NMIT_MRI 2302 General Ship Knowledge_Ch 4. Meteorology and Climate Study_1.overview of global...

GENERAL SHIP

KNOWLEDGE

- MRI 2303 -

MRI 2302 GENERAL SHIP KNOWLEDGE

[4] METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE STUDY -2-

OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL CLIMATE

Climate meteorological conditions (temperature, rainfall and wind) over a long term and an wide region Latitude

Position relative to oceans or continents

Altitude

Etc




Weather Local and temporary

Particular time and lace

.: Climate > weather

Global climate the average climate over the entire planet




Average temperature through the year

http://www.learner.org/jnorth/weather/ClimateTempPrecipWksht1.html





Average precipitation through














Prevailing winds




Global climate system components




Climate system components relationship




Köppen–Geiger climate classification Vegetation distribution




Koppen-Geigher climate classification Group A: Tropical/megathermal climates

Group B: Dry (arid and semiarid) climates

Group C: Mild Temperate/mesothermal climates

Group D: Continental/microthermal climate

Group E: Polar climates




Factors affect on global climate Atmosphere-ocean interactions

Land surface-atmosphere interactions

Sun spots

• The lack of sun spots

Oceanic currents

• La Nina & El Nino

Oceanic winds

Human




Atmosphere-ocean interactions Ocean covers 71% earths’ surface

Oceans are birthplace of all tropical cyclones and most mid-latitude storms

Ocean currents transported half the heat to the poles

Ocean is the single most important sink for carbon dioxide produced by human action




Atmosphere-ocean interactions Oceans can hold 50 times more carbon than the

atmosphere

In equilibrium, oceans can absorb up to 85% of any additional carbon released into the atmosphere




Land surface-atmosphere interactions On a hot day, being under leafy trees is cooler

than being on the soil or grass

In winter, ground frost develops first on exposed grass rather than under trees

Vegetation controls evaporation

Seasonal cycle of snow




Sun spots Eleven year cycle




Sun spots and solar cycle




Sun spots and faculae Magnetic field breaks forming sun spots

• Slightly cooler than their surroundings

Sun spots accompanied by hotter, brighter patches faculae

Cooling occurs a lack of sun spots




Oceanic Currents: El Nino - La Nina Weather patterns occur periodically across the

Pacific Ocean

Characterised by variable levels of winds and rainfall in different parts of New Zealand

El Nino: the warming of water

La Nina: the cooling of water




El Nino – Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Major systematic global climate fluctuation that

occurs at the time of an "ocean warming" event

El Nino – La Nina Opposite extremes of the ENSO cycle

Major changes in the Pacific atmospheric and oceanic circulation occur




Normal Pacific pattern El Nino




Normal Pacific pattern La Nina




El Nino –

La Nina:

effects




Weather effects

El Nino La Nina

• Rain and flooding along the Pacific coast

• Warm water disrupts food chain of fish, birds, and sea mammals

• Tornadoes and thunderstorms in southern US

• Fewer than normal hurricanes in the Atlantic

• Snow and rain on the west coast

• Unusually cold weather in Alaska

• Unusually warm weather in the rest of the USA

• Drought in the southwest • Higher than normal

number of hurricanes in the Atlantic




Oceanic winds Caused by evaporation of the oceans forming

clouds directed southward and northward

Ice melting did not caused by Arctic nor Antarctic temperatures

Winds driving clouds over both poles develops massive snow falls




Human Land-use changes changes in the amount of

sunlight reflected from the ground

• Deforestation by agricultural cropping and grazing lands

Emissions of greenhouse gases

Rising levels of carbon dioxide

• Increased levels of fossil fuel use

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