghdpaj; J}Jtmikr;rUk;> [g;ghdpaj; J}Jtmikr;rUk;> [g;ghdpaj; J}Jtmikr;rUk;> [g;ghdpaj; J}Jt

Uk; mz;ikapy; ,yq;if te;JUk; mz;ikapy; ,yq;if te;JUk; mz;ikapy; ,yq;if te;JUk; mz;ikapy; ,yq;if te;JUk; mz;ikapy; ,yq;if te;J

Njhy;tpAld; nrd;wdu;.Njhy;tpAld; nrd;wdu;.Njhy;tpAld; nrd;wdu;.Njhy;tpAld; nrd;wdu;.Njhy;tpAld; nrd;wdu;.

nraw;ghLfSk; ed;F njupAk;.nraw;ghLfSk; ed;F njupAk;.nraw;ghLfSk; ed;F njupAk;.nraw;ghLfSk; ed;F njupAk;.nraw;ghLfSk; ed;F njupAk;.

re ;jpupfh murpd; Nghu;re ;jpupfh murpd; Nghu;re ;jpupfh murpd; Nghu;re ;jpupfh murpd; Nghu;re ;jpupfh murpd; Nghu;

ntwpiaj; jLf;Fk; rf;jp ru;tntwpiaj; jLf;Fk; rf;jp ru;tntwpiaj; jLf;Fk; rf;jp ru;tntwpiaj; jLf;Fk; rf;jp ru;tntwpiaj; jLf;Fk; rf;jp ru;t

Njrj;jpw;F ,y;yhky; Nghfyhk;.Njrj;jpw;F ,y;yhky; Nghfyhk;.Njrj;jpw;F ,y;yhky; Nghfyhk;.Njrj;jpw;F ,y;yhky; Nghfyhk;.Njrj;jpw;F ,y;yhky; Nghfyhk;.

Mdhy;> fle;j fhyj;ijg;NghyMdhy;> fle;j fhyj;ijg;NghyMdhy;> fle;j fhyj;ijg;NghyMdhy;> fle;j fhyj;ijg;NghyMdhy;> fle;j fhyj;ijg;Nghy

rpq ;fs Nghu ; ,ae;jpuj ;jpw ;Frpq ;fs Nghu ; ,ae;jpuj ;jpw ;Frpq ;fs Nghu ; ,ae;jpuj ;jpw ;Frpq ;fs Nghu ; ,ae;jpuj ;jpw ;Frpq ;fs Nghu ; ,ae;jpuj ;jpw ;F

GJg;gyk; toq;Fk; NtiyiaGJg;gyk; toq;Fk; NtiyiaGJg;gyk; toq;Fk; NtiyiaGJg;gyk; toq;Fk; NtiyiaGJg;gyk; toq;Fk; Ntiyia

ru ;tNjr r%fk ; nra ;ahJru ;tNjr r%fk ; nra ;ahJru ;tNjr r%fk ; nra ;ahJru ;tNjr r%fk ; nra ;ahJru ;tNjr r%fk ; nra ;ahJ

vd;Nw jkpo;kf;fs; ek;Gfpd;wvd;Nw jkpo;kf;fs; ek;Gfpd;wvd;Nw jkpo;kf;fs; ek;Gfpd;wvd;Nw jkpo;kf;fs; ek;Gfpd;wvd;Nw jkpo;kf;fs; ek;Gfpd;w

du; .du ; .du ; .du ; .du ; .

re ;jpu pfh mk;ikahupd;re ;jpu pfh mk;ikahupd;re ;jpu pfh mk;ikahupd;re ;jpu pfh mk;ikahupd;re ;jpu pfh mk;ikahupd;

gjtp Nkhfj;jpw;Fk; - N[.tp.gpgjtp Nkhfj;jpw;Fk; - N[.tp.gpgjtp Nkhfj;jpw;Fk; - N[.tp.gpgjtp Nkhfj;jpw;Fk; - N[.tp.gpgjtp Nkhfj;jpw;Fk; - N[.tp.gp

apdupd; Ml;rpf; fdTf;Fk; mtu;apdupd; Ml;rpf; fdTf;Fk; mtu;apdupd; Ml;rpf; fdTf;Fk; mtu;apdupd; Ml;rpf; fdTf;Fk; mtu;apdupd; Ml;rpf; fdTf;Fk; mtu;

fisg; nghWj;jtifapy; Nghu;fisg; nghWj;jtifapy; Nghu;fisg; nghWj;jtifapy; Nghu;fisg; nghWj;jtifapy; Nghu;fisg; nghWj;jtifapy; Nghu;

Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy;> mJNjitg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy;> mJNjitg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy;> mJNjitg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy;> mJNjitg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy;> mJ

rpq;fs kf;fspd; Njrpa eyDf;rpq;fs kf;fspd; Njrpa eyDf;rpq;fs kf;fspd; Njrpa eyDf;rpq;fs kf;fspd; Njrpa eyDf;rpq;fs kf;fspd; Njrpa eyDf;

fhf vd;W nrhy;ypf ;nfhz;Lfhf vd;W nrhy;ypf ;nfhz;Lfhf vd;W nrhy;ypf ;nfhz;Lfhf vd;W nrhy;ypf ;nfhz;Lfhf vd;W nrhy;ypf ;nfhz;L

rpq;fs kf;fis Vkhw;w Kidrpq;fs kf;fis Vkhw;w Kidrpq;fs kf;fis Vkhw;w Kidrpq;fs kf;fis Vkhw;w Kidrpq;fs kf;fis Vkhw;w Kid

fpd;wdu;.fpd;wdu;.fpd;wdu;.fpd;wdu;.fpd;wdu;.

,uhZt mZFKiw,uhZt mZFKiw,uhZt mZFKiw,uhZt mZFKiw,uhZt mZFKiw

%yk; jkpoupd; Njrpa ,dg; gpur;%yk; jkpoupd; Njrpa ,dg; gpur;%yk; jkpoupd; Njrpa ,dg; gpur;%yk; jkpoupd; Njrpa ,dg; gpur;%yk; jkpoupd; Njrpa ,dg; gpur;

>>>>>>>>>>

Mdhy ; > Gy pfs ; j hd ;Mdhy ; > Gy pfs ; j hd ;Mdhy ; > Gy pfs ; j hd ;Mdhy ; > Gy pfs ; j hd ;Mdhy ; > Gy pfs ; j hd ;

Ngr;Rf;Ftu kWf;fpd;whu;fs; vd;Ngr;Rf;Ftu kWf;fpd;whu;fs; vd;Ngr;Rf;Ftu kWf;fpd;whu;fs; vd;Ngr;Rf;Ftu kWf;fpd;whu;fs; vd;Ngr;Rf;Ftu kWf;fpd;whu;fs; vd;

nwhU khiaia ru;tNjrj;jpw;FnwhU khiaia ru;tNjrj;jpw;FnwhU khiaia ru;tNjrj;jpw;FnwhU khiaia ru;tNjrj;jpw;FnwhU khiaia ru;tNjrj;jpw;F

Vw;gLj;jp - mtu;fis Fog;GVw;gLj;jp - mtu;fis Fog;GVw;gLj;jp - mtu;fis Fog;GVw;gLj;jp - mtu;fis Fog;GVw;gLj;jp - mtu;fis Fog;G

tjw;F mk;ikahu; Kaw;rpf;fpd;tjw;F mk;ikahu; Kaw;rpf;fpd;tjw;F mk;ikahu; Kaw;rpf;fpd;tjw;F mk;ikahu; Kaw;rpf;fpd;tjw;F mk;ikahu; Kaw;rpf;fpd;

whu ; .whu ; .whu ; .whu ; .whu ; .

Mdhy;> xUgf;ff; fUj;Mdhy;> xUgf;ff; fUj;Mdhy;> xUgf;ff; fUj;Mdhy;> xUgf;ff; fUj;Mdhy;> xUgf;ff; fUj;

Jf;fis khj;jpuk; nrtpkLj;JJf;fis khj;jpuk; nrtpkLj;JJf;fis khj;jpuk; nrtpkLj;JJf;fis khj;jpuk; nrtpkLj;JJf;fis khj;jpuk; nrtpkLj;J

- ru;tNjr r%fk; KbntLj;j- ru;tNjr r%fk; KbntLj;j- ru;tNjr r%fk; KbntLj;j- ru;tNjr r%fk; KbntLj;j- ru;tNjr r%fk; KbntLj;j

fhyk; kiyNawptpl;lJ.fhyk; kiyNawptpl;lJ.fhyk; kiyNawptpl;lJ.fhyk; kiyNawptpl;lJ.fhyk; kiyNawptpl;lJ.

ru;tNjr r%fj;jpw;F ,g;ru;tNjr r%fj;jpw;F ,g;ru;tNjr r%fj;jpw;F ,g;ru;tNjr r%fj;jpw;F ,g;ru;tNjr r%fj;jpw;F ,g;

NghJ jkpou; jug;G epahaKk;NghJ jkpou; jug;G epahaKk;NghJ jkpou; jug;G epahaKk;NghJ jkpou; jug;G epahaKk;NghJ jkpou; jug;G epahaKk;

ed;F njupAk;> rpq;fs murpd;ed;F njupAk;> rpq;fs murpd;ed;F njupAk;> rpq;fs murpd;ed;F njupAk;> rpq;fs murpd;ed;F njupAk;> rpq;fs murpd;

mbg;gilahf Gypfs; ,af;fk;mbg;gilahf Gypfs; ,af;fk;mbg;gilahf Gypfs; ,af;fk;mbg;gilahf Gypfs; ,af;fk;mbg;gilahf Gypfs; ,af;fk;

rku ;g ;gpj ;j ,ilf;fhy khjpuprku ;g ;gpj ;j ,ilf;fhy khjpuprku ;g ;gpj ;j ,ilf;fhy khjpuprku ;g ;gpj ;j ,ilf;fhy khjpuprku ;g ;gpj ;j ,ilf;fhy khjpup

tiuig ru;tNjr r%fk; ghuhtiuig ru;tNjr r%fk; ghuhtiuig ru;tNjr r%fk; ghuhtiuig ru;tNjr r%fk; ghuhtiuig ru;tNjr r%fk; ghuh

l;bAs;sJ. mNjNtis> me;jl;bAs;sJ. mNjNtis> me;jl;bAs;sJ. mNjNtis> me;jl;bAs;sJ. mNjNtis> me;jl;bAs;sJ. mNjNtis> me;j

khj p u p tiug p Ys ;s ru ; r ;k hj p u p tiug p Ys ;s ru ; r ;k hj p u p tiug p Ys ;s ru ; r ;k hj p u p tiug p Ys ;s ru ; r ;k hj p u p tiug p Ys ;s ru ; r ;

irf;Fupa tplaq; fs; vdirf;Fupa tplaq; fs; vdirf;Fupa tplaq; fs; vdirf;Fupa tplaq; fs; vdirf;Fupa tplaq; fs; vd

r pq ; fs muR Rl ;bf ;r pq ; fs muR Rl ;bf ;r pq ; fs muR Rl ;bf ;r pq ; fs muR Rl ;bf ;r pq ; fs muR Rl ;bf ;

fhl;bAs;s murpay;fhl;bAs;s murpay;fhl;bAs;s murpay;fhl;bAs;s murpay;fhl;bAs;s murpay;

tplaq;fis Ngr;Rtplaq;fis Ngr;Rtplaq;fis Ngr;Rtplaq;fis Ngr;Rtplaq;fis Ngr;R

Nkirapy ; tpthNkirapy ; tpthNkirapy ; tpthNkirapy ; tpthNkirapy ; tpth

jpf ;fg ; Gypfs ;j pf ;fg ; Gypfs ;j pf ;fg ; Gypfs ;j pf ;fg ; Gypfs ;j pf ;fg ; Gypfs ;

jahu ; vdjahu ; vdjahu ; vdjahu ; vdjahu ; vd

mw pt pj ; Jmw pt pj ; Jmw pt pj ; Jmw pt pj ; Jmw pt pj ; J

s;sJk; ru;ts;sJk; ru;ts;sJk; ru;ts;sJk; ru;ts;sJk; ru;t

Njr r%fj;Njr r%fj;Njr r%fj;Njr r%fj;Njr r%fj;

jpw ;F kfpo ;j pw ;F kfpo ;j pw ;F kfpo ;j pw ;F kfpo ;j pw ;F kfpo ;

r ;rpia mspj;r ;rpia mspj;r ;rpia mspj;r ;rpia mspj;r ;rpia mspj;

Js;sJ.Js;sJ.Js;sJ.Js;sJ.Js;sJ.

,e ; j e piy,e ;j e piy,e ;j e piy,e ;j e piy,e ;j e piy

apy;> Ngr;R thu;j;ijapy;> Ngr;R thu;j;ijapy;> Ngr;R thu;j;ijapy;> Ngr;R thu;j;ijapy;> Ngr;R thu;j;ij

fis Muk;gpf;f tplhJfis Muk;gpf;f tplhJfis Muk;gpf;f tplhJfis Muk;gpf;f tplhJfis Muk;gpf;f tplhJ

Kl;Lf;fl;ilahf ,Ug;gJKl;Lf;fl;ilahf ,Ug;gJKl;Lf;fl;ilahf ,Ug;gJKl;Lf;fl;ilahf ,Ug;gJKl;Lf;fl;ilahf ,Ug;gJ

r pq ; fs murjug ; g pd ;r pq ; fs murjug ; g pd ;r pq ; fs murjug ; g pd ;r pq ; fs murjug ; g pd ;r pq ; fs murjug ; g pd ;

fLk;Nghf;fhd epiyg;ghNlfLk;Nghf;fhd epiyg;ghNlfLk;Nghf;fhd epiyg;ghNlfLk;Nghf;fhd epiyg;ghNlfLk;Nghf;fhd epiyg;ghNl

fhuzk ; vd ;gJ ru ;tNjrfhuzk ; vd ;gJ ru ;tNjrfhuzk ; vd ;gJ ru ;tNjrfhuzk ; vd ;gJ ru ;tNjrfhuzk ; vd ;gJ ru ;tNjr

r%fj ; j pd ; nghJthdr%fj ; j pd ; nghJthdr%fj ; j pd ; nghJthdr%fj ; j pd ; nghJthdr%fj ; j pd ; nghJthd

epiyg;ghlhFk;.epiyg;ghlhFk;.epiyg;ghlhFk;.epiyg;ghlhFk;.epiyg;ghlhFk;.

g hJfhg ; G nryt Pdj ; j p w ;FghJfhg ; G nryt Pdj ; j p w ;FghJfhg ; G nryt Pdj ; j p w ;FghJfhg ; G nryt Pdj ; j p w ;FghJfhg ; G nryt Pdj ; j p w ;F

Vohapuk; Nfhb &ghtpw;FNky;Vohapuk; Nfhb &ghtpw;FNky;Vohapuk; Nfhb &ghtpw;FNky;Vohapuk; Nfhb &ghtpw;FNky;Vohapuk; Nfhb &ghtpw;FNky;

xJf ; fg ; gl ;Ls ;sJ . Nghu ;xJf ; fg ; gl ;Ls ;sJ . Nghu ;xJf ; fg ; gl ;Ls ;sJ . Nghu ;xJf ; fg ; gl ;Ls ;sJ . Nghu ;xJf ; fg ; gl ;Ls ;sJ . Nghu ;

fLikahf ele ; j fle ; jfLikahf ele ; j fle ; jfLikahf ele ; j fle ; jfLikahf ele ; j fle ; jfLikahf ele ; j fle ; j

fhyj ;j py ;$l ,t ;thwhdfhyj ;j py ;$l ,t ;thwhdfhyj ;j py ;$l ,t ;thwhdfhyj ;j py ;$l ,t ;thwhdfhyj ;j py ;$l ,t ;thwhd

njhU ngUe ;njhU ngUe ;njhU ngUe ;njhU ngUe ;njhU ngUe ;

njhifg; gzj;ijnjhifg; gzj;ijnjhifg; gzj;ijnjhifg; gzj;ijnjhifg; gzj;ij

ghJ fhg;G epjpf;ghJ fhg;G epjpf;ghJ fhg;G epjpf;ghJ fhg;G epjpf;ghJ fhg;G epjpf;

nfd r pq ; fsnfd r pq ; fsnfd r pq ; fsnfd r pq ; fsnfd r pq ; fs

muR xJf ; fmuR xJf ; fmuR xJf ; fmuR xJf ; fmuR xJf ; f

tpy;iy. ,k;tpy;iy. ,k;tpy;iy. ,k;tpy;iy. ,k;tpy;iy. ,k;

Kiw mt ;Kiw mt ;Kiw mt ;Kiw mt ;Kiw mt ;

thW ngUk;thW ngUk;thW ngUk;thW ngUk;thW ngUk;

epjp ghJfhg;epjp ghJfhg;epjp ghJfhg;epjp ghJfhg;epjp ghJfhg;

Gr ; nryGr ; nryGr ; nryGr ; nryGr ; nry

tPdj;jpw ;nfdtPdj;jpw ;nfdtPdj;jpw ;nfdtPdj;jpw ;nfdtPdj;jpw ;nfd

xJf ; fg ; g l ; lJxJf ; fg ; g l ; lJxJf ; fg ; g l ; lJxJf ; fg ; g l ; lJxJf ; fg ; g l ; lJ

mk ;ik ahu pd ;mk ;ik ahu pd ;mk ;ik ahu pd ;mk ;ik ahu pd ;mk ;ik ahu pd ;

cz;ikr; nrh&cz;ikr; nrh&cz;ikr; nrh&cz;ikr; nrh&cz;ikr; nrh&

gj ;ij mk ;gj ;ij mk ;gj ;ij mk ;gj ;ij mk ;gj ;ij mk ;

g y k h f ; f p Agyk h f ; f p Agyk h f ; f p Agyk h f ; f p Agyk h f ; f p A

s;sJ.s ;sJ.s ;sJ.s ;sJ.s ;sJ.

re;jpupfh -re;jpupfh -re;jpupfh -re;jpupfh -re;jpupfh -

N[.tp.gp muRN[.tp.gp muRN[.tp.gp muRN[.tp.gp muRN[.tp.gp muR

xU NghUf;Fj; jahuhfpxU NghUf;Fj; jahuhfpxU NghUf;Fj; jahuhfpxU NghUf;Fj; jahuhfpxU NghUf;Fj; jahuhfp

tUfpd ;wJ vd;gJjhd;tUfpd ;wJ vd;gJjhd;tUfpd ;wJ vd;gJjhd;tUfpd ;wJ vd;gJjhd;tUfpd ;wJ vd;gJjhd;

,d ;iwa ajhu ; j ;,d ;iwa ajhu ; j ;,d ;iwa ajhu ; j ;,d ;iwa ajhu ; j ;,d ;iwa ajhu ; j ;

whu ; .whu ; .whu ; .whu ; .whu ; .

Gypfs; ,af;fk; rkhjhGypfs; ,af;fk; rkhjhGypfs; ,af;fk; rkhjhGypfs; ,af;fk; rkhjhGypfs; ,af;fk; rkhjh

dg; ghijapy;jhd; fle;j %d;Wdg; ghijapy;jhd; fle;j %d;Wdg; ghijapy;jhd; fle;j %d;Wdg; ghijapy;jhd; fle;j %d;Wdg; ghijapy;jhd; fle;j %d;W

tUlq;fshf epw;fpd;wdu;. ,dg;tUlq;fshf epw;fpd;wdu;. ,dg;tUlq;fshf epw;fpd;wdu;. ,dg;tUlq;fshf epw;fpd;wdu;. ,dg;tUlq;fshf epw;fpd;wdu;. ,dg;

NghUf;F KbTfl;Lk; Nehf;FNghUf;F KbTfl;Lk; Nehf;FNghUf;F KbTfl;Lk; Nehf;FNghUf;F KbTfl;Lk; Nehf;FNghUf;F KbTfl;Lk; Nehf;F

ld; ,ilf;fhy khjpup tiuld; ,ilf;fhy khjpup tiuld; ,ilf;fhy khjpup tiuld; ,ilf;fhy khjpup tiuld; ,ilf;fhy khjpup tiu

rpidf;F jPu;Tfhz mk;ikahu;rpidf;F jPu;Tfhz mk;ikahu;rpidf;F jPu;Tfhz mk;ikahu;rpidf;F jPu;Tfhz mk;ikahu;rpidf;F jPu;Tfhz mk;ikahu;

Kay;thu; vd;gNj jkpo; kf;fKay;thu; vd;gNj jkpo; kf;fKay;thu; vd;gNj jkpo; kf;fKay;thu; vd;gNj jkpo; kf;fKay;thu; vd;gNj jkpo; kf;f

spdJ fUj ;jhFk ; . mJjhd ;s pdJ fUj ;jhFk ; . mJjhd ;s pdJ fUj ;jhFk ; . mJjhd ;s pdJ fUj ;jhFk ; . mJjhd ;s pdJ fUj ;jhFk ; . mJjhd ;

cz;ik vd;gJ ,g;NghJ ep&cz;ik vd;gJ ,g;NghJ ep&cz;ik vd;gJ ,g;NghJ ep&cz;ik vd;gJ ,g;NghJ ep&cz;ik vd;gJ ,g;NghJ ep&

gdkhfp tUfpd;wJ.gdkhfp tUfpd;wJ.gdkhfp tUfpd;wJ.gdkhfp tUfpd;wJ.gdkhfp tUfpd;wJ.

0606060606 fhh;j;jpif> 2004fhh;j;jpif> 2004fhh;j;jpif> 2004fhh;j;jpif> 2004fhh;j;jpif> 2004

>

>

> > >

> > >

> >

U ngz;. mtSf;F

Vwf;Fiwa Kg;gj;ije;J ta

jpUf;fyhk;. %d;W gps;isfs;.

vy;yhNk gjpd;%d;W taJf;Fl;

gl;lit. mJnthU vy;iyg;gil

khtPuupd; FLk;gk;. gps;isfs;

gs;spf;Fg; Nghfpwhu;fs;. mts;

Ntiyf;Fg; Nghfpwhs;.

mtSf;Fs; xU jPu;

khdk; cz;L. jd;Dila Jiz

vg;gbahd ,yl;rpaj;jpy; jd;id

<LgLj;jpdhNdh me;j ,yl;rpaj;

Jf;F epfuhf thoNtz;Lk; vd;w

jPu;khdk; mJ. gpwupd; mDjhgKk;

,uf;fKk; gupe;Jiug;Gk; mtisr;

rpWikg;gLj;jptplf;$Lk; vd;wts;

mQ;Rfpwhs;. jd;Dila MS

ikf;Fk; Mw;wYf;Fk; mit

Nrjj;ijNaw;gLj;jp tpLnkd;W

vz;Zfpwhs;.

jd;Dila Jiz xU

tPudhf Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; capu;

ePj;jJ xU tifapy; mtSf;F

ngUkpjj;ijj; jUfpwJ. xU

Njrf;flikia> nghUj;jkhd re;

ju;g;gj;jpy; mtd; nra;j gzpia>

xU Nghuhl;lj;jpy; mtd; nra;j

jpahfj;ij mts; ngUikAld;

epidf;fpwhs;. ,e;jg; ngUkpjk;

mtis vy;yhtifahd Jauq;

fs;> Jd;gq;fspypUe;Jk; kPl;fpwJ:

Gjpa vOr;rpAld; mtis Kd;fu

itf;fpwJ.

jd;Dila gps;isfs;

je;ijapd; nrayhy; vd;iwf;Fk;

ngUikAld; jiyepkpu;e;J epw;f

yhk; vd;gJ mtSf;F vy;yhf;

f];uq;fisAk; vjpu;nfhs;sf;

$ba kdg;gf;Ftj;ijf; nfhLf;

fpwJ. ,d;iwa tho;f;ifia

vjpu;nfhs;Sk; rpukk; ngupJjhd;.

Jizaw;w jdpik nfhLik

jhd;. je;ijia ,oe;j gps;is

fspd; tho;f;if rpukk;jhd;. ,e;j

vy;yhg; gpur;rpidfisAk; mt

Sk; mtSila gps;isfSk;

me;j tPudpd; jpahfj;Jf;fhf

vjpu;nfhs;fpwhu;fs;. mtd; nra;j

gq;fspg;Gf;F epfuhf mtu;fS

ila jpahfKk; ,Uf;fpwJ.

mts; Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; jd;id

<e;jhd;. mtu;fs; Nghu;f;fsj;Jf;F

mtid <e;jhu;fs;.

tuyhW ,j;jifa mupa

nray;fshYk; jpahfj;jhYk; ,t;

thwhd ngWkjpkpf;f czu;Tfsh

Yk; Kd;dfu;fpwJ.

,e;j czu;itj; je;jJ

vJ? tho;it mjd; mUfpUe;J

cz;ikahfg; ghu;j;jJk; Nerpj;

jJNk. tuyhw;iw czu;NthLk;

mwpNthLk; mDgtG+u;tkhf

czu;e;jNj.

xUgf;fk;> td;dpkPJ

Nghiuj; jpzpj;j muR. fpuhkq;

fisAk; gl;bdq;fisAk; Mf;fpu

kpj;j ,uhZtk;. kWgf;fk; nghU

shjhuj; jilAk; ,Wf;fq;fSk;

neUf;fbfSk;.

,njy;yhk; kf;fsplj;

jpy; nfhjpg;ig cz;lhf;fpapUe;

jJ. Kbtw;w tpjkhf Xa;tpd;wpj;

njhlu;e;j ,uhZtj; jhf;Fjy;

fspy; Nghuhspfs; re;jpj;j

neUf;fbfisAk; rpukq;fisAk;

czu;e;j kf;fs; vjpupkPjhd

Nfhgj;Jf;F gjpyb nfhLf;fj;

jahuhdhu;fs;.

*****

cz;ikapy; xU kf;fs;

Nghuhl;lj;Jf;fhd mbkdf; fpsu;r;

rpia cUthf;FtJ. xLf;F

Kiwahsu;fNs. tuyhW vj;

jid jlitjhd; ,ijj; jpUk;

gj; jpUk;gr; nrhd;dhYk; xLf;F

Kiwahsu;fSf;F ,J Gupt

jpy;iy. kf;fspd; vOr;rp kdijg;

Gupe;Jnfhz;L mij Nghuhl;lj;Jf;

fhd tbtj;Jf;F khw;wpdhu; jiy

tu; gpughfud; mtu;fs;. mtUila

kjpEl;gkhd ,e;jr; nray; vy;

iyg; gilahf cUthfpaJ.

vjpupg;gilfs; NkYk;

Kd;dfuhJ jLg;gjpy; vy;iyg;

gil NghuhspfSld; ,ize;J

NghuhbaJ. ,uhZtk; cs;

Eioe;J tplhjthW vy;iyg;

gil Kd;duq;fk; ePsTk; fhty;

epd;wJ.

mg;NghJ taJ NtW

ghbd;wp> ghy; NtWghbd;wp vy;

NyhUk; Nghu;g; gapw;rpnaLf;fj;

jpuz;l fhl;rp vtiuAk; rpypu;f;f

itf;Fk;. mJnthU mjprak;

Nghy> xt;nthU gapw;rpj; jplyp

Yk; rdj;jpus; jpuz;bUe;jJ.

FLk;gk;> nghWg;Gfs;> kidtp>

gps;isfs;> mtu;fSila ghJ

fhg;G> mtu;fSf;fhd cjtp>

MjuT vd vijAk; nghUl;gLj;

jhky; vjpupf;Fg; gjpy; nfhLf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd;w jtpg;G NknyOe;

jpUe;j fzq;fsit. fhLfspy;>

tPjpNahuq;fspy; Japyhj fz;f

NshL> Xa;tpd;wpf; fhtyuz;fsp

ypUf;Fk; NghuhspfSf;Fj; Njhs;

nfhLf;f Ntz;Lnkd;w czu;

tpd; ce;JjYf;F topNjba

NtisaJ.

jq;fspd; tho;T xU

J}Rf;Fr; rkk;. Njr tpLjiyNa

ngupJ> mJNt tho;tpd; nghUs;

nghjpe;j topAk; tho;f;ifAnkd

mjw;fhfg; Nghuhlj; Jzpe;j

nghOJfs; mit.

xU gf;fk; ,lg;ngau;T.

mfjp tho;f;if. NehAk; gpzpAk;

#o;e;j mty tho;f;if. gpwe;j

Cupy;> nrhe;j tPl;by; tho Kb

ahj nfhLik. grpf;Fk; tapw;Wf;

Fj; jPdpNghl KbahJ ciog;

gpd;wp> tUkhdkpd;wpa gop tho;f;

ifia vj;jid ehSf;Fj;jhd;

nghWj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;f KbAk;?

,e;jj; Jd;gpay; njhl

Uf;F xU KbTfhz jpde;jpdk;

Mapuf;fzf;fpy; gapw;rpj; jplyp

Yk; Nghu;f;fsq;fspYk; jpuz;l

vy;iyg;gil tPuu;> NghuhspfSf;

Fg; Gjpa cw;rhfj;ijj; je;jdu;.

Gjpa Ntfj;ijj; je;jdu;. NkYk;

ek;gpf;ifiaj; je;jdu;. gpd;js

Ntiyfspy; njhlq;fp Nghu;

Kid (fsk;) tiuapy; vy;iyg;

gil tPuupd; gq;fspg;Gfs; ngUfp

aJ.

n[arpf;FWtpd; gpd;

tpupe;j ,uhZt eltbf;iffis

Kwpabg;gjpy; vy;iyg;gil tPuu;

fspd; jPukpF nray;fs; ,Ue;jd.

Nghu;f;fs mDgtj;ijg; ngWk;

fskhfTk; mJ mike;jJ.

ngUfpte;j ,uhZtj; njhliu

fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; fz;fhzpf;fTk;

$l vy;iyg;gil kpfg;ngUk;

gq;fhw;wpaJ. xU kf;fs; gilapd;

rpwg;gk;rj;Jld; vy;iyg;gil

Mw;wpa gq;fspg;Gfs; neUf;fbf;

fhyj;ij nty;tjw;fhd MAj

khfTk; ftrkhfTkpUe;jJ.

Njrg;gw;Wk;> tpLjiy

Ntl;ifAkpize;j Gjpa fl;L

khdkhff; FWfpa fhyj;jpy;

tsu;r;rpngw;w vy;iyg;gil> jiy

tupd; fuj;ijg; gyg;gLj;jpaJ.

Nghu;f;fsj;jpd; Nghf;ifAk; epiy

ikfisAk; khw;wp Gjpa rthy;

fis vjpu;nfhs;sf; fhj;jpUe;jJ.

mg;NghJ jiytu; tFj;jpUe;j

Gjpa jhf;Fjy; jpl;lk; \Xahj

miyfs; - 03|. vy;iyg;gilapd;

tsu;r;rpiaAk; mjd; NghupLe;

jpwidAk; kjpg;gpl;l jiytu;>

Xahj miyfs; %d;wpd;NghJ

vy;iyg;gilia kpff; fhj;jpu

khd Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jj; jpl;l

kpl;lhu;. me;jj; jpl;lj;ij kpfr;

rpwg;ghf> ntw;wpia Nehf;fpr;

nra;JKbj;jJ vy;iyg;gil.

kf;fs; gilnahd;W

gyk; ngw;wpUf;Fk;NghJ ve;jg;

gykhd vjpupahYk; Mf;fpukpg;

igNah> xLf;FKiwiaNah

nra;aKbahJ vd;gij vy;iyg;

gil ep&gpj;jJ.

tpal;ehk; rPd tpLjiyg;

Nghupy; kf;fshw;wpa gq;fspg;Gf

Sf;F epfuhf vkJ #oypy;

vy;iyg;gilapd; Nghu;g;gq;Nfw;

gpUe;jJ. neUf;fbia czu;e;J>

mjid Kwpabg;gjw;fhf xd;W

jpuz;l me;j czu;T tpLj

iyia tpUk;Gfpd;w kf;fspd;

milahsj;ijj; ntspf;fhl;b

aJ.

tpLjiyAzu;T xUt

Uf;F Vw;gl;L tpl;lnjd;why;>

mijNehf;fpa gazj;jpy; xUtu;

fye;Jtpl;lhnud;why; Vida

Jd;g Jauq;fnsy;yhk; mtUf;

Fr; rpwpjhfptpLk;. vy;iyg;gil

apy; ,ize;jpUe;j tPuu;fspd;

kdTzu;T tpLjiyapy; ikaq;

nfhz;bUe;jJ. tPL> FLk;gk; vd;w

nghWg;Gfs; mtu;fSf;fpUe;j

NghJk; mij kPwpapUe;j tpL

jiyAzu;T mtu;fis Nghu;f;

fsj;jpy; NghupLk; Kidg;NghL

itj;jpUe;jJ.

n[arpf;FWtpd; Kwpa

bg;Gr; rkupYk; jw;fhg;Gr; rkupYk;

NghuhspfSf;Fj; Jizahf epw;

ifapy; fz;fshy; me;jf; fsj;

ijg; ghu;j;j> Nghuhspfspd; ghL

fisf;fz;l kf;fs; gilf;F

njhlu;e;J ,Wjp ntw;wptiu

NghupLtnd;w KbTf;F tUt

ijj; jtpu NtW topapUf;f

tpy;iy. Vnddpy;> tUlf; fzf;

fhfj; njhlu;e;j n[arpf;FWit

vy;yh KidfspYk; vjpu;nfhs;s

Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ,e;j vjpu;

nfhs;sypy; Xa;tpd;wpg; Nghuhsp

fs; <LglNtz;bapUe;jJ. ,J

mrhjhuzkhdnjhU #oy;. mJ

kpf mrhjhuzkhdnjhU tho;

f;if. me;j tho;f;ifiag; ghu;j;j

gpd; vtu;jhd; mjNdhbizah

jpUf;f KbAk;?

td;dpapd; njd; gF

jpia Xahj miyfs; %d;wpd;

njhlf;fk; kPl;lJ. ,e;j kPl;gpy;

ngw;w ntw;wp vy;iyg;gilf;F

ngUj;j kfpo;r;rpiaAk; ek;gpf;if

iaAk; mspj;jJ. njhlu;e;J

td;dpapd; tlgFjpahd gue;jdp

ypUe;J Kfkhiy tiuahd

gFjpia Xahj miyfs; %d;

wpd; mLj;jnjhU fl;lk; ifg;

gw;wpaJ. ,e;jf; fsj;jpYk;

vy;iyg;gilapd; gq;fspg;G cr;

rj;jpypUe;jJ. fsq;fspy; mDg

tk; ngwg;ngw NghupLk; jpwd;

vy;iyg;gilf;Ff; $baJ. ,J

vy;iyg;gilapd; ek;gpf;ifia

tYthf;fpw;W. njhlu;e;J vy;iyg;

gilf;Ff; fpilj;j ntw;wp mjd;

NghupLk; Mu;tj;ij $l;baJ.

Nghu;epWj;j cld;gbf;if tiu

apy; Nghu;f;fsq;fspy; vy;iyg;

gil NghupLk; Mu;tj;NjhL epd;

wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

cz;ikapy; vy;iyg;

gilapdupd; tho;f;if kpfTk;

tpj;jpahrkhdJ. xUgf;fk; Neub

ahfNt mtu;fspy; jq;fpapUf;Fk;

FLk;gk;. kWgf;fk; jPtpukile;

jpUe;j Nghu;r;#oYk; Nghu;f; fs

Kk;. ,uz;L jtpu;f;fKbahj -

mtrpakhd njupTfSf;fpilapy;

Njrg;gzpia Nju;e;jJ vy;iyg;

giltPuupd; ngWkjpf ;Fupa

czu;Nt. jkJ FLk;gj;jpd; vjpu;

fhyj;ij Njrj;jplk; ifaspj;J

tpl;L Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; mtu;fs;

,wq;fpaikia ehk; xt;nthU

tUk; ftdpf;fNtz;bajhFk;.

FWfpa fhyj;jpy; vy;

iyg;gil rhjpj;j tplaq;fs; tu

yhw;wpy; Kf;fpakhdit. ,e;jr;

rhjidr; nray;fspy; 280 vy;

iyg;gil khtPuu;fs; tPur;rhile;

jhu;fs;. fsj;jpy; tPur;rhitj;

jOtpf; nfhz;l ,e;j tPuu;fspd;

filrpf; fzj;jpd; czu;Tfs;

vg;gbapUe;jpUf;Fk;?

td;dpia Kw;Wifapl;

bUe;j gilia tpul;l td;dpap

ypUe;j kf;fs; jpuz;bUe;jJNghy

jkpoPonkq;FKs;s gilia

ntspNaw;w KOj; jkpo;kf;fSk;

KayNtz;Lk;. Kad;why; ehq;

fs; ngw;w ntw;wpNghy epr;rak;

KO ntw;wpiag; ngwyhk; vd;whu;

vy;iyg;gil tPunuhUtu;. ,e;j

czu;Tk; cz;ikAk;jhd; vy;yh

tPuuplKk; ,Ue;jJ.

xUgf;fk; Njrj;ijAk;

xUgf;fk; FLk;gj;ijAk; epidj;j

gb tpLjiyf;fhf jk;Kapiu <e;j

tPuj; jpahfpfspd; epidNthL

tuyhW efu;fpwJ.


~~~~~~~~~~ >>>>>>>>>>

>>>>>||||||||||

- jkpoPo vOr;rpg;ghly; tupfs;.

khtPuu; ehs; Ngh];uu;fs; gytw;wpy; ,t;tupfisf;fhzyhk; -

(NON ORAL COMMUNICA-

TION TOOL).

327 khtPuh ;fspd; epidthf 1986 A+iy> 25,y;327 khtPuh ;fspd; epidthf 1986 A+iy> 25,y;327 khtPuh ;fspd; epidthf 1986 A+iy> 25,y;327 khtPuh ;fspd; epidthf 1986 A+iy> 25,y;327 khtPuh ;fspd; epidthf 1986 A+iy> 25,y;

nghJthf ntspaplg ;gl ;lJnghJthf ntspaplg ;gl ;lJnghJthf ntspaplg ;gl ;lJnghJthf ntspaplg ;gl ;lJnghJthf ntspaplg ;gl ;lJ

U tpw;gidg;nghUs;> elf;f

tpUf;Fk; epfo;r;rp my;yJ tutpUf;Fk;

Kf;fpa jpdk; gw;wpa nra;jpiag; nghJ

kf;fSf;F Kd;$l;bNa mwptpf;Fk; mr;R

Clfk; vd;W Ngh];uu; (POSTER) tiu

aiw nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,t;thq;fpyr; nrhy;

ypw;F nghJ ,lq;fspy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s

tpsk;guq;fs;> Rtnuhl;bfs; vd;W jkpopy;

tpsf;fk; jug;gLfpwJ. Ngh];uu;> tpsk;guk;

vd;w epiyiaf; fle;J jdpnahU fiyg;

gpupthf ,d;W ,aq;FfpwJ. gue;Jgl;l

Xtpaf; fiyapd; xU gFjpahfTk; Ngh];

uu; fiy fzpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. nghJthfr;

Rtnuhl;bfs; capuw;witahfTk;> jw;

fhypfkhditahfTk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.

Ngh];uu;fs; %r;Rk; tPr;Rk; nfhz;l fiy

tbtkhfj; jpfo;fpd;wd.

Ngh];uu; vd;w nrhy;ypw;F mu;j;j

Ks;s jkpo;r;nrhy; cUthFk; tiu ehk;

Ngh];uu; vd;W $WNthk;. Ngh];uu; gw;wpa

Muk;g tuyhW fpilf;ftpy;iy> epl;rak;

mJ mr;Rf;fiyAld; njhlu;GilaJ

vd;gij khj;jpuk; $wpitf;fpNwhk;. Mff;

1986Mk; Mz;L tpLjiyg;Gypfshy; Kjd;Kjyhf ntspaplg;gl;l Ngh];uh ;1986Mk; Mz;L tpLjiyg;Gypfshy; Kjd;Kjyhf ntspaplg;gl;l Ngh];uh ;1986Mk; Mz;L tpLjiyg;Gypfshy; Kjd;Kjyhf ntspaplg;gl;l Ngh];uh ;1986Mk; Mz;L tpLjiyg;Gypfshy; Kjd;Kjyhf ntspaplg;gl;l Ngh];uh ;1986Mk; Mz;L tpLjiyg;Gypfshy; Kjd;Kjyhf ntspaplg;gl;l Ngh];uh ;

Fiwe;jsT nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jpathW

glj;jpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLg;gJ Ngh];u

upd; ,ay;G. ghu;itahsu;kPJ $Ljy; jhf;

fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; Ngh];uu; glk;

jPl;lg;gl Ntz;Lk;. glj;jpYk; $ba ftd

<u;g;igg; Ngh];uupy; nghwpf;fg;gl;l nrhw;

fs; ngWkhapd; mJ Ngh];uupd; ,yf;if

kOq;fbj;JtpLk;.

gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L fhyj;

jpy; Nkw;F ehLfspy; njhopw;Gul;rp Muk;

gpj;jNghJ njhopw;rhiy Mf;fq;fisr;

re;ijg; gLj;Jtjw;fhf etPd Ngh];uu;

fiy cUthfpaJ. gytu;z ypNjhfpuhgp

mr;Rf;fiyapd; Njhw;wk; Ngh];uu;fspd;

juj;ijAk; ftu;r;rpiaAk; J}f;fp epWj;jpd.

gpuhd;R ehl;L Xtpau; n`d;wp jp J}nyh];

Nyhj;nwf; (HENRE DE TOULOUSE -

LAUTREC 1864-1901) jPl;ba Ngh];uu;fs;

fiy cyfpy; epiyahd ,lk;gpbj;Js;

sd. N[d; mt;wpy; vd;w gpnuQ;Rg; ghl

fpia mtu; Ngh];uu; Xtpakhfj; jPl;b

jdf;Fk; me;jg; ngz;Zf;Fk; mopahg;

Gfo; NjbAs;shu;.

Kjyhk; cyfg;Nghu; fhyj;jpy;

gilf;F Ml;Nru;f;Fk; Ngh];uu;fs; Nkw;F

ehLfspy; ntspaplg;gl;ld. mUk;nghUs;

fhl;rpafq;fspy; mtw;wpy; rpytw;iw ,d;

Wk; ghu;itaplyhk;. 1917Mk; Mz;by;

mnkupf;f ,uhZtk; ntspapl;l Ngh];uu;

gw;wp ,d;Wk; Ngrg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; %d;W

tz;zq;fs; - fWg;G> rptg;G> nts;is

vd;gd khj;jpuk; cs;sd. Ngh];uiug;

gbg;gtu;fis Nehf;fp mnkupf;f muir

cUtfg;gLj;Jk; \rhk; khkh

tpd;| (UNCLE SAM) cU

tk; Rl;Ltpuiyf; fhl;ba

gb \mnkupf;f ,uhZtj;

jpw;F (ehd;) cd;id th

vd;fpNwd;| vd;fpwJ. ,e;jr;

nra;jp ngupa nfhl;il

jpw;Fk; Ngh];uu;fSf;Fk; ,Ug;gjhf Ma;

thsu;fs; fUJfpd;wdu;. ,e;j Nehf;fpy;

Ngh];uu;fs; \rKjhar; rpj;jpuk;| (SOCIAL

ARTS) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

Mrpahtpy; vt;thW tpsk;guk;

nra;fpwhu;fs; vd;w Ma;TE}ypy; Mrpah

tpd; 90 ehLfs; Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;

gl;ld. (HOW ASIA ADVERTIES BY JIM

AITCHISON) ,e;j ehLfs; nra;Ak; tpsk;

guq;fspd; juk;> iff;nfhs;Sk; topKiw

fs;> ru;tNjr ghzpfSld; xg;gPL Nghd;

wit ,e;j E}ypy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

\\rpwpyq;fhtpy; nra;ag;gLk; tu;j;jf tpsk;

guq;fspy; xd;W khj;jpuk; cyf juj;jpw;F

,Uf;fpwJ. rpwpyq;fh ,uhZtj;jpd; Ml;

Nru;g;G kw;Wk; rpwg;Gr; nra;jp gw;wpa gpurhu

tpsk;guq;fs;jhd; me;j xd;whFk;|| ,uhZ

tk; mr;R kw;Wk; ,yj;jpudpay; Clfq;fs;

Clhfr; nra;Ak; gpurhuj;jpw;F tYT+l;Lk;

tpjj;jpy; mJ kf;fs; ghu;itf;Fk; nghJ

,lq;fspy; itf;Fk; gpurhug; Ngh];uu;fs;

,lk;ngWfpd;wd. rpwpyq;fhtpy; cs;

ehl;Lg;Nghu; ele;j fhyj;jpy; rpq;fs ,uh

Ztj;jpw;fhf xU tpsk;gu epWtdj;jhy;

elj;jg;gl;l gyjug;gl;l gpurhuk; ,uhZ

tj;jpd; tpk;gj;ij cau;j;jpajhf Nkw;

$wpa E}y; fUj;Jj; njuptpf;fpd;wJ.

jkpoPo tpLjiyg;Gypfs; fpuke;

jtwhJ Kf;fpa jpdq;fspy; ntspapLk;

Ngh];uu;fs; midj;Jyf kl;lj;jpy; ftd

<u;g;igg; ngw;Ws;sd. vjpu;tUk; epfo;r;

rpia nghJkf;fSf;F ,g;Ngh];uu;fs;

epidTWj;J fpd;wd vd;gJ cz;ikNa.

Mdhy; kpfg; ngupanjhU ,d;D

Nkhu; tpsf;fk; ,Jgw;wpf; $wg;

gLfpwJ. tpLjiyg;Gypfs; elhj;

Jk; kf;fs; kag;gLj;jg;gl;l Nghupy;

kf;fs; ahNgiuAk; cs;thq;Fk;

Nehf;fj;JlDk; ,jw;fhd fUj;

J}l;lYf;FkhfNt ,it ntsp

aplg;gLfpd;wd. tpLjiyg;Gypfs;

jiyikapy; jkpoPo kf;fs; elhj;

Jk; tpLjiyg;Nghupd; Kf;fpa Fwp

aPlhf ,g;Ngh];uu;fs; fzpg;gplg;

gLfpd;wd. NkYk; kf;fspilNa

fiy czu;it Vw;gLj;Jk; Nehf;

ifAk; mit nfhz;Ls;sd.

Nghu;r; #oypYk; vk;kj;jpapy; fiy

tsuKbAk; vd;gjw;Fr; rhl;rpakhf

mit mikfpd;wd. kf;fs; czu;

Tfisr; ruptug; Gupe;Jnfhz;Ls;s

jkpoPo tpLjiyg;Gypfs; jhk;

ntspapLk; Ngh];uu;fs; Clhf

czu;Tf;F cUtKk; fiy tbt

Kk; nfhLj;Js;sdu;.

jkJ ,j;jifa ntsp

aPLfs; %yk; jkpoPoj;jpy; Gjpa

njhU kuigg; Gypfs; cUthf;fp

As;sdu;. xt;nthU kuGk; xU

fhyfl;lj;jpy; xU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f

nghJj; Njitf;fhfNt cUthf;

fg;gLfpd;wJ. fiyg; gilg;Gf;

fSk; ,e;j epajpf;F cl;gLfpd;

wd. RUq;ff; $Wtjhapd; <oj; jkpopdj;

jpd; nghJj; Njitf;fhfg; Gypfs;

mtw;iw cUthf;fpAs;sdu;. ,ij THE

COLLECTIVE EXPRESSION OF A

PEOPLE DURING A PARTICULAR

PERIOD IN HISTORY vd;W Ma;thsu;fs;

mWjpapl;Lf; $Wfpd;wdu;. mjhtJ xU

tuyhw;Wf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; xU kf;fs;

,dj;jpd; ntspg;ghlhf mit ,lk;ngW

fpd;wd. mtw;iw ahu; jPl;bdhu;fs;

my;yJ tbtikj;jhu;fs; vd;W ghu;f;f

Ntz;bajpy;iy. ve;j ,d kf;fs; ntsp

apl;lhu;fs;> vg;NghJ> vjw;fhf vd;gJjhd;

Kf;fpak;.

,d;W Ngh];uu; xU jdpj;Jtkhd

fiytbtkhf mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Ngh];uu; fiyapd; rhuk; ahnjdpy; mij

ghu;g;gtu;fSf;F cldbg; Gupjy; Vw;gL

fpd;wJ. jkJ NjitfSf;fhfg; Gypfs;

mijj; njupT nra;jjw;F ,J Kf;fpa

fhuzkhf ,Uf;fyhk;. GypfSila

Ngh];uu;fs; jj;&g Xtpak; (REALISTIC

ART) my;y. vjw;fhf mJ mr;rplg;gL

fpwNjh me;j ,yf;if vl;Ltjw;fhfNt

mJ tiuag;gLfpwJ. Ngh];uu; xU tha;

Ngrhj njhlu;G rhjdk; (NON ORAL

COMMUNICATION TOOL). mNj rkaj;

jpy; Ngh];uu; xU ru;tNjrpa nkhop. Kf;

fpa epfo;r;rpapd; rhuj;ij gpope;J Fiwe;

jsT nrhw;fisAk; $Ljyhd FwpaPl;Lg;

glq;fisAk; ,izj;Jg; GypfSila

Ngh];uu;fs; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. etPd

Xtpak;Nghy; Ngh];uu;fspy; ku;kNkh> GjpNuh

,y;iy. ghu;g;gtu;fSf;F Vw;fdNt

njupe;j my;yJ Rygkhf Cfpf;ff;$ba

gbkj;ij my;yJ epfo;r;rpia Gypfspd;

ntspaPLfs; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.

tUlhtUlk; fpukk; jtwhJ gpd;

tUk; Njrpa epfo;r;rpfisg; Gypfs; rpwg;

gpf;fpwhu;fs;:

1. Nfzy; fpl;L epidT ehs;

- rdtup 16

2. midj;Jyfg; ngz;fs; ehs;

- khu;r;R 05

3. md;id G+gjp epidT ehs;

- Vg;gpuy; 19

4. jkpoPo khztu; ehs; - #d; 06

5. fUk;Gypfs; ehs; - #iy 05

6. jpahfp jpyPgd; epidT ehs;

- nrg;njk;gu; 26

7. gd;dpU Ntq;iffs; epidT ehs;

- xf;Njhgu; 05

8. khyjp> jkpoPog; ngz;fs; vOr;rp ehs;

- xf;Njhgu; 10

9. khtPuu; ehs; - etk;gu; 27

,tw;Ws; khtPuu; jpdk; $Ljy;

Kf;fpaj;Jk; tha;e;jjhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;

gLfpwJ. mjw;F ,U fhuzq;fs; cz;L.

md;W khtPuu;fspd; JapYk; ,y;yk;

nrd;W jPgk; Vw;Wk; ehs;. mLj;jJ Njrpaj;

jiytu; mtu;fs; ehl;L kf;fSf;F

Mw;Wk; khtPuu; ehs; ciu md;W ntspah

fpwJ. kpff; $Ljyhd Ngh];uu;fs; ntsp

aplg;gl;l Njrpa jpdkhf etk;gu; 27 ,lk;

ngWfpwJ. khtPuu;fs; njhlu;ghf jkpoPo

tpLjiyg;Gypfs; ntspapl;l KjyhtJ

nghJthd Ngh];uu; 1986 #iy 25Mk;

ehs; ntspte;jJ. ngupanjhU fljhrpapd;

Nkw;Gwj;jpy; ePytz;zKk; mjd;Nky;

rptg;G vOj;Jf;fspy; \\jkpoPo tpbtpw;fhf

,d;Wtiu jk;ik mu;g;gzpj;Jf;nfhz;l

vkJ ,af;fj;jpd; jpahfr; Rlu;fs;

Kd;D}w;wp ,Ugj;jpNaO|| vd;w thrfk;

fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,Nj Ngh];uupy; eL

ehafkhfg; ngupastpy; Njhspy; njhq;Fk;

MAjj;Jld; xU GyptPud; xt;nthU

ifapy; xU rpWtidAk; rpWkpiaAk;

mioj;Jr;nry;Yk; fhl;rp fWg;G ikahy;

jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. Ngh];uupd; mbg;gFjpapy;

ngupa vOj;Jf;fspy; \\,J mOtjw;fhf

mikf;fg;gl;l rkhjpay;y cWjpapd;

ciwtplk; ,J|| vd;w czu;r;rp nghq;Fk;

thrfk; 327 vd;w ngupa nts;is tz;z

vz;zpd; Nky; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

khtPuh;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia

Gypfs; xUNghJk; Fiwj;Njh $l;bNah

ntspapl;ljpy;iy. mth;fs; nra;j jpah

fj;ij chpaKiwapy; Gypfs; nfstpj;J

tUfpd;wdh;. ,J rk;ge;jkhf jpfjpaplg;

glhj Ngh];uh; xd;iw nts;isf; fljhrp

apy; ePy vOj;Jf;fspy; Njrpaj; jiy

thpd; glk; kw;Wk; thrfj;Jld; Gypfs;

vOj;Jf;fspYk;> mz;ikapYs;s Ml;

Nru;g;G ikak; vd;w nrhw;fs; rpwpa vOj;

Jf;fspYk; mjpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. xU

cUtKk; gj;J Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fSk;

nfhz;l ,g;Ngh];uu; Ngh];uh; Xtpau;

fSf;F topfhl;bahf mikfpwJ.

nghJTlik ehLfspYk; ru;thjp

fhu Ml;rp epyTk; ehLfspYk; kf;fs;

mjpfkhf elkhLk; ,lq;fspy; gpurhug;

Ngh];uu;fs; epue;jukhf itf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

Kd;dhs; Nrhtpaj; xd;wpak;> nrQ;rPdh

Mfpatw;wpy; ,e;j toik ,Ug;gJ fz;

$L. vspjhfg; ghu;f;ff;$ba cauj;jpy;

,g;Ngh];uu;fs; nghUj;jg;gLtjhy; mtw;

iwg; ghu;f;fhky; nry;tJ fbdkhf ,Uf;

Fk;. ,ij xUtif %isr;ryit vd;

Wk; nrhy;yyhk;. \cyfj; njhopyhsu;fNs

xd;wpizAq;fs;> nfhkpA+dprj; jiyik

iag; Nghw;Wq;fs;|> \Njrpa eyDf;fhfr;

NrkpAq;fs;|> \xd;Wgl;lhy; cz;L tho;T|

Nghd;w nra;jpfs; ,g;Ngh];uu;fspy; nghJ

thff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kf;fs; rKjh

aj;ij xd;wpizf;Fk; tY Gifg;glj;


THE COLLECTIVE EXPRESSION

OF A PEOPLE DURING A PARTICU-

LAR PERIOD IN HISTORY

ntspapl;Ls;sdh;. Njrpaj; jiythpd;;

thrfk;> \\,e;j kz;zpd; ike;jh;fisg;

ngw;w ngw;Nwhh;fNs! cq;fsJ Foe;ij

fs; rhftpy;iy> rhpj;jpukhfptpl;lhh;fs;||

vd;fpwJ. etk;gh; 27 khtPuh; ehshff;

nfhs;sg;gLtjw;F vkJ tpLjiyg;Nghhpy;

fsg;gypahd KjyhtJ khtPud; nyg;.

rq;fh; fhuzkhth;. ,th; tPur;rhtile;j

jpdk; 1982 etk;gh; 27. ,tUila glk;

jhq;fpa KO msT Ngh];uiu> ntsp

aPl;Lj; jpfjp ,lhky; Gypfs; gpuRhpj;

Js;sdh;. mjpy; gpd;tUk; thrfk;> \\Kw;W

ifapy; Kd; epd;wha;> Kjw;rhT eP fz;

lha;. nyg;bdd;l; rj;jpa ehjd; (rq;fh;/

RNu~;) Njhw;wk; 19.06.1961> tPukuzk;

27.11.1982|| vd nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

jkpoPof; Nfhupf;ifia typAWj;

Jk; khtPuu; ehs; Ngh];uu; 1990,y;

nts pa p lg ; gl ; Ls ;sJ . ,j py ;

,yq;ifj;jPtpd; tiuglk; nghwpf;

fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mij Mz; ngz; Nghuh

spfs; flg;ghiu> Rj;jp Nghd;w MAjk;

nfhz;L ,U $whf;F fpwhu;fs;. ,f;fWg;G

nts;isg; glj;jpd;fPo; ftpij tbtpy;

,t;tupfs; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

nre;jkpo;j; jpirfs; ahTk; nre;jkpo;j; jpirfs; ahTk; nre;jkpo;j; jpirfs; ahTk; nre;jkpo;j; jpirfs; ahTk; nre;jkpo;j; jpirfs; ahTk;

rptf;Fk;> rptf;Fk;> rptf;Fk;> rptf;Fk;> rptf;Fk;>

,e;J khflypy; ,d;ndhU ehL ,e;J khflypy; ,d;ndhU ehL ,e;J khflypy; ,d;ndhU ehL ,e;J khflypy; ,d;ndhU ehL ,e;J khflypy; ,d;ndhU ehL

gpwf;Fk;. gpwf;Fk;. gpwf;Fk;. gpwf;Fk;. gpwf;Fk;.

mNj tUlk; etk;gupy; ,d;D

Nkhu; mjpKf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j Ngh];uu;

ntspte;jJ. ,jpy; tupr;rPUil jupj;j

Mz; ngz; Nghuhspfs; Kd;Ndwpr; nry;fp

whu;fs;. mtu;fSf;Fg; gpd;Gwj;jpy; vupe;J

nfhz;bUf;Fk; rpij xd;W fhzg;gL

fpwJ. Kd;NdWk; Nghuhspfspd; tyJ

Gwj;jpy; fy;yiwfs; njupfpd;wd. tpj;J

ly;fis vupA+l;Lk; kuig tpLj;J fy;y

iwfisj; JapYk; ,y;yq;fspy; vOg;Gk;

goe;jkpou; kuigf; iff;nfhs;Sk; khw;

wj;ij ,J fhl;bepw;fpwJ.

khtPuu; ehs; Ngh];uu;fspy; kpfg;

gioaJk; Kd;NdhbAkhdjhf 1989 etk;

gu; ntspaPL fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,g;Ngh];uupy;

fWg;G tz;zk; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;JfpwJ.

Ngh];uupd; tyJ Nkw;Gwj;jpy; kQ;rs;

tz;zj;jpy; tpLjiyg;Gypfspd; cj;jp

NahfG+u;t ,yl;rpid nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;

sJ. ,lJgf;f fPo;g;Gwj;jpy; gr;irtz;z

,iyfSld; $ba ngupa rptg;Gepw

Nwh[hg;G+ glk; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Ngh];uupd; tyJ gf;fj;jpy; NkypUe;J

fPohfg; gpd;tUk; ftpij tupfs; jug;

gl;Ls;sd.

\fsk; fz;l Njhou;fNs!\fsk; fz;l Njhou;fNs!\fsk; fz;l Njhou;fNs!\fsk; fz;l Njhou;fNs!\fsk; fz;l Njhou;fNs!

cyf tuyhw;W epajpapd; cyf tuyhw;W epajpapd; cyf tuyhw;W epajpapd; cyf tuyhw;W epajpapd; cyf tuyhw;W epajpapd;

xg;gw;w Rje;jpur; rpw;gpfNs! xg;gw;w Rje;jpur; rpw;gpfNs! xg;gw;w Rje;jpur; rpw;gpfNs! xg;gw;w Rje;jpur; rpw;gpfNs! xg;gw;w Rje;jpur; rpw;gpfNs!

vkJ kf;fspd; tpbtpw;fhf vkJ kf;fspd; tpbtpw;fhf vkJ kf;fspd; tpbtpw;fhf vkJ kf;fspd; tpbtpw;fhf vkJ kf;fspd; tpbtpw;fhf

gaj;ij ntd;wPu;fs;> Raj;ijf; gaj;ij ntd;wPu;fs;> Raj;ijf; gaj;ij ntd;wPu;fs;> Raj;ijf; gaj;ij ntd;wPu;fs;> Raj;ijf; gaj;ij ntd;wPu;fs;> Raj;ijf;

nfhd;wPu;fs;> nfhd;wPu;fs;> nfhd;wPu;fs;> nfhd;wPu;fs;> nfhd;wPu;fs;>

rhit mizj;J rhfhtuk; rhit mizj;J rhfhtuk; rhit mizj;J rhfhtuk; rhit mizj;J rhfhtuk; rhit mizj;J rhfhtuk;

ngw;wPu;fs; ngw;wPu;fs; ngw;wPu;fs; ngw;wPu;fs; ngw;wPu;fs;

rj;jpak; cq;fSf;Fr; rhl;rp rj;jpak; cq;fSf;Fr; rhl;rp rj;jpak; cq;fSf;Fr; rhl;rp rj;jpak; cq;fSf;Fr; rhl;rp rj;jpak; cq;fSf;Fr; rhl;rp

nrhy;Yk; nrhy;Yk; nrhy;Yk; nrhy;Yk; nrhy;Yk;

ju;kk; ePjp nrhy;Yk; ju;kk; ePjp nrhy;Yk; ju;kk; ePjp nrhy;Yk; ju;kk; ePjp nrhy;Yk; ju;kk; ePjp nrhy;Yk;

rupj;jpuk; cq;fs; ,yl;rpaj;ijr;rupj;jpuk; cq;fs; ,yl;rpaj;ijr;rupj;jpuk; cq;fs; ,yl;rpaj;ijr;rupj;jpuk; cq;fs; ,yl;rpaj;ijr;rupj;jpuk; cq;fs; ,yl;rpaj;ijr;

rhftplhJ> rhftplhJ> rhftplhJ> rhftplhJ> rhftplhJ>

cq;fs; cd;djg; ghijapy; vkJ cq;fs; cd;djg; ghijapy; vkJ cq;fs; cd;djg; ghijapy; vkJ cq;fs; cd;djg; ghijapy; vkJ cq;fs; cd;djg; ghijapy; vkJ

tPug;gazk; njhlu;fpwJ> tPug;gazk; njhlu;fpwJ> tPug;gazk; njhlu;fpwJ> tPug;gazk; njhlu;fpwJ> tPug;gazk; njhlu;fpwJ>

gpwf;fg;NghFk; Gjpa ehl;bw;F> gpwf;fg;NghFk; Gjpa ehl;bw;F> gpwf;fg;NghFk; Gjpa ehl;bw;F> gpwf;fg;NghFk; Gjpa ehl;bw;F> gpwf;fg;NghFk; Gjpa ehl;bw;F>

Gypfspd; fy;yiwfs; Gypfspd; fy;yiwfs; Gypfspd; fy;yiwfs; Gypfspd; fy;yiwfs; Gypfspd; fy;yiwfs;

mj;jpthukhfj; jpfOk;| mj;jpthukhfj; jpfOk;| mj;jpthukhfj; jpfOk;| mj;jpthukhfj; jpfOk;| mj;jpthukhfj; jpfOk;|

khtPuu;fspd; fy;yiwia ikag;

gLj;Jk; KjyhtJ Ngh];uu; etk;gu;

1991,y; ntspte;jJ. ,jpy; xU ,sk;

ngz;> xU %jhl;b> xU rpWtd; fy;y

iwf;F mQ;ryp nrYj;Jk; glk; tiuag;

gl;Ls;sJ. fy;yiwapy; rhw;wg;gl;Ls;s

Jtf;if rpWtd; vl;bj; njhLfpwhd;.

fy;yiwapy;> \\vk; kz;zpd; tpbTf;fhfg;

Nghuhba khtPuu;fs; ,q;Nf tpijf;fg;

gl;Ls;sdu;. vkJ jhafj;jpd;

g p wg ; Gf ; f hf Ntq ;iffs pd ;

,wg;Gf;fs; njhlUfpd;wd. Gypfspd;

jhfk; jkpoPoj; jhafk;| vd;w

tupfSld; ,f;fl;Liuapd; jiyg;

gpy; \ek;Gq;fs; jkpoPok; ehis gpwf;

Fk;|| vd;W njhlq;Fk; ftpijAk;

nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,Nj tUlk;

tpLjiyg; Gypfspd; kl;L-mk;ghiw

kf;fs; nfhs;if Kd;ndLg;Gg;

gpupT> khtPudpd; tpj;Jliy Gyp

tPuu;fs; Rke;J nry;Yk; Xtpak;>

Fj;jpa Jtf;F njhg;gp ,uhZt

kupahijr; rpd;dk; Mfpatw;Wld;

xU rpwe;j Ngh];uiu ntspapl;Ls;

sJ. NkYk; mNj tUl khtPuu;

ehSf;nfdj; Njrpaj; jiytu;

mtu;fs; njuptpj;j tpNrl nra;jp

Ak; gpwpNjhu; Ngh];uuhf ntspaplg;

gl;Ls;sJ.

,og;Gf;fSk; mopTfSk;,og;Gf;fSk; mopTfSk;,og;Gf;fSk; mopTfSk;,og;Gf;fSk; mopTfSk;,og;Gf;fSk; mopTfSk;

vkJ Md;k cWjpf;F vkJ Md;k cWjpf;F vkJ Md;k cWjpf;F vkJ Md;k cWjpf;F vkJ Md;k cWjpf;F

cukhf mike;Jtpl;lhy;> cukhf mike;Jtpl;lhy;> cukhf mike;Jtpl;lhy;> cukhf mike;Jtpl;lhy;> cukhf mike;Jtpl;lhy;>

cyfj;jpy; ve;j rf;jpahYk; cyfj;jpy; ve;j rf;jpahYk; cyfj;jpy; ve;j rf;jpahYk; cyfj;jpy; ve;j rf;jpahYk; cyfj;jpy; ve;j rf;jpahYk;

vk;ik mlf;fptpl KbahJ.| vk;ik mlf;fptpl KbahJ.| vk;ik mlf;fptpl KbahJ.| vk;ik mlf;fptpl KbahJ.| vk;ik mlf;fptpl KbahJ.|

,g;Ngh];uiuAk; kf;fs;

cwTf; nfhs;if Kd;ndLg;Gg;

gpupT> jkpoPo tpLjiyg;Gypfs;

ntspapl;Ls;sdu;.

1992Mk; Mz;L khtPuu;

ehisr; rpwg;gpf;Fk; tpjkhf Ie;jpw;Fk;

Nkw;gl;l Ngh];uu;fs; ntspaplg;gl;ld.

Kjyhtjpy; jkpoPo tiuglKk;> epWj;jpa

thSk;> cau;j;jpa K~;bAk; glkhf

tiuag;gl;Ls;sd. Mjd;fPo;>

\mq;fk; KOtJk; Jbf;Fk; - Gyp\mq;fk; KOtJk; Jbf;Fk; - Gyp\mq;fk; KOtJk; Jbf;Fk; - Gyp\mq;fk; KOtJk; Jbf;Fk; - Gyp\mq;fk; KOtJk; Jbf;Fk; - Gyp

Mf;fpdpf; FopapYk; Fjpf;Fk; Mf;fpdpf; FopapYk; Fjpf;Fk; Mf;fpdpf; FopapYk; Fjpf;Fk; Mf;fpdpf; FopapYk; Fjpf;Fk; Mf;fpdpf; FopapYk; Fjpf;Fk;

rpe;Jk; FUjp njwpf;Fk; - mjpy; rpe;Jk; FUjp njwpf;Fk; - mjpy; rpe;Jk; FUjp njwpf;Fk; - mjpy; rpe;Jk; FUjp njwpf;Fk; - mjpy; rpe;Jk; FUjp njwpf;Fk; - mjpy;

nre;jkpoPok; gpwf;Fk;| nre;jkpoPok; gpwf;Fk;| nre;jkpoPok; gpwf;Fk;| nre;jkpoPok; gpwf;Fk;| nre;jkpoPok; gpwf;Fk;|

vd;w ftpij tupfs; mr;rplg;

gl;Ls;sd. ,uz;lhtjpy; fy;yiwfSf;F

eLNt thdshtpa Fd;WNghy; ifapy;

MAjj;NjhL Mz; ngz; ,UghyhUk;

cau;e;J epw;fpwhu;fs;. cr;rpapy; xU kuf;

fd;W jiof;fpd;wJ mjd;fPo;>

\thioab thio vd\thioab thio vd\thioab thio vd\thioab thio vd\thioab thio vd

khtPuu; topte;Njhk; khtPuu; topte;Njhk; khtPuu; topte;Njhk; khtPuu; topte;Njhk; khtPuu; topte;Njhk;

tpotpo vOe;J - ek; tpotpo vOe;J - ek; tpotpo vOe;J - ek; tpotpo vOe;J - ek; tpotpo vOe;J - ek;

jkpoPo kz; kPl;Nghk;| jkpoPo kz; kPl;Nghk;| jkpoPo kz; kPl;Nghk;| jkpoPo kz; kPl;Nghk;| jkpoPo kz; kPl;Nghk;|

vd;w ghly; tupfs; fhzg;gLfpd;

wd. %d;whtJ Ngh];uu; kl;lf;fsg;gpy;

ntspaplg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; \\jkpoPo Njrpa

tPuu; ehs;> jkpoPo vOr;rp ehs;> jkpoPo

tpLjiyapd; tPukpF jpUehs;> jha; kz;

zpd; tpLjiyf;fha; tPufhtpakhd kh

tPuu;fNs cq;fs; tuyhW vd;Wk; epiy

ahdJ|| vd;w ePz;l thrfk; nghwpf;fg;

gl;Ls;sJ.

1992Mk; Mz;bd; ehd;fhtJ

Ngh];uu; kpfTk; GJikahdJ. G+Nfhs

cUz;ilapy; ,Ue;J jkpoPok; gpwf;Fkhg;

Nghy; rpj;jpuk; ,jpy; tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ.

xU Mz; xU ngz; Nghuhspfs; cau;j;jpa

RLfyd;fSld; epw;fpwhu;fs;. rptg;G

tu;zj;jpy; \nre;jkpoPoj; jpirfs; ahTk;

rptf;Fk;> ,e;J khflypy; ,d;ndhU ehL

gpwf;Fk;| vd;w tupfs; Ngh];uupd; Nkw;

gFjpapYk;> \\cyfNk vq;fs; czu;itg;

Gupe;Jnfhs;|| vd;w nrhw;fs; mjd; fPo;g;

Gwj;jpYk; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. Ie;jhtJ

kpfTk; vspikahf nts;is rptg;G tz;

zq;fspy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. cauj;

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NrUk;.| NrUk;.| NrUk;.| NrUk;.| NrUk;.|

khu;f; Njhgp (MARK TOBEY)

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,uz;lhtJ Ngh];uupy;

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fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,uz;lhtJ 1998 Mz;

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Ngha; Ik;gj;jp ,uz;L Ngiu Rl;Lk;>

ntl;bAk; nfhd;whDfs;.

mNjhl kf;fnsy;yhk; fpuh

kq;fis tpl;L ntspNawp fhiujPT

gs;spf;$lj;jpy ,Ue;jk;. kuj;jhy;

tpOe;jtid khNlwp kpjpj;jJNghy;

rpq;fsg;gilfs; mq;fAk; te;J me;jg;

gs;spf;$lj;ij uTz;lg;gz;zp mjpy

gpbr;r gjpndl;L Mz;fspy; VONgiu

mt;tplj;jpNyNa cwTfspd; fz; Kd;

dhy; Rl;Lf; nfhd;Wtpl;lhq;fs;.

kw;wtu;fisf; nfhz;L Ngha; Nfk;gpy

tr;rp mbr;rpf; nfhd;W Nghl;lhDfs;.||

vd;W me;j tpjitg; ngz; jdJ

kdf; FKwiy fz;zPu; tope;Njhl

ntspapl;lhu;.

,t;thW ml;ilg;gs;s

fpuhkk;> kw;Wk; may; fpuhkq;fisr;

Nru;e;j jkpo;kf;fs; rpq;fs $ypg;gilfs;

mtu;fspd; iff;$ypfsha; nraw;gl;l

K];ypk; Fk;gy;fshYk; nfhy;yg;gl;l

du;. ,tu;fshy; mope;JNghd capu;fs;

clikfs; fzf;fpl Kbahjit.

kf;fs;gl;l Jauq;fs; nrhy;y Kbah

jit. ,e;j ,d mopg;G eltbf;if

mg;NghJ ahu; fz;Zf;Fk; njupa

tpy;iy. mk;ghiw khtl;l jkpou;fspd;

G+u;tPf gpuNjrq;fs; rpq;fsf; nfhiy

ntwpau;fspd; nfhiyf; fskhf khwpap

Ue;jij ahu;jhd; czu;e;jhu;fs;.

Mdhy; mk;kf;fspd; fz;zPUf;Fk;

fjwy;fSf;Fk; rpq;fsk; gjpy; nrhy;ypNa

v];.up.vt; tisr;rpl;lhDfs;. ey;yh

tpbQ;rJk; xt;nthU tPL tPlh

GFe;J Mk;gpsasg; gpbr;rhq;fs;. mjpy

ek;kl GUridAk; gpbr;rpl;lhDfs;.

vd;u GUrNdhl Ie;JNgiu gs;spg;

gf;fk; nfhz;LNgha; mjpNyNa itj;J

Rl;Lg;Nghl;lhDfs;. gpbr;Rf;nfhz;L

Nghd Mz;fspy ,ilapilNa ehd;F

Ngu;> Ie;JNgu;> MWNgu; vd Rl;Lr;

Rl;Lg;Nghl;L NghdhDfs;. Cnuy;yhk;

MfNtz;Lk;.

jkJ cwTfs; Rlg;gl;l

tPjpfspy;> mr;rj;Jld; mtu;fspd;

vy;iyNahu tho;T ,d;Wk; jpfo;fpd;

wJ. mUfpUf;Fk; Kfhk;fSk;> mtu;f

isr; #o;e;j fpuhkq;fSk; kPz;Lk;

vd;Nwh xUehs; jk; mikjp tho;tpy;

Vjpypfshthu;fs; vd;wNghJk;> mr;rk;

fye;j cWjpAld; vQ;rpa mtu;fspd;

tho;T njhlu;fpwJ.


> >

Njrpaj; jiytupd; fhyfl;lj;jpid Nehf;

Fk;NghJ vdf;F cz;ikapNyw;gLtJ

,khya tpag;Gj;jhd;. etPd Nghupay;

tsu;e;j fhyfl;lj;jpNy fue;Jiw Nghuh

spahf kpfr; rpwpa mzpia njhlf;fpdhu;.

,JNt gy E}w;whz;Lf;fhy gpd;jq;fpa

NghUj;jp. gdpg;Nghu; fhyfl;lj;J ty;yu

rpd; gpuhe;jpa jiyik ehlhd ,e;jpah

NthL NkhjTk; mtu; KbntLj;jhu;. gpd;du;

20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpg; gFjpapNy

Kjyhspak; nfhbfl;bg; gwe;j fhyfl;lj;

jpNy midj;J ehLfSf;Fk; vjpuhfNt

kiwKfkhf mtu; ngUk; Nghiu vjpu;

nfhz;L elj;jpdhu;.

,q;Nf ftdpf;f Ntz;ba tpla

nkd;dntd;why; etPd Nghupaypd; tsu;r;rp>

etPd mwptpaypd; cr;r tsu;r;rp> njhlu;

ghly; Jiwahy; cyfk; fpuhkkhfptpl;l

epiy> cyf kakhf;fy; cr;rf;fl;lkhf

muq;Nfwpa Ntis. jdp

kdpj Nkk;ghNl jiyaha

tpjpahfpa Ntis. ,e;

epiyapy; ,j;jifa Nghf;F

fspd; jhf;fj;jpidAk;

jhq;fp mjidnajpu;j;Jg;

NghuhLk; kdpjupd; jhq;F

rf;jpapd; Mw;wNy vd;id

ngUj;j rpe;jidahsdhf;F

fpd;wJ. vdNtjhd; ehk;

$Wfpd;Nwhk;. ,e;j E}w;

whz;bd; ,izaw;w tpL

jiy kdpju; mtu;. ,tuJ ,g;

Gjpa murpay; ,uhZtg; ghq;F

,e;j E}w;whz;bdJk; ,dpg; gpd;

tUk; E}w;whz;bdJk; tpLjiy

Ntz;LNthUf;fhd topfhl;b.

vdJ tpag ;Gf ;fNsh

vy;iyaw;wit. ,tw;wpid

,q;Nf rpwg;gpj;J vOjpaikf;F

gpujhd Nehf;fk; Nkk;ghlile;j

Mf;fj;jpwd; kpf;f Nghuw;w ,ir

tile;j tho;tpidg; ngw KaYk;

kdpj Fyj;jpw;F mtuJ rpe;jid

fs; vt;tsT gad;gLk; vd;gij

czu;j;jNtahFk;. kpfg;ngUk; Nguhw;w

ypd; tpj;jfdhfj; Njhd;wpa mtu; ,d;W

mikjpapd; vspikapd; Mf;fj;jpwdpd;

mwptpay; tho;tpd; FwpaPLkhfpd;whu;.

Nghiu elj;jp NghiuNa ,y;yhky; nra;J

tpl;lhu;. ,d;ndhU Nghu; %Okhdhy;

mjidAk; vjpu;nfhs;sTk; mtu; Maj;j

khAs;shu;. RtPld; ehl;L cg;ryh gy;fiyf;

fofj;jpd; ngUk; E}yfj;jpd; thapNy

nghwpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; thu;j;ijfspit:

“To Think freely is great

To think correctly is greater”

Rje;jpukhf rpe;jpj;jnyd;gNj

kpfg;ngupa tplae;jhd;. Mdhy; kpfr; rupahf

rpe;jpg;gJ vd;gJ mjidAk;tpl ghupa

tplak;. ,jidNa vkJ Njrpaj; jiy

tUf;F ehk; vkJ Ngud;gpd; tuptbtkhf

#l;Lfpd;Nwhk;.

ngwtpy;iy. vkJ kf;fs; ,d;Dk; G+uz

Rje;jpuk; mile;Jtpltpy;iy.

jkpoPoj;jpd; njhd;iktha;e;j> tuyhw;Wg; Gfo;

kpf;f efuq;fSk; gl;bdq;fSk; mq;F tho;e;JtUk;

vkJ kf;fSk; ,d;Dk; rpq;fs ,uhZt Mf;fpukpg;Gg;

gpbapypUe;J tpLgltpy;iy. mtHfs; jpwe;jntspr;

rpiwr;rhiyfspy; milgl;L> erpgl;L> kpjpgl;L

tho;fpwhHfs;. jkJ nrhe;j kz;zpypUe;J NtH

mWgl;L ,lk;ngaHe;j gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhNdhH> jhk;

gpwe;J tho;e;j epyq;fSf;Fj; jpUk;gKbahJ mfjp

Kfhk;fspy; my;yw;gLfpwhHfs;. vkJ kf;fspd; JaUk;

Jd;gKk; njhlHfpwJ. Njr tpLjiy vd;w vkJ

,yl;rpak;> vkJ khtPuHfs; fdTfz;l me;jr; rj;jpa

,yl;rpak; ,d;Dk; epiwTngwtpy;iy.

vdJ md;ghd kf;fNs>

jkpoPo tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpNyNa

vd;Wkpy;yhjthW> xu; ,f;fl;lhd> rpf;fyhd #o;

epiyia ehk; ,d;W vjpHnfhz;L epw;fpd;Nwhk;.

NghUkpd;wp> epiyahd rkhjhdKkpd;wp> ,ay;G

epiyAkpd;wp> ,ilf;fhyj; jPHTkpd;wp> ,dg; gpur;rp

(01Mk; gf;fj; njhlh;r;rp) GJikahdJ. eilKiwr; rhj;jpakhdJ. vkJ kf;f

spd; mtrukhd tho;epiyj; Njitfisg; G+Hj;jp

nra;af;$ba tifapy; ,jd; fl;likg;G newpg;gLj;jg;

gl;Ls;sJ. jkpoH jhafj;jpy; kPs;FbakHT> GdH

tho;T> Gduikg;G> mgptpUj;jp Mfpa gzpfisj;

jhkjkpd;wpr; nraw;wpwDld; epiwTnra;a toptFf;

Fk; cUg;gbahd mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;ljhf ,j;

jpl;lk; mikag;ngw;wJ.

,e;j ,ilf;fhyj; jd;dhl;rp mjpfhurigj;

jpl;lj;ijr; nrd;w Mz;L etk;gH khjk; Kjyhk;

jpfjp ehk; uzpy; tpf;fpukrpq;fhtpd; murhq;fj;jplk;

rkHg;gpj;jJld;> Clfq;fs; thapyhfg; nghJrd

muq;fpYk; gfpuq;fg;gLj;jpNdhk;.

rHtNjr ehLfs; gy> vkJ ,ilf;fhyj;

jd;dhl;rp mjpfhurigj; jpl;lj;ij tuNtw;fj; jtw

tpy;iy. ePz;l fhyj;jpd; gpd;G Kjw;wlitahf tpL

jiyg;Gypfs; jkJ murpaw; rpe;jidfisj; njsp

thfTk; tpupthfTk; vOj;jpy; tbj;jpUf;fpd;whHfnsd

,e; ehLfs; jpUg;jp njuptpj;jd.

ehk; Kd;itj;j ,ilf;fhyj; jd;dhl;rp mjp

fhurigj; jpl;lj;ij uzpy; tpf;fpukrpq;fhtpd; mu

rhq;fk; epuhfupf;ftpy;iy. jhk; rkHg;gpj;j tiuTfisg;

ghHf;fpYk; vkJ jpl;lk; tpj;jpahrkhdJ vd;W Fwpg;

gpl;l murhq;fk;> vkJ Nahridfspd; mbg;gilapw;

Ngr;Rf;fis Muk;gpf;f ,zq;fpaJ. Mdhy;> mNj

rkak;> vkJ ,ilf;fhy epHthfj; jpl;lj;ijf;

fLikahf tpkHrpj;j rpwPyq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rp> mJ

jkpoPoj; jdpauRf;F ,lg;gl;l mj;jpthunkdf; fz;bj;

jJ. rpwPyq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rpapd; jiytpAk; [dhjp

gjpAkhd re;jpupfh FkhuJq;fh xUgb NkNy nrd;W

mjpub eltbf;ifia vLj;jhH. vkJ ,ilf;fhy

epHthfj; jpl;lk; mwptpf;fg;gl;l ehd;fhtJ ehNs

re;jpupfh mk;ikahH Nkw;nfhz;l jpBH eltbf;if

njd;dpyq;if murpaiyg; ngUk; neUf;fbf;Fs;Ns

js;spaJ. ghJfhg;G mikr;R cl;gl %d;W Kf;fpa

mikr;Rfis [dhjpgjp re;jpupfh gwpj;njLj;Jf;

nfhz;ljhy; uzpy; tpf;fpukrpq;fhtpd; Ml;rpgPlk;

mjpfhu tYtpoe;J Ml;lk; fz;lJ. ,jidj; njhlH

e;J %d;W khjj;jpw;Fs; [dhjpgjp re;jpupfhtpdhw;

ghuhSkd;wk; fiyf;fg;gl;ljd; tpisthf uzpy;

murhq;fk; ftpo;e;jJ.

,t;thz;L Kw;gFjpapy; epfo;e;j nghJj;

NjHjy; rpq;fs> jkpo;j; Njrq;fs; kj;jpapyhd ,d

Kuz;ghl;bid NkYk; $Hikailar; nra;jJ.

rkhjhdj;jpw;Fk; ,d ,zf;fg;ghl;bw;Fk; tpNuhjkhd

rpq;fs ngsj;j Ngupdthj rf;jpfs;> vd;Wkpy;yhjthW

njd;dpyq;if murpay; muq;fpy; Nkyhz;ik tfpf;f

,g; nghJj;NjHjy; toptFj;jJ. ,dthjKk; kj

thjKk; goikthjf; fk;A+dprKk; xd;Wfye;j FoW

gbahd fUj;jpaypy; Cwpj; jpisj;j> jkpoH tpNuhjf;

fl;rpahd [djh tpKf;jp nguKid (N[.tp.gp) ,j;

NjHjypy; fzprkhd Mrdq;fisg;ngw;W %d;whtJ

gpujhd murpaw; fl;rpahf ntw;wpngw;wJ. ,e;j ,d

thjf; fl;rpia Kf;fpa Njhoikg; gq;fhspahf mu

tizj;J> xU $l;lzp murhq;fj;ij mikj;jhH

re;jpupfh mk;ikahH. jkpoupd; Njrpag; gpur;rpid

Fwpj;J khWgl;l Nghf;Fk; Kuz;gl;l nfhs;ifA

Kila murpay; ,af;fq;fspd; xt;thj $l;lhf ,e;j

murhq;fk; mikag;ngw;wJ.

nghJrdj; jPHg;gpd; thapyhf> njd;dpyq;if

murpayuq;fpw; rpq;fsg; ngsj;j Nkyhz;ikthjk;

tYg;ngw;w mNj rkak;> jkpoupd; jhafkhd tl

fpof;fpy;> xNu ,yl;rpaj;jpy; xd;Wgl;l rf;jpahfj;

jkpo;j; Njrpak; vOr;rpngw;wJ. vkJ tpLjiy ,af;

fj;jpd; murpay; ,yl;rpaj;jpw;F kf;fs; rf;jpapd;

VNfhgpj;j MjuT fpl;baJ. jkpoPo kf;fspd; Vfg;

gpujpepjpfs; vd;w ntFrd mq;fPfhuKk; vkJ tpL

jiy ,af;fj;jpw;F toq;fg;gl;lJ. vkJ ,af;fk;

Kd;itj;j ,ilf;fhyj; jd;dhl;rp mjpfhurigj;

jpl;lj;jpw;F vkJ kf;fspd; kDTk; fpilj;jJ. tpL

jiyg; Gypfspd; ,yl;rpaf; Fuyhf> mtHfisg;

gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; rdehaf rf;jpahfj; jkpo;j;

Njrpaf; $l;likg;G ,Ugj;jpnuz;L Mrdq;fisg;

ngw;W mNkhf ntw;wpaPl;baJ. ,g; nghJj; NjHj

yhdJ vd;Wkpy;yhjthW jkpo;> rpq;fs ,dq;fis

NtWgl;l ,U Njrq;fshfg; gpsTgLj;jpaJ. fUj;jh

Yk; czHthYk; ,yl;rpaj;jhYk; NtWgl;L> khW

gl;L> Kuz;gl;L epw;Fk; ,U kf;fs; r%fq;fshfg;

gpupTwr; nra;jJ.

njd;dpyq;ifapy; Ml;rpkhw;wk; epfo;e;J> murpa

yjpfhuk; ,dthj rf;jpfsplk; nrd;wile;jNghJk;

ehk; njhlHe;Jk; mikjp Ngzp> rkhjhd Kaw;rpia

Kd;ndLf;f tpUk;gpNdhk;. ,ilf;fhyj; jd;dhl;rp

mjpfhurigj; jpl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapw; Ngr;Rf;fis

idf;F KbTkpd;wp> ehk; xU murpay; ntW

ikf;Fs; tho;e;J tUfpd;Nwhk;. ,e;j murp

aw; #dpa epiy ePbj;jhy;> mJ vkJ ,yl;rp

ag; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;Fg; ngUk; gq;fj;ij Vw;

gLj;jptpLk; vd;gJ jpz;zk;.

%d;W jrhg;jq;fshf Kbtpd;wpj;

njhlHe;j MAjg; NghUf;F ehk; Xa;T

nfhLj;J %d;W Mz;Lfs; Mfptpl;ld. ehk;

mikjpfhj;j ,f; fhytpupg;gpy;> rkhjhd

top%ykhfj; Njrpa ,dg; gpur;rpidf;Fj;

jPHTfhz vk;khyhd rfy Kaw;rpfisAk;>

NeHikAlDk; cWjpg;ghl;LlDk; ehk; Nkw;

nfhz;Nlhk; vd;gij ePq;fs; mwptPHfs;.

NehHNt ehl;il eLepiyahsuhf

Vw;W> me; ehl;bd; mDruizAld; cyf

ehLfs; rpytw;wpd; jiyefHfspy; epfo;e;j rkhjhdg;

Ngr;Rf;fspy; vkJ tpLjiy ,af;fk; gq;F gw;wpaJ.

MW khjq;fs;tiu ePbj;j MW Rw;Wg; Ngr;Rf;fSk;

mHj;jkw;wjhfg; gadw;Wg;Nghapd. neUf;fb epiy

iaj; jzpj;J> ,ay;G epiyiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;J>

,lk;ngaHe;j kf;fis kPs;FbakHj;jTk; mtHfSf;F

GdHtho;T toq;fTk; Nghupdhw; NguopTf;F Mshd

fl;Lkhzq;fisg; GdHepHkhzk; nra;aTk; epWtg;

gl;l cg-FOf;fs; nraypoe;J nrj;Jg;Nghapd. ,it

xUGwkpUf;f> rpwPyq;fh murhdJ vkJ tpLjiy

,af;fj;ij Xuq;fl;btpl;L th~pq;ldpy; epfo;e;j cjtp

toq;Fk; ehLfspd; khehl;bw; gq;Fgw;wpaJ. ,jdhy;>

rkepiyg; gq;fhsp vd;w jifikapypUe;J ehk;

xJf;fg;gl;Nlhk;. ,g;gbahd Gwepiyapw;whd; Ngr;Rf;

fisj; jw;fhypfkhf ,ilepWj;j vkJ ,af;fk; Kb

ntLj;jJ. vkJ mjpUg;jpiaAk; Vkhw;wj;ijAk;

ntspg;gLj;jNt ehk; ,e;j Kbit vLj;Njhk;. Ngr;Rf;

fis xNuabahf Kwpj;J> rkhjhd Kaw;rpf;F Kw;Wg;

Gs;sp itj;Jtpl ehk; tpUk;gtpy;iy. Ngr;Rf;fis

,ilepWj;jk; nra;j ,ilntspapy;> xu; ,ilf;fhy

epHthff; fl;likg;Gf;fhd jpl;l tiuit Kd;itf;F

khW uzpy; tpf;fpukrpq;fhtpd; murplk; Ntz;LNfhs;

tpLj;Njhk;. ePz;lfhyg; NghupdhNy ghjpf;fg;gl;l vkJ

kf;fSf;Fg; GdHtho;T ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fTk; rpije;J

Nghd jkpoH Njrj;ij kPs; epHkhzk; nra;aTk;

fzprkhd mjpfhuj;Jld; xu; ,ilf;fhy epHthff;

fl;likg;G mtrpa nkd;gij typAWj;jpNdhk;.

xd;Wf;Fg; gpd; xd;whf uzpypd; muR Kd;

itj;j> ,ilf;fhy epHthfk; gw;wpa %d;W tiuT

fSk; vkf;Fj; jpUg;jpia mspf;ftpy;iy. kpfTk;

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fSld; epHthf tYtw;w

jhf ,j; jpl;l tiuTfs; mikag; ngw;wjhy; vk;khy;

mtw;iw Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. ,Wjpapy;>

xu; ,ilf;fhy epHthfj; jpl;l tiuit ehkhfj;

jahupj;Jf;nfhLf;f KbntLj;Njhk;. gy kl;lq;fspNy

jkpoPo kf;fspd; fUj;ijg; ngw;W> ntspehLfspw;

Gyk;ngaHe;J thOk; murpay; mwpQHfs;> rl;l

ty;YdHfs;> murpayikg;G epGzHfs; MfpNahupd;

fye;jhNyhridAld; xu; ,ilf;fhyj; jd;dhl;rp

mjpfhurigj; jpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;Njhk;. ,j;jpl;lk;

Muk;gpf;f ehk; jahnud;gij NehHNt mDru

izahsHfs; %ykhfr; re;jpupfhtpd; $l;lzp

murhq;fj;jpw;F mwptpj;Njhk;. mt;Ntisjhd;

mur $l;lzpf;Fs; Fog;gKk; nfhs;if

Kuz;ghLk; jiyJ}f;fpd.

mur $l;lzpf;Fs; Mjpf;f tYTila

fl;rpahd N[.tp.gp> rkhjhdg; Ngr;Rf;fs;

thapyhfj; jkpo;kf;fSf;F murpay; cupik

Ak; Ml;rpajpfhuKk; toq;fg;gLtijf;

fLikahf vjpHj;jJ. %d;whe; jug;G eLepiy

ahsuhfr; nraw;gl;l NehHNt muirAk;

td;ikahff; fz;bj;jJ. ehk; Kd;itj;j

,ilf;fhyj; jd;dhl;rp mjpfhurigj; jpl;

lj;ij Kw;WKOjhf epuhfupj;jJ. vkJ

jpl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapw; Ngr;Rf;fs; Muk;g

khdhy; mur $l;lzpapypUe;J ntspNawp

tplg; NghtjhfTk; kpul;baJ. rkhjhdg; Ngr;Rf;Fk;

rkur Kaw;rpf;Fk; vjpuhd N[.tp.gp apdupd; jPtputhjf;

fLk;Nghf;F> re;jpupfh mk;ikahUf;Fg; ngUk; rth

yhf mike;jJ. ,e;epiyNa njhlu;e;Jk; ePbf;fpwJ.

rkhjhd topKiwiag; Ngzp ,dg; gpur;rp

idf;Fj; jPHTfhzNtz;Lnkd;w rHtNjr mOj;jk;

xUGwKk;> Ngr;Rf;fs; Muk;gkhfp Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gLk;

NghJjhd; cjtp toq;Fk; ehLfs; cWjpaspj;j ngUe;

njhiff; flDjtp fpilf;Fnkd;w epHg;ge;jk; kWGw

Kk;> ghjhsk; Nehf;fpr; rupe;J nry;Yk; ,yq;ifapd;

nghUshjhuk; ,d;ndhU GwKkhf> re;jpupfhtpd; muR

gyKidfspy; neUf;fbiar; re;jpj;J epw;fpwJ. ,e;j

neUf;fbf;F Kfk; nfhLg;gjhapd; tpLjiyg; Gypf

Sld; Ngr;Rf;fis elj;jpNa MfNtz;Lk; vd;w

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mur $l;lzpf;Fs; epyTk; cs;Kuz;ghLk;> mbg;gil

ahd nfhs;if NtWghLk; rkhjhdg; Ngr;Rf;fis

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jPHitNah toq;fg;Nghtjpy;iy vd;gJ Gydh

Fk;.

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fSf;F Nkyhf ehk; rpq;fs murpay; jiyikf

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gw;wp ehd; ,q;F tpgupf;f tpUk;gtpy;iy. fhyj;

jhw; rhfhJ> <oj; jkpo; ,dj;jpd; $l;L mDgtj;

jpw; Gije;J fplf;Fk; murpay; cz;ik ,J.

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jiy ,af;fe; jahuhf ,y;iy.

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aw; fl;rpfs; vitANk jkpoupd; Njrpa ,dg;

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nry;Yk; cupikAldhd

RaepHza cupikAz;L

vd;gijNah ve;jnthU

rpq;fs murpay; ,af;f

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uhftpy ;iy. jkpoupd ;

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apd; mbg;gilfisg;

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tw;w> xd;Wf ;nfhd;W

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khd ,dthjk; NgRk; fl;rpfspd; $l;lzpf;Fj;

jiyiktfpf;Fk; re;jpupfh mk;ikahH> ,dg;

gpur;rpidf;F epue;juj; jPHT fhz;gJgw;wp mf;fiw

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gjp re;jpupfhtplKk; mtH> $l;lhl;rp mikj;jpUf;

Fk; fl;rpfsplKk; vjpHf; fl;rpahd If;fpa Njrp

af; fl;rpaplKk; vkJ tpLjiy ,af;fk; xU

Ntz;LNfhis Kd;itf;f tpUk;GfpwJ. mjh

tJ> jkpo; kf;fsJ ,dg; gpur;rpidapd; mbg;

gilfs; Fwpj;J> mtHfsJ %yhjhuf; Nfhupf;

iffshd jhafk;> Njrpak;> RaepHza cupik

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njd;dpyq;if murpayuq;fpy; jkpoupd;

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tpUg;gk; njuptpj;Njhk;. Mdhy; re;jpupfhtpd;

muR vkJ epahakhd epiyg;ghl;il epuhfupj;J>

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dj;jpd; tpNuhjpfisAk; ,dthj rf;jpfisAk;

mtHfsJ FsWgbahd nfhs;iffisAe;

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jiyg; Gypfs; kPJ tPz;gop Rkj;j KidfpwhH

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ebf;Fk; re;jpupfh murpd; cz;ikahd Kfj;ijr;

rHtNjr r%fk; milahsk; fz;Lnfhs;Sk;

vd;w ek;gpf;if vkf;Fz;L.

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nfl;lhd; epiyapy; tpbtpd;wp> tpLjiyapd;wp>

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f;F ehk; mtrukhd miog;G xd;iw tpLf;f

tpUk;Gfpd;Nwhk;. mjhtJ> ehk; Kd;itj;j

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kf;fspd; Jau tho;it ePbj;Jr;nry;y rpq;fs

muR Kw;gLkhdhy;> ehk; vkJ Njrj;jpd; Rje;jp

ug; Nghuhl;lj;ij Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;tijj;jtpu

vkf;F NtW topapy;iy. vkJ ,e;j ,f;fl;lhd

epiyia> jkpoupd; ,dg; gpur;rpidapy; mf;fiw

Aila cyf ehLfs; fUj;jpy; vLj;J> vkJ

epahakhd epiyg;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapw; rkh

jhdg; Ngr;Rf;fis Muk;gpf;Fk;gb rpwPyq;fh

murpw;F mOj;jk;nfhLf;FkhW Ntz;bf;nfhs;fp

Nwhk;.

vkJ kz;zpd; tpbtpw;fhfTk; vkJ kf;f

spd; tpLjiyf;fhfTk; fskhb tPo;e;j vkJ

khtPuHfis epidT$Uk; ,g; Gdpj ehspy;>

Njr tpLjiy vd;w mtHfsJ ,yl;rpaf;

fdit> vj;jifa ,lHfs;> rthy;fis vjpH

nfhz;lNghJk; epiwTnra;Nthnkd ehk; cWjp

G+ZNthkhf.

\\Gypfspd; jhfk; jkpoPoj; jhafk;||

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Transcript of ½Œ9@¥@ ¦¯@طر9Vˆ[' کNخ دؤˆ9ؤ( کة?¿@ش¤]' رؤ(ر›ˆ[' ٹ@خ¤ رؤ ...