GENERAL SHIP

KNOWLEDGE

- MRI 2303 -

MRI 2302 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE

[4] METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE STUDY -2-

GENERAL MARITIME METEOROLOGY

Occurs over, or are influenced by, ocean areas

Sustain provision of observational data Air and wave forecasts

Practical needs of surface and air navigation over the oceans

MRI 2302 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE

[4] METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE STUDY -3-

GENERAL MARITIME METEOROLOGY

Deals primarily with the physics of the marine atmosphere Atmospheric phenomena above the oceans

The influence on shallow and deep water

The influence of the ocean surface on atmospheric processes

MRI 2302 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE

[4] METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE STUDY -4-

GENERAL MARITIME METEOROLOGY

Focusing on safety of life and property at sea Special warnings of hazardous situations for

coastal waters

• Local fishing fleets tragically lost in heavy seas within a few hours sailing time of the safety of a harbour

• Sailors drowned in some distant ocean

MRI 2302 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE

[4] METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE STUDY -5-

GENERAL MARITIME METEOROLOGY

Objectives: Uniform system for collecting weather

observations at sea

Using and exchanging of the data for the benefit of shipping in return

MRI 2302 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE

[4] METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE STUDY -6-

GENERAL MARITIME METEOROLOGY

Objectives: Gain knowledge of the climatology of the oceans

Better define trade shipping routes

Minimize hazards and costs

Increase the efficiency of maritime navigation

MRI 2302 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE

[4] METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE STUDY -7-

GENERAL MARITIME METEOROLOGY

Safety of life and property at sea threatens Heavy weather

High seas

Tropical storms

Fog

Ice accretion

Sea ice

Icebergs

MRI 2302 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE

[4] METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE STUDY -8-

GENERAL MARITIME METEOROLOGY

Observation requirement to support meteorological analysis and forecasting A depth of roughly 1 km (0.6 mi) in the ocean

A height of 30 km (18 mi) in the atmosphere

Plentiful enough in space and time

• Keep track of the major features of interest

MRI 2302 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE

[4] METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE STUDY -9-

GENERAL MARITIME METEOROLOGY

Meteorological observations are scarce and expensive to make over oceans

Direct observations in the ocean, especially below the sea surface are insufficient to make a synoptic analysis

MRI 2302 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE

[4] METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE STUDY -10-

GENERAL MARITIME METEOROLOGY

Complementary remotely sensed data from satellites:

• Type and height of clouds

• Temperature and humidity structure in atmosphere

• Wind velocity at cloud level and sea surface

• Ocean surface temperature

• Height of the sea

• Location of sea ice

MRI 2302 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE

[4] METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE STUDY -11-

GENERAL MARITIME METEOROLOGY

Meteorological satellites Satellite-borne sensors cannot penetrate below

the sea surface

Height of the sea can be used to infer useful information about the density structure of the ocean interior

MRI 2302 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE

[4] METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE STUDY -12-

GENERAL MARITIME METEOROLOGY

Motion of the atmosphere and the ocean expressed in mathematical equations Put on a computer in the form of a numerical

model

Used to help analyze the present state of the fluid system

Forecast its future state