NMIT_MRI 2302 General Ship Knowledge_Ch 4. Meteorology and Climate Study_1.overview of global...
Transcript of NMIT_MRI 2302 General Ship Knowledge_Ch 4. Meteorology and Climate Study_1.overview of global...
MRI 2302 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE
[4] METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE STUDY -2-
OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL CLIMATE
Climate meteorological conditions (temperature, rainfall and wind) over a long term and an wide region Latitude
Position relative to oceans or continents
Altitude
Etc
MRI 2302 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE
[4] METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE STUDY -3-
OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL CLIMATE
Weather Local and temporary
Particular time and lace
.: Climate > weather
Global climate the average climate over the entire planet
MRI 2302 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE
[4] METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE STUDY -4-
OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL CLIMATE
Average temperature through the year
http://www.learner.org/jnorth/weather/ClimateTempPrecipWksht1.html
MRI 2302 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE
[4] METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE STUDY -5-
OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL CLIMATE
Average precipitation through
http://www.learner.org/jnorth/weather/ClimateTempPrecipWksht2.html
MRI 2302 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE
[4] METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE STUDY -6-
OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL CLIMATE
Prevailing winds
MRI 2302 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE
[4] METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE STUDY -7-
OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL CLIMATE
Global climate system components
MRI 2302 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE
[4] METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE STUDY -8-
OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL CLIMATE
Climate system components relationship
MRI 2302 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE
[4] METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE STUDY -10-
OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL CLIMATE
Köppen–Geiger climate classification Vegetation distribution
MRI 2302 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE
[4] METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE STUDY -11-
OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL CLIMATE
Koppen-Geigher climate classification Group A: Tropical/megathermal climates
Group B: Dry (arid and semiarid) climates
Group C: Mild Temperate/mesothermal climates
Group D: Continental/microthermal climate
Group E: Polar climates
MRI 2302 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE
[4] METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE STUDY -12-
OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL CLIMATE
Factors affect on global climate Atmosphere-ocean interactions
Land surface-atmosphere interactions
Sun spots
• The lack of sun spots
Oceanic currents
• La Nina & El Nino
Oceanic winds
Human
MRI 2302 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE
[4] METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE STUDY -13-
OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL CLIMATE
Atmosphere-ocean interactions Ocean covers 71% earths’ surface
Oceans are birthplace of all tropical cyclones and most mid-latitude storms
Ocean currents transported half the heat to the poles
Ocean is the single most important sink for carbon dioxide produced by human action
MRI 2302 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE
[4] METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE STUDY -14-
OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL CLIMATE
Atmosphere-ocean interactions Oceans can hold 50 times more carbon than the
atmosphere
In equilibrium, oceans can absorb up to 85% of any additional carbon released into the atmosphere
MRI 2302 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE
[4] METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE STUDY -15-
OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL CLIMATE
Land surface-atmosphere interactions On a hot day, being under leafy trees is cooler
than being on the soil or grass
In winter, ground frost develops first on exposed grass rather than under trees
Vegetation controls evaporation
Seasonal cycle of snow
MRI 2302 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE
[4] METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE STUDY -16-
OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL CLIMATE
Sun spots Eleven year cycle
MRI 2302 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE
[4] METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE STUDY -17-
OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL CLIMATE
Sun spots and solar cycle
MRI 2302 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE
[4] METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE STUDY -18-
OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL CLIMATE
Sun spots and faculae Magnetic field breaks forming sun spots
• Slightly cooler than their surroundings
Sun spots accompanied by hotter, brighter patches faculae
Cooling occurs a lack of sun spots
MRI 2302 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE
[4] METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE STUDY -19-
OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL CLIMATE
Oceanic Currents: El Nino - La Nina Weather patterns occur periodically across the
Pacific Ocean
Characterised by variable levels of winds and rainfall in different parts of New Zealand
El Nino: the warming of water
La Nina: the cooling of water
MRI 2302 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE
[4] METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE STUDY -20-
OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL CLIMATE
El Nino – Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Major systematic global climate fluctuation that
occurs at the time of an "ocean warming" event
El Nino – La Nina Opposite extremes of the ENSO cycle
Major changes in the Pacific atmospheric and oceanic circulation occur
MRI 2302 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE
[4] METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE STUDY -21-
OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL CLIMATE
Normal Pacific pattern El Nino
MRI 2302 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE
[4] METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE STUDY -22-
OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL CLIMATE
Normal Pacific pattern La Nina
MRI 2302 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE
[4] METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE STUDY -23-
OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL CLIMATE
El Nino –
La Nina:
effects
MRI 2302 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE
[4] METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE STUDY -24-
OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL CLIMATE
Weather effects
El Nino La Nina
• Rain and flooding along the Pacific coast
• Warm water disrupts food chain of fish, birds, and sea mammals
• Tornadoes and thunderstorms in southern US
• Fewer than normal hurricanes in the Atlantic
• Snow and rain on the west coast
• Unusually cold weather in Alaska
• Unusually warm weather in the rest of the USA
• Drought in the southwest • Higher than normal
number of hurricanes in the Atlantic
MRI 2302 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE
[4] METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE STUDY -25-
OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL CLIMATE
Oceanic winds Caused by evaporation of the oceans forming
clouds directed southward and northward
Ice melting did not caused by Arctic nor Antarctic temperatures
Winds driving clouds over both poles develops massive snow falls
MRI 2302 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE
[4] METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE STUDY -26-
OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL CLIMATE
Human Land-use changes changes in the amount of
sunlight reflected from the ground
• Deforestation by agricultural cropping and grazing lands
Emissions of greenhouse gases
Rising levels of carbon dioxide
• Increased levels of fossil fuel use