Livelihood and Sustainable Village Development

“Livelihood and Sustainable Village Development:

A Study of Selected Villages”

Dissertation Submitted to

Krantiguru Shayamji Krishana Verma Kachchh University

Mundra Road,

Bhuj – Kachchh.

For the Degree of

Master of Philosophy

In

Economics

Faculty: Arts

By

Goswami Dishabahen Arvindbharthi

Under the guidance of

Dr. Naimesh R. Desai

Assistant Professor,

Department of Statistics,

Shri R.R.Lalan College of Arts and Science,

Bhuj - Kachchh.

2

Statement 1 I, the undersigned, Goswami Dishabahen Arvindbharthi declare that the

Dissertation to be submitted by me is my original work. No part of this research

is submitted to this university or elsewhere for any degree or diploma.

The Dissertation submitted by me is my original work. Data and tables

used in Dissertation are clearly indicated in references at the end of the tables.

Economic interpretation of data analysis is made to reach the conclusion of this

research.

Date: (Goswami Dishabahen Arvindbharthi)

Place:

3

Statement 2 I, undersigned, dissertation guide for Goswami Dishabahen

Arvindbharthi, declare that the work undertaken and submitted by Goswami

Dishabahen Arvindbharthi is to the best of my knowledge her original work and

she has not submitted earlier such work to any other university or to this

university for any other degree or diploma.

Dr. Naimesh R. Desai

Assistant Professor,

Department of Statistics,

Shri R. R. Lalan College,

Bhuj – Kachchh.

4

Acknowledgements:

First, I pray to god without whose kind blessings pursuits for knowledge

would not have begun.

After God I am grateful to my family for their emotional strength and

incessant love. I would like to express gratitude to my grandmother, my mother

and my brother for their constant care which encourages me in concentrate in

the work. I owe to my father who shared his most of time with me in collecting

data. I would like to appreciate kind help of my younger sister in making

tabulations.

I am really grateful to Dr. Tushar Hathi for encouraging me all the time

and for giving the broad knowledge of how to do research work.

I would like to express gratitude to my guide Dr. Naimesh R. Desai who

helped me a lot in finding solution of hypothesis, developed my points and

clarifying the points with statistical method.

I am also grateful to Shri R. R. Lalan College, in general and Department

of Economics in particular for strong foundations laid in me.

I put on record the administrative support from the Department of

Economics and specially Ms. Dhairya Bhatt for her constant help.

Finally I thank all my friends and colleagues, my all teachers and all those

people who kept me alive during the period of my course.

5

Table of Contents

Particulars Page

No.

Chapter 1: Introduction 11

1.1 fundamentals of ‘Capability, Equity and Sustainability 12

1.1.1 Capability 12

1.1.2 Equity 12

1.1.3 Sustainability 12

1.2 Concept of Livelihood 13

1.2.1 Conceptualization of livelihood in brief 14

1.2.2 Determinants of livelihood 15

1.2.3 The Nature of human livelihood 15

1.3 Concept of Sustainable Development 18

1.4 Concept of Sustainable Village Development 18

1.5 The Changing Faces of Rural Livelihood in India 19

1.5.1 Changing Trends in Agriculture 20

1.5.2 Changing Trends in Rural Non-Farm Sectors 21

References 23

Chapter 2: Research Design 25 2.1 Research problem 25

2.2 Review of literature 26

2.3 Objectives 31

2.4 Hypothesis 31

2.5 Design of Sample 31

2.6 Collections of data 32

2.7 Statistical tools 32

2.8 Significances of the research 33

2.9 Limitation of the research 33

Reference 34

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Chapter 3: Overview of Study Area: District,

Sample Blocks and Sample Villages 37

3.1 Highlights of the District 37

3.2 District at glance (Year 2001) 38

3.3 Major Characteristics of District and importance

of the District in the form of Historical Bond 39

3.3.1 Agricultural, Mineral and Forest Products 39

3.3.2 Famous for its Block printing and embroidery 39

3.3.3 Contribution in the form of historical bond 40

3.4 Important statistics of Sample Blocks (Year 2001) 43

3.5 Highlights of Sample Blocks 44

3.6 Historical monuments and places of Tourist interest in blocks 46

3.7 Profile of the Sample Villages in brief 47

3.8 Important statistics of Sample Villages 48

Chapter 4: Summary of findings 52

4.1 Socio-Demographic profile of the sample households 53

4.2 Classification of sample households according

to availability of basic amenities 62

4.3 Detailed analysis of Source of Livelihoods of Sample

Households and Characteristics of it 82

4.3.1 Agricultural Labourers 82

4.3.2 Animal Husbandry 84

4.3.3 Farmers 86

4.3.4 Wage Labourers 91

4.4 Testing of Hypothesis 93

Chapter 5: Conclusions 100

Reference 102

List of Bibliography 103

Questionnaire 104

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List of Tables Name of Tables Page

No.

1.1 Household livelihood in four categories of parts 15

3.1 Important Statistics of the District (Year 2001) 38

3.2 Important statistics of Sample Blocks (Year 2001) 43

3.3 Information of sample villages about approach to road

and distance from district and block head quarter 47

3.4 Important statistics of Sample Villages: 48

3.5 Classification of villages according to availability of amenities 49

4.1 Distributions of Sample Households by Religion 53

4.2 Distributions of Sample Households by Caste 54

4.3 Distributions of sample population by age group 55

4.4 Distribution of sample population by educational attainment 56

4.5 Classification of Sample Population according to percentage

of Illiterates and Literates 57

4.6 Classifications of Sample Households according to Occupation 59

4.7 Classifications of Sample Households according to Income 60

4.8 Distributions of Sample Households according to owner of the House 62

4.8.1 Distributions of Households According To Owner of the House 62

4.9 Distributions of Sample Households by Condition of the House 64

4.10 Distributions of Sample Households by Availability of Lighting 65

4.10.1 Distributions of households by availability of lighting 65

4.11 Distributions of Sample Households by type of fuel used for cooking 67

4.11.1 Distributions of Households by Type of Fuel Used For Cooking 67

4.12 Distributions of Sample Households by Availability of Sanitation 69

4.13 Distributions of Sample Households by availability of Separate

Kitchen 70

4.13.1 Distributions of Households by Availability of Separate Kitchen 70

4.14 Distributions of Sample Households by Source of Drinking Water 72

4.14.1 Distributions of Households by Source of Drinking Water 72

4.15 Classifications of Sample Households According To

Availability of Ration Card 74

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4.16 Classifications of Sample Households According To

Bank Account and Insurance Availability 75

4.17 Classifications of Sample Households by Asset Availability 77

4.18 Distributions of Sample Households according to No. Of

Households having each of the Specified Assets in Numbers 78

4.19 Distributions of Sample Household by Size of Family

and Numbers of Rooms available (Nakhatrana Block) 79

4.19.1 Distributions of Sample Household by Size of Family

and Numbers of Rooms available (Abadasa Block) 80

4.20 Distributions of Sample Household by Number of

Married Couple in Family and Availability of Separate Room 80

4.21 Calculation of Agricultural Laborer’s Income 83

4.22 Calculation of Livestock Developer’s Income 85

4.23 Calculation of Farmers’s Income 87

4.23.1 Distribution of farmers according to land holding

capacity and income 89

4.23.2 Classification of farmers according to their usage of

fertilizers and selling procedure for production 90

4.24 Calculation of Wage Laborer’s Income 92

4.25 Hypothesis 1 94



4.27.1 Hypothesis 3 96





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List of Charts Name of Figure Page

No.

1.1 Conceptualization of livelihood 14

1.2 Component and flows in livelihood 17

3.1 Map of the Kachchh District 36

3.2 Map of the Nakhatrana Block 41

3.3 Map of the Abadasa Block 42

4.1 Distributions of Sample Households by Religion 53

4.2 Distributions of Sample Households by Caste 54

4.3 Distributions of sample population by age group 55

4.4 Distributions of Sample Population by Educational Attainment 56

4.5 Distribution of Sample Population by Educational Attainment with

percentage

57

4.6 Classifications of sample households according to occupation 59

4.7 Classifications of sample households according to Income 60

4.8 Distribution of Households according to owner of the house (Both

Blocks in Sample Households and Blocks in General)

62

4.9: Distributions of Sample Households by Condition of the House

(Both Blocks in Sample Households and Blocks in General)

64

4.10 Distributions of Households by Availability of Lighting (Both


66

4.11 Distributions of Households by Type of Fuel Used for Cooking

(Both blocks in sample households and blocks in general)

67

4.12 Distributions of Households by Availability of Separate Kitchen


70

4.13 Distributions of Households by Source of Drinking Water (Both


72

10

4.14 Classifications of Sample Households according to availability of

Ration Card

74

4.15 Classifications of sample Households by having account in Bank 75

4.16 Classifications of sample households by asset availability 77

4.17 Distributions of Sample Households according to No. of

Households having Each of the Specified Assets in Numbers

78

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Chapter-1 Introduction In almost every domain of human life, change is accelerating. This is true

where ever we look in the Ecological, Economic, Intellectual, Political,

Professional, Psychological, and Social or Technological aspects of life. It is not

just that change is fast; it is getting faster and faster. In this context, future

conditions become harder and harder to predict. In this way, we are failing to

predict ‘future uncertainty’ and we are wrong in our anticipations of the future

needs.

In this time of changes and future uncertainty, there is wide gap between

development of ‘Rural’ and ‘Urban’ areas. In the development process, the city

has been engine of modernization and progress whether it would be through

firstly commerce, industrialization, modernization and so on. On the other hand,

village perhaps is the most unsustainable form of industrial production, in the

modern world.

The implication for urban and rural development strategies, much of the

arguments and concentration apply to urban condition, but focus should be turn

up towards the rural. This is for two reasons. First the needs of the rural people

are likely to get even less attention. Material, aspiration and political

organization combine to concentrates resources in urban areas (Mehta 1990).

And the second rural areas in developing countries to support many more

people.

The conflicts between these two terms, urban and rural development,

should recognize that our rural resources is already unsustainable in those

regions where there is highest population growth rates and most weak rural

environment. Any strategies for development for the 21st century is concerned

with ‘People, Equity and Sustainability’ have the question of how a vastly larger

number of people can gain at least their basically decent rural livelihood in a

manner which can be sustained.

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1.1 Fundamentals of Capability, Equity and Sustainability: From the debate of the past few years we have taken three concepts

variously found in the social sciences. Each concept is represented by a single

world. Each has two sides normatively and descriptive. Used normatively, each

states a desirable goal or criterion for evolution and used descriptively, each can

be measured in principle. The three concepts are ‘Capability, Equity and

Sustainability’.

1.1.1 Capability: The word capability has been used by Amartya Sen (Sen 1984, 1987) to

refer to being able to perform certain basic functioning to what a person is

capable of doing and being. It includes for example, to be adequately nourished

to be comfortably clothed, to avoid escapable morbidity and preventable

mortality, to lead a life without shame, to be able to visit and entertain one’s

friends, to keep track of what is going on and what is others are talking about

(Sen 1987:18; Dreeze and Sen 1990:11). Quality of life is in terms of valued

activities and the ability to choose and perform those activities. The word

capability, has a wide span and being democratically defined, has diverse specific

meaning of different places including the many criteria of well- being of poor

people themselves.

Within the generality of Sen’s use of capability, there is a subset of

‘Livelihood capabilities’ that include being able to cope with stress and shocks,

and being able to find and make use of livelihood opportunities.

1.1.2 Equity : In conventional terms equity can be measured in terms of relative income

distribution. But we use the word more broadly to imply a less unequal

distribution of assets, capabilities and opportunities and especially enhancement

of those of the most deprived. It includes an end to urban and rural poverty and

deprivation.

1.1.3 Sustainability : In development prose ‘Sustainable’ has replaced ‘integrated’ as a

versatile synonym for ‘good’. Few, if any, dissent from of the view that

development should now be sustainable. There are, though, many meanings and

interpretations of the term. Environmentally, sustainability refers to the new

13

global concern with pollution, global warming, deforestation, misuse or

overexploitation of non-renewable resources.

There should be a long term view to have a sense of ‘global village’ with

limited resources threatened by wasteful and polluting consumption on the one

hand and by rapid growth of population on the other. In the livelihood context,

we will use sustainability in a more focused manner to mean the ability to

maintain and improve livelihoods while maintaining or enhancing the local and

global assets and capabilities on which livelihood depend.

1.2 Concept of Livelihood : A concept of livelihoods was put forward in the report of an Advisory

Panel of the ‘World Commission on Environment and Development’. (WCED

1987a:2-5).

“A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets (stores, resources, claim

and access) and activities required for a means of living; a livelihood is

sustainable which can cope with and recover from stress and shocks, maintain or

enhance its capabilities and assets, and provide sustainable livelihood

opportunities for the next generation; and which contributes net benefits to other

livelihoods at the local and global levels and in the short term and long term”.

A livelihood in its simplest sense is a means of gaining a living. It is an

integrated concept with ‘Capabilities, Equity and Sustainability.’ Capabilities

are both as an end and means of livelihood: a livelihood provides the support for

the enhancement and exercise of capabilities (an end); and capabilities (a mean)

permit to be gained. Equity is both an end a means: any definition of equity must

include adequate and decent livelihood for all (an end); and equity in assets and

access are pre- conditions (means) for gaining adequate and decent livelihood.

Sustainability too is both end and means: Sustainability in resources is value or

end in itself; and it provides conditions (means) for livelihood to be sustained for

future generations.

Livelihoods were seen as a means of serving the objectives of both equity

and sustainability. And it provides resources and conditions for the enhancement

and exercise of capabilities.

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1.2.1 Conceptualization of livelihood in brief : Livelihoods of the people can never be understood in any one-track logic -

be it economic, social, technical, cultural or political. The figure which is given

below throws more light on the concept.

Figure 1.1: Conceptualization of livelihood

The figure has shown how the development strategy and assets can

impact on well-mannered livelihood. In terms of Risk and Vulnerability, we

accept and expand broad use of assets to include normal living as well as survival

in crisis. The livelihood approach is based on the asset status of the poor is

fundamental to understanding the options open to them, five categories of assets

(or capital) – natural, social, human, physical and financial. Analysis of assets

should be checked how access to assets changed over the time rather than what

people have. In terms of physical capital skilled labour, knowledge and creativity

of them are included and it effects direct on access of adequate and decent

livelihood. While in terms of natural capital include income earning activity

related to nature. Political, human and social capitals are interlinked with each

other. Variously provision of food, cash and other goods to satisfy human needs

and this is consumed or invested in other assets. Financial capital leads

production to surplus to immediate consumption requirement.

Source: Hiremath B., IRM, Anand

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1.2.2 Determinants of livelihood: There are several initial determinants of livelihood. Many livelihoods are

largely predetermined by accident of birth livelihood. In village India, children

may be born into cast with assigned role as potters, farmers, shepherds, landless

Labourers. Gender also defined socially pervasive determinants of livelihood

activities. Not necessarily a person may be born, socialized and apprenticed into

present at birth livelihood- as a farmer with land and tools, forest guard with

trees, shopkeepers with shop and stock, and shepherds with animals, each of

them may in turn create a new household or households in the same occupation.

Some people improvise livelihood with largely determined by social,

economic and ecological environment in which they find themselves. A person or

a household may also chose a livelihood, especially through education and

migration. Those who are better of usually have a wider choice than those who

are worse off and wider choice is usually generated by growth. In a future of

accelerating change, skillful capabilities to develop new opportunities may more

needed.

1.2.3 The nature of human livelihoods: The simple definition of a livelihood is as a means of securing living

summary a reality which comes into focus as being complex.

The definition of livelihood can be different hierarchical level is the

household, usually meaning the human group which shares, same fireplace for

cooking. In adopting this level in which the well being and access of same

household members, and specially women and children, broader level of

complete family, the social group, and the community. As per this context we will

here use the household as the unit of analysis.

Table 1.1: Household livelihood in four categories of parts:

People Their livelihood capabilities

Activities What they do

Asset Tangible (resources and stores) and intangible (claims and

access) which provide material and social means

Gain or outputs A living, what they gain from what they do

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The core of a livelihood can be expressed as a living and the main

components and relationship presented in figure 1.2

Figure 1.2: Component and flows in livelihood

PEOPLE

TANGIBLE ASSETS INTENGIBLE ASSETS Source: Swift (1989) Of these components, the most complex is the tangible and intangible

assets.

In approaching to this, Swift (1989) provides a good starting point. In his

analysis, he distinguished three classes of assets – investment, stores and claims.

Adopting his division of assets into tangible ‘tangible’ and ‘intangible’, separated

out stores and resources as a ‘tangible’, and claims and access as ‘intangible’.

While these are large categories, putting them together avoids problems of

overlapping. Stores are often resources and vice versa, and claims requires

access if they are to have any value. The two groups can be continued as follows:

Stores and Resources: These are tangible assets commanded by a household. ‘Stores’ include

food stocks, stores of a value such as a gold, jewellery and, and cash saving in

banks and credit schemes. ‘Resources’ include land, water, trees and livestock

and farm equipment, domestic tools etc. Assets are often both stores and

resources, as with livestock, trees and saving.

LIVELIHOOD CAPABILITIES

A LIVING

STORES AND RESOURCES

CLAIMS AND ACCESS


A LIVING


CLAIMS AND ACCESS


A LIVING


CLAIMS AND ACCESS


CLAIMS AND ACCESS


A LIVING


A LIVING


A LIVING


CLAIMS AND ACCESS

A LIVING


CLAIMS AND ACCESS

A LIVING



CLAIMS AND ACCESS

A LIVING


17

Claims and Access: These are intangible assets of a household. ‘Claims’ are demands and

appeals which can be made for material, moral or other practical support or

access. The support may take many forms, such as food, implements, loans, or

work. Claims are often made at times of stress or shock, or when other

emergency arise. Claims may be made on individuals or agencies, on relatives,

neighbors, communities, social group or NGO’s, government or the international

community, including programmers for poverty alleviation. They are based on

combinations of right, power, and moral requirement.

‘Access’ is the opportunity in practice to use a resource, store or service

or to use a resource, store or service or to obtain information, employment, food

or income. Services are including transport, education, health, and markets.

Information includes extension service, radio, television and news papers.

Technology includes techniques of cultivation and new seeds. Employment and

other income earning activities include rights to common property resources

(CPRs) such as fuel wood or grazing on communal lands.

Out of these tangible and intangible assets people construct and arrange a

living, using physical labour skills and knowledge. Skills and knowledge may be

acquired within the household, passed on generation to generation.

Rural livelihood themselves comprise one or more than one several

activities. These can include cultivation, wage labour, livestock developers,

artisan work, providing services in transport such as carrying. They variously

provide food, cash and other good to satisfy a wide variety of human needs.

As Swift (1989) points out, such investments occur when production leads

to a surplus beyond immediate consumption requirement. Investment are made

in enhancing or acquiring resources, in establishing claims, in gaining access,

and in improving capabilities.

Capabilities may be enhanced again through investment in education and

training. The results of successful investment are added quality of assets and/or

capabilities which can be used in future threats to survival. Improvement in

capabilities in the provide condition and opportunities for wide choices,

diminishing powerlessness, promoting self-respect, reinforce moral and in other

ways improving the quality of living.

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1.3 Concept of Sustainable Development: The term sustainable development was first used by the Brundtland

Commission, “meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of

future generation to meet their own needs.”

Sustainable Development is balancing the fulfillment of human needs with

protection of natural environment so that these needs can be met not only in

present but in the infinite future.

The term Sustainable development is not only focus on environmental

issues; it is also economic, social, and political and so on. In support to this some

United Nations text in the 2005 World Summit outcome document; refer to the

‘interpedently and mutually reinforcing pillars of sustainable development and

environmental protection.’ The universal declaration, “Cultural diversity is as

necessary for human kind as biodiversity is for nature. One of the roots of

development understood not simply in terms of economic growth but also as a

means to achieve a more satisfactory intellectual, emotional, moral, and

spiritual.” (Ghosh and Gupta: 2008:562)

Sustainable development requires that societies meet human need both by

increasing productive potential and by insuring equitable opportunities for all.

Sustainable development is a determined concept has sustainability and deep

ecology. Different conceptions between this and also expose tension between the

terms. Thus, the concept rests a large amount of debate as to its precise

definition.

1.4 Concept of Sustainable Village Development: According to District Census Handbook, Census of India, 2001

definition of village is “The basic unit for rural areas is the revenue village,

which has definite surveyed boundaries. The revenue village may comprise of

one or more hamlets but the entire village treated as one unit for presentation of

data. In un surveyed areas, like villages within forest areas, each habitant area

with locally recognized boundaries is treated as one village”.

Mostly the term village is use as agri-business. But it is not just only

agriculture. The associate village with agriculture is clearly only the part of

story. Village provide to all with food, with water, with resources and especially

19

with the places to be relaxed and so on. Another characteristic of village is

defined highest population growth. When we said that the satisfactions of human

needs are objectives of development, the essential need of huge numbers of

people in villages for food, for clothing, shelter, jobs are not being met and

beyond their basic needs this people have legitimate desire for an improved

quality of life.

In this context, sustainable village development should be defined in two

terms highest population growth and availability of environment. Village is

Sustainable when it can meet with the needs of present without compromising

the ability of future generation to meet their own need and sufficient use of

available environment resources.

1.5 The changing faces of rural livelihood in India: India is witnessing a series of changes since early nineties. In 2007, Sensex

crossed 20000 points at the same time India ranked 94th out of 118 countries in

the Global Hunger Index. Unprecedented numbers of farmers suicides, big

corporate houses entering into retail business, land allocation for Special

Economic Zones, boom in information technology and IT enabled services, zero

growth rates in employment, are among many such events that needs

introspection.

In recent years the Indian government has made huge investments in

development of infrastructure like roads, telecommunication, etc. It has also

passed legislation to benefit rural citizens. For example, under universal service

obligation, each village should have a village public telephone installed and

maintained by the service providers. Also, the “Right to Information Act” passed

recently was to make the government system accountable to the citizens.

However, civil society organizations are often unaware of such legislation and

they fail to pull the benefits. Corporate houses, private business houses and

largely urban citizens are making effective use of the provisions. Thus, the

benefits are inequitably distributed between the rural and urban areas. This

rural-urban divide in accessing infrastructure services coupled with inability of

civil society organizations to utilize the existing provisions has contributed to the

slow growth of livelihood opportunities in rural areas.

20

It takes holistic consideration of things that the poor might be vulnerable

to, assets and resources that help them thrive and survive, policies and

institutions that impact their livelihoods, how the poor respond to threats and

opportunities and what sort of outcomes the poor aspire to.

1.5.1 Changing trends in Agriculture: In recent years, land based livelihoods of small and marginal farmers are

increasingly becoming unsustainable, since their land has not been able to

support the family’s food requirements and fodder for their cattle. As a result,

rural households are forced to look at alternative means for supplementing their

livelihoods.

Majority of the farmers derived their livelihood from agriculture. During

the Tenth five year plan, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) originating from

agriculture and allied activities was 2.3 percent compared to 8.0 percent in the

industrial sector and 9.5 percent During this plan period, the growth in the

agriculture and allied activities averaged 2.3 percent which is lower than that of

3.2 percent during the 1990s and 4.4 percent during the 1980s. Also, there is a

shift from staples to cash crops which is the major reason for food insecurity.

From 1960-61 to 1998-99 the area under grain crops has gone down from 45

million hectares to 29.5 million hectares, area under cotton has increased from

7.6 to 9.3 million hectares and area under sugarcane has increased from 2.4 to

4.1 million hectares. Since 1990-91, due to the new economic policies, the area

under food grains and coarse grains have declined by -2 and -18 percent

respectively while area under non-food cash crops such as cotton and sugar-cane

have increased by 25 and 10 percent respectively. (Hiremath 2007)

The agricultural sector is facing the new challenges such as diminishing

land resources, factor productivity decline, threatened loss of bio-diversity,

natural resource degradation, widening economic inequality, etc that have

serious implications on the livelihoods of the poor. Indian agriculture has also

come under significant adjustment pressure from market liberalization and

globalization.

The changing consumer preferences have added to the complexities of

adjustment. The food consumption pattern in India is diversifying towards high

21

value commodities. The decline in per capita consumption of cereals, in

particular coarse cereals, has worsened the nutritional status of the rural poor.

In the case of the poor, total consumption of high value cereals like rice has

declined by 10 percent due to rise in prices of cereals in real terms during the

1990s and dietary diversification towards non-food grains. Similarly, average

daily intake of protein by the Indian population decreased from 60.2 grams to 57

grams in the rural area between 1993-94 and 2004-05 (Praduman Kumar, 2007).

Food security is only one (although extremely important) element of

livelihood security. But since farmers never make their decisions in a one-track

logic, it seems possible that the one-track security based on food alone would

have to be enlarged to the more holistic notion of security of livelihood, or

speaking even more simply- life-security. Livelihood security encompasses food

security, social security and psychic security. Each one of them has some basic

minimum entry level to achieve and maintain and also must be pursued in a

balanced way.

In the absence of adequate income farmers are attracting by off-farm

activity, it turns up in migration and becomes stable to overall livelihood

security. Many development agencies seek to reduce distress migration by

providing opportunities to farmers to increase their income from land based

activities through commercialization of agriculture. Often the approaches taken

are uneven.

1.5.2 Changing trends in rural non farm sectors: The rural non-farm economy is the primary source of income and

employment for many of India’s poor. The sector therefore plays a key role in

determining future prospects for employment growth and poverty alleviation in

the country. A large share of rural manufacturing involves agro-processing and

the production and supply of farm inputs. Agricultural performance therefore

tends to influence growth in the non-farm economy. A growing agriculture

demands production inputs in addition to supplying raw materials to transport,

processing and marketing firms. And increases in farm income stimulated

demand for consumer goods.

22

Rural livelihoods are affected by globalization such as entry of corporate

sector in retail business and expand in SEZ. With example of retail industries we

can understand the impact of it.

The entry of corporate retail is nothing but a hijack of India’s vibrant,

well organized retail service economy. Corporate retail will not create two

million jobs; but it will destroy 38 million livelihoods of people involved in

running small shops and street markets. The growth being projected as a new

contribution to the economy hides the destruction of the contribution of the 40

million people involved in small retail to the Indian economy(Hiremath b., 2007).

India is a land of retail democracy. Hundreds of thousands of weekly

haats and bazaars are located across the length and breadth of our country by

people's own self-organizational capacities. India’s streets are bazaars – lively,

vibrant, and safe and the source of livelihood for millions. India has the highest

shop density in the world, with 11 outlets per 1000 people not including the

village haats.

Our retail democracy is characterized by high levels of livelihoods in

retail with nearly 40 million employed accounting for 8 percent of the

employment and 4 percent of the entire population. It is predominantly self

organized with low capital input and highly decentralized. In a country with

large population and high levels of poverty, this model of retail democracy is the

most appropriate in terms of ecological sustainability and economic viability. By

2011, more than 6600 mega stores are planned with investment of Rs. 40,000

crore. Reliance plans to invest $5 billion over next four years to open thousands

of retail stores. Walmart’s partner Bharti also plans to invest up to $2.5 billion in

new stores in the next eight years. The entry of the giant corporate retail in

India's food market will have direct impact on India's 650 million farmers and

40 million people employed in tiny retail. (Hiremath B., 2007)

The rapid changes at the macro level that India witnessed since the early

nineties has contributed to the instability of the livelihood systems of the poorer

section of both rural and urban households. While the benefits of globalisation

process have largely accrued to the urban sector growth the rural sector has

been left behind. Slowdown in agricultural growth and productivity, changing

cropping patterns, increase in distress migration, changing consumption

23

patterns, government policies favouring industrial houses, among others have

seriously undermined the food and livelihood security of the poorer households.

References: WDR -1991, “World Development Report 1991”,Oxford University Press

for the World Bank

Sen A., 1981 “Poverty & Famines: an assay on Entitlement and Famines”,

Clarendon Press, Oxford.

-1984, “Resources, Values & Development” Basij Blackwell, Oxford.

-1987, “The standard of living”, The Tanner Lectures, Clare Hall,

Cambridge 1985, Cambridge Uni. Press, Cambridge.

Quoted from Chambers, R. and Conway, G., 1991 “Sustainable Rural

Livelihoods: practical concepts for the 21st century.” IDS Discussion

Paper 296

Dreze, J. and Sen A., 1989 “Public action for social Security: Foundations

and strategy” DEP No.20, the Development Economics Research

Program, London School of Economics, London- August.

Mehta S.B. “Garibo Garib Kem rahe chhe: Duniya na vikas ma saheri

tarfen no ek Abhays” University Granthnirma Board, 1990.

Lipton M. 1975-76, “Why poor people stay poor: A Study of Urban

bias in World Development.”

WCED, 1987 “FOOD 2000: Global Policies for Sustainable Agriculture”,

a report of the Advisory Panel on food security, agriculture, and

environment to the World Commission on Environment and

Development, Zed Books Ltd. London and New Jercy.

Swift, J. 1989 “Why are rural people vulnerable to famine” IDS (Institute

of Development Studies) Bulletin Vol.20. No.2.

Ghosh, D. and Gupta B. 2008 “Accessibility of Basic minimum services:

The Cornerstone of Sustainable Development” paper presented at “The

Indian Economic Associations 91st Annual Conference” Vol.1, 27th & 29th

Dec.2008. The Theme was “Economic Philosophy of Jawaharlal Nahru”

and “Inter Regional Disparities in India”.

24

Praduman Kumar, Mruthyunjaya, Madan M Dey Long-term Changes in

Indian Food Basket and Nutrition, Economic and Political Weekly

September 1, 2007, pp: 3567 -3572.

Hiremath B., 2007 “The Changes Faces of Rural Livelihoods in India”

paper presented at National Civil Society Conference on “What it Takes

Eradicate to Poverty” at Institute of Rural Management, Anand.

25

Chapter 2 Research Design: Research design is needed because it facilitates research operations as

sufficient as possible with maximum information and minimum expenditure of

effort, time and money. It is just like for better economical and attractive

construction of a house, we need blue print, well thought out and prepare by an

expert architect, as similarly we need a research design or a plan in advance of

data collection and analysis for our research project.

“A research design is the arrangement of conditions for the collection and

analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine significance to the research

purpose with economy in practice”. As such the design includes an outline of

what the researcher will do from writing the hypothesis and its operational

implications to the final analysis of data. In a brief, research design must, at

least, contain 1) a clear statement of the research problem; 2) procedures and

techniques to be used for gathering information; 3) the population to be studied

and sample define; 4) methods to be used in processing and analyzing data.

A brief description of the research design for this research is stated as

following:

2.1 Research problem: Quite often we all hear that a problem clearly stated is a problem half

solved. This statement signifies the need for defining a research problem. The

task of define research problem results into more specific formulation of not only

a meaningful from of an operational point of view, but it is equally capable of

paving the way for the development of hypothesis and for means of solving

problem itself. For this research, research problem is states in following terms:

A world in which poverty and inequality are widespread will always lying

on our front to ecological and other crises. And this happens because huge

numbers of rural people are even not meeting with the basic needs such as food,

clothing, shelter, jobs etc. Not only essential basic needs are question but they

have legitimate right for an improved quality of life. The problem is also defined

in terms of people who are accept the impact of it poor and enable to complain

effectively.

26

In India vast numbers of people are living in rural areas and facing

problem related to basic needs availability. It is also true that the problem stated

for, not just because of lack of resources but it is a failure of policy

implementation or we can observe that the whole concentration and resources

are derived in urban areas.

In this context, there are some questions arise: In what condition rural

people are living and what is accessibility of their to achieve their basic needs? Is

there any improvement in these condition or stated as it is; Is there availability of

livelihood in village are enough for present and future generation? And last what

do they gain from what activity they do?

In search of answer to all this questions, I have selected India’s one of the

biggest district in term of area and stands with long coastal line. There are so

many differences of environment and geographical structure within the district.

And it impacts direct on livelihood. Each block is differ from the another block

and as it is same for villages. Ones performance is good in agriculture and other

in any other activity such as animal husbandry, wage labour, trade, and so on.

But the villages are sufficient enough for people to meet their basic needs and

improved quality of life that is the question. It should be examined.

2.2 Review of literature: There is ample research work available concerning the theme. Some

which helped to design the work is summarized as under:

1. Andrew Dorward, Simon Anderson, Susanne Clark, Bernadette Keane and

Julieta Moguel, 2001 “Asset Functions and Livelihood Strategies: A Framework

for Pro-Poor Analysis, Policy and Practice”.

The paper builds the current highlights on the importance of assets in

increasing the productivity and reducing the vulnerability of poor people

livelihoods. A conceptual framework is developed that relates the functions and

attributes of poor people’s assets to their livelihood status and strategies. The

framework promotes more integrated consideration of different assets held by

the poor, and hence facilitates analysis for policy, capacity building and

technological interventions to expand livelihood opportunities for the poor.

27

2. Chakraborty P. Tiwari H., Jha M., (2009) “Sustainable Rural Livelihoods

through Participatory Natural Resource Management”.

The study basically deals with natural resource base and it focus how

natural resources Sustains Rural Livelihood and improves the economic and

social condition of people. The paper analyzed how livelihoods have been

improved in specific area due to the impact of policy intervention through

watershed development. Main focus of this paper is to highlight the impact of

watershed management on the environment and socio-economic aspect of rural

community through participatory natural rural management.

Overall the paper concluded that the participatory approach has notably

contributed towards the sustainability of livelihood for the community as a

consequence of natural resources stabilization. In this context, the beneficiaries

have been able to improve their livelihoods options in the process together with

reversing significantly the degradation of natural environment. The findings of

this paper is limited in the particular region (Midnapur, West Bengal) and it is

true because the universal program (for improvement in livelihood) can not

work effectively in the local area. There must be needed different kind of

livelihood strategies for grass root level.

3. DFID (1999–2005), Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Note 10 “tools for main

streaming disaster risk reduction: Sustainable Livelihood Approach”.

‘Tools for mainstreaming disaster risk reduction: Sustainable livelihood

approach’ is a series of guidance notes for DFID and UNDP. For use by

development organizations in adapting programming, project appraisal and

evaluation tools to mainstream disaster risk reduction into their development

work in hazard-prone countries. The series is also of relevance to stakeholders

involved in climate change adaptation.

This guidance note explains how sustainable livelihoods thinking and

methods can support the incorporation of natural hazards and associated

disaster risk into development project planning. It briefly introduces Sustainable

Livelihood thinking and explains its application to projects and programmes,

with particular emphasis on its relevance to hazards and disasters. It reviews

methods used in Sustainable Livelihoods approaches to assess hazards,

28

vulnerability and risk, and discusses other factors in applying Sustainable

Livelihood to project cycle management.

4. Hiremath B.N., “The Changing Faces of Rural Livelihoods in India”.

This paper throws lights on how the rapid changes at the macro level that

India witnessed since nineties and contribution of this changes into the instability

of the livelihood system of both rural and urban. In the second part paper

observes that the benefits of globalization process derived by the urban sector

and it impact largely to the food and livelihood security of the poorer houses

(both rural and urban).

5. Ian Goldman, James Carnegie, Moscow Marumo, David Marumo, Elaine

Kela, Somi Ntonga, Ed Mwale, (2000) “Institutional support for Sustainable Rural

Livelihoods in Southern Africa: Framework and Methodology (with natural

resource perspectives”.

This paper reports on work carried out in Zimbabwe, Zambia and South

Africa, which used a Sustainable Livelihoods approach to assess the impact of

policy and services on poverty. It used the approach in following through a ‘the

public administration from village to central ministries’. As a result the

sustainable livelihoods framework has been adapted into one for examining

institutional issues. In the series of 50 papers this first paper addresses the

conceptual issues and methodological learning’s of undertaking this type of

audit.

The study has provided a holistic overview of policies and practices that

support or obstruct sustainable livelihood in particular region. An innovative

and participatory methodology has been developed for doing this. Care has been

taken to ensure local ownership since the strategies that have been proposed are

being taken forward.

6. Ian soones, 1997 “Sustainable rural livelihoods – A Framework for analysis”.

This paper outlines a framework for analyzing Sustainable Livelihood,

defined in relation to five key indicators. The indicators are creation of working

days; poverty reduction; well-being and capabilities; livelihood adaptation;

vulnerability and resilience and natural resource base sustainability. The

29

framework shows how, in different context, sustainable livelihood are achieve

through access to a range of livelihood resources (natural, economic, human and

social capitals) which are combined in the search of different livelihood strategies

(agricultural strengthening or reduction; livelihood diversification and

migration). Central part of this paper is analyzing the range of formal and

informal organizational and institutional factors that influence sustainable

livelihood outcomes.

This research project is exploring alternative routes to sustainable

livelihood for poor people in contrasting agro-ecological settings. The research

asks two questions: an analytic one – what institutional arrangements allow some

poor people to achieve secure, sustainable livelihoods, when others fail? ; And a

practical one – what policies can support the groups?

The work focuses on the institutional arrangements which allow people to

achieve sustainable livelihoods, or otherwise. We understand institutions in a

very broad sense to mean the regularized practice or patterns of behavior

structured by rules which have widespread use in society; such institution may

be formal or informal. Such institutions mediate the range of livelihood process

in rural areas. This paper focusing on four, these are such as processes:

agricultural strengthening, crop-livestock integration, livelihood diversification

and migration.

7. Miranda Cahn, Massey University, (2002) “Sustainable livelihoods approach:

Concept and Practice”.

The paper highlights the critiques the Sustainable Livelihood approach in

the context of rural development. In the paper it is describe as an approach not

only ‘a panacea for development’ but rather ‘a way of thinking’, the analytical

framework considerable potential to guide researchers and practitioners in rural

development and poverty reduction. It should be remind that the approach is

still growing as strengths and weaknesses emerge and discussion still continues.

Clearly the approach is sensitive to context and situation. As with any other tool,

success depends on both on how well the approach and associated frameworks

reflects the realities of life and on how sensitively, inclusively and competently

the approach is used in practice.

30

8. “TRANSPORT AND SUSTAINABLE RURAL LIVELIHOODS” P. Fouracre,

TRL Limited, paper presented at the Rural Travel and Transport Program,

U.K., 2001.

This paper provides work in the transport sector. The main factor which

characterize a rural transport environment are: the low population densities, low

levels of economic activity (low income), low vehicle ownership levels, poorer

provisions of roads (both in quality and quantity) and near absence of regular

transport services. This is also to be noted that the participation of rural is very

low level when it compare to urban.

It should be remind that, transport is a service to the impacts on the

development option of many of people’s livelihood. In an approach should be

think us that transport is a service industry and a means to an end not an end in

itself. As such the development of transport has to be seen in the wider context of

individual, household, community and to the country. And it is also true that, the

impacts of transport must be look in terms of basic level of economics, taking

account of social and environmental concerns and aspirations.

9. The working paper, “Sustainable Livelihoods: Concepts, Principles and

Approaches to Indicator Development”.

This paper provides the sustainable livelihood concept, its respective

components and gives preliminary thoughts towards the approach as ‘a means

for poverty elimination’. In the other section framework guided the development

of sustainable livelihood indicators and measure sustainable livelihood in the

areas of poverty reduction, sustainable development and participatory

development and their links to each other. In other words it insights in to

developing indicators for sustainable livelihood as an experiences associates with

measuring poverty, sustainability and participation and empowerment. This

working paper helps in clarifying some issues suggests the way in which

indicators for sustainable livelihood can be effectively developed, tasted and

eventually utilized by a variety of stakeholders.

31

2.3 Objectives: The objectives should be state for what kind of issues and variables are

checked for the particular research. Objectives focuses light on which

component of concept (or study) should be looked in the research. Particularly

for this research objectives are:

1. To find out the means of livelihoods of rural people.

2. To know what is the level of income and what kind of assets they have.

3. To know what is the role of education to improve opportunity in

achieving livelihood.

4. To know what is the size of family and their land availability.

2.4 Hypothesis: Formulating the hypothesis arise in the result of give specific direction to

research and for the purpose of testing the particular concept or thoughts; and it

also indicates the type of data required and the type of methods of data analysis

to be used. The following hypotheses are made here for this research:

1. Existing means of livelihood are adequate enough for sustainable village

development.

2. There is no relation between assets holding capacity and income

availability.

3. There are no significances in size of family and land availability.

4. Status of Education does not improve opportunity to achieve livelihood.

2.5 Design of Sample: All the items under consideration in any field of inquiry represent a

‘universe’ or ‘population’. It can be presumed that in such an inquiry when all

items are covered no element of chance is left and highest accuracy is obtained.

But in practice this may not be true. Because these type of inquiry involves a

great deal of time, money and energy. So the researcher must decide items for

selection what is technically called a sample. A sample design is a definite plan

for obtaining a sample from a given population. It refers to the technique or the

procedure the researcher would adopt in selecting items for the sample.

32

This research is related to livelihood condition and basic amenities of

household amenities and village’s amenities too. The researcher has select two

blocks of Kachchh and describes them as two clusters. From each cluster, four

villages are selected and from each village ten households have been selected. So

the each cluster has 40 households for analysis. For the selection of households,

choose four occupations such as Farmers, Animal Husbandry, Agricultural

Labourer and Wage Labourer, it depends on which kind of occupation found

most in the particular village. With sampling method there are total 80

households here for analyses.

2.6 Collections of data: Considering the research theme and looking at the assessment of ground

realities, it is required to collect primary data. For this research primary data

are collected with questionnaire method. Researcher arranged direct meeting

with household’s respondents. And other required secondary data are collected

from census report of government and village panchayat.

2.7 Statistical tools: In context of writing interpretation and to sustain the variety of data,

percentage and mode methods will be used in this research.

Do the facts support the hypothesis or they happen to be contrary? This is

the usual question which should be answered while testing hypothesis. And

answer is laid in the use of statistical methods. In this research, for testing of

hypothesis, tests will be used are such as Correlation, Chi-square test and

Analysis of variance (ANOVA).

First hypothesis is qualitative so it depends only on observation.

For Second and third hypotheses, Karl Pearson’s coefficient of

correlation method will be used and its formula is given below:

n∑xy – (∑x) (∑y)

r =

[n∑x2 - (∑x) 2][n ∑y2 - (∑y)2 ] For the fourth hypothesis two methods will be used. First we test each

occupation separately, for analyzing significance relationship between

33

educational status and income with Chi-square as a test of independence. The

formulas which will be used are given below: Ai Х Bj

For find out expected frequency, eij =

G Where Ai = Row total for the row of that cell,

Bi = Column total for the column of that cell,

G = Grand total.

This is the formula for Chi-square

After these Two Way ANOVA will be used.

2.8 Significance of the research: The concept of livelihood as an approach is an entry point to answer the

development problem. It focuses on the needs of rural poor and also focuses on

the role of asset at household level. The finding of this small research is

providing understanding vulnerability of rural poor and also throws a light on

future condition of them. Livelihood concept proved as a useful analytical device

to improve the lives of poor rural people. With this one region can build a plan of

action which effects change at the micro and macro levels.

2.9 Limitation of the research: A livelihood analysis attempts to account for all the possible outcomes of

it impacts on respondents. But furthermore, the analysis can also suggest what

strategies might adopt, and what support might need to be put in place to help

them for settle in future. In this sense, the livelihood analysis can be done as

impacts of development and also in terms of as evolutional of available

government schemes.

34

References:

Kothari C.R., “Research Methodology (Methods and Techniques)” New Age International (P) Limited, New Delhi, 2004.

Andrew Dorward, Simon Anderson, Susanne Clark, Bernadette Keane

and Julieta Moguel “Asset Functions and Livelihood Strategies: A

Framework for Pro-Poor Analysis, Policy and Practice” Published by

United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID),

Contributed paper to European Association of Agricultural Economics

organized Seminar on ‘Livelihoods and Rural Poverty’, September 2001,

Imperial College Wye, U.K.

Chakraborty P. Tiwari H., Jha M. “Sustainable Rural Livelihoods through

Participatory Natural Resource Management” Journal of Rural

Development, vol.28, N-1, p. 85-100, Jan-March 2009.

DFID (1999–2005), Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Note 10 “tools for main streaming disaster risk reduction: Sustainable Livelihood Approach”

Hiremath B.N., “The Changing Faces of Rural Livelihoods in India”

theme paper presented at Institute of Rural Management, Anand.

Conference organized by National Civil Society on “What it takes to

eradicate poverty” 4-6 Dec., 2007.

Ian Goldman, James Carnegie, Moscow Marumo, David Marumo, Elaine

Kela, Somi Ntonga, Ed Mwale “Institutional support for Sustainable Rural

Livelihoods in Southern Africa: Framework and Methodology (with natural

resource perspectives” Department for International Development (DFID)

no.49, March 2000.

Ian soones, “Sustainable rural livelihoods – A Framework for analysis”,

IDS Working paper 72, Discussion 1997.

Miranda Cahn, Massey University “Sustainable livelihoods approach:

Concept and Practice”

“TRANSPORT AND SUSTAINABLE RURAL LIVELIHOODS” P.

Fouracre, TRL Limited, paper presented at the Rural Travel and

Transport Program, U.K., 2001.

The working paper “Sustainable Livelihoods: Concepts, Principles and

Approaches to Indicator Development”

35

http://www.undp.org/sl/Documents/Indicators_and_eval/SL%20concepts/

sl_concepts,_priniples_and_approaches_to_indicator_development.htm on date 27th dec, 2009.

37

Chapter - 3 Overviews of the Study Area: District, Sample Blocks and

Sample Villages

3.1 Highlights of Kachchh District: Kachchh district is situated on the western end of the Gujarat state. It is

an ancient land possessed of great antiquity, which takes its name from its

geographical characteristics and topographical features resembling a tortoise.

This crescent shaped region called Kachchh forms part of north-west Gujarat. It

is bounded on the north and north-west by Pakistan, on the north-east by

Rajasthan state, on the east by the Banas Kantha and Patan districts, on the

south-east by Surendranagar district, on the south by the gulf of Kachchh and

Rajkot district and on the south-west by the Arabian Sea.

Some points in brief which highlight the district in general terms: Kachchh district is the 15th district in terms of population in state and in

terms of population density 35 persons per kilometer. As per population

density is concern district ranked 25th dense district in the state.

Kachchh district has the longest coast line of about 406 km.

Kachchh district is having 9th rank in sex ratio.

Kachchh district is having 950 villages among them 886 villages are

populated and 64 villages are unpopulated. In terms of village population,

Nakhatrana village is the most populated having 12,534 persons whereas

Hanumankhadi (Lakhpat) and Bharodiya (Mundra) villages is least

populated in district with 1 person each. And in terms of area of village,

Palansava village in Rapar block has the largest area of 13953.0 hectares

Sabhrai (nani) has the smallest area in Mandvi block having 48.0 hectares

among the villages of the district.

The economy of the district is basically dependent on agriculture as 42.2

percentage workers are engaged in agricultural activities and the

remaining 57.8 percentage are engaged in other works.

Basic chemical and chemical products (except products of petroleum and

coal), textile products (including weaving apparels), food products,

electricity, gas and water generation, water works supply etc. and wood

and wood products are most important non-agricultural economic

activities of the district.

38

3.2 District at glance (2001) Table 3.1

Particulars

State Gujarat

District Kachchh

Number of Villages

Total Inhabited Uninhabited

18,53918,066

433

950 886 64

Number of Households

Normal Institutional Houseless

96,91,36223,23848,115

3,20,588 778 382

Total

Person 50,671,017 15,83,225 Male 26,385,440 8,15,152

Female 24,285,440 7,68,073 Rural Person 31,740,767 1,108,333

Male 16,317,771 5,67,470

Female 15,422,996 5,40,863 Urban Person 18,930,250 4,74,892

Male 10,067,806 2,47,682 Female 8,862,444 2,27,210

Population

Urban 37 30 Percentage of

population Rural 63 70

Area (in sq. km.) 196,024 45,652

Density of population 258 35 (person per square kilometer)

Total 920 942 Rural 945 953

Sex ratio (Number of females per

1000 males) Urban 880 917 Number Per. Number Per.Persons 29,827,750 69.1 794,483 59.8Males 17,833,273 79.7 480,555 70.4Literacy rate

Females 11,994,477 57.8 313,928 48.6Source: Census of India, 2001 “District Census Handbook, Kachchh” Part ХII-A & B, Series25,

Gujarat.

39

3.3 Major characteristics of the District and contribution of the District

in the form of historical bond: Kachchh seems to have alienated from all other districts of Gujarat. It is

the biggest district of Gujarat. The population is comparatively very thin. Major

part of Kachchh is of course covered by the deserts. It has its own personality

and character. It is said “The winter is better at Sorath area and summer is

better at Gujarat, monsoon at Wagad and Kachchh is better for all seasons.”

Kachchh is situated on the western end of the state. The importance of Kachchh

is mainly because of its border with Pakistan.

3.3 1 Agricultural, Mineral and Forest Products: Kachchh district is endowed with economic resources such as agriculture

land. This district is famous for its wheat and cotton cash crops. Along with these

cash crops such as Bajari, Jowar, paddy, sugarcane are also grown in the

district. Various types of minerals are available in the district. Among them Red

Octine, White Clay, Iron Clay, Bauxite, Fire Clay, Lignite, Lime Stone, Silica

Sand are very important. Many industries have been established by government

and private sector. These industries are important from the point of view of their

employment in the district. Minor portion of this district is covered with forest.

More than 6.32% total geographical area of this district is under forest. The

chief forest products are Gorad, Baval, Vikalo, Ingor, Saledi, Dhaveda, Sajad,

Teak, Deshi Babul, Arduso and Semal.

3.3.2 Famous for its Block printing and embroidery: If any one deserves the credit of adding a touch of exotic colour to the

monochromatic desert scopes of the Rann of Kachchh and the arid, semi desert

scrubby grasslands of Banni, it is the embroiders. Techniques rage with the

community and region look for the simple needle work but wonderful effects of

Bavaliya embroidery to the fabulous bright yellow and red Banni embroidery,

both from the grass lands of Banni. Kachchh also specialized in block printing

and vegetables dyes. Paraffin wax resists, patricate printing material and bright

Ajrakh prints are still used, though now synthetic dyes and modern techniques

have been introduced as time saving measures.

40

3.3.3 Contribution in the form of historical bond:

Kachchh has gifted a number of great personalities to the society. The

modern history can never forget patriots like Shyamji Krishna Varma,

archaeologist like Bhagwanlal Indraji and Botanist like Jaikrishna Indraji. The

folk teller Dulerai Karani, researcher Ramsinhji Rathod and short story writer

like Jayant Khatri are few others to be named.

41

Map of Nakhatrana Block

42

Map of Abadasa Block

43

3.4 Important statistics of Sample Blocks (Year 2001):

Table 3.2

Particulars Nakhatrana AbadasaArea (in sq.km.) 1984.67 2398.26

33.6 38.6 Area under cultivation (Percentage to total area)

24.8 7.9 Area under irrigation (Percentage to total area)

132 166 119 150 Number of Villages

Total Inhabited Uninhabited 13 16

Total 129249 97508 Rural 129240 97508 Urban 0 0 Total 129249 97508 Males 65673 49740

Population

Females 63576 47768

65 41 Density of population (Persons per square kilometer)

968 960

Sex ratio (Number of females per 1000 males)

65.8 57.8 75.9 68.5 Literacy rate

Persons Males Females 55.4 46.1

20.5 22.4 Gap in Male-Female

Literacy rate

Source: Census of India, 2001 “District Census Handbook, Kachchh” Part ХII-A & B, Series25,

Gujarat.

44

3.5 Highlights of Sample Blocks: Kachchh has total 10 Blocks. Among them there are only three blocks

such as Lakhpat, Abadasa and Nakhatrana have total rural area. Abadasa block

has the highest number of villages i.e. 150, followed by Bhuj with 144 villages

while Gandhidham block has the lowest number of 8 villages. Nakhatrana block

is situated in the middle of the district. In terms of population, Nakhatrana

village is the highest populated village in district with 12,534 persons. In

Nakhatrana block total 3 villages have more than 5000 population such as

Nakhatrana (12,534), Kotda Jadodar (5,501) and Vithon (5,193), while in

Abadasa Block only one village Naliya (8,968). Nakhatrana is the head-quarter

of Nakhatrana Block and Naliya is the head-quarter of Abadasa Block.

In terms of sex ratio, Nakhatrna Block has 2nd number in the district with

968 females per 1000 males (1st is Mandvi with 997) and Abadasa has 4th rank

with 960 females.

In terms of total cultivated area, Nakhatrana block has 33.6 per cent of

cultivated area while Abadasa has 38.6 per cent. In terms of Irrigation facility to

total cultivated area Nakhatrana ranked 2nd with 24.8 percentage (Mandvi

ranked 1st with 27.5) in district, while Abadasa ranked 9th with only 7.9

percentage. In distribution of water by Narmada Project, most of provision in

Nakhatrana and Abadasa Block are distributed by Netra and Khirasara (villages

of Nakhatrana Block). In current time, Netra has provided irrigation facility to

total 135 villages and it covered 250 km area, after the Narmada project will

complete it will reached at 226 villages.

In terms of quality of land for agriculture Abadasa Block has the good

quality of land compare to Nakhatrana Block. In contrary, as per Agricultural

Production is concern contribution of Nakhatrana Block is larger than the

Abadasa block. In Nakhatrana Block farmers are familiar with traditional

agriculture. But they are very hard working and always ready to do anything for

getting maximum production. While in Abadasa Block farmers are now going to

do something for get maximum production. In recent time, Government provides

land to farmers of Punjab in Kothara and Mothada (Village of Abadasa block)

and they are doing really good in particular area to get maximum production.

45

The economy of Nakhatrana Block is basically depending on Agriculture

because 59.7 percentage of total working population is engaged in this sector.

Classification of working population is such as Cultivators are 21.4 per cent,

Agricultural Lobourers 38.3, Household Industry worker are 6.2 and Other

Workers are 34.2 per cent. Work participation between males and females is like

these, among total workers, there are total worker males 52.9 per cent and

worker females 27.8 per cent.

The larger number of people of Abadasa Block is also depending on

Agriculture for their livelihood. Among total working population 58.2 percent of

population are derived their livelihood from Agriculture. Classification of

working population is like these Cultivators are 27.1 per cent, Agricultural

Lobourers 31.1 per cent, Household Industry workers are 9.4 per cent and Other

Workers are 32.4 per cent. Work participation between males and females are

like these, among total workers, total male workers are 55.6 per cent and female

workers 34.0 per cent. This is not enough only give percentage of workers. It

should be examined that what they gains from what activity they do. In terms of

working days, wage rate, opportunity of livelihood all these are holding opposite

views between these two Block.

As per availability of basic amenities to total population is concern, there

are equal condition in total of 98.3 per cent villages are having education facility

(Primary School) in both Blocks. Medical facility is available for 93.6 per cent of

villages of Nakhatrana block, while in Abadasa it is available for 67.1 percent of

villages. Total villages approach by Pucca road is in Nakhatrana Block 95.2 per

cent and in Abadasa Block 84.2 per cent. In terms of banking facility, in

Nakhatrana Block it is available for 41.6 per cent of villages and in Abadasa it is

available for only 26.0 per cent of villages.

46

3.6 Historical monuments and places of Tourist interest in Sample

Blocks:

Abadasa: In Abadasa Block, there are five places viz. Suthari, Kothara, Jakhau,

Naliya and Tera which are known as the Jain Panchtirthi (group of five

pilgrim’s centers). In Kothara richest modern Jain temple in Kachchh was

completed in 1861 (v.s. 1917-1918). This temple dedicated to Shantinath, the

sixteenth of the Jain Saints.

Suthari, the village is known for “Balwantsagar Dam” constructed in the

memory of late Shri Balwantray Mehta, Ex. Chief Minister of Gujarat who died

here on the 19th September, 1965 at the time of Pakistan aggression when the

plane carrying him was shot down by the Pakistani Air Force.

Tera is recently declared as Heritage Village. In the village, there is

rehabilitation work for historical monument was done by the Government after

declaration as Heritage Village. There are temple of Jain worshipers and palace

of Rudrasinhji and beautiful pond which decorated by Sculptures of God and

Goddesses around.

Nakhatrana: In Nakhatrana, there are such places Pouanrogadh monuments (Manjal),

Yax mandir (Yax), Dhinodhar, than jagir etc. which are historical and tourist

interest places.

A Pouanrogadh monument is situated near the village of Manjal.

Pouanrogadh was, according to tradition, a town that belonged to Pouanra, the

nephew of legendary Lakha Fulani who once ruled over Kachchh. Of the two

protected monuments, the temple of Pouanreshwar is 10th century A.D. pre-

Solanki architecture, less ornate but distinctive due to its elaborate mandapa and

circumambulatory path. The mandapa which now exists only in part was

supported by heavy pillars capped by Kichakas. It rest on a high plinth and

bears sculptures of god and goddesses. Near by a Vadi or Medi or palace. It has a

structure which rests on a high plinth with mounding veering KritiMukhas. Only

the stone framework of beams now stands.

The Yax mandir is situated near by Nakhatrana village. In temple there

are 72 Devduts are holding weapons in hand and sit on the horse. Acoording to

47

the tradition it was said that they are come for the sake of save the villagers of

Pouanra. The Dhinodhar is very old place which is temple, according to

tradition, it is belonged to Dhormnath who pray ten years at this place and Than

Jagir is the associated with temple.

3.7 Profile of the Sample Villages in brief: For the study purpose, there are four villages selected from each Block. In

Nakhatrana Block, Rasaliya and Khombhadi villages are connected with pucca

road; while Rampar and Laxmipar villages are connect with kachcha road. As it

is for Abadasa Block, Bandiya and Ustiya villages are connected with pucca

road; while Khanay and Vamoti (nani) villages are connect with kachcha road.

The important statistics of villages are as follows:

Table 3.3: Information of sample villages about approach to road and distance

from district and block head quarter

Name of village

Distance from

District Hq. (Bhuj)(Km)

Distance from

Block Hq./ Name of

the Hq.(Km)

Approach to Kachcha/

Pucca road

Rasaliya 75 22(Nak.) Pucca Khombhadi(M) 73 20(Nak.) Pucca Rampar 85 32(Nak.) Kachcha Laxmipar 88 35(Nak.) Kachcha Bandiya 85 28(Aba.) Pucca Ustiya 90 23(Aba.) Pucca Khanay 90 35(Aba.) Kachcha Vamoti(N) 85 40(Aba.) Kachcha Notes: Hq. = Head quarter, Nak. = Nakhatrana, Aba. = Abadasa

Table 3.3 gives the details of distance form both district head quarter and

block head quarter. Also gives the detail of approach to road. All the villages are

far away from district head quarter, as per table shows, minimum distance is 73

and maximum distance 90 km. Sample villages are also found away from block

head quarter, as per table shows Vamoti(n) village has the far way from 40 km

and Khombhadi(m) 20 km away.

48

3.8 Important statistics of Sample Villages

Table 3.4: Important statistics of Sample Villages:

Name of block/Name of village

Are

a

(in h

ecto

rs)

Cul

tivat

ed

land

Ir

riga

ted

land

Population

Cas

te w

ise

dist

ribu

tion

of

popu

latio

n

Tot

al fa

mily

Tot

al B

PL fa

mily

Nakhatrana Male Female Total SC ST OBC General Total

Rasaliya 5024-24

2092 1092 1001 987 1988 207 0 480 1301 1988 454 166

Khombhadi(M)

1365.1 929.1

410 1231 1229 2460 104 71 385 1900 2460 453 136

Rampar 1829.6 939.4

411.7

548 519 1067 207 0 471 389 1067 189 49

Laxmipar 1462.7 928.3

412.6

442 464 906 270 36 180 420 906 158 75

Abadasa

Bandiya 4419.4 1433.2

0 418 410 828 9 0 50 769 828 157 145

Ustiya 1359.9 273.8

72.8 298 315 613 16 43 47 507 613 140 89

Khanay 2062.3 228.5

0 276 245 521 0 0 0 521 521 101 95

Vamoti(N) 3111.5 1067.6

22.7 310 299 609 106 21 89 393 609 141 101

Source: Village Panchayat

Table 3.4 gives the details of sample villages related to area, population,

total family and total BPL family in absolute number. In terms of total area of

villages, Rasaliya has the biggest land area and not only that but highest in

having cultivated land available, while Khombhadi(M) has the lowest in terms of

total area in sample villages. As per population is concern in sample villages,

Khombhadi (M) has the highest number of people and Khanay village is the least

populated. The villages of Nakhatrana Block are populated but the villages of

Abadasa Block are least populated and reason behind this is none other than

Agriculture. There is good quality of land in Abadasa Block but lake of ground

water and irrigation facility remain Agriculture sector behind. And where

Agricultural activity is not providing enough livelihoods, people must look at

another alternative. So migration is the reason behind the least population of the

sample villages of Abadasa Block. The table shows itself all other information in

absolute numbers which provide brief profile of the sample villages.

49

Table 3.5: Classification of villages according to availability of amenities

Name of Block/Village

Basic Facility

Dri

nkin

g w

ater

Com

mun

ity

Hal

lA

nim

al

Di s

pens

ary

Agr

i. M

arke

t

Dai

ry

Post

off

ice

Tel

epho

ne

Ban

k

Ele

ctri

city

Inte

rnet

Edu

catio

n

Hea

lth

Nakhatrana Rasaliya HT Yes No

(5) No (5)

No (5)

Yes Yes No (5)

Yes No P, S(5)

PHC (5)

Khombhadi (M)

HT Yes No (7)

No (7)

No (7)

No (7)

Yes No (7)

Yes No P, S(7)

PHC (7)

Rampar HT Yes No (4)

No (4)

No (4)

Yes Yes No (4)

Yes No P, S(4)

PHC (4)

Laxmipar HT No No (7)

No (7)

No (7)

No (7)

Yes No (7)

Yes No P, S(7)

PHC (7)

Abadasa Bandiya HT Yes No

(5) No (5)

No (5)

No (5)

No (5)

No (5)

Yes No P, S(5)

PHC (5)

Ustiya PT No No (10)

No (7)

No (7)

No (7)

No (5)

No (5)

Yes No P, S(10)

PHC (7)

Khanay PT No No (10)

No (10)

No (10)

No (10)

No (10)

No (10)

Yes No P(10),S(10)

PHC (10)

Vamoti(N) HT Yes No (18)

No (18)

No (18)

Yes Yes No (10)

Yes No P(10),S(10)

PHC (18)

Notes: Number in the bracket shows kilometers for amenities available near by

village,

HT = House Tap, PT = Public Tap, TW = Tube well, W = Well,

O(Other) = pond, lake, river

P = Primary School, S = Secondary School, H = Higher Secondary School

PHC = Primary Health Center, MH = Maternity Home

Table 3.4 reveals the details of basic amenities available to villages and if

not available there is given distance of availability of amenity near by village.

Most of the villages have House Tap as source of drinking water only 2 villages

using Public Tap for it. From sample villages, total 4 villages have community

hall and 4 not having this facility. All the villages have facility of electricity for

the house but there is irregular supply for Agriculture. Not a single village from

sample villages has the facility of animal dispensary, agricultural market, dairy,

bank and internet services. All the villages have facility of primary education but

no one have secondary and higher secondary school. As per health facility is

concern none of the village from sample villages has primary health center and

not even any private dispensary in a village. Only Bandiya village has private

50

dispensary running by Jain trustee of the villages who are settled in Mumbai.

The distance of PHC center is for the sample villages minimum 5 km and

maximum 18 km away. But sample villages have Nurse and ASHA worker in

village. Very few of the nurses are living in the villages. They visited the village

once in a week. So one can assume that how critical to achieve any health facility

for these villagers. If any one got a minor health trouble he has to go minimum 5

km away for getting private dispensary near by village.

51

ANXIETY FOR THE FUTURE….

CARE AND DARE FOR LIVELIHOOD

52

Chapter – 4 Summary of findings This chapter gives the details of sample households from sample villages.

For the analysis of livelihood, household is main component. Not only because

family members are sharing their meal together but they depending on each

other for each and every aspects of living. Livelihood of one’s is direct impact on

the other family members (mostly children, senior citizens and female). So it

would be checked that what the condition of household is.

All the primary data is divided in two parts, First part gives the details of

Socio - Demographic profile of Sample Households with Classifications of

Sample Households according to availability of Basic Amenities and Second part

give the details related to Source of Livelihoods of Sample Households and

Characteristics of it.

This chapter is divided in four parts such as: Socio – Demographic Profile

of Sample Households; Classifications of Sample Households according to

availability of Basic Amenities; Detailed analysis of Source of Livelihoods of

Sample Households and Characteristics of it and fourth part is about testing of

Hypothesis.

53

4.1 Socio – Demographic profile of the Sample Households: This section presents the profile of Sample Households covered during the

study with regard to Socio – Demographic point of view in the following

manners:

Table 4.1 Distributions of Sample Households by Religion

Village Name of Religion Total Hindu Muslim Jain Other Nakhatrana Rasaliya 5 5 0 0 10 Khombhadi(M) 7 3 0 0 10 Rampar 10 0 0 0 10 Laxmipar 5 5 0 0 10 Total 27 13 0 0 40 Percentage 67.5 32.5 0 0 100 Abadasa Bandiya 0 10 0 0 10 Ustiya 9 1 0 0 10 Khanay 7 3 0 0 10 Vamoti (N) 2 8 0 0 10 Total 18 22 0 0 40 Percentage 45 55 0 0 100 Grand total 45 35 0 0 80 Percentage 56.25 43.75 0 0 100 Figure 4.1 Distributions of Sample Households by Religion

Distributions of Sample Households by Religion (Nakhatrana Block)

67.50%

32.50%Hindu

Muslim

Distributions of Sample Household by Religion (Abadasa Block)

45.00%

55.00%HinduMuslim

54

Table 4.1 gives religion wise details of sample households. Among them

there are total 56.25 percentages of households following the Hindu religion and

43.75 percentages of households following Muslim religion. While look at block

wise details above mentioned there are 67.5 percentages of households following

the Hindu religion and 32.5 percentage of households following the Muslim

religion in Nakhatrana block, as it 45 percentage of households following the

Hindu religion and 55 percentage of households following the Muslim religion in

Abadasa block. In sample villages, Bandiya has all sample households following

Muslim religion and Rampar has the same condition for Hindu worshipers.

Table 4.2 Distributions of Sample Households by Caste

Village Name of Caste Total SC ST OBC GENERAL Nakhatrana Rasaliya 2 0 2 6 10 Khombhadi(M) 1 0 3 6 10 Rampar 2 2 4 2 10 Laxmipar 2 0 0 8 10 Total 7 2 9 22 40 Percentage 17.5 5 22.5 55 100 Abadasa Bandiya 0 0 0 10 10 Ustiya 1 0 0 9 10 Khanay 1 0 3 6 10 Vamoti (N) 2 0 2 6 10 Total 4 0 5 31 40 Percentage 10 0 12.5 77.5 100 G.Total 11 2 14 53 80 Percentage 13.75 2.5 17.5 66.25 100 Figure 4.2 Distributions of Sample Households by Caste

Distributions of Sample Households by Caste (Nakhatrana Block)

17.50%5.00%

22.50%55.00%

SCSTOBCGENERAL

55

Distributions of Sample Households by Caste (Abadasa Block)

0.00%

77.50%

12.50%

10.00%

SCSTO BCGENERAL

Table 4.2 gives the distribution of sample households according to caste in

absolute number and percentage. Among the total 80 sample households, 13.75

percentages of households found SC, 2.5 percentages are ST, 17.5 are OBC and

66.25 percentages are general. In Nakhatrana block, households distribution by

caste is such as 17.5 percentage households are SC, 5 percentage are ST, 22.5

percentage are OBC and 55 percentage are General, in Abadasa block it is as 10

percentage households are ST, 12.5 percentage OBC and 77.5 percentage

General.

Table 4.3 Distributions of sample population by age group

Percentage Age Male Female Total Male Female Total 0 to 6 21 16 37 56.76 43.24 100.00 6 to 15 35 41 76 46.05 53.95 100.00 15 to 25 80 63 143 55.94 44.06 100.00 25 to 40 35 45 80 43.75 56.25 100.00 40 to 55 43 36 79 54.43 45.57 100.00 55 to 70 19 9 28 67.86 32.14 100.00 70& above 3 7 10 30.00 70.00 100.00 Total 236 217 453 Percentage 52.10 47.90 100 Sex Ratio (number of females per 100 males) 92 Figure 4.3 Distributions of sample population by age group

Distributions of Sample Population by Age Group

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 to

6

6 to

15

15 to

25

25 to

40

40 to

55

55 to

70

70 &

abov

e

Age Group

Num

ber of

Per

sons

Male FemaleTotal

56

Table 4.3 gives the details of sample populations by age group and

particular with age group wise male-female in absolute numbers and percentage.

Total sample population is 453 persons with 236 males and 217 males. Sex ratio

for sample population is 92 (number of females per 100 males). From among all

age group there is highest numbers of population lies in 15 to 25 groups with 143

and lowest in 70 & above group with only 10 persons each. When look at age

group wise male-female population, there is highest 70 percentage females in 70

& above age group and there is wide gap in 55 to 70 age groups with Females are

32.14% and Males are 67.86%.

Table 4.4 Distribution of sample population by educational attainment

Age Illiterate Literate Male Female Total Male Female Total 6 to 15 0 0 0 39 37 76 15 to 25 12 14 26 60 57 117 25 to 40 15 33 48 21 11 32 40 to 55 28 31 59 12 8 20 55 to 70 12 8 20 5 3 8 70&above 4 6 10 0 0 0 Total 71 92 163 137 116 253 Figure 4.4 Distribution of Sample Population by Educational Attainment

Distribution of Sample Population by illiteracy

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

6 to

15

15 to

25

25 to

40

40 to

55

55 to

70

70 &

abov

e

Age Group

Num

ber of

per

sons

MaleFemale

Distribution of Sample Population by literacy

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

6 to 15

15 to

25

25 to

40

40 to

55

55 to

70

70 &

abov

e

Age Group

Num

ber of per

sons

Male Female

57

Table 4.4 gives the distribution of sample population by educational

attainment in particular age group and also with gender group in absolute

numbers. Total Illiterate persons 163 among them male are 71 and 92 females

are founded Illiterate from sample population, while total literate persons are

253 with 137 literate male and 116 literate female.

Table 4.5 Classification of Sample Population according to percentage of

Illiterates and Literates

Age Group Percentage of illiterate Percentage of literate Male Female Total Male Female Total 6 to 15 0.00 0.00 0.00 51.32 48.68 100.0015 to 25 8.39 9.79 18.18 41.96 39.86 81.8225 to 40 18.75 41.25 60.00 26.25 13.75 40.0040 to 55 35.44 39.24 74.68 15.19 10.13 25.3255 to 70 42.86 28.57 71.43 17.86 10.71 28.5770 & above 40.00 60.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Total 17.07 22.12 39.18 32.93 27.88 60.82Figure 4.5 Distribution of Sample Population by Educational Attainment with

percentage

Distribution of sample population by illiteracy

0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00

6 to 15

15 to 25

25 to 40

40 to 55

55 to 70

70 & above

Total

Age

gro

up

Percentage

Male Female Total

Distribution of sample population by literacy

0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00

6 to 15

15 to 25

25 to 40

40 to 55

55 to 70

70 & above

Total

Age

gro

up

Percentage

Male Female Total

58

Table 4.5 gives the detail above mentioned in percentage. There is total

illiteracy in the age group of 70 and above. Highest literacy is founded in age

group of 15 to 25. As looking towards the percentage of male and female literacy,

female literacy is decreasing when age was increasing and it is also founded that

it is lower in comparison to male literacy. While looking at grand total there are

total illiterate 39.18% and literate are 60.82%. Table it self provide all other

detail.

59

Table 4.6 Classifications of Sample Households according to Occupation

Village Farmer Animal Husbandry

Agricultural Labourer

Wage Labourer

Total

Nakhatrana Rasaliya 3 2 3 2 10 Khombhadi(M) 3 2 3 2 10 Rampar 3 3 2 2 10 Laxmipar 3 2 3 2 10 Abadasa Bandiya 2 2 6 0 10 Ustiya 6 2 2 0 10 Khanay 0 5 4 1 10 Vamoti (N) 0 4 2 4 10 Total 20 22 25 13 80 Percentage 25 27.5 31.25 16.25 100 Figure 4.6 Classifications of sample households according to occupation

Classifications of Sample Households according to occupation(Nakhatrana)

01

234

56

Ras

aliya

Kho

mbh

adi(M

)

Ram

par

Laxm

ipar

Name of Village

Num

ber of H

ouseho

lds

FarmerAnimal HusbandryAgri.Labourerwage labourer

Classifications of Sample Households by

Occupation(Abadasa)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Band

iya

Ustiya

Kha

nay

Vam

oti(N

)

Name of Village

Num

ber of

Hou

seho

lds

FarmerAnimal HusbandryAgri.Labourerwage labourer

Table 4.6 shows absolute numbers of sample households by village wise

occupational status. It is also indicate from table that among total 80 sample

households, there are 25 percentage of Farmers, 27.5 percentage of Animal

Husbandry, 31.25 of Agricultural Labourer and 16.25 are founded as Wage

60

Labourer. When look at village wise distribution of sample households, there

are, in the villages of Nakhatrana Block, all 4 occupations are founded but in the

villages of Abadasa village pattern regarding with one occupation. For example,

Bandiya village has majority numbers of sample households where engage in

Agricultural Labour, Ustiya village with Farmer, Khanay and Vamoti villages

with Animal Husbandry. While all the sample villages of Nakhatrana Block have

distributed equally with all four selected occupations.

Table 4.7 Classifications of Sample Households according to Income

Occupational status

Income group Farmer

Animal

Husbandry

Agricultural

Labourer

Wage

Labourer Total Percentage

Less than 15,000 0 7 12 4 23 29

15,000 to 50,000 2 10 12 9 33 41

50,000 to 85,000 2 3 1 0 6 8

85,000 to 1,20,000 4 0 0 0 4 5

1,20,000 to 1,55,000 0 1 0 0 1 1

1,55,000 to 1,90,000 1 0 0 0 1 1

more than 1,90,000 11 1 0 0 12 15

Total 20 22 25 13 80 100

Percentage 25 27.5 31.25 16.25 100 100

Figure 4.7 Classifications of Sample Households according to Income

Classification of sample households according to income

02468

101214

Less than15,000

15,000 to50,000

50,000 to85,000

85,000 to1,20,000

1,20,000 to1,55,000

1,55,000 to1,90,000

more than1,90,000

Income

Num

ber

of p

erso

ns

Farmer Animal Husbandry Agricultural Labourer Wage Labourer

Table 4.7 gives the distribution of sample household according to in which

income group they belong. According to income group in ascending order of the

61

percentage of households are: highest numbers of households, 41 percentage of

households, have income between income groups of 15,000 to 50,000; 29

percentage of households are having income groups of less than 15,000; 15

percentage of households are having income group more than 1, 90,000; 8

percentage of households are having income group 55,000 to 85,000; 5

percentage of households are having 85,000 to 1,20,000; and only 1 percentage of

households are having income groups 1,20,000 to 1,55,000 and 1,55,000 to

1,90,000.

62

4.2 Classifications of Sample Households according to availability of

Basic Amenities:

This section provides the classifications of Sample Households according

to availability of Basic Amenities in following manners:

Table 4.8 Distributions of Sample Households according to owner of the House

Table 4.8.1 Distributions of Households According To Owner of the House

Block Type of Ownership Total

Households Owned Rented Any other

Nakhatrana 24065 18370(76) 5273(22) 422(2) Abadasa 18249 14891(81) 2675(15) 683(4) Source: Census of India 2001, tables on Houses; household Amenities & Asset, CD no.6.

Figure 4.8: Distribution of Households according to owner of the house (Both


NakhatranaBlock In Sample Households

52.50%47.50% own

rent

Nakhatrana Block In General

76%

22% 2%

O wnedRented Any other

Village Type of Ownership Own Rent Other Total Nakhatrana Rasaliya 3 7 0 10 Khombhadi(M) 5 5 0 10 Rampar 10 0 0 10 Laxmipar 3 7 0 10 Total 21 19 0 40 Percentage 52.5 47.5 0 100 Abadasa Bandiya 10 0 0 10 Ustiya 9 1 0 10 Khanay 6 4 0 10 Vamoti (N) 5 5 0 10 Total 30 10 0 40 Percentage 75 25 0 100 G.Total 51 29 0 80 Percentage 63.75 36.25 0 100

63

Abdasa Block In Sample Househods

75.00%

25.00%ownrent

Abadasa Block In General

81%

15% 4%

OwnedRented Any other

Table 4.8 gives the percentage and absolute number of sample households

according to owner of the house. Among 80 households 51 (63.75%) of the

respondents have own house. While looking at Block wise there are 52.5

percentages of households have their own house in Nakhatrana and in Abadasa

Block there are 75 percentages of households have their own house. In the

villages of Abadasa Block most of the houses are found to have built by financial

support of organizations. In Bandiya village all the houses are established by this

manner.

Table 4.8.1 gives the details of sample blocks households according to

owner of the house. In Nakhatrana block, 76% have own houses and 22% have

rented house. In Abadasa block, 81% have own houses and 15% have rented

houses.

64

Table 4.9 Distributions of Sample Households by Condition of the House

Village Condition of the house Kachcha Semi Pucca Pucca Total Nakhatrana Rasaliya 1 5 4 10 Khombhadi(M) 0 7 3 10 Rampar 0 3 7 10 Laxmipar 1 6 3 10 Total 2 21 17 40 Pecentage 5 52.5 42.5 100 Abadasa Bandiya 0 0 10 10 Ustiya 0 5 5 10 Khanay 0 4 6 10 Vamoti(N) 0 5 5 10 Total 0 14 26 40 Percentage 0 35 65 100 G.Total 2 35 43 80 Percentage 2.5 43.75 53.75 100 Figure 4.9: Distributions of Sample Households by Condition of the House (Both


Nakhatrana Block In Sample Households

5.00%

52.50%

42.50% KachhaSemi PuccaPucca

Table 4.9 gives the distribution of sample households according to

condition of the house such as houses are Kachcha, Semi Pucca or Pucca. Among

sample households 53.75 percentages of households are founded Pucca, 43.75 of

percentages are Semi Pucca and 2.5 percentages are found Kachcha. In

Nakhatrana Block there only 5 percentages of houses are founded Kachcha

Abadasa Block In Sample Households

0.00%35.00%

65.00%

KachhaSemi PuccaPucca

65

houses, while in Abadasa Block not a single house is found Kachcha from sample

households. In Nakhatrana Block, there 52.5 percentages of houses are Semi

Pucca and 42.5 percentages are found Pucca and in Abadasa Block 35

percentages of houses are found Semi Pucca and 65 percentages are found Pucca

from sample household. By mean Semi Pucca houses are houses which covered

with roof of Deshi Naliya.

This table shows that among the sample houses Abadasa Block has the

highest percentage in Pucca houses. The reason behind these is that in the

villages of Abadasa Block, most of the Pucca houses are found to have built by

the large financial support of organizations.

Table 4.10 Distributions of Sample Households by Availability of Lighting

Village Source of Lighting Electricity Kerosene Solar energy Other Total Nakhatrana Rasaliya 10 0 0 0 10 Khombhadi(M) 10 0 0 0 10 Rampar 10 0 0 0 10 Laxmipar 9 1 0 0 10 Total 39 1 0 0 40 Percentage 97.5 2.5 0 0 100 Abadasa Bandiya 10 0 0 0 10 Ustiya 10 0 0 0 10 Khanay 8 2 0 0 10 Vamoti(N) 8 2 0 0 10 Total 36 4 0 0 40 Percentage 90 10 0 0 100 G.Total 75 5 0 0 80 Percentage 93.75 6.25 0 0 100 Table 4.10.1 Distributions of households by availability of lighting

Block Source of lighting Total

Households Electricity Kerosene Solar Energy

Other Oil

Any other

No lighting

Nakhatrana 24065 20405(84.79)

2781(11.56)

50(0.24)

58(0.24)

144(0.60)

627 (2.61)

Abadasa 18249 15905(87.16)

2201(12.6)

32(0.18)

56(0.31)

22(0.12)

33 (0.18)

Source: Census of India 2001, tables on Houses; household Amenities & Asset, CD no.6.

66

Figure 4.10: Distributions of Households by Availability of Lighting (Both Blocks

in Sample Households and Blocks in General)


97.50%

2.50%ElectricityKeroseneSolar energyother


84.79%

11.56%

0.21%0.24%

2.61%0.60%

ElectricityKeroseneSolar EnergyO ther oilAny otherNo lighting


90.00%

10.00%ElectricityKeroseneSolar energyother


87.16%

0.18%

12.06%

0.31%

0.12%0.18%

ElectricityKeroseneSolar EnergyOther oilAny otherNo lighting

Table 4.10 gives the detail of source of lighting which is used by sample

household. Among the sample household’s majority of households are using

electricity as a main source of lighting. There are 93.75 percentage of households

are having electricity and 6.25 percentages do not have electricity, they use

Kerosene as a source of lighting. In Nakhtrana Block, there are 97.5 percentage

of households having electricity and 2.5 percentages do not have, while in

Abadasa Block there are 90 percentage of households having electricity and 10

percentage are using Kerosene as a source of lighting.

Table 4.10.1 gives the distribution of households with absolute numbers

and percentages. In Nakhatrana block total 84.79 percentage of households are

using electricity as source of lighting and 11.56 percentages are using Kerosene,

while 2.61 percentages have no lighting facility. In Abadasa block total 87.16

percentage of households are using electricity as source of lighting and 12.06

percentages are using Kerosene, while 0.18 percentage households have no

lighting facility.

67

Table 4.11 Distributions of Sample Households by type of fuel used for cooking

Village Type of fuel used for Cooking Firewood Kerosene Cow dung Electricity Coal L.P.G. TotalNakhatrana Rasaliya 7 0 0 0 0 3 10 Khombhadi(M) 5 2 0 0 0 3 10 Rampar 8 0 0 0 0 2 10 Laxmipar 6 0 0 0 1 3 10 Total 26 2 0 0 1 11 40 Percentage 65 5 0 0 2.5 27.5 100 Abadasa Bandiya 10 0 0 0 0 0 10 Ustiya 4 0 0 0 0 6 10 Khanay 4 4 0 0 2 0 10 Vamoti(N) 6 1 0 0 3 0 10 Total 24 5 0 0 5 6 40 Percentage 60 12.5 0 0 12.5 15 100 G.Total 50 7 0 0 6 17 80 Percentage 62.5 8.75 0 0 7.5 21.25 100 Table 4.11.1 Distributions of Households by Type of Fuel Used For Cooking

Block Type of Fuel Total

household Firewood Crop residues

Cow Dung cake

Coal, Lignite

CharcoalKerosene LPG

Nakhatrana 24065 14343(60.30)

474(1.99)

344(1.45)

61(0.26)

6812 (28.64)

1752(7.37)

Abadasa 18249 12255(68.55)

303(1.61)

1217(6.81)

20(0.11)

3108 (17.39)

974(5.45)


Figure 4.11: Distributions of Households by Type of Fuel Used for Cooking

(Both blocks in sample households and blocks in general)


65.00%

27.50%

5.00%

2.50%

FirewoodKeroseneCowdungElectricityCoalL.P.G.

Nakhatrana Block in General

60.30%

7.37%

28.64%

0.26%

1.45%1.99%

FirewoodCrop residuesCow Dung cakeCoal, LigniteKeroseneLPG

68


60.00%12.50%0.00%0.00%

12.50%

15.00% FirewoodKeroseneCowdungElectricityCoalL.P.G.

Abadasa Block in general

68.55%

5.45%17.39%

0.11%

1.69%

6.81%

FirewoodCrop residuesCow Dung cakeCoal, LigniteKeroseneLPG

Table 4.11 shows absolute number and percentage of sample households

according to what kind of fuel they are using for cooking. Among total 80 sample

households 62.5 percentages of households are using firewood and 21.25

percentages are using LPG as fuel. Even today there is large number of people

using Firewood as source of fuel for cooking. In both blocks condition is not

different in terms of using firewood, because 65 percentages of households of

Nakhatrana block are using Firewood for making food as it is 60 percentages of

households in Abadasa block. In terms of using LPG as fuel, there are 27.5

percentages of households in Nakhatrana and 15 percentages in Abadasa, and

there are only 5 percentage households using Kerosene in Nakhatrana while 12.5

percentages of households in Abadasa. There are 2.5 percentages of households

in Nakhatrana and 12.5 percentages of households in Abadasa are using Coal as

fuel for cooking.

Table 4.11.1 gives the detail of all the households from both blocks with

related to type of fuel use for cooking. In both block, the main source of fuel use

for cooking is firewood and Kerosene, as it is percentage give in the table. Total

60.30 percentages of households in Nakhatrana block and 68.55 percentages in

Abadasa block are using firewood as fuel for cooking.

69

Table 4.12 Distributions of Sample Households by Availability of Sanitation

Village Having facility of Bathroom

Having facility of Toilet

Nakhatrana Rasaliya 10 10 Khombhadi(M) 10 10 Rampar 10 10 Laxmipar 10 10 Total 40 40 Percentage 100 100 Abadasa Bandiya 10 10 Ustiya 10 10 Khanay 0 0 Vamoti(N) 5 5 Total 25 25 Percentage 62.5 62.5 G.Total 65 65 Percentage 81.25 81.25

Table 4.12 gives the detail of absolute number and percentage of sample

households related to having sanitation. From total 80 sample households

81.25% of household having facility of Bathroom and 81.25% are having facility

of Toilet. In the villages of Nakhatrana block all the sample households have

both facility of Bathroom and Toilet. In the villages of Abadasa block, there are

equal distributions in terms of having both facility, 25 percentage of sample

households have Bathroom and 25 percent of sample households have Toilet. But

in the village of Abadasa block (Bandiya) every households have both Facility

but very few are using Toilet.

70

Table 4.13 Distributions of Sample Households by availability of Separate

Kitchen

Village Availability of Kitchen Available Not

available Total

Nakhatrana Rasaliya 9 1 10 Khombhadi(M) 10 0 10 Rampar 10 0 10 Laxmipar 8 2 10 Total 37 3 40 Percentage 92.5 7.5 100 Abadasa Bandiya 10 0 10 Ustiya 10 0 10 Khanay 7 3 10 Vamoti (N) 10 0 10 Total 37 3 40 Percentage 92.5 7.5 100 G.Total 74 6 80 Percentage 92.5 7.5 100 Table 4.13.1 Distributions of Households by Availability of Separate Kitchen

Block Availability of Kitchen Total

Household Available Not Available

Cooking in open Not cooking

Nakhatrana 24065 16797 (69.79)

4264 (17.71)

2933 (12.18)

71 (0.32)

Abadasa 18249 13181 (72.22)

4039 (22.13)

898 (4.92)

131 (0.72)


Figure 4.12: Distributions of Households by Availability of Separate Kitchen



92.50%

7.50%

AvailableNot available

Nakhatrana Block in General

12.19% 0.30%

69.80%

17.72%AvailableNot AvailableCooking in openNot Cooking

71


92.50%

7.50%

AvailableNot available

Abadasa Block in General

72.23%

22.13%

4.92% 0.72%

AvailableNot AvailableCooking in openNot Cooking

Table 4.13 shows the detail of sample households according to availability

of Separate Kitchen. There is no different condition between two blocks in

having facility of Kitchen. There are 92.5 percentages of households having

kitchen and 7.5 percentages do not have facility of Kitchen in both blocks. But

there is different condition in terms of Census definition. As per Census

Definition 'Kitchen is an exclusive room it must be within the house', but in this

villages of Nakhatrana Block most of Kitchens are founded outside the house in

exclusive room, while in Abadasa Block available Kitchen are also outside the

house only covered with roof.

Table 4.13.1 gives the condition above mentioned in both block in general.

Number in bracket shows the percentage. In both block there are some

households which are not cooking as it is in Nakhatrana 0.32% of households

and 0.72% households in Abadasa. There are 69.79% of households having

Separate Kitchen, 17.77% of households not having it and 12.38% of households

are founded cooking in open in Nakhatrana. While in Abadasa, 72.22% of

households have Kitchen, 22.13% of households do not have it and 4.92% of

households are cooking in open.

72

Table 4.14 Distributions of Sample Households by Source of Drinking Water

Village Source of drinking water

Total

Tap Tube Well Well Pond, Lake, River

House Public Nakhatrana Rasaliya 10 0 0 0 0 10 Khombhadi(M) 10 0 0 0 0 10 Rampar 10 0 0 0 0 10 Laxmipar 10 0 0 0 0 10 Total 40 0 0 0 0 40 Percentage 100 0 0 0 0 100 Abadasa Bandiya 10 0 0 0 0 10 Ustiya 0 10 0 0 0 10 Khanay 0 10 0 0 0 10 Vamoti (N) 0 10 0 0 0 10 Total 10 30 0 0 0 40 Percentage 25 75 0 0 0 100 G.Total 50 30 0 0 0 80 Percentage 62.5 37.5 0 0 0 100 Table 4.14.1 Distributions of Households by Source of Drinking Water


Figure 4.13: Distributions of Households by Source of Drinking Water (Both



House tap 100%


88.35%

0.86%0.05% 0.15%

1.28%

4.67%1.53%

3.10% TapHandpumpTubewellWellTank, Pond, LakeRiver, CanalSpringAny other

Block Source of Drinking Water Total

Households Tap Hand

pump Tube well

Well Tank Pond Lake

River Canal

Spring Any other

Nakhatrana 24065 21262 (88.35)

307 (1.28)

368 (1.53)

747 (3.10)

208 (0.86)

11 (0.05)

37 (0.15)

1125(4.67)

Abadasa 18249 9906 (54.28)

265 (1.45)

333 (1.82)

4949 (27.12)

2084 (11.42)

52(0.28)

83 (0.45)

577(3.16)

73


25%

75%

0%0%0%House tapPublic TapTubewellWellPond,Lake,River


54.28%

11.42%

27.12%

0.45%0.28%

3.16%

1.45%

1.82%

TapHandpumpTubewellWellTank, Pond, LakeRiver, CanalSpringAny other

Table 4.14 gives the distribution of sample households according to source

of drinking water. From the sample households not a single house found as

getting drinking water from well, tube well, pond, river or lake. From total 80

sample households 62.5 percentages of households getting water from house tap

and 37.5 percentages are getting from public tap. In the villages of Nakhatrana

block all the sample households (100%) receive drinking water from house tap.

While in the villages of Abadasa block, only 25 percentages of households are

getting drinking water from house tap and 75 percentages are getting their

drinking water from public tap.

Table 4.14.1 shows the detail above mentioned in general for both block.

In Nakhatrana block, 88.35 percentages of households derive drinking water

from tap. After tap all other sources for drinking water which used by

households are very few in numbers. In Abadasa block, the main source of

drinking water is distributed in 54.28 percentages of households are getting it

from tap, 27.12 percentages are from well and 11.42 percentages are tank, pond,

and lake.

74

Table 4.15 Classifications of Sample Households According To Availability of

Ration Card

Village Type of Ration Card Total APL BPL don’t have

card

Nakhatrana Rasaliya 3 6 1 10 Khombhadi(M) 6 3 1 10 Rampar 8 2 0 10 Laxmipar 4 6 0 10 Total 21 17 2 40 Percentage 52.5 42.5 5 100 Abadasa Bandiya 0 10 0 10 Ustiya 7 3 0 10 Khanay 1 9 0 10 Vamoti (N) 3 7 0 10 Total 11 29 0 40 Percentage 27.5 72.5 0 100 G.Total 32 46 2 80 Percentage 40 57.5 2.5 100 Figure 4.14 Classifications of Sample Households according to availability of

Ration Card

Classification of Sample Households according to availability of Ration Card

Nakhatrana Block

43%

5%

52%

APLBPLDO N’T HAVE

Classification of Sample Households according to availability of Ration Card

Abadasa Block

25%

72%

3%APLBPLDON’T HAVE

75

Table 4.15 given above shows the details of sample households according

to availability of Ration Card. From all sample households 57.5 percentage of

households are having BPL Card, 40 percentages are having APL Card and 2.5

percentages are don’t have any Card. In the villages of Nakhatrana block,

among sample households 52.5 per cent have APL Card, 42.5 per cent have BPL

Card and 5 per cent don’t have Card. While in Abadasa block, there are big

numbers of sample households found having BPL Card, from sample households

total 72.5 percentages of household are having BPL Card and 27.5 percentage

having APL Card.

Table 4.16 Classifications of Sample Households According To Bank Account

and Insurance Availability

Village Having Account in bank

Having Insurance

Nakhatrana Rasaliya 5 2 Khombhadi(M) 6 0 Rampar 8 1 Laxmipar 4 1 Abadasa Bandiya 0 0 Ustiya 6 0 Khanay 1 0 Vamoti(N) 3 0 Total 33 4 percentage 41.25 5

Rasaliya15%

Khombhadi(M) 18%

Rampar25%

Laxmipar 12%

Bandiya0%

Ustiya18%

Khanay 3%

Vamoti(N)9%

Rasaliya

Khombhadi

Rampar

Laxmipar

Bandiya

Ustiya

Khanay

Vamoti(N)

Figure 4.15 Classifications of sample Households by having account in Bank

76

Table 4.16 gives distributions of sample households according to having

account in bank. And also shows the number of sample households having

insurance. There are total 41.25 percentages of households from sample

households are having account in Bank. Most of them having account in

Denabank only one person in Rasaliya has an account in Post Office (NREGA

Scheme) and one person in Rampar having account in Sahkari Dairy. But not a

single village covered under the study has banking facility, In Nakhatarana such

facility is available at the distance of 5 to 7 km, while in Abadasa block it is

available only above 7 km away. And it will make the difference to join in such

facility which is not available nearby.

According to insurance availability there are only 5% of households are

found to have insurance. In Rasaliya both persons have LIC insurance, in

Laxmipar one person has LIC insurance and in Rampar one person has Crop

insurance.

77

Table 4.17 Classifications of Sample Households by Asset Availability

Village

Type of asset

Land Fan Radio/T.V.

Sewing machines

Telephone Mobile Cycle Vehicle

Nakhatrana Rasiliya 3 10 8 0 3 8 0 5 Khombhadi(M) 3 10 9 5 6 10 0 3 Rampar 3 10 6 0 2 10 0 3 Laxmipar 3 10 7 2 3 7 0 2 Total 12 40 30 7 14 35 0 13 Percentage 30 100 75 17.5 35 87.5 0 32.5 Abadasa Bandiya 2 10 2 1 0 10 0 0 Ustiya 6 10 10 0 5 10 0 1 Khanay 0 8 3 2 0 10 0 0 Vamoti(N) 0 10 8 1 0 10 0 1 Total 8 38 23 4 5 40 0 2 Percentage 20 95 57.5 10 12.5 100 0 5

Table 4.17 shows detail of sample household related to such kind of asset

available to them. There are total 30 percent households in Nakhatrana block

and 20 percentage households in Abadasa block have land as an asset (land

means cultivated land). In terms having fan, in Nakhatrana block 100 percentage

households and in Abadasa block 95 percentage households have fan. Among

sample households 100 percentage households in Abadasa block have mobile

phone, while in Nakhatrana block it rests for 87.5

Figure 4.16 Classifications of sample households by asset availability

Classifications of Sample Households by Asset availability:Nakhatrana Block

Mobile, 35

Radio/T.V. 30

Fan, 40

Land, 12

Sewing machine, 7

Telephone, 14

Cycle, 0Vehicle , 13 Land

FanRadio/T.V.Sewing machineTelephoneMobileCycleVehicle

78

Classifications of Sample Households by Asset availabity:Abadasa Block

Sewing machine, 4

Telephone, 5

Mobile, 40Fan, 38

Land, 8Cycle, 0Vehicle , 2

Radio/T.V. 23

LandFanRadio/T.V.Sewing machineTelephoneMobileCycleVehicle

Figure gives the details of block wise by assets availability with the name

of asset and with the absolute numbers. For example, ‘Mobile, 40’ it indicates

that from among block’s 40 sample households 40 households have mobile as an

asset.

Table 4.18 Distributions of Sample Households according to No. Of Households

having Each of the Specified Assets in Numbers

No. of asset which they having

No. of Households

Percentage

1 2 2.52 22 27.53 26 32.54 17 21.255 6 7.56 4 57 3 3.75

80 100

Figure 4.17 Distributions of Sample Households according to No. of Households

having Each of the Specified Assets in Numbers

Distributions of Sample Households according No. of Househlods having each of the specified asset

in Number

32.50%

7.50%

5.00% 2.50%3.75%

21.25%

27.50%

Having 1 asset

Having 2 asset

Having 3 asset

Having 4 asset

Having 5 asset

Having 6 asset

Having 7 asset

79

Table 4.18 gives the details of sample households according to No. of

households having each of the specified assets in numbers. From the given details

it is easily observed that only 2.5 per cent of households having 1 assets and only

3.75 per cent of households having 7 assets from sample households, most of the

households having assets in these groups: having 2 assets (27.5%), having 3

assets (32.5%) and having 4 assets (21.25%). Very few households are having 5

assets (7.5%) and having 6 assets (5%).

Table 4.19 Distributions of Sample Household by Size of Family and Numbers of

Rooms available (Nakhatrana Block)

Nakhatrana Household having numbers of room No. of

persons in family

No. of HH

1 2 3 4 5

Mode of the

rooms 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 4 3 1 0 0 0 1 0 4 4 3 1 0 2 0 0 3 5 12 2 5 3 2 0 2 6 13 3 6 4 0 0 2 7 3 1 2 0 0 0 2 8 3 1 1 0 1 0 0 9 3 1 1 0 1 0 0 10 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 40

Considering to the uneven size of family, for arriving more approximately

interpretation, the mode of the rooms is found out from data. As per table 4.19

shows, who have the smaller family size (2, 3, 4) rooms available for them are

minimum 3 and maximum four and who have the larger family size (5, 6, 7, 8, 9,

10) rooms available for them are minimum 1 and maximum 2. It indicates that

families with smaller size have more rooms in comparison with families of larger

size.

80

Table 4.19.1 Distributions of Sample Household by Size of Family and Numbers

of Rooms available (Abadasa)

Abadasa

Household having numbers of room No. of

persons in family

No. of HH

1 2 3 4 5

Mode of the

rooms 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 3 6 2 0 3 0 1 3 4 6 4 2 0 0 0 1 5 13 8 5 0 0 0 2 6 5 4 0 0 1 0 1 7 5 3 1 1 0 0 1 8 3 3 0 0 0 0 1 9 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 40

Table 19.1 shows the detail above mentioned, about size of family and

number of rooms available for them, for Abadasa block, As per table shows,

nearly all sample households have 1 room for them whatever the size of family.

When looking towards the size of family who have the smaller family size (2, 3, 4)

rooms available for them are minimum 1 and maximum 3 and who have the

larger family size (5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) rooms available for them are one room, only

one household have 2 rooms. It indicates insignificant difference between the

availability of rooms and the size of family.

Table 4.20 Distributions of Sample Household by Number of Married Couple in

Family and Availability of Separate Room

Available rooms

Mode of the

rooms

Block No. of Married

Couple in family

No. ofHH

1 2 3 4 5 Nakhatrana 1 31 3 13 9 6 0 2

2 8 2 5 1 0 0 2 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40

Abadasa 1 24 14 6 3 0 1 1 2 16 13 2 0 1 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40

81

Considering to the uneven numbers of rooms availability and number of

married couple in the family, to arrive more approximately interpretation for

the married couple has separate room for them mode of the rooms is found out

from data. Table 4.20 gives the details of numbers of married couple in family

and total numbers of rooms available. In Nakhatarana block, most of the

families have one married couple and availability of rooms for them are 2 rooms

and families who have more than one married couple (very few) numbers of

rooms available for them are minimum 1 and maximum 2. In Abadasa block,

among all sample families, families who have one married couple number of

rooms available for them is one and who have two married couples in family

numbers of rooms available for them is also one room.

82

4.3 Detailed analysis of Source of Livelihoods of Sample Households

and Characteristics of it:

In order to avoid inconsistency in calculating income, attempt is made to

have an estimates figure based on related information.

Contents of this section provide information regarding to the Source of

Livelihoods of Sample Households and also focuses on the characteristics of

livelihood. This division gives the details in ascending order of Sample

Households with which type of livelihood activity was founded during the study.

4.3.1 Agricultural Labourers This is most common source of livelihoods are found during the study.

Among the total 80 respondents, 31.25% of respondents are engaged in this

activity. This section provide details of daily wages, average working days in a

year, working place, annual income of head of the family and annual income of

households, education status of the respondents and all other characteristics are

as follows:

Characteristics of Agricultural Labourer: Most of the respondents have at least 10 to 15 years of experience with

occupation.

Majority of the respondents are found following the Muslim religion with

68% while the Hindus are 32%.

Among them 52% of respondents are living in owned house.

According to availability of ration card 1% don’t have card, 76% have

BPL card and 23% have APL card.

Most the Labourers in Nakhatrana block engaged entire year with same

occupation but in Abadasa block they are engaged in the activity for only

about 6 months.

Among the total sample households 36% of households are founded two

family members are engaged in agricultural labouring, 20% of

households are having 3 family members and 44% of households are

found 4 persons of the family members with same activity.

Dependency ratio is 1:3.

No one in Nakhatrana block founded in another activity but in Abadasa

block they are doing another activity such as transportations (carrying

83

vehicle), find out any mines activity or some of them believing leisure time

and doing nothing.

Migration for the work was found in only Abadasa block, in sample

households majority of the respondents are migrated from Abadasa block

to Nakhatrana block.

Table 21 Calculation of income for Agricultural Labourer:

Vill

age

Sr. N

o. o

f H

H

Wag

e R

ate/

Day

Ave

rage

wor

king

da

ys in

a y

ear

Wor

king

pla

ce

In V

illag

e/

Dis

tanc

e

Tot

al N

o. o

f Fa

mily

mem

ber

In sa

me

Occ

upat

ion

Ann

ual

Inco

me

of H

ead

Ann

ual

Inco

me

of H

H

Edu

catio

n of

Hea

d

Rasaliya 1 80 260 in village 2 20800 41600 Ill. 2 80 260 in village 4 20800 83200 Std.4 3 80 260 in village 2 20800 41600 Ill. Khombhadi 4 80 210 in village 4 16800 67200 Std.5 (M) 5 80 210 in village 4 16800 67200 Std.4 6 80 210 in village 2 16800 33600 Ill. Rampar 7 80 200 in village 3 16000 48000 Std.7 8 80 200 in village 2 16000 32000 Std.7 Laxmipar 9 80 250 in village 4 20000 80000 Std.4 10 80 250 in village 4 20000 80000 Ill. 11 80 250 in village 3 20000 60000 Ill. Bandiya 12 60 200 5kmaway 4 12000 48000 Ill. 13 60 200 5kmaway 4 12000 48000 Ill. 14 60 200 5kmaway 3 12000 36000 Ill. 15 60 200 5kmaway 4 12000 48000 Ill. 16 60 200 5kmaway 4 12000 48000 Ill. 17 60 200 5kmaway 2 12000 24000 Ill. Ustiya 18 60 200 5kmaway 2 12000 24000 Std.7 19 60 200 5kmaway 3 12000 36000 Std.5 Khanay 20 60 100 5kmaway 4 6000 24000 Ill. 21 50 100 5kmaway 2 5000 10000 Std.4 22 50 100 5kmaway 4 5000 20000 Ill. 23 50 100 5kmaway 2 5000 10000 Ill. Vamoti(N) 24 60 100 5kmaway 2 6000 12000 Ill. 25 60 100 5kmaway 3 6000 18000 Ill.

Table 21 gives all the details related to calculation of Agricultural

Labourer. First, to be noted, that there is no difference between daily wages of

male and female in this activity. According to daily wage condition is quite good

in Nakhatrana block as per table shows, while Abadasa block wages are different

84

village by village and also lowest with comparison to Nakhatrana block. In terms

of working days, in the villages of Nakhatrana block most of the respondents

have more than 200 working days, while in Abadasa block, villages ‘Bandiya’

and ‘Ustiya’ are also have 200 working days for agricultural labourer. As per

working place to the respondents, in the Nakhatrana block all can get work in

village but the distance is 5 km away for the respondents of Abadasa block. Most

of the agricultural labourers have income less than 20000 rupees and

household’s income is less than 85000 rupees. Among them total 64%

respondents are found illiterate and 36% are literate.

4.3.2 Animal Husbandry During the study, among the total 80 sample households, 27.5% of

respondents are engaged in the activity of Animal Husbandry. This is the second

highest source of livelihood after Agricultural Labourer. This section gives the

details of number of animals and type of animals which they have, daily

production of milk, income and educational status of the respondents.

Characteristics of Animal Husbandry: Most of the respondents have more than 15 years of experience with

occupation.

Majority of the respondents are founded follow the Hindu religion with

54.54% while the Muslim followers are 45.45%.

Among them 55% of respondents are living in owned house.

According to ration card there 50% of respondents have BPL card.

No one is founded into another occupation.

In terms of availability of fodder, in Abadasa block availability of fodder

is 6 months and in Nakhatrana block it is available for 7 to 8 months in a

year.

Most of the livestock developers have minimum two persons from the

family members are engaged in same activity.

Dependency ratio is 1:5.

85

Table 22 Calculation of Income for the Livestock developers:

Vill

age

Sr. N

o. o

f H

H

Tot

al

Ani

mal

s

Types of Animals

Prod

uctio

n of

Milk

Selli

ng

Ani

mal

Mon

thly

In

com

e

Ann

ual

Inco

me

Proc

edur

e of

milk

se

lling

Edu

catio

n

Cow Buffelo Sheep& Goat

In Liter/ per day

In Rupee

In Rupee

Rasaliya 1 5 4 1 0 4 No 1260 15120 Dir. ill. 2 50 0 0 50 0 Yes 10800 ill. Khobhadi 3 12 7 5 0 9 No 3360 40320 Dir. ill.

4 7 5 2 0 6 No 2100 25200 Dir. ill. Rampar 5 11 10 1 0 7 No 2520 30240 Dir. ill.

6 19 9 10 0 15 No 5880 70560 Dir. ill. 7 40 0 40 0 35 No 19800 237600 SD Std.

-3 Laxmipar 8 60 0 0 60 0 Yes 14400 ill. 9 10 6 4 0 10 No 3780 45360 Dir. illi.

Bandiya 10 15 7 8 0 11 No 3900 46800 Dir. ill. 11 10 2 8 0 9 No 3120 37440 Dir. ill. Ustiya 12 10

0 0 0 100 0 Yes 6000 72000 ill.

13 200

0 0 200 0 Yes 12000 144000 ill.

Khanay 14 7 4 3 0 5 No 1560 18720 Dir. ill. 15 9 3 6 0 10 No 3510 42120 Dir. Std.

4 16 5 2 3 0 4 No 1170 14040 Dir. ill. 17 50 0 0 50 0 Yes 900 10800 ill. 18 45 0 0 45 0 Yes 833.3

3 10000 ill.

Vamoti (N)

19 10 4 6 0 9 No 3120 37440 Dir. ill.

20 12 3 9 0 15 No 5070 60840 Dir. ill. 21 20 0 0 20 0 Yes 800 9600 Dir. ill. 22 30 0 0 30 0 Yes 833.3 10000 Dir. ill.

Notes: 1. HH-Household 2. SD -Sahkari Dairy. 3. ill. – Illiterate 4. Dir. - Direct

Table 22 gives all the details of the occupation. There is difference in price

of milk; In the Villages of Nakhatrana Block, they get average Rs.14/liter, while

in the Abdasa they get average Rs.13/liter. Whenever we looked about the

process of selling animals, every year they can sell 20% animals of total animals

they have and aggregate Rs.1200-1300 they can get from selling per Sheep or

Goat. Calculation of income is deal with detail mentioned above. From among

the respondents, only one respondent sell milk to the Sahkari dairy and all other

are selling individually. When look at educational status of them 90.90% are

founded illiterate. Looking towards income, only 22.72% are having income

more than 50000 and 77.27% having income less than 50000. All other detail is

shows by table it self.

86

During the study, according to the respondents, problems facing by them

are described as below:

The most common problem is found in all sample villages is fair prices of

product is un assured.

Second one is the unavailability of health services for livestock.

Cattle feed are very expensive and it is available at a very long distance.

4.3.3 Farmers During the study, after Animal Husbandry, agriculture is the third option

for livelihoods with 25% respondents are found engages in this activity.

Characteristics features of Farmers: Most of the respondents have more than 15 to 20 years experience with

occupation. All the farmers are living in owned house. Majority of the farmers are the Hindus (90%). Among the farmers 80% of farmers have APL ration card and 20% have

BPL card. All the farmers have their own land for cultivation. Dependency ratio is 1 for 4 persons.

87

Table 23 Calculation for farmer’s income:

Vill

age

No.

of F

arm

ers

Tot

al L

and

(in a

cre)

Ow

n la

nd

/Par

ticip

atio

n

Cul

tivat

ed

Lan

d

Irri

gatio

n

avai

labi

lity

Inst

rum

ent

The

y ha

ve

Mai

n cr

ops

Tim

e du

ratio

n of

Prod

uctio

n

(in M

onth

)

Prod

uctio

n

(per

Acr

e)In

Kg.

Tot

al P

rodu

ctio

n

(In

Kg.

)

6 m

onth

s inc

ome

(in R

upee

s)

Ann

ual

Inc

ome

of

Hea

d (in

Ru p

ees)

Edu

catio

n

Rasaliya 1 15.5 Own land 15 Bor Electric motor Groundnut 12 600 9000 270000 540000 Std.7

Tractor Cotton

2 10 Own land 10 Bor Electric motor Groundnut 12 550 5500 165000 330000 Std.7

Tractor Cotton


Tractor Cotton

Khombhadi(M) 4 15 Own land 15 Bor Electric motor Groundnut 12 600 9000 270000 540000 Std.7

Tractor Cotton


Tractor Cotton


Tractor Cotton

Rampar 7 5 Own land 5 No NIL Vetch 6 350 1750 70000 70000 Illiterate

Gram

8 7 Own land 7 Bor Electric motor Groundnut 12 600 4200 126000 252000 Illiterate

Cotton


Tractor Cotton

88

Laxmipar 10 9 Own land 9 Bor Electric motor Groundnut 12 500 4500 135000 270000 Std.7

Cotton


Tractor Cotton


Tractor Cotton

Abadasa

Bandiya 13 4 Own land 4 No NIL Vetch 6 300 1200 48000 48000 Std.4

Gram

14 7.5 Own land 7 No NIL Vetch 6 350 2450 98000 98000 Illiterate

Gram

Ustiya 15 6 Own land 6 Dam Oil engine Wheat 6 400 2400 72000 72000 Std.8

Groundnut

16 9 Own land 9 Dam Oil engine Wheat 6 400 3600 108000 108000 Std.3

Groundnut

17 4.5 Own land 4 Dam Oil engine Wheat 6 400 1600 48000 48000 Illiterate

Groundnut

18 7 Own land 7 No NIL Vetch, 6 350 2450 98000 98000 Std.7

Gram, sesame

19 4 Own land 4 No NIL Vetch 6 350 1400 56000 56000 Illiterate

Gram, sesame

20 7.5 Own land 7 No NIL Vetch 6 350 2450 98000 98000 Std.5

Gram sesame

Notes: According to Farmer, Aggregates Price of Groundnut & Cotton, Rs.1200 = 40kg Price of Vetch, Gram, Sesame, Rs.1600 = 40kg

89

Table 23 gives all the detailed information of farmers. Such as how much

land they have; availability of irrigation facility, instruments they have, cropping

pattern, time duration when they are engaged in production activity, per acre

production, annual income and educational status. As table indicate that there

are total 9(45%) farmers having land size from 4 to 8 acre; 6 (30%) farmers

having land from 8 to 12 acre; and 5 (25%) farmers having more than 12 acre of

land. In terms of availability of irrigation, in Nakhatrana 99% of farmers are

having irrigation facility only 1% farmer don’t have it, while 12.5% farmers in

Abadasa block do not have irrigation and 87.5% farmers are have it. Total 75%

of farmers haves instruments such as Electric motor, Tractor or Oil engine. As

per cropping pattern is concern, in Nakhatrana block, all farmers have

irrigation so they are producing Groundnut and Cotton, while in Abadasa block

who have irrigation they are producing the same, but who doesn’t have

irrigation they are producing Vetch, Gram and Sesame. Average per acre

productivity for Nakhatrana block is 616.6 Kg. and for Abadasa block it is 362.5

Kg. Most of farmers in Nakhatrana block are producing whole the year, while in

Abadasa block they are producing for 6 months in a year. Among the total of

farmers 25% of farmers are illiterate and 75% of farmers are literate. As per

annual income is concern, in Nakhatrana block, 99% of farmers having income

from more than 1 lakh and less than 7 lakh. Only one farmer having income

70000, while in Abadasa block 99% farmers are having income more than 45000

and less than 1 lakh only one farmer having income 1,08,000 rupees.

Table 23.1 Distribution of farmers according to land holding capacity and

income

Land

No. of farmers

Average Annual Income

In hector In rupees

0 to 2 5 588003 to 5 11 2334556 to 8 3 600000more than 8

1 792000

20 Table 23.1 gives the detail of farmers according to land holding capacity

and annual income. Among total 20 farmers, 80% of farmers having land less

90

than 5 or equal to 5 hectors. Only 20% farmers have land more than 5 hectors.

According to income 55% farmers have average income 233455 rupees and 25%

farmers have average income 58800 rupees and 15% farmers have average

income 600000 rupees and 5% farmers have income with 792000 rupees.

Table 23.2 Classifications of Farmers according their Usage of Fertilizers and

selling procedure for production

Village No. of farmers

Name of fertilizers

Selling product to whom /have any group

Rasaliya 3 URIA,DPAP, merchant no group Khombhadi(M) 3 URIA,DPAP, merchant no group Rampar 3 URIA,DPAP, merchant no group Laxmipar 3 URIA,DPAP, merchant no group Bandiya 2 manure merchant no group Ustiya 6 URIA,DPAP, merchant no group Khanay - NIL - - Vamoti(N) - NIL - - Total 20

Table 23.1 gives the details of usage of fertilizers and what type of

procedure is done by farmers for selling their products. All the farmers under

the study are found using manure as fertilizer with another type of fertilizers.

From total 20 farmers 18 farmers are using URIA and DPAP as fertilizers and

only 2 of them are using manure as fertilizers. All the farmers, under the study,

are selling their product to merchant and none of them have any kind of group

activity for selling products.

During the study, according to the respondents, problems facing by them

are described as below:

Insufficient, irregular and untimely rains are the biggest problem for

farmers.

Availability of seeds and credit are the two key inputs which play major

role in agricultural production. Farmers have to travel 20 to 30 Kms for

buy seeds, local merchant take higher prices of the seeds and Traders

take advantage of the situation by lending the farmers with credit with

killing rates of interest.

None of the single village is founded, under the study, have the facility to

provide fertilizers for the farmer.

91

4.3.4 Wage Labourers During the study total 16.25% of households are found engage in activity

of wage laboring. From sample households respondents are having different kind

of activity in wage labouring. This section gives the details of what activity was

done by them in wage laboring, wage rate of male and female, probably numbers

of days in which they are get work, wage laboring place or distance from the

place, and migration details.

Characteristic features of Wage Labourers: Half of the wage labourers are having experience of less than 10 years

with occupation.

Among them 46% are living in their own house and 54% are living in

rented house.

Majority of the founded follow the Hindu religion with 77% and where

the Muslim is 23%.

According to ration card, 1% don’t have card; 30% have APL and 69%

have BPL card.

Main activities which are done by the respondents are carrying vehicle

(Driver), working in mines activity, massioning and working in a shop.

Most the Labourers in Nakhatrana block engaged entire year with same

occupation but in Abadasa block they are engaged in the activity for only

about 6 months.

Among the total sample households 54% of households are founded two

family members are engaged in wage labouring, 8% of households are

having 3 family members and 38% of households are found 1(head of the

family) person of the family members with same activity.

Dependency ratio is 1:4. No one in Nakhatrana block founded in another activity but in Abadasa

block they are doing another activity such as transportations (carrying

vehicle), find out any mines activity or some of them believing leisure time

and doing nothing.

Migration for the work was not found with particular these wage

labourers.

92

Table 24 Calculation for wage labourer’s income: V

illag

e/

Blo

ck

Sr. n

o. H

H

Nam

e of

A

ctiv

ity

Ave

rage

ra

te

per

day

Wor

king

da

ys

In

Yea

r

Wor

king

pl

ace

In

Vill

age/

Dis

tanc

e

Tot

al N

o. o

f Fa

mily

m

embe

r in

O

ccup

atio

n

Mon

thly

Inc

ome

of

indi

vidu

al(I

n R

upee

)

Annual income of

Edu

catio

n of

H

ead

individual Household Rasaliya 1 Driver 83.33 170 in village 2 2500 14166.67 28333.33 std.7 2 Work in

MS 50 365 in village 3 1500 18000 54000 std.12

Khobhadi 3 Work in Shop

50 365 in village 2 1500 18000 36000 ill.

(M) 4 Driver 83.33 170 in village 2 2500 14166.67 std.7 Rampar 5 Massionar 150 180 in village 2 2250 27000 54000 ill. 6 Massionar 150 180 in village 2 2250 27000 54000 ill. Laxmipar 7 Driver 83.33 170 in village 1 2500 30000 30000 ill. 8 Driver 83.33 170 in village 2 2500 30000 60000 ill. Bandiya - - - - NIL - - - - - Ustiya - - - - NIL - - - - - Khanay 9 Mines 160 180 5kmaway 1 4800 28800 28800 ill. Vamoti 10 Mines 80 240 5kmaway 1 2400 19200 19200 ill. (N) 11 Mines 80 240 5kmaway 1 2400 19200 19200 Std.3 12 Driver 83.33 170 in village 1 2500 14166.67 14166.67 ill. 13 Driver 83.33 170 in village 1 2500 14166.67 14166.67 ill.

Notes: MS = medical store, ill. = illiterate.

Table 24 gives the information about wage labouring. In terms of wage

rate there different rate for male and female, especially in activity of massioning

male 150 rupees per day while woman can get 90 or 100 rupees. Majority of the

respondents are having working days less than 200, only four of the respondents

are having 250 to 365 working days. As working place is concern, in the villages

of Nakhatrana block, all wage labourer can get work in village while in the

villages of Abadasa block it is far away from village (about 5 Km away). As per

income is concern, 62% of labourer having income less than 50000 rupees and

38% of labourer have income from 50000 to 60000 rupees. Looking towards the

educational status of respondents 69% of lobourers are found illiterate and 31%

are literate.

93

4.4 Testing of hypotheses: (1) Existing means of Livelihood are adequate enough for Sustainable

Village Development.

For solution of this hypothesis the following points are glimpse from the

data available and observation.

Looking at the nature of development from time series perspectives there

is no bigger change in the condition of the sample villages. As per studying

Census report of District from 1971 to 2001 for sample villages, It has been

noticed that villages have same pattern of livelihood and there is no increment in

village’s amenities. Till the date there is traditional livelihoods are founded more

and no any other means of livelihood was founded. It indicates that the sources

of livelihoods are not expanded or penetrate by nature.

Considering rate of growth of population and it will turns into demand

patterns changes. Not just demand pattern for living is change or expanded but

also for sustainability of whatever economic activity was done by them or we can

say demand for occupational input is change. They need more and more

incentives for it. In this context, village total demand is expected to be growing

faster and higher as against the availability of opportunities is not meeting with

these.

Level of education and course of institutional living does not indicate

adaptability and affordability for change which restricts total development

process.

(2) In the livelihood concept assets play a key role for individual. General

belief also support to this. In general, it is accepted that asset holding a little is

also very helpful for them in time of uncertainty. But the question is affordability

of person for achieving asset. It appears that poor as they are they do not possess

the asset and in reverse lack of asset holding makes them poor. The interest is in

knowing whether it is true for sample households. With the help of following lets

examine.

94

H0: There is no relation between asset holding capacity and income availability.

H1: There is relation between asset holding capacity and income availability.

Solution:

Table 25

having asset

No. of HH

Average income per HH

(in rupees) 1 2 608002 22 314753 26 398814 17 510995 6 2257666 4 4365007 3 600000

80 Calculate from

Our two variables are number of asset and average income of Household.

r = 0.884403895 ≈0.88 is calculated from data available.

We reject our H0. So we accept H1.

Interpretation: it indicates that there is positive relationship between asset

holding capacity and income availability.

It means the asset holding capacity and income availability are increasing

in one direction.

(3) In the Economics there is a strong belief that where numbers of

persons in family are big they have smaller piece of land and when they having

number of persons in family are small available land for them is larger. In this

context, let us examine that is it true for our sample families.

To understand this, an attempt is made here, to establish correlation

between size of family and land availability.

H0: There is positive relation between the size of family and land availability.

95

Solution:

Table 26

No. of persons in family

No. of Household

Total Land available

Land per family

in vaar in foot 2 2 600 1800 9003 6 2650 7950 13254 8 1200 3600 4505 13 2950 8850 680.7696 6 1250 3750 6257 6 1000 3000 5008 5 900 2700 5409 4 850 2550 637.5

10 1 150 450 450Total 51 6108.27

Interpretation: r = -0.62983 ≈ -0.63. It indicates that there is negative correlation

between these two variables.

It supports the general belief of economics. The belief is true for sample

family, we can say that who have larger family the land available for them is

small and who have smaller size of family the land available for them are large.

As Amartya Sen said that the gap between ‘haves’ and ‘haves not’ are initiate

with small family have large number of asset and large family with small

number of asset.

(4) It always discussed that ones must have education for achieving better

livelihood or for wide opportunity for achieve livelihood. Is it true for all kind of

livelihood activity? Let’s find out it for our selected occupation, whether the

relationship between educational status and income. For testing this first we test

it for all four occupations with Chi-square (test of independence) method. After

that we also try to find the impact of educational status on income and impact of

educational status on occupational status. For testing this we will use two way

ANOVA. In the following manner we test our hypothesis.

96

H0 : Status of Education does not improve the opportunity to achieve livelihood.

Farmer

Table 27

Sr.no. Educational Status

Mean of Annual Income

More than mean

Less than mean

Total

1 Illiterate 104800 1 4 5 2 1 to 7 359866.7 7 8 15 8 12 20

First find out expected frequency, after that calculate the Chi-square.

Chi-square calculated value is 0.77

Degrees of freedom = (r-1) (c-1) = (2-1) (2-1) = 1

The table value of Chi-square for one degree of freedom at 5 percent level

of significance is 3.84.

The calculated value of Chi-square (0.77) is smaller than this table value

(3.84) which means that it is insignificant. So hypothesis is accepted.

Thus the result supports the hypothesis and we can say that the status of

education does not improve the opportunity to achieve livelihood. (In the

farming)

Animal Husbandry

Table 27.1



More than mean

Less than mean

Total

1 Illiterate 44515 6 14 20 2 1 to 7 56340 1 1 2

7 15 22








97


education does not improve the opportunity to achieve livelihood. (In the animal

husbandry)


Table 27.2



More than mean

Less than mean

Total

1 Illiterate 12400 5 11 16 2 1 to 7 15044.44 6 3 9

11 14 25









education does not improve the opportunity to achieve livelihood. (In the

agricultural labouring)

Wage labourer

Table 27.3



More than mean

Less than mean

Total

1 Illiterate 23148.15 5 4 9 2 1 to 7 16383.34 2 2 4

7 6 13


Chi-square calculated value is 1.




98

The calculated value of Chi-square (1) is smaller than this table value



education does not improve the opportunity to achieve livelihood. (In the wage

labouring)

Finally after this test we can conclude that for selected these four

occupations, there is no relationship between the educational status and income.

Now we test second part of this hypothesis. In the following manner (with two

way ANOVA)

H01: There is no impact of educational status on income.

H02: There is no impact of educational status on occupational status.

Table 27.4

Educational Status

Occupational Status (mean of income)

Farmer Animal Husbandry


Wage Labourer

illiterate 104800 44515 12400 23148.15 1 to 7 359866.7 56340 15044.44 16383.34

Table 27.5

ANOVA Source of Variation

SS df MS F F crit

Rows 8.63E+09 1 8.63E+09 1.079125 10.12796 Columns 6.42E+10 3 2.14E+10 2.675371 9.276628 Error 2.4E+10 3 8E+09 Total 9.68E+10 7

Fcal = 1.079 < F (0.05,1,3) = 10.23 we accept H01

Fcal = 2.67 < F (0.05,3,3) = 9.28 we accept H02

At the 5% level, the table value of F (for both rows and columns) ratios

are insignificant. So we accept both hypotheses. We can conclude that there is no

impact of educational status on income and there is no impact of educational

status on occupational status.

Finally, we can conclude that ‘Status of education does not improve the

opportunity to achieve livelihood’. It is true for these selected four occupation

99

because these are the skilled occupations and don’t required any formal

education. But they need that kind of education which can help them in getting

better advantages from whatever activity they do.

100

Chapter 5 Conclusion This brief research work reviews the ways in which the rural people living

and what kind of livelihood they derived from available resources in village.

When we compare these two blocks villages with each other we found that where

there is Agriculture is sustain and in good condition, in Nakhatrana block’s

villages, allied all other activities also in good condition. While in villages of

Abadasa block, Agriculture sector is not performing as good as per requirement

of the farmers and not providing enough livelihoods to the farmers, hence it

effects directly to all other activities of village. In sort we can say that overall

pattern of village development is depends on sources of livelihoods which are

available in village.

The first component for study is availability of amenities of both village in

general and household in particular. Availability of amenities and sources of

livelihood directly effect to the sustainability of the village. When we look at the

sample villages in terms of basic amenities such as drinking water, health,

education, telephone, internet, bank, post office, etc. apart from availability of

drinking water nothing is found adequate.

The fundamental for livable home is ownership of house, condition of the

house, safe drinking water, sanitation facility, rooms in respect size of family, etc.

And the potential means not only use of these services but simply that it is

located at certain distance most probably accessible from the household. The

current scenario of primary data of sample households, related to availability of

amenities of households, in the sample villages, are such as: 63.75 percentages of

households having own house. But when we look at the availability of room in

respect of size of family, small families have large number of rooms and large

families have only 1 or 2 rooms; according to condition of house 43.75

percentages of total sample households do not have pucca roof; 62.5 percentages

of households getting their drinking water from house tap and 37.5 percentages

are getting it from public tap. When looking toward purify drinking water not a

single household founded under the study which purifies drinking water.

From all other amenities asset plays a significant role in making ones life

comfortable and secure and it is also required for making improved and

sustainable life. Financial assets in context of availing banking services, as per

101

secondary data shows, Kachchh in total 35.94%, in rural area it is 29.34%

households having and in urban area 49.58% households having it; while in our

sample households it rests for 41.25% of households. In availability of assets,

some households don’t have any of the each specified assets, in Kachchh total

36.25% households are don’t have any asset, in rural area 44.71% households

and in urban area 18.80 households are don’t have any asset. While in sample

households not a single household is found with un-availability of assets.

When we are looking towards the livelihood’s conditions of this sample

village’s sample population, in the villages of Nakhatrana block it is founded in

good condition with comparison to the villages of Abadasa block. But the overall

situation is not as good as requirement of current time. Almost 52.5% of

households are having annual income less than 50,000 rupees. How this small

amount makes them sustain in the current situation and in the future? Is it

possible? So the things comes out from study that source of livelihood are found

least and it will turn into declining of total development process of village.

It observed from the study that sources of livelihoods are also found

stagnant and not meeting with the requirement of growing population. In this

context, Enhancements of livelihood activities and creating alternative livelihood

opportunities have been the focuses towards Sustainable Village Development.

In the study we are just talking about only the means of livelihoods which

are required for living. We observe it with comparison to income and availability

of amenities which is set position for them only for living, not for meets to live

with the improved ‘quality of life’. As Amartya Sen says “Quality of life is seen

in terms of valued activities and the ability to choose and perform those activities

and Quality of life is combination of hand, heart and head, the effective

combination of an appropriate mix lies in constructing livable of life.” But the

concept has a wide span and being democratically defined with specific meanings

of different people in different places; including the many criteria of well-being

of poor people themselves.

“Conditions for social and economic progress are simply those which

release the energies and creativity of the people and transform this creativity and

motivation for work into the means of production”. (Ekins P. 1992). This is the

wide thought which is really needed for the sustainability of household, village,

community, state and for the country.

102

It appears from the study that willingness to living better life and capacity

buildings of the respondents are the points which needed more attention. Most of

the people from sample villages do accept the condition whatever it is and do not

even show inclination to come out. It’s to be noted that ‘Improvement of local

standard of living will lift up the overall village life and sustainability of village’.

‘Sustainable development is possible only when local community base

initiative is supported by the state and the market.’(Ekins P. 1992). All over

development of village is also effect by availability of natural resources;

institutional and organizational support. The villages under the study have the

equal condition in terms of available natural resources. But it seems different in

terms of institutional support and organizational support.

And the purpose of development is to create an environment in which all

people can expand their capabilities and opportunities can be enlarged for both

present and future generations (UNDP 1994). This is the approach which is

needed for development of the urban and the rural area. Usually the term urban

and rural as a notion, we have to much more holistic and integrated and much

more horizontal to use terminology, which is often applied in our approaches to

problems. We have to see this as being a part of whole because the both are

interdependent on each others; one holding up others and there is integration

between them. A balanced which has been tipped historically in favour of the

urban, but balance is now changing with so many government scheme, one of

them is our 11th five year plan, and the goal is “inclusive growth”. It is genuinely

need of the time, isn’t it?

Reference

Ekins P., 1992 “A New World Order: grassroots movement for Global

Change”, Routledge, New Work. UNDP 1994, - United Nations Development Report, Prof A. K. Sen.

103

List of Bibliography

• Debal D., 2009 “BEYOND DEVELOPMENTALITY – constructing inclusive

freedom and sustainability”, Daanish Book, Delhi. • Ekins P., 1992 “A New World Order: grassroots movement for Global Change”,

Routledge, New Work. • Friedmen T., 2008 “Hot, Flat and Crowded” Penguin Books, England. • Ghosh R. N., Gabby R., Roy K., 1999 “Sustaining Development – Human

resources, Gender and Environment” Edited Book, Atlantic Publishers and

Distributers, New Delhi. • Haq M., 1995 “Reflection on Human Development”, Oxford University Press,

New York. • Parameswaran P., 2005 “Empowering People: Studies in Local Level

Development -2”, Daanish Book, Delhi. • Perry G., Burki S. J, 1998 “World Bank and Latin American Caribbean

Studies: Beyond the Washington Census Institutions Matter”, • Sen A., 1998 “Public Action to Remedy Hunger”, Forum for free enterprise,

Mumbai. • Sundaram K. V., Moni M., 2001 “Sustainable Development and Sustainable

Life Styles”, Edited Book, Northern Book Center, New Delhi. Reports

• Agarwal A., Narain S., 1997 “DYING WISDOM”, States of India’s 4th

Environment Report, Center for Science and Environment, New Delhi. • Fifth Summer School, 11th to 20th June, 1999 “Management of Common

Property Resources”, Program Material of IIM, Ahmedabad. • Census of India 2001, tables on Houses; household Amenities & Asset, CD no.6

• Baseline Survey Report March, 2009 “Sustainable Solutions for Augmenting

Livelihoods in Kachchh”, VRTI, Naliya. • “Ensuring Sustainability and Impact Change Agents in the SNEHAL

Program”, Care India, 2008. (SNEHAL – Sustained, Nutrition, Education,

Health And Livelihoods, program started in 2002, supported by USDA

(United States Department of Agriculture) and Care India)

• “SNEHAL - Tales of Transformation” Care India and USDA, 2009.

104

QUESTIONNAIRE FOR DISSERTATION

Sub.: “Livelihood and Sustainable Village Development:

A Study of Selected Villages”

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Livelihood and Sustainable Village Development

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