Natural Nootropics, Memory boosters -An overview

Natural Nootropics, Memory boosters -An overview

Corresponding author: Ms Vaishali Chadha*

Address: School of pharmacy, plot no 32, 34, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar

Pradesh 201310

Second Author: Dr. Mathew George

Address: School of pharmacy, plot no 32, 34, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310 Third Author: Dr. Lincy Joseph Address: School of pharmacy, plot no 32, 34, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310

2. ABSTRACT

Memory is a vital aspect of living from differentiating to recalling in human beings and thus

individualizes from others by encoding, storing and retrieving and are considered as the

basic form to function daily in life. As moving forward these are hampered by various

factors like environmental changes, smoking, alcohol, disrupted sleeping patterns and

several other factors. To overcome such memory enhancers, cognitive enhancers, racetams,

cholinergic, GABA blockers, activators of glutamate, serotonergics are suggested to

stimulate various neurotransmitters and provide sufficient oxygen to brain however these

chemical constituents have several side effects which further complicates health. Some pre-

clinical and clinical studies suggests that safest form are natural nootropics or natural

cognitive enhancer such asDaucus carota, Ginkgo Biloba, Panax ginseng, Rhodiola rosea,

Periwinkle (Vinca Major/minor), Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi), Acorus calamus, Mangnolia bark

(Magnolia officinalis), Acorus calamus, Caffeine (kola vera), A-linolenic acid, Mangnolia bark

(Magnolia officinalis), Red spider Lilly(Lycoris radiata), Kratom, Glucose, Guggul

(commiphorawightii), Phyllanthus amarus, Mentat, Withaniasominefera, Prunus amygdalus,

Coriandrum sativum, Embilica officinalis, Scrophulariabuergerianapossesses equivalent

benefits with minimal or lesser side effects.

High Technology Letters

Volume 28, Issue 6, 2022

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http://www.gjstx-e.cn/103

3. Key words: cognitive enhancer, memory, natural nootropics.

4. INTRODUCTION

Memory is usually a recollection of events, certain impressions, channelizing facts,

remembrances of expressions however a wholesome of mental capacity which can be

sensory, short-term, working as well as long term memory (1; 2). Memory is considered to

be a storage of stimuli, information, experiences and able to differentiate from other

species. In today’s scenario memory has marked it importance in a different space while

dealing with alterations in lifestyle such as sleeping patterns, Fast food intake, alcohol

consumption, smoking , stress, anxiety and many other parameters (3; 4; 5).

Perhaps memory is a vital aspect to balance life’s quality. Such changes leads to various

memory impairments from decades such as Dementia, cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s

disease etc. However, to overcome mental malfunctions there are various cognitive

enhancers, supplements, nutraceuticals and some functional foods for enhancing the

cognition, memory capacity, concentrations, and attention (6; 7). However, these are

composed of various stimulants, dopaminergic activities, cholinergic actions, activators of

glutamate, evident GABA blockers, also some hormones involved which have various

emerging side effects degrading the quality of life. Just to overcome unwanted side effects

there are much requirement of natural cognitive enhancers which has evidently shown in

improving mental health as well as upraising the memory (8; 9). Some of few natural

enhancers are Omega-3,6, antioxidants, vitamins, fatty acids, and minerals. Such involves

various natural therapeutic agents like Vinpocetine, Yerba mate( Ilexparaguayensis, Spanish

sage( Salvia lavandulaefolia), St John’s Wort(Hypericum perfoatum), Sweet Flag(Acorus

calamus), Sesame(Sesamum indicum), Guggul(Commiphorawightil), Green Tea(Camellia

sinensis), Mangolia Bark(Mannolia Officinalis), Cinnamon(Cinnamomum zeylanicum),

Coconut Milk powder(Cocos nucifera), Curcumin(curcuma longa), Brahmi(Bacopa monniera)

and many others (10; 11).

This review is to look out into the insight benefits of naturals cognitive enhancers to

overcome several unwanted side effects of synthetic derivatives. However from current



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scenario there has been very few natural interventions for the prevention of memory

impairment and among them few are promisingly positive.

Natural cognitive enhancer

Nootropics are the agents which possess the upliftment of memory and boosting up brain

functions which includes memory, thinking motion, creativity, alternes and attention. There

has been pre clinical and clinical studies omitting nootropics are showing breathtaking

responses (12; 13). Studieshave enumerated there are two different nootropics (i) synthetic

and (ii) Natural. These synthetic drugs posses several side effects which is a troublesome in

clinical aspects such as dizziness, somnolence, psychomotor hyperactivity, tremors,

anorexia, appetite loss, tachycardia, arrhythmia, diarrhea, nausea, constipation,

anaphylactic reactions and several others side effects (14). However there is slight intended

focus on natural nootropics since it can boost up brain’s activity as well as blood circulation

at the same time, also shows reduced inflammation, alters aging, enhances thinking

function and increases neuroplasticity (15; 16).

From pre-clinical and clinical studies it has been observed that these natural nootropics

alters the concentration of neurotransmitters by either stimulating dopamine release,

transmission of cholinergic system, choline uptake, alterations in AMPA receptors, activity

of A2 Phosphatase and phosphatidylinositol, also positive allosteric modulation in glutamate

and acetylcholine pathway and facilitate long term potential along with improved synaptic

transmission (17; 18; 19). However fewer exposed pathway for the memory impairment are

Glutaminergic signalling, cholinergic system, Amyloid precursor protein, Secondary

messenger and various other potent pathways. Following are some effective herbs used for

memory enhancements and uplifting cognition (20).

Ginkgo Biloba

Commonly known as Maidenhair tree or Ginkgo Biloba which is derived from the

Ginkgophyta family and Ginkgoales order (21). From ancient times it is also called as living

fossil however there is significant changes over 100 million year. Besides being source of

food, it is also utilized for various medical uses, among that neuroprotective effects is

observed in humans and several models of animals (22). From clinical and animal studies it



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has been observed that Ginkgo biloba is effective in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease

and several cognitive impairment (23; 24).

However it has also been authorized for the use as antidementia activity, moreover it inacts

the antiapoptotic and antioxidant properties for the inhibition of caspase-3 activation, and

aggregation of beta amyloid in Alzheimer’s disease (25; 26). Ginkgo biloba leaves have

shown to diminish the beta amyloid fibrils formation which further reduces the apoptosis

via mitochondria as well as downregulation of caspase-3 activity. From other sets of

researchits been observed that it also prevents the production of amyloid fibrils possessing

antiamyloidogenic property (27). Caspase 3 activation is uprooted by various compounds

present like bilobalide, ginkgolide and terpenoids. Whereas, some research suggests

memory enchancing effects of ginkgo biloba leaves which further can terminate the amyloid

peptide on long term potentiation is availablein the form of Himalayan (ginko biloba),

Schwabe(ginko biloba tablets), Healthy hey nutrition(Ginseng ginkgo) etc (28; 29).Fig1

Panax Ginseng

Asian ginseng despite being king of herbs in ancient times, also suggests the role of panax

ginseng root in cognitive impairment in patients of Alzheimer’s while possessing antioxidant

property too, with increase in memory functions in different individuals (30; 31).

Ginsenoside saponins derived from the panax ginseng having functional constituents

panaxtriol, panaxdiol and olenolic acid. Whereas panaxtriol and panaxdiol are linked to

neurotransmitters release, along with ginsenosides affect which secrets cortiosterones and

uptake of dopamine, serotonin, Norepinephrine and GABA (32; 33).However fewer products

are already in therapeutic use such as GNC herbral plus(triple ginseng root, American white

ginseng), Trexgenics (panax ginseng), WOW ginseng, Himalayan Organics (Korean ginseng)

etc.Fig2

Rhodiola Rosea

The golden root and artic root from Rhodiloa rosea have evident results in improving

cognitive impairment, improves the learning and memory as well as protects brain.

Crassulacae the family if Rhodiola Rosea, and found to show increased levels of NE and 5-

HT in certain regions of brain like prefrontal, frontal and cerebral cortex (34; 35).



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However some pre- clinical and clinical studies suggests it upregulates the release of

Dopamine and Acetylcholine within limbic system pathway which is responsible for

emotional settlement. Moreover the plant is an antioxidant which protects from oxidative

damage in the nervous system (36; 37). Fewer studies also suggests in Alzheimer’s diseases

it enchances the memory and learning skills (38). Following are some therapeutic products

trexgenics (Rhodiola), NOW (Rhodiola), Gaia herbs (Rhodiola Rosea), Healthy Hey (Rosehip),

Nutricost (Rhodiola Rosea) etc.Fig3

Vinca Major/Minor (Periwinkle)

Myrtle herb and lavender blue in color which is derived from Vinca minor which known for

the oxygen utility and availability of glucose for stimulation of brain function (39). The

garden periwinkle and its aerial part is suggested for memory enhancement, within that

chemical constituents such as vinpocetine and vincamine are responsible for

neuroprotective activity by increasing cerebral circulation and availability of oxygen in the

brain by the chemicals such as Dipervina, Aethroma and Centracetam from vincamine (40;

41). Where as in vinpocetine several chemicals like caviton, ethyl apovincaminate possess

memory retention although the mechanism of action is not much established. Some pre

clinical and clinical studies suggests that vinpocetine enhances cerebral blood flow even

without distorting the peripheral flow by cholinergic pathway, norepinephrine management

by cortical cyclic adenosine monophosphate augmentation, increased catecholamines and

adenosine reputake inhibition (42).

From previous studies it has been observed that it taken orally for memory retention,

memory enhancement, increased blood flow, more availability of glucose and oxygen in

brain and age linked memory impairment in diseases such as cerebrovascular diease,

Alzheimer’s disease, tumoral calcinosis with hemodialysis patient, pyychosyndromes,

menopausal symptoms, fewer disorders os seizure and stroke morbidity both pre and post

(43; 44; 45).Fig4

Bacopa Monnieri (Brahmi)

Famously known as tonic of nerves which improves memory and functioning as attention

enhancement, also known as memory booster Indian herb usually given to infants to

develop memory and intelligence as well as mental health (46; 47). Indian name is Brahmi,



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originated from the god’s name Brahma. According to Ayurveda it has various and diverse

uses including memory retention, since 3000 years cited from the text “Athar-Ved Samhita”

(3:1) of 800 B.C(12) (48). It has neuroprotective effect as it preserve the neuronal integrity

as often target oxidative stress and excitotoxicity which protects from neuronal loss further

which leads to neuronal death via several molecular targets including enzymes and

receptors such as calcium channel blocking activity, synergic combination of antioxidant,

modulation of GABA-ergic pathway, dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways, supressed

neuronal oxidative stress, synthesis of brain protein (49; 50). Several products are available

for the same such as herbalist (Bramhi powder), Amrutam brain key, cureveda brain boost

trexgenics( Bacopa), organic India (Brahmi), Nutrilite capsules.Fig5

Acorus Calamus

Also known as semi-aquatic medicinal herb, with other names like sweet flag and diversly

available in India, been used as traditional herb for memory enhancement and several

neurological disorders, by increasing overall memory and nervous system strengthens

functions (51; 52). Acorcus calamus rhizomes are used for the memory loss, also from

several studies it is suggested that when given in combination with, bacopa moneria

Rauwolfia serpentia and Centella asiatica. This medicinal plant is known for its therapeutic

properties like memory retention, improved learning performances in animals studies.

Supplements are derived from the leaves, stem and roots and widely used as nootropics,

stimulant, muscle relaxants and It’s a tall like perpetual wetland monocot having scented

leaves with scented rhizomes (53). However it is studied that Acorcus calamus is

traditionally utilized for memory enhancement, improvising the learning, antiaging as well

as anticholinergic activities. Pharmacological studies states Acorus rhizome and derived ß-

asaronehave therapeutic action such as CNS depressant, anti-convulsant, inhibitory

acetylcholinesterase activity, memory enchancement, antispasmodic, hypolipidemic,

diuretic, anti cancerous, anti-diarrheal, anti-microbial, antihelmintic and some mutagenic

effects (54; 55).12 Several products are available for the same such as Acorus calamus CH,

Bixa botanical vacha root powder, Naturmed S vach powder, Himalayan calamus.Fig6



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A-linolenic acid

A-linolenic acid is an impactful source for the brain, it binds with the receptor on cellular

level with neurotransmitter serotonin, on synapse which is usually considered as cheerful

feeling along with A-linolenic acid involving cerebrum capacities. It is usually found in fishes

and species like salmon, some in almonds, avocadoes, pecans and flaxseeds wherein fish oils

specifically are involved in nerve cell layers and myelin transmission which is benefitted in

keeping veins in the cerebrum sound. Its has studied from clinical and pre-clinical that fish

oils decreases the cerebrum inflammation in cerebral strokes (56). Moreover omega3 are

involved in positive mind state, improved nerve transmission and retaining memory and

related cognitive functions.Fig7

Kola Vera (Caffeine)

Here are many blended suppositions about caffeine and the impacts that it has on the mind.

Caffeine helps in expanding psychological capacity yet additionally has some adverse

consequences (57). It arrives at its most noteworthy fixation in the blood and mind inside

30–40 minutes after utilization and has a disposal half life of 4 to 6 hours and has been

displayed to expand readiness and execution. Kids and grown-ups who devour low portions

of caffeine show expanded sharpness, yet a higher portion is expected to further develop

execution. Charged refreshments help improve shortterm focus and work with learning, just

as memory. Caffeine expands the veins in the mind, whenever devoured in modest

quantities. Adverse

consequences of caffeine are not checked whether it is burned-through 6 hours or all the

more separated and in suitable dosages (58). Such ordinary utilization may likewise upgrade

the neuroprotective activities of adenosine. Adenosine is a nucleoside that contains adenine

as its base. Caffeine has likewise been displayed to have a greater amount of an impact on

working on psychological execution and supporting consideration in more seasoned grown-

ups. Ongoing pre-treatment of caffeine has displayed to diminish ischaemic mind harm, as

well as decreasing the danger of Parkinson's illness (59). Discouragement, stress and

uneasiness might be diminished with caffeine. Refreshments that contain caffeine, normally

have cell reinforcements too, which have show to have a solid relationship with further

developing cerebrum insight (60). Fig8



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Magnolia Officinalis

Magnolia officinalis (commonly known as Houpu Magnolia or Magnolia bark) is one of the

types of magnolia found locally on mountains and valleys of china. It’s a deciduous tree

developed over long height upto 20m in stature having thicker barks and brown in color

containing magnolol, honokiol and obovatol commonly few bioactive constituents of

Magnolia bark indicated for depression, strokes and anxiety.From several pre-clinical studies

it has been proposed that ethanolic extract of Magnolia as well as 4-O-methylhonokiol is

indicated for symptomatic treatment in Alzheimer’s disease (61). Isolated Magnolia

officinalis improves memory impairment while inhibits oxidative stress via preventing

neuronal cell death as well as activates P38 MAP kinases.Fig9

Lycoris Radiata (Red Spider Lilly)

Lycoris Radiata derived spices contains galantamine alkaloid having regulation to

neurotransmitter activity. Studies suggests that it is used for mild symptoms of Alzheimer’s

diseases and several dementias and functions by reversing cholinesterase inhibition also it

decreases the acetylcholine activity in the cerebrum thus indirectly enhances the memory

like functions which is further seen in Alzheimer patients (62). Several similar studies also

suggests that it has been used as mild memory enhancer in elderly patients though it does

not cure completely but has shown mild effects on memory related deficits in

neurodegenerative disorders (63). Fig10

Mitragyna Speciosa (Kratom)

Kratom is a plant that fills normally in pieces of Asia. It has been utilized for quite a long

time by a few distinct societies to help state of mind and for its numerous other medical

advantages. Over the recent many years, kratom has gotten famous in the United States

and numerous other English-talking nations (64). A great many individuals are utilizing it to

further develop disposition, lessen tension, treat persistent torment, and for an assortment

of other reasons. The leaves of kratom has shown therapeutic effects in relation to memory

impairment. Several studies suggest that the consumption of Kratom brewed tea affects the

cognition by improving retaining memory, attention function and executive function

(65).Fig11



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Glucose

Glucose is an important element to function brain, and the consistent flow in the brain

functions the body accordingly. Ideal intellectual prowess is arrived at when blood glucose

level is steady (66). Sugar levels can spike in the blood brain concentration and increases the

alertness though too high sugar levels can repress mental capacity thus it is understood to

be an important part in the diet as well including complex carbs found in fibre rich foods,

grains, proteins and vegetables and considered as better forms of glucose as they don’t

spike glucose levels comparatively (67). Having balance diet can keep up with the good

supply of glucose to brain as brain cant store glucose so consistent supply is to be

maintained throughout and shortage to such can lead to loss of focus and concentration.

Glucose the widespread to significant synapse for neurotransmitter activity, such as in

acetylcholine binding which further connects memory, improves learning functions and

increases the focus (68).

Commiphorawightii (Guggul)

Commiphorawightii (Guggal, Guggul or Mukul myrrh tree) also known as blooming plant of

family Burseraceae usually obsereved as bush or little tree with papery bark (69). It is known

to produce a resinous sap called as gum guggul having a different concentration of gugulipid

which is been utilised in Ayurveda from more than 3,000 years in India (70). From several

studies it has been observed that guggulsterone known as antagonist of faresoid X receptors

in streptozotocin induced memory disorder it functions with oxidant pathway and

acetylcholine binding which has potential to treat dementia and related symptoms

(71).Fig12

Glycyrrhiza glabra (Liquorice)

Liquorice is commonly known as the base of Glycyrrhiza glabra, the roots and the rhizomes

is the root source of the brain tonic, as it builds flow of neurotransmitters in the brain as

well as it maintains the blood glucose levels (72). It has been known for curing memory

related symptoms on scopolamine induced dementia on animal studies. It contains an

important constituent called glycyrrhizin which is indicated for decreased cerebrum loss,

maintaining neuronal capacity and improves memory upto an extent (73).Fig13



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Camellia Sinensis (Green Tea)

Green tea separate contains significant degrees of polyphenols (a bioflavonoid) and is a

sublime wellspring of EGCG (a cell reinforcement many occasions more remarkable than

nutrient E in battling free extremists) (74). Utilization of green tea is related with a lower

commonness of psychological hindrance. Green tea additionally contains follow measures of

theanine which is an interesting aminoacid. Theanine changes over in the cerebrum into

GABA, the neurochemical associated with repressing over dynamic mental exercises, like

pressure, tension, stressing, and anxiety (75). In contrast to spices, theanine secures and

upgrades perception, without causing drowsy or sleepiness. It causes moment unwinding

because of its strong consequences for raising GABA. In contrast to the enhancement GABA,

it goes through the blood mind obstruction promptly and has prevalent GABA raising

impacts (76).Fig14

Tinopsora Cordifolia (Guduchi)

It is a herbaceous plant of the family Menispermaceae native to the tropical spaces of India,

Myanmar and Sri Lanka. Guduchi has been displayed to improve discernment (learning and

memory) in typical rodents and converse cyclosporine induced memory shortfall (77). It

helps in management of Alzheimer’s diseases by improving memory and enhancing the

cognitive functions. Four types are used as memory booster like Guduchi (Tinospora

cordifolia), Mandukaparni (Centellaasiatica), Shankapushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis),

Madhuyashti (Glycyrrhiza glabra). Studies suggests that same has been used to treat

cognitive impairments in rats on cyclosporine induced memory deficts. Fig15

Phyllanthus Amarus

Phyllanhusamarus (bhumi amla) is a little spice of euphorbiaceae family broadly utilized in

ayurvedic arrangement of medications for different illnesses. Fluid concentrate produce

portion subordinate improvement in memory scores at different doses youthful and more

established mice as estimated in raised in addition to labyrinth and detached aversion and

switched amnesia incited by scopolamine at some portion and diazepam at another portion

and further acetylcholinesterase action was likewise decreased thus, possess cholinergic

activity as well as enhances memory functional and learning both (78).Fig16



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Withania Sominefera

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera: solanaceae) otherwise called Indian Ginseng is one of

the broadly utilized spices in the Indian conventional arrangement of medicines.

Ashwagandha is a staple therapeutic in Indian Ayurveda for its multiple indications among

where it is widely used as memory enhancer and used for cognitive deficits, followed by

injuries, and for older age. Some pre-clinicals suggested its potential role as nootropics,

enhancement of cognitive functions, enhancing memory possibly due its cholinomimetic

activity in the experimental models of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s

and Alzheimer’s diseases additional diseases like bipolar disorders, cognitive declines,

psychomotor performances and ameliorates cognitive dysfunction (79).Fig17

Rosa Damascene

Rosa damascene otherwise called damask rose is a rose half breed whose blossoms are

eminent for their fine scent, and are financially reaped for making rose water and rose oil in

perfumery. Chloroform concentrate of the buds of Rosa damascena fundamentally

instigated the neurite outgrowth movement and repressed the Aβ (25–35)- prompted decay

and cell demise in rodents. The length of dendrite in the cells treated with compound

segregated from remove are equivalent to those of nerve development factor (NGF)

treatedcells (80). There are some medicinal uses such because rich in high levels of

flavonoids, like quercetin, myricetin, gallic acid, rutin and kaemferol and several others

which are active metabolites for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases like

Alzheimer’s via upregulation of antioxidant enzymes, protein expressions including brain-

derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor NGF, transcription factor of cyclic

AMP response element binding protein (CREB), and early growth response protein-1 (ERG-1,

or Zif268) and synaptic plasticity and also through their potential to protect vulnerable

neurons, enhance existing neuronal function, stimulate neuronal regeneration, and induce

neurogenesis (81). Fig18

Ipomoea Aquatica

Ipomoea aquatica of family convulvaceae is a semiaquatic plant utilized as a vegetable for

its delicate leaves and shoots. It is otherwise called water spinach, water morning brilliance

or water convolvulus (82). An investigation is intended to assess the acetylcholine improving



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movement of methanolic leaf concentrate of Ipomoea aquatica. It is discovered that

treatment withdifferent doses for 30 days in neonatal and youthful grown-up rodents,

essentially builds acetylcholine level in their hippocampus when contrasted with age

coordinated with control showing reason for further developed learning and memory

(83).Fig19

Salvia Lavandulaefolia

A false treatment controlled, twofold visually impaired, adjusted, hybrid plan study is

created by Tildesley et al to exhaustively evaluate state of mind and cognizance balance by

S. lavandulaefolia. S. lavandulaefolia organization causes an enhancement for the Speed of

Memory T factor (84). There was additionally an enhancement for the Secondary Memory T

factor for the 25-Al portion. Disposition was reliably improved, with expansions in self-

appraised the alertness , calmness and contentedness following the 50-Al portion and

raised calmness following 25 Al. These outcomes address additional proof that Salvia is

equipped for intense balance of state of mind and comprehension in solid youthful grown-

ups (85). Fig20

Prunus Amygdalus

In an examination by Haider et al:, rodents were given almond paste orally for 28 days and

memory work in rodents was surveyed by raised in addition to labyrinth and outspread arm

labyrinth. Mind tryptophan, 5-HT and 5-HIAA were assessed toward the finish of the

treatment by HPLC-EC technique. A critical improvement in learning and memory was seen

of almond treated rodents contrasted with controls (86). Rodents treated with almonds

showed a huge decline in food admission and plasma cholesterol levels while the

adjustment of development rate (as far as rate) stayed similar between the two gatherings.

Investigation of cerebrum tryptophan monoamines displayed upgraded tryptophan levels

and serotonergic turnover in rodent mind following oral admission of almonds.p

runusamygdalus glue additionally fundamentally switch scopolamine prompted amnesia as

displayed by decline in move dormancy in raised labyrinth and step down inertness in

inactive aversion task and furthermore decreases mind acetyl cholinesterase and decrease

in cholesterol and triglycerides and expansion in glucose level and henceforth go about as a

helpful memory re-establishing specialist (87). Fig 21



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Lichi Chinensis

Some Alcoholic and watery concentrates of product of L.chinensis at 100,200 and 400

mg/kg expanded Step-down inertness ,diminished time spent in shock zone and number of

blunders in Passive aversion labyrinth (88). They likewise cause a huge expansion in

intonation proportion in raised labyrinth in diazepam actuated amnesia. In sodium nitrite

actuated hypoxia both concentrate shows a critical expansion on schedule for suspension of

breath time in mice.Fig 22

Hibiscus Rosasinensis

Organization of ethyl acetic acid derivation dissolvable part of the methanol concentrate of

H. rosasinensis lessened amnesia in maturing and scopolamine instigated amnesic mice as

demonstrated bydecrease in separation record in object acknowledgment test and huge

expansion in sync down inertness in latent aversion test, additionally remove essentially

decreased lipid peroxidation and increment level of superoxide dismutase and glutathione

showing its memory improving activity.Aqueous concentrate of calyces of H. Sabdariffa

additionally shows nootropic action at 100 and 200 mg/kg as it diminishes the exchange

latencies and expanded advance down latencies fundamentally in the matured mice and

scopolamine instigated amnesic mice as contrasted and piracetam and furthermore

diminishes acetyl cholinesterase action (89).Fig 23

Daucus Carota

Ethanolic concentrate of seeds of D. carota regularly known as carrot was managed orally in

three portion for seven progressive days to various gatherings of youthful and matured

rodents. Raised in addition to labyrinth, Hebb-Williams labyrinth and hexagonal pool filled in

as the exteroceptive social models for testing memory (90). At a portion of 200 and 400

mg/kg separate showed huge improvement in memory of youthful and matured rodents

and turned around amnesia initiated by scopolamine and diazepam (91).Fig24



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5. Conclusion

Ayurveda accentuates utilization of spices, nutraceuticals or way of life changes for

controlling age related neurodegenerative issues. In conventional act of medications,

different plants have been utilized for neuroprotection. This audit gives some proof of the

advantage of a wide scope of spices for something similar. Plants with memory upgrading

movement are arranged from different diaries to fill in as a kind of perspective for

additional exploration. In greater part of the investigations, the hidden component was

discovered to be against acetylcholinesterase movement and free revolutionary searching

action with the help of the cholinergic transmission. However for future therapeutic use

these herbs can be recommended as nootropics for the awareness of mental functioning,

concentration, and cognition in various neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer,

Parkinson.

Thus, choice of natural nootropics over conventional can be made relevant for use as these

possess minimal side effects and advantageous for human use.



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46. Roodenrys, S., Booth, D., Bulzomi, S., Phipps, A., Micallef, C. and Smoker, J., 2002. Chronic effects of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) on human memory. Neuropsychopharmacology, 27(2), pp.279-281. 47. Shinomol, G.K. and Bharath, M.M., 2011. Exploring the role of “Brahmi”(Bacopa monnieri and Centella asiatica) in brain function and therapy. Recent patents on endocrine, metabolic & immune drug discovery, 5(1), pp.33-49. 48. Chaudhari, K.S., Tiwari, N.R., Tiwari, R.R. and Sharma, R.S., 2017. Neurocognitive effect of nootropic drug Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) in Alzheimer's disease. Annals of neurosciences, 24(2), pp.111-122. 49. Limpeanchob, N., Jaipan, S., Rattanakaruna, S., Phrompittayarat, W. and Ingkaninan, K., 2008. Neuroprotective effect of Bacopa monnieri on beta-amyloid-induced cell death in primary cortical culture. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 120(1), pp.112-117. 50. Dubey, T. and Chinnathambi, S., 2019. Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri): An ayurvedic herb against the Alzheimer's disease. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics, 676, p.108153. 51. Balakumbahan, R., Rajamani, K. and Kumanan, K., 2010. Acorus calamus: An overview. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(25), pp.2740-2745. 52. Rajput, S.B., Tonge, M.B. and Karuppayil, S.M., 2014. An overview on traditional uses and pharmacological profile of Acorus calamus Linn.(Sweet flag) and other Acorus species. Phytomedicine, 21(3), pp.268-276. 53.Manyam, B.V., 1999. Dementia in ayurveda. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 5(1), pp.81-88. 54. KUMAR, A., 2013. Medicinal properties of Acorus calamus. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 3(3), pp.143-144. 55. Bisht, A.S., Bahukhandi, A., Rana, M., Rana, A.J. and Kumar, A., 2021. Acorus calamus. In Naturally Occurring Chemicals Against Alzheimer's Disease (pp. 337-349). Academic Press. 56. Holman, R.T., Johnson, S.B. and Hatch, T.F., 1982. A case of human linolenic acid deficiency involving neurological abnormalities. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 35(3), pp.617-623. 57. Ogbuji, C.A. and Ndulaka, J.C., 2017. Effects of Caffeine from Different Kola Nut Extracts on Kidney and Liver Functions of Male Wistar Rats. Nigerian Food Journal, 35(1), pp.45-50. 58. Iorbee, J.I., Determination of Caffeine Content in Two Varieties of Kola Nut and Some Tea Products Sold in Lafia, North Central Nigeria.



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59. Malczyk, E., Wyka, J., Malczyk, A. and Larma, K., 2021. ASSESSMENT OF CAFFEINE INTAKE WITH FOOD BY POLISH FEMALES AND MALES. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig, 72(3). 60. Joshi Pranav, C., 2013. A review on natural memory enhancers (Nootropics). Unique Journal of Engineering and Advanced Sciences, 1(01), pp.8-18. 61. Lee, J.W., Lee, Y.K., Lee, B.J., Nam, S.Y., Lee, S.I., Kim, Y.H., Kim, K.H., Oh, K.W. and Hong, J.T., 2010. Inhibitory effect of ethanol extract of Magnolia officinalis and 4-O-methylhonokiol on memory impairment and neuronal toxicity induced by beta-amyloid. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 95(1), pp.31-40. 62.OKAMOTO, T., TORII, Y. and Isogai, Y.O., 1968. Lycoricidinol and lycoricidine, new plant-growth regulators in the bulbs of Lycoris radiata herb. Chemical and pharmaceutical bulletin, 16(9), pp.1860-1864. 63. Hayashi, A., Saito, T., Mukai, Y., Kurita, S. and Hori, T.A., 2005. Genetic variations in Lycoris radiata var. radiata in Japan. Genes & genetic systems, 80(3), pp.199-212. 64. Ahmad, K. and Aziz, Z., 2012. Mitragyna speciosa use in the northern states of Malaysia: a cross-sectional study. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 141(1), pp.446-450. 65. Singh, D., Müller, C.P., Vicknasingam, B.K. and Mansor, S.M., 2015. Social functioning of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) users in Malaysia. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 47(2), pp.125-131. 66. Benton, D., Owens, D.S. and Parker, P.Y., 1994. Blood glucose influences memory and attention in young adults. Neuropsychologia, 32(5), pp.595-607. 67. Benton, D. and Sargent, J., 1992. Breakfast, blood glucose and memory. Biological Psychology, 33(2-3), pp.207-210. 68. Hall, J.L., Gonder-Frederick, L.A., Chewning, W.W., Silveira, J. and Gold, P.E., 1989. Glucose enhancement of performance of memory tests in young and aged humans. Neuropsychologia, 27(9), pp.1129-1138. 69. Zhu, N., Rafi, M.M., DiPaola, R.S., Xin, J., Chin, C.K., Badmaev, V., Ghai, G., Rosen, R.T. and Ho, C.T., 2001. Bioactive constituents from gum guggul (Commiphora wightii). Phytochemistry, 56(7), pp.723-727. 70. Kumar, S. and Shankar, V., 1982. Medicinal plants of the Indian desert: Commiphora wightii (Arnott) Bhand. Journal of Arid Environments, 5(1), pp.1-11. 71. Meselhy, M.R., 2003. Inhibition of LPS-induced NO production by the oleogum resin of Commiphora wightii and its constituents. Phytochemistry, 62(2), pp.213-218. 72. Dhingra, D., Parle, M. and Kulkarni, S.K., 2004. Memory enhancing activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra in mice. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 91(2-3), pp.361-365.



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85. Moss, L., Rouse, M., Wesnes, K.A. and Moss, M., 2010. Differential effects of the aromas of Salvia species on memory and mood. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 25(5), pp.388-396. 86. Kulkarni, K.S., Kasture, S.B. and Mengi, S.A., 2010. Efficacy study of Prunus amygdalus (almond) nuts in scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 42(3), p.168. 87. Bhatia, N., Kumar, A., Kaur, P., George, B., Kaur, N., Khan, M.U. and Dhawan, R.K., 2021. Protective effect of Prunus amygdalus nut extract on chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) induced memory deficits and biochemical alterations in rats. Advances in Traditional Medicine, pp.1-10. 88. Sun, Y., Wu, A., Li, X., Qin, D., Jin, B., Liu, J., Tang, Y., Wu, J. and Yu, C., 2020. The seed of Litchi chinensis fraction ameliorates hippocampal neuronal injury in an Aβ25-35-induced Alzheimer’s disease rat model via the AKT/GSK-3β pathway. Pharmaceutical biology, 58(1), pp.35-43. 89. Al-Snafi, A.E., 2018. Chemical constituents, pharmacological effects and therapeutic importance of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis-A review. Journal of Pharmacy, 8(7), pp.101-119. 90. Vasudevan, M. and Parle, M., 2006. Pharmacological evidence for the potential of Daucus carota in the management of cognitive dysfunctions. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 29(6), pp.1154-1161. 91. Mani, V., PARLE, M., RAMASAMY, K. and MAJEED, A.B.A., 2010. Anti-dementia potential of Daucus carota seed extract in rats. dementia, 2, p.3.



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Legends of figure

Fig1: Ginkgo Biloba

Fig2 : Panax Ginseng

Fig 3: Rhodiola Rosea



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Fig 4: Peri Winkle

Fig 5: Bacopa Monnieri (Brahmi)

Fig 6: Acorus Calamus



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Fig7: Fish Oil Capsules

Fig 8: Kola Vera (Caffeine)

Fig 9:Mangnolia Officinalis



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Fig 10:Lycoris Radiata (Red Spider Lilly)

Fig 11:Mitragyna Speciosa (Kratom)

Fig 12:Commiphorawightii (Guggul)



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Fig 13:Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Liquorice)

Fig 14: Camellia Sinensi (Green Tea)

Fig 15: Tinopsora Cordifolia (Guduchi)



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Fig 16: Phyllanthus Amarus

Fig 17: WithaniaSominefera

Fig 18:Rosa Damascene



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Fig 19:Ipomoea Aquatica

Fig 20: Salvia Lavandulaefolia

Fig 21:Prunus Amygdalus



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Fig 22: Lichi Chinensis

Fig 23:Hibiscus Rosasinensis

Fig24: Daucus Carota



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Natural Nootropics, Memory boosters -An overview

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