Index of Dagur (达斡尔, DCzo() words in 蒙古语族语言词典 Měnggǔ yǔzú yǔyán cìdián Each Dagur word is followed by the heading, namely the English translation of a given Written Mongol form, under which it can be found in MYYC. All Dagur words are listed individually, even if they belong in a collocation. For example, <ɑirag~ʤusun su> sub 嗜酸奶汁, 马奶 ‘koumiss (fermented mare’s milk)’ (MYYC 98), which should be read “airag su[u] or jusun su[u]” (see below on transcription and emendations, and DNBB 111b s.v. jusun suu or MYYC 557 bacilgaasän jusun suu, sub ‘boiled yoghurt’ on this specific item) is here broken into three different lemmata, namely airag, jusun and suu. When the same word appears under more than one heading, this is indicated with “⇒”.

It must become immediately clear that this is not a bilingual Dagur-English dictionary. The English glosses used by the editors of MYYC are basically descriptive labels. In case more than one word is found under the same heading, it will be necessary to compare it with the corresponding lemmata in DNBB (or DKÜ, if necessary) in order to ascertain the exact meaning. For example, guus and pii jaan appear both sub箱子 ‘chest, torso’ (MYYC 92), however according to DNBB, these words are not entirely synonymous, see pijaan箱子 ‘torso’ (173a), but guus 柜子 ‘chest’ (69b).

In MYYC there are ca. 30 lemmata lacking Dagur equivalents. Conversely, there is only a handful of words which are absent from DNBB, e.g. amisgaal 空气 ‘air’ (MYYC 96; however, other derivates can be found instead, e.g. amis-bei 呼吸 ‘to breathe’ or amis-laa-bei 喘气 ‘to breathe (deeply)’, see DNBB 5b).

For the sake of typographical simplification, the following correspondences should be taken into account (note that labialized consonants are not overly marked, unlike the palatalized series1):

MYYC DNBB Index ng – n’g ŋ – ng ŋg – ngg tS q c S x sh x h x dZ j j Cy ~ Ci Ci Cy (palatalized) Vj (Vi) Vy (glide) ə e ä e ie e

Lack of consistency in the notation of Dagur words is a common issue in MYYC, therefore when con-

sulting it is necessary to bear in mind especially the following set of “alternations”: a ~ ä ~ e, o ~ u, a ~ aa (vowel length in general), k ~ g, s ~ z and Ci/Cu ~ CØ (where <i> and <u> seem to stand for palatalized and labialized, respectively). For the latter, see such instances as arigy sub 酒 ‘alcoholic liquor’ (120) = arigi sub 酒 (尊称) ‘strong drink [hon.]’ (595), cf. DNBB (8b s.v. argi) and DKÜ (16 s.v. arγj yarikiV), or aur sugudun sub 气候, 气象 ‘weather’ (557), where the second component is also registered as aur sugdun sub空气 ‘air’ (96), cf. DNBB (200b s.v. suwudun) vs. DKÜ (225 s.v. suγdun suCeduA). Slips of the pen have been left unchanged, e.g. xurgigu vs. xurbigu, uwäi vs. uwei or bishin vs. qishin (only the first member of each pair seems correct). All in all, it may be the case that the same Dagur word appears under different headings and with different shapes. References DKÜ = Engkebatu nar nariyaγulba. 1984. Daγur kelen-ü üges / Dáwò’ěr yǔ cíhuì. Kökeqota. DNBB = Engkebatu [ēnhébātú]. 1983. Daor Niakan Bulku Biteg / Dá-Hàn xiǎocídiǎn. Hūhéhàotè.

1 For a description of the Dagur phonology and graphemics adopted by the editors of MYYC, see pp. 63-67. It is very instructive

to compare it with other descriptions, vid. i.a. Poppe (1930: 105-142), Martin (1961: 4-22), Zhòng (1982: 4-29), Todaeva (1986: 10-36), Tsumagari (2003: 130-135) or Wonsoo / Jae-il (2004).

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MYYC = Sūn, Zhú (et alia). 1990. Měnggǔ yǔzú yǔyán cìdián. Xīnīng. Martin S.E. 1961. Dagur Mongolian Grammar, Texts, and Lexicon. Bloomington. Poppe N.N. 1930. Dagurskoe narečie. Leningrad. Todaeva B.X. 1986. Dagurskij jazyk. Moskva. Tsumagari T. 2003. Dagur. — Janhunen J. (ed.), The Mongolic Languages. London / New York: 129-153. Wonsoo Yu / Jae-il Kwon. 2004. Preliminary remarks on the phonemic system of the Qiqihar Meilis dialect of the Dagur lan-

guage. — Altai Hakpo 14: 153-184. Zhòng Sùchún. 1982. Dáwò’ěr yǔ jiǎnzhì. Běijīng.

José Andrés Alonso de la Fuente © 2013

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a(a) ä(ä) b(b) c d e(e) f g(g) h i(i) j k(k) l(l) m n(n) o(o) p q s sh t(t) u(u) w x y z aa aha! 91 aa alphabet 558 aagu to be, stay; have 138 aaji for, for the sake of, because of 651 aaly character, conduct 92 ⇒ personal character and behaviour 428 aanäg spring camp of cattle-breeders 312 aarci a kind of sour cheese made from milk 91 aashi character, conduct 92 ⇒ to become enraged, be carried away by anger 223 ⇒ to become wild, violent, to rage, become angry 223 ⇒ to shout, scold 423 aashilagu to pretend (to be), to simulate, sham, feign 129 aashilägu to behave, to display a bad temper 91 ⇒ false, spurious, insincere 380 abil poverty, calamity, trouble 289 abilägu to grow scarce or scanty 357 abilärt poverty, calamity, trouble 289 abildagu to be insufficient, defective, lacking 241 ⇒ to be insufficient, short, lacking 241 abily insufficiency, definite, mistake, blunder, omission 241 ⇒ insufficient, incomplete, lacking, missing 242 ⇒ unevenness, roughness, fault, shortcomings 596 abkä page 379 acaa father 90 aceel liking, willingness; desire, joy 147 acikcaan mouse, rat 388 acikii wing 443 acim skin sack, leather bag 651 acykii wing, pinion 193 adagu to prick, perforate 713 adaki neighbour 441 adäly the same, identical; just as 94 adgaagu to go away in order to avoid, elude, move off,

yield 425 adil identical with, the same, alike, equal 407

adilcirää resemblance, similarity 648 adirag stallion 95 ⇒ stallion camel 164 adoo herd of horses 94 adoocin herder of horses 95 ⇒ cattle raiser, herdsman 478 adoolägu to tend or herd cattle 94 ⇒ to tend, herd 332 adoollägu to go out to pasture 149 adoologu to graze 149 adukee splinter, thorn 548 adus animal 94 ⇒ big livestock (horse, camel, ox) 155 ⇒ small livestock (sheep, goat) 156 ag brothers 126 ⇒ elder brother 126 ⇒ the older, elder(s), seniors 127 ⇒ mama 247 agar insufficient, incomplete, lacking, missing 242 agdulägu testimony, witness, proof 293 agdun strong, firm, solid 146 agor to arm, prepare arm 440 ⇒ weapon, implement 440 agui mine, pit, shaft 664 ai oh! 739 aicilägu to visit, pay a visit 98 aidu great, huge 96 ⇒ great, huge 693 aidug very, colossal 121 aidugu serious, terrible 618 ⇒ very, very much 652 aigu to fear, be afraid (of) 98 ail family, household; village 97 ⇒ hamlet, village 289 ail pasture, nomad grounds, native place, territory,

area 519

ailag melody, tune 99 ⇒ sound (of the voice); melody, tune 100 ailäg musical sound, melody, vowel 254 ⇒ musical sound, melody, vowel 254 aiman tribe, clan 98 ⇒ origin, lineage, descent 669 ⇒ nation, race 693 ⇒ nationality 737 airag koumiss (fermented mare’s milk) 98 airdugu danger 657 aish action, function 690 ⇒ profit, interest, gain, benefit 122 aishi absurd, unnecessary, nonsense 217 ⇒ favour, benefit 654 aishilaku to help, to do something together 323 aishilägu to aid, help, assist, support 217 aitbuugu to save, rescue 93 akaa elder brother 126 akombuugu to complete, fulfil up, finish 307 al joint of the thighs, crotch 102 ⇒ perineum, crotch between the legs 590 alaagu to pick one’s teeth 569 alab service, duty 101 alag motley, parti-coloured 101 alagu to kill, murder, put to death 102 alba service, duty 101 albadagu to coerce, compel, enforce 101 albän organization, institution 137 alciigu to spread the legs apart, straddle 105 alda fathom (measure of length) 102 aldagu to lose 103 ⇒ to make a promise 106 ⇒ oath, vow, pledge 624 ⇒ to disobey the custom 741 aldar sound, noise; news 570 ⇒ information, hearsay, rumour 613 aldartii fame, popularity, glory 102 aldogu manifesto 653 alee naughty, playful 103 algaangku toothpick 570 algagu to cut, slit, slice 470 alibugu to speak respectfully, report to or memorialize

a superior or the emperor 97 aligiän fame, popularity, glory 102 aljaagu to promise, swear, pledge 108 aljigu to ransom, redeem 451 alkugu to step, walk 105 allar sound, noise; news 570 allär famous, glorious 580 allilcigu to transfer by pouring, transfuse, change 742 alljigu exchange, trade 118 ⇒ to exchange; to barter 119

alma loyal, honest, truthful 695 alog net, network 641 alsheegu to be bored, lonely 669 alta gold 104 ⇒ goldfish 104 altan nightingale 104 aly which, which one 103 am mouth 105 ⇒ to make a promise 106 ⇒ the first vertebra of the neck 106 ⇒ to promise, swear, pledge 108 ⇒ to taste, test by the tongue 109 ⇒ wrangle 340 ⇒ oath, vow, pledge 624 ⇒ manifesto 653 amal peace, calm 106 ⇒ peaceful, peaceable 263 ⇒health, peaceful 484 ⇒ to calm down, be relieved 662 amaragu to rest, take a rest 109 amarkan simple 232 amäl to meet, to greet 451 amärägu to have an intermission, adjourn 420 amba almost, nearly, about 142 amicigu to be on time; to do something in the required

time 110 amidaagu to live, be alive; to live on or by 107 amidaalag living, existence 107 amidun living, animated 107 amisagu breathing, breath 108 amisgaal air 96 amy life 107 ⇒ to occupy a place, stay 137 amydaagu to be in, to exist, to consist (in) 532 anaati pleasure 618 anagunjaan modest 204 anäkuläägu to put in chains, put in fetters 295 andjaas plowshare 113 aneekee visitor, guest 294 aneer to sound, ring, produce a sound, utter 234 aner quietly, silently 598 angaaaljigu for the mouth to open and shut repeatedly 111 angai to open up 111 angarkye having a gap 111 anggaigu to become wide open, open up 528 anggarke to untie, unwrap, break down 422 anggarkye crack, cleft, chap, crevice 111 anggäl member of the same family 175 anggii crack, cleft, chap, crevice 111 anggy class, group 112 anier noise, sound 113 anii which, which one 103

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aniikiä guest 454 aniä the first month of the year (in lunar calendar) 558 ant taste, savour 109 ⇒ taste, relish, flavour 110 ⇒ absurd, unnecessary, nonsense 217 antag guest 454 antagu to taste, test by the tongue 109 antäshegu to be interested 606 anttii tasty, tasteful, delicious 109 apuugu to hand over, put in charge of 655 araa molar 114 ⇒ pebbles, shingle, gravel 317 araan a little, hardly, barely 116 arag method; means 115 ⇒ method of approach, right method 216 aragalagu to find a way out, use a ruse 115 aragdaagu to coax, wheedle 115 aral shaft or t[h]ill of a cart 116 aralcigu to fight (with), make war (upon) 137 araljigu exchange, trade 118 aräl circumference of a wheel, rim, hoop 488 aräljigu to exchange; to barter 119 arbäigu to be rough or uneven; to stand out (of a num-

ber of objects) 118 arbun situation, condition 135 ⇒ state of being, staying, existing; circumstances 136 ⇒ air, gas 347 ⇒ shape, appearance, image 245 ⇒ prospect, outlook, appearance, feature 646 arcaal legend, fable; joke, fun 225 arciän mineral spring; holy water 119 arcoogu to pass on words, information 341 arigi strong drink 595 arigy alcoholic liquor 120 arilagu to disappear, vanish 118 arilgaagu to scour, wipe 120 arils neutral, indifferent, of neither party 584 arkän back, read, hinder 114 arkugu to put into a bowl 99 ars to peel, scale off 358 ⇒ sheepskin with its wool 506 ⇒ rawhide, leather 719 arsagu to borrow 439 arsamaagu to loan; borrowing, lending 439 arslan lion 119 art gelding; castrated 97 ⇒ castrated camel 123 artagu to geld, castrate 97 aruun clean, clear; holy, sacred 119 ⇒ clean, pure 565 aruunkun clean, clear; holy, sacred 119 asagagu to wear, hang up, carry 466

ashikaa mouse, rat 388 ashirt juniper 120 asoogu to test, examine, to try to find out 633 ataa salty 185 ataaky spider 90 atiä load, cargo, package 126 atiägu to load, burden 126 atiragu to contract, bend (of body) 125 atirägu to shrivel, wrinkle, curl up 363 au chase, hunt 92 ⇒ extensive, comprehensive 214 ⇒ wide, broad, vast 547 ⇒ spacious, wide, capacious 661 ⇒ spacious, capacious, roomy 662 audloordägu to diminish, decrease 367 augu to take 91 ⇒ to phlebotomize somebody, to bleed, somebody 325 ⇒ to seize, grab 727 aul mountain 662 aulaagu to hunt in a group 93 ⇒ to hunt 111 auläi crest, ridge of a hill 354 ⇒ mountain pass, low pass 378 aulii top, peak, summit 530 auljaar conjunction, linking 426 auljigu meeting, greeting 451 auljigu to meet with, see 663 aur air 96 ⇒ air, gas 347 ⇒ anger, wrath, rage 349 ⇒ weather 557 ⇒ steam, anger 663 aurdung quick, fast, rapid 390 aurky lungs 664 ausgu to dry up, evaporate 720 aushiä husband of one’s elder sister 401 ausoomol steamed 443 ayimuukee danger, risk 100 ayin journey, travel, trip 99 äädägu turn sour, curdle 246 ⇒ to turn bitter, turn sour, spoil 287 äädlägu to wear out 258 äälägu to slander, calumniate, asperse, smear 300 ⇒ to slander, calumniate, asperse, smear 307 ääldä skull, cranium 275 ääljän shift, change, transformation 318 ääljgu shift, turn, duty 435 äälji shift, turn 247 ääljigu to do successively; to do or put something in

order 200 ⇒ to alternate, take turns 247

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äärägu to spin 248 ääräl spinning wheel 248 äätäägu to muzzle; to intercept 110 äbälägu to unite 175 äbiry weak, slow, feeble, backward 226 äbjään weak, slow, feeble, backward 226 äbkägu fold, fold-up 251 äcää to grow thin, lose flesh 653 äcäg father 90 äcig faterh-in-law 315 ⇒ stepfather 360 äcigu to keep a horse tied up and on a special diet to

prepare for a race 603 äcy or 167 ädän crippled, handicapped, maimed 440 ädgägu recover from illness 252 äg mother 274 ⇒ stepmother 360 äg musical sound, melody, vowel 254 äguucin care, carefulness, caution 157 äguugu to be careful (of), be cautious (of) 157 äi to do in this manner, do thus 411 äici if not, otherwise, or else 272 äidää give me! 103 ⇒ in every direction, hither and thither 405 äigään donkey, ass 256 äigän foal, the young of an ass 233 äikän these 251 ⇒ this much, this many, as many as these 539 äimär such, like this 405 äiny inner 228 äitän all, any 103 ⇒ all, whole 322 äitän to various, all kinds of 256 äiträägu to deceive, cheat 486 äity plentiful; numerous; many 116 ⇒ abundant, plentiful 255 äjigigu an aliment characterized by a choking sensa-

tion in the throat 431 äjiläägu to occupy, seize 253 äjin Great Khan, emperor, king 311 äkää elder sister 254 äkäci sisters 254 äkci elder sister 254 äkdäägu to sharpen, make sharp 413 äl abundant, plentiful 255 älbigu to recruit, enlist, draft-conscript 258 älci messenger, mission 259 äldää hither, to this place; since, until now, to date 496 älii still more, by far, farther 506 ⇒ still more 672 älirdän bat 131

älkää what 742 älkigu to swing, brandish 193 ⇒ beckoning gesture 196 ällis neutral, indifferent, of neither party 584 älpur extensive, comprehensive 214 ⇒ abundant, plentiful 255 ⇒ fleshy, pudgy 483 älpur vast, wide broad 566 äm medicine 259 ämääl pommel of the saddle 173 ⇒ saddle 259 ⇒ to saddle 260 ämäi fans prescription 452 ämäl south, before 544 ämälgii preface, foreword, burial place 532 ämällä forward 677 ämbu to crumble, slide, to crash through 405 ⇒ hole, puncture, having a hole, full of holes 574 ämci physician, doctor 260 ämgun widow, widowed 148 ⇒ female 259 ⇒ woman, female 260 ämjir wild, untrained, not broken in 258 ämsägu to wear, put on, dress 544 än’gä flap of a garment 263 än’gäl spacious, wide, capacious 661 änä this 262 ⇒ today 262 ⇒ today 541 änääkul on this side, before (with dates) 496 änäätän on this side, before (with dates) 496 änäbäi on this side, before (with dates) 496 änäbäiyäätäär on or along this side, superficial 496 äncigän power, ability, capacity 555 ⇒ capacity, ability, scope 572 äncukuä side, elements, odd, strange 273 ⇒ character, feature 717 äncukuää other 529 ändääbuku make mistake, be at fault 261 ⇒ to make mistake, be in wrong, be at fault 262 ändääl mistake, error; omission 261 ändäl wrong, mistaken 262 ändugu egg 545 ängän liking, willingness; desire, joy 147 äntgäm eternal 490 ⇒ forever, eternally 686 änty just before, recently 589 är man, male 266 ärää unceremonious 265 äräälägu to stand on ceremony 265 äräm tumble-weed 324 ärbäälji a kind of packsaddle 326

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ärceegu to treat, regale, entertain 191 ärcu pit of the stomach 100 ärcuu breast, brisket 344 ⇒ sternum, chest 539 ärdä early, long ago 269 ärdägu destroy, break down, ruin, wreck, damage 249 ärdäm knowledge, learning 264 ärdän treasure, jewel, gem 265 ärdärgu get out of order, wreck, breakdown, get bro-

ken 249 ärdärkee garbage, trash 473 ⇒ trash, discarded objects, mess 510 ärgälci long sleeveless garment worn by women over a

gown on formal occasions 662 ärgänjigu to aspire to, strive for, yearn for, hope for 268 ärgigu to go round, turn around, revolve, rotate 267 ärgilgäägu windlass, winch 268 ärguäägu to raise one’s head 545 ärguägu report to an official, the act of raising 547 ⇒ to raise, lift up 548 ärgun man, male, husband 264 ärguulän hobble 548 ärig to recover one’s senses 602 ärigu to search, seek, look for 267 ärigy bank, shore 266 äriisän’gäägu to recover, regain ones, spirits, to feel

refreshed 600 ärin time, hour, clock, watch 556 ⇒ time, period 691 ärkälägu to display affection or love (toward parents) 271 ärmääjäär husband and wife 264 ärshäägu to receive guests 454 ärsheegu to take care (of), tend, nurse, look after 120 ⇒ to take care, look after, nurse 122 ⇒ to look after, consider 331 ärtä early, long ago 269 äru yas cheek-bone 706 ärult soil, topsoil, crust 377 ärun torture, torment 269 äs no, not 272 äsägulägu obstacle, hostile [?], anti-, opposed 333 äsgun strong, healthy 568 äshin in the back, around the back, behind 359 ätää at first, in the first beginning 113 ätäägu old woman 259 ätägu to win a victory, defeat, to overcome 733 ätän’gii courageous, brave, valiant 267 ätärdägu to be conquered, vanquished or defeated, lose

in a game 219 ätärdäshy not able to win 220 ätärkän bear 127 ätgun big, large, great 639

ätogu to conquer, defeat, to win a game 219 äud door 685 äudägu to be sick, be ill (with), to feel pain 536 ⇒ to be compassionate, feel sorry (for) 549 ⇒ feel a sharp pain, tingle 571 äudii toggles, clasp 629 ⇒ lintel 641 äugu fat, lard 535 äugul heritage, estate 535 äulän cloud 685 äulänti overcast, gloomy, dark 179 äur epidemic, typhoid 349 ⇒ gonorrhoea 398

⇒ an aliment characterized by a choking sensation in the throat 431

⇒ breast, bosom, front 537 ⇒ illness, disease, sickness 539 ⇒ glanders, farcy 595 ⇒ madness, mental aberration, insanity 604 ⇒ epidemic, plague, pestilence 628 äurkäl beginning and end 274 äus feather grass, broom grass 219

⇒ any hilly area with pleasant climate, fertile soil, forests, rives and lakes 326

⇒ grass 538 ⇒ to feed cattle with grass or hay 539 äusägu growth, increase 550 ⇒ arise, proceed, spring up, derive 687 äwää mama 247 äwäcaa smallpox 568 baagu to excrete 129 baakcaan island 116 baaly little house dog, lap-dog 311 baani hail 489 baar anniversary, jubilee 524 baas excrement, manure, dung 128 ⇒ horse dung 363 ⇒ droppings 365 baashi simulation, pretence, slyness, archness 129 baata obstacle, hostile [?], anti-, opposed 333 baataa envious people 123 ⇒ enemy, foe 192 baataagu to smoke profusely, emit puffs or clouds of

smoke 128 baatur hero 128 ⇒ heroic, courageous, bold 128 baaturdaagu heroic, courageous, bold 128 baaur courageous, brave, valiant 267 babag fist 517 babalaagu to strike or beat with the first; to push or

nudge with the elbow 517

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babäglaagu to drive in, hammer in, stick into 701 bacilägu to boil, boil over 172 bacilgaasän boiled yoghurt 557 bad long hair on the throat of a camel 449 badaa rice; grain, cereal 165 badaalägu to eat, dine, eat rice 165 badaragu to prosper, flourish; spread, develop 130 bag bull 172 bagas column, pillar; pole, post 132 baicaagu to inspect, examine, check 138 ⇒ control, take control of, check 353 ⇒ to examine in court, judge 728 baicaaltä control, revision 353 baidal situation, condition 135 ⇒ nature 136 baigu to stand, stop 450 baiji wait! just a moment 136 bail favour, help, benefit 125 bailgaagu to build, construct; establish 136 baisägu to be glad, be happy 139 baisängu to rejoice, be cheerful 139 baishin building, house 137 ⇒ lay man 329 ⇒ common people, plebeian 333 bait miracle, strange, astonishment 279

⇒ to be in the center, prevail, predominate, to be the main thing 298

⇒ relation, concern 322 ⇒ affair, business, matter 343 ⇒ act, master, gait 731 baitalagu to use, make use of, utilize 123 baitälägu to spend, expend 432 bajin richness; rich, wealthy 138 bajir dirty, unclean 166 ⇒ to become dirty, become defiled 166 ⇒ speck of dust or dirt 189 ⇒ dirty 321 baksan team, crew 130 bakshi teacher, schoolmaster 132 balab to smash, beat, strike 140 balag to plaster, parget, apply clay or mud 701 ⇒ earth, soil 722 baläg sable 168 balägu to bury 168 baläm silly, doltish, careless, negligent 291 baldagu to slide, slip, glide 321 balgu to bury, inhume, entomb 532 ⇒ to bury the dead 737 baliä to become effaced, become dark; go to ruin 133 ⇒ vague, indistinct; weak, reduced 134 balkugu to close one’s eyes 113 balla handle, haft 144

bandage to be worried about something for lack of time, hurry 146

bandän bench, plank-bed 140 ⇒ chair, seat 593 banding hasty, rash, hurried 730 bandy novice in Buddhist orders 134 banid morning 541 banig present, gift 149 banin character, conduct 92 ⇒ to accustom, become accustomed to 406 banjibuj to create, construct 180 banjo särt talent, gift, ability 92 banni morning 541 bar tiger 141 baraa scattered, dispersed 172 baraan to grown in number, increase 117 ⇒ much, many, numerous 527 ⇒ this much, this many, as many as these 539 baragu to finish, end, waste 143 barambuuji general, chief 741 baran right-hand side; west 145 barardägu to wear out 257 bardandaacigu to be proud (of), to take pride (in), to

boast 143 bardän proud, boastful, haughty 143 bargaas osier 170 bargu to pass away, die 502 ⇒ to pass by, pass on, to die 514 bariä bracelet, wrist band 166 barigu to arm, prepare arm 440 baril handle, haft 144 barilcigu wrestling match 144 bariling construction, building 144 barimat proof, argument, evidence, certificate 144 barintälägu to envy, to rival 123 bariul handle, shaft, origin, source, evidence 413 barkan Buddha, god 171 ⇒ amulet, charm 595 barkän to pass by, pass on, to die 514 ⇒ object of religious veneration, worship or cult 729 barkirgu to shout, yell 145 bartaagu to fit in, be able to accommodate or hold 133 ⇒ to pardon, excuse, forgive 665 bartashi capacity, volume 133 barygu to squeeze with the hand 135 bas also, too; again 145 basaal mock at, jeer at, scoff at 257 basagu mock at, jeer at, scoff at 257 basart kidney 160 basrag doorsill, threshold 158 bataacin fisherman 423 bataal find, finding 526

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batu strong, firm, solid 146 batulägu to evidence, affirm, assert 146 baubäi ruby 129 ⇒ treasure, jewel, gem 265 baul guaranty, warranty 181 baus steamed meat dumpling 163 baushii ruby 129 bayilagu to become rich, grow rich 139 bääbäg bear 127 bääd external, outer, foreign 276 ⇒ outside 276 ⇒ external, outer; outside, besides, except 277 bäädigii cover, exterior, outside 277 bäälbärt butterfly 264 bääli gloves, mittens 147 bääljigu to vomit 160 bäärägu to suffer from cold, shiver 147 bädii foreign, alien, strange 332 bäi there are, have 150 ⇒ double, dual; pregnant 187 bäidää outward 276 bäii organs of the body, organs of senses 271 bäilbsän widow, widowed 148 bäläg birthmark, mole 485 ⇒ mark, sign, symbol 631 bälägu to slander, calumniate, asperse, smear 307 bälän ready, prepared 148 bälun warm, lukewarm 176 bänär brother-in-law (wife’s younger brother) 399 bändägu to cause disorder 593 bäräägu to cool off, chill, refrigerate 375 bärägu to become cool, cool down 376 bäri daughter-in-law; bride 149 ⇒ to be a bride; to behave like a new bride 150 bärigu to hold, catch 143 bäsläägu to wear a belt; surround, encircle 179 bäy body, health 147 ⇒ physical culture 148 ⇒ health 270 bäyi direction 467 ⇒ physical, strength, power 634 bery wife of younger brother 242 biallan bald 357 biaugääl table, chart 403 bici to smash, beat, strike 140 bii I 151 billä visor, porch, shelter, shed 594 binshi dumpling (with meat and vegetable stuffing) 141 biräälii throughout, whole, all, over 192 ⇒ universal, widespread, general 657 bishin not 152 ⇒ not 171

bishin not very good, tolerable; about the same 143 bitäg script; letter; book, document 153 ⇒ to write, inscribe 153 ⇒ to construct, create; write, compose 455 ⇒ book, scripture 512 ⇒ report to an official, the act of raising 547 bitgäshi copyist, clerk 153 bodgon method of approach, right method 216 bodläg policy 647 bodogon thinking, thought 155 bodogu to register, enroll, check, take account (of) 178 bodoo tenacious, inflexible, stubborn, obstinate 378 bodoor dye, paint, coloring 165 ⇒ varnish, lacquer 719 bodugu to think, consider; to calculate 156 ⇒ to paint, dye 165 body pasture, grazing grounds 149 bogoor rectum 558 bogu deer 166 boguny short 156 boigun family 547 ⇒ carrion 597 ⇒ dead body 698 ⇒ dead body of a dignitary 709 bojigir thickset, stocky, squat 551 boki pitch 187 bokigu to bind, tie, tighten 404 bolaar and 127 bolägu to condense, contract, shrink 96 ⇒ to grow deaf 244 boldukaa bareback 424 boleegu to grab, snatch, seize 167 ⇒ plunder, rob 640 boleelcigu argument, controversy 481 bolgaagu to cool off, chill, refrigerate 375 ⇒ to renovate, renew, make anew 718 bolgagu to accustom, become accustomed to 406 bolgu for the summer to set in 463 bolkugu to rinse, swill, gargle 425 bolog whole, entire, complete 180 bologu to remain in a virgin state for a long time (of

land) 124 ⇒ to become effaced, become dark; go to ruin 133 ⇒ to be, become, one can, one may 157 ⇒ to become dirty, become defiled 166 ⇒ to become fat, grow large 174 ⇒ to unite 175 ⇒ completely, entirely 178 ⇒ to improve, recover, take a turn for the better 436 bolonsheegu to permit, allow, agree 457 bolonshegu permission 457 boloo club 712

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bolsän education, training 157 bolsän to pass by, pass on, to die 514 bonbuku to bulge 169 boo to become pregnant (of animals) 337 boobäi to go down, come down; settle down, stay 164 boobooti cormorant 328 boogu hotel, inn, station, stop 163 boor embryo, germ, foetus 337 boorol grey, grey-haired 164 borcoo bean, pea 171 boroo mistake, wrong 170 borooti very 482 bosugu to rise, stand up, get up 158 botun jar with a small opening, used for wine, etc. 159 buagän preface, foreword, burial place 532 buääktuää stooping, bent; hunchback 161 buäär chestnut 649 budaalägu to have a meal 448 budu adze 522 budun to become fat, grow large 174 ⇒ large intestines 526 buduun thick, fat, large, heavy 173 buduurugu to become fat, grow large 174 bugaantagu obscure, dim, dull, dark 173 bujang magnate, minister 587 buku strong, firm, solid 146 ⇒ firm, strong, solid 162 ⇒ hump (of a camel) 162 ⇒ wrestler 162 ⇒ strong, hard, firm 563 bukulägu to strengthen, fortify 163 bulaar spring, source 167 bulgaar yuft, Russian leather 169 bulku mirror, looking glass 639 bumbugu ball 162 burgaas willow 666 burgieen dark, dusky 177 burgien to become effaced, become dark; go to ruin 133 ⇒ vague, indistinct; weak, reduced 134 buri cotton stuff, fabric 179 burs buttock, rump 161 burtur buttock, rump 161 busuläg bush, brush-wood, shrub 171 but caecum, blind gut, appendix 495 butääl success, achievement 106 butägu to be fulfilled; to succeed 179 butläg success, achievement 106 butu allegorical 739 butugu to close up, wall up, seal off 153 butun education, training 157 butuu closed, shut 153 butuun intact, whole, all, entire 179

buu don’t 152 ⇒ don’t 173 buunigu to howl, yowl 673 buurug pommel of the saddle 173 buus louse 160 ⇒ sheep tick 704 buustägu to become infested by lice 161 buyaa stingy, greed 330 caacuku china, porcelain 699 caaji the day after tomorrow 514 caajilägu to prohibit, to outlaw, to ban, to punish ac-

cording to law 553 caajuku bowl 99 caalban birch 392 caandu robber; robbery 207 caar condor 626 caarcin player of fiddle 381 caas paper 553 caaxuu pot, teapot 199 ⇒ tea pot 209 ⇒ kettle, pot 379 cabganci old woman, nun 554 cadagu be content, be satisfied 325 cadash satisfaction, contentment 325 cadägu to be saturated, filled, to satiate oneself, eat

one’s fill 556 cagu glue 555 cagudaagu to glue together 555 cakäloogu to cut, cut off 523 can cymbals 562 can’gälgu to be tired from, suffer from 466 candulägu to rob, pillage, plunder 208 candulugu plunder, rob 640 canggalägu numbness, tiredness 570 canggälägu to be tired, be exhausted 732 cangglägu to be tired, to suffer hardship 466 ⇒ to have no strength, to be unable 731 capur blunt, dull 488 car vertical 158 ⇒ straight, steep; sheer 254 carkaagu to satisfy, comply, supply, meet, provide 326 carkäns bluntly, categorically, decisively, radically 269 carkulän satisfaction, contentment 325 cas first snow, new-fallen snow 354 ⇒ packed snowdrift 375 ⇒ snow 564 ⇒ storm 724 casäg tiger 141 casgolägu to disagree, contradict, cross each other’s

paths 458 caudur white frost, hoar-frost 354

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⇒ hoarfrost 562 cääl bottomless 373 cäälcää a woven basket for collecting dry dung of ani-

mals used as fuel 115 cäär taboo, prohibition 565 cändägu to test, examine, make an experiment 653 cängfän composition 177 cärältii quarrelsome 345 cärgugu to rumple, crumple 695 cäus silk, crepe 238 cecigu splash, sprinkle, spray 564 cee brother, gruel; tea prepared with fried powdered

millet and butter 464 ⇒ tea 559 ceegu to become white, turn grey 560 celciketägu to become entangled (of hair) 184 celgien telescope, field-glasses, binoculars 235 celin wages, pay, salary 560 cerdäm straight, steep; sheer 254 ⇒ decidedly, decisively, resolutely; straight, steep 268 cerdugu gonorrhea 398 cicigu to sprinkle, spray 702 cicikunää locust, grasshopper 563 cicimääl nestling, fledg[e]ling 211 ciciräl to abhor, hate, to shy at 444 cigaa rectum 558 ⇒ curd, yoghurt 624 cigaalägu to break off, peel off 362 ⇒ to scratch off, strip off, skin 727 cigaalben white (of female animals) 557 cigaan white, light 557 cii banner, flag 650 cikigu dip in, stick into, immerse 246 cikigu to stuff, push 573 ciky ear 573 cilmaa to become naked, undress 704 cinää weak, feeble 164 ⇒ intensity, energy, power 269 ⇒ capacity, ability, scope 572 ⇒ physical, strength, power 634 ⇒ strength, energy 623 cinci to pay attention, be attentive to 114 ⇒ pay attention to, take into consideration 525 ⇒ to cut, cut out 272 cincilägu to observe; to look attentively 95 ⇒ to listen, overhear 559 cinciläj to stare, gaze, watch attentively 720 cinjaan soy, spicy paste made from bean[-]flo[u]r 429 circaal nestling, fledgling 112 circgu to chop, hew 555 cocigu to be frightened, be startled 577 cocloogu to rip, rip open, tear off 326

cocooly suddenly, unexpectedly 576 col rank, title 575 colcigu rumour, gossip 579 ⇒ rumour, gossip, hearsay 579 colcigu to talk nonsense, twaddle 561 colgorsän outstanding, the best 285 coloo ruby 129 ⇒ pebbles, shingle, gravel 317 ⇒ coal, charcoal 520 ⇒ stone, rock 582 ⇒ magnet 607 colpon morning, star, Venus 575 colpu to punch a hole, pierce, demolish, beat in 578 comilägu to gather, group 159 coogen quarrel, dispute, brawl 345 coogenti quarrelsome 345 coogilcigu to quarrel, fall out, wrangle, dispute 344 coolägu to pierce, punch a hole 574 coon steamer, steamship 280 coorigu to leak drip, spill out 296 coorokudaagu to burn a hole in something 576 cor salty 185 ⇒ salty 722 corgor spout, pipe 576 cos blood clot, coagulated blood 514 ⇒ blood 582 cosäi lancet for bleeding 328 coso to phlebotomize somebody, to bleed, somebody 325 coson row, file, line, narrow road, pass 580 cuag soldier, army, troops 567 cualeelgu to rove, wander 633 cuanggaagu to cuckoo, coo, chirp 225 cuääk pinch, wisp 571 cuään small, little; a little, a bit 130 ⇒ few, less 577 culää free time, leisure 419 culci bile, gal 618 culpääkii open, loose 421 culpu through 725 culpuku hole, puncture, having a hole, full of holes 574 cundän berth; bed 530 cuns skirt, petticoat 141 cuuci chisel 583 daa chief, superior; chairman, director 202

⇒ pasture, nomad grounds, native place, territory, area 519

⇒ origin, source, root 667 daacii at first, in the first beginning 113 daacun salty 185 ⇒ salty 185 daag foal, the young of an ass 233

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⇒ foal 674 daagaaci gossiper, slanderer 357 daagu to occupy a place, stay 137 ⇒ to be able to carry, bear, or lift 183 ⇒ to cut well, be sharp 183 daaji patient, enduring, resistant 181 daalaag duty, responsibility 686 daalgaagu to charge with, entrust with, impose on 181 ⇒ order, charge, letter 437 daamal headman, person in charge 181 ⇒ insurance 183 daamol governor, administrator, superintendent 437 daamul sharp, acute, keen 391 daar saddle sore; abrasion 182 daaragu to feel cold, be cold 182 daarigu pass by, call on the way 191 daarkee inclined to feel cold 182 daartigu to have an abrasion or a saddle sore 183 dabal excessively, extremely, too 346 dabkur double, dual; pregnant 187 dabkurlägu to put one thing on top of another; to dou-

ble 187 dabtagu to repeat, reiterate 186 dabtälgaagu to habituate, accustom to, familiarize with 205 dabtlag repetition, review 186 dadlag habit, skill, experience 188 ⇒ experience, skill 189 dagagu to have an audience with; to be or keep close to 142 ⇒ to follow, accompany 189 ⇒ to follow, go after; attach 189 dagalgaaci leader, chief 667 dagält to be in the retinue; accompany 142 ⇒ companion, servant, fellow traveller 189 dagdal to be in the retinue; accompany 142 dagee anew, again, once more 205 dagigu to repeat, renew, do again 206 daginä heavenly, fairy 190 dagu not very good, tolerable; about the same 143 ⇒ coat with fur outside 205 daib plug, cork, spigot 161 dain war, battle 192 daisalägu sway, wield power over, act wilfully 253 daisan enemy, foe 192 dajin empty, hungry 543 dal seventy 192 ⇒ about seventy 193 ⇒ shoulder blade 193 dalaagu to patch, darn mend, to fill a gap 516 dalaas patch (on clothes, etc.) 515 dalai ocean, sea 193 ⇒ sea 633 dalang embankment, dam, weir 194

daldä thimble 392 dalida hidden, concealed, secret 195 daliigu to swing, brandish 193 dalind chance, opportunity, occasion 642 dalji relation, concern 322 daljiti about, regarding 655 dallig screen, shelter, bulwark 322 damaar through a third party, indirectly, from one to

another 197 damjieci one who transmits 197 damjigu to transmit, transfer, pass through some me-

dium 197 dancy too, too much, extremely 182 dang political party, group, gang 499 dangdaa all the time, frequently, always, often 198 dangga pipe tobacco 245 ⇒ tobacco 623 dansa account book, journal; register, annals 199 dansalagu to make an entry in an account or register 199 danshigu to chide, scold 441 danshilgu to scold at, shout at, rebuke 429 daraa order, succession, sequence 199 daragu dictatorship 201 daragusheegu to oppress, suppress 203 daralt pressure, stress 200 darardagu to be pressed; be covered 201 ⇒ to be oppressed, be suppressed 203 ⇒ to have night mare 328 darägu to weigh, press; oppress, defeat 201 ⇒ to be bent down at the end, to hang one’s head 303 darärdmol shelved, buried 200 darbaljigu to bare one’s teeth 736 darbäigu to stay open, gape (of mouth) 202 darda cradle 542 darji to attack, offence, assault, invade 191 darkan artisan, craftsman, master, smith 204 darkol sieve, riddle 211 darkur sieve, riddle 211 darlag an added ingredient (to enhance the efficacy of

medicines) 203 darmäi base of spine, back 447 dartaigu exercise, practice 205 dartoo beloved, darling 735 dasagu to drive, to steer, straighten, direct the course of 425 ⇒ to repair, put in order 435 dasan dictatorship 201 ⇒ administration 435 ⇒ policy 647 ⇒ politics 673 dasanii government 436 dasägu to cure, heal 251 dasmol highway, motor-road, paved road 436

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dastaagu to drive, to steer, straighten, direct the course of 425

dau sound, voice; song 233 ⇒ hoarse 608 daudagu to call, call, upon 233 daudägu to cuckoo, coo, chirp 225

⇒ to chatter, to click the tongue (in praise or ad-miration) 703

daudgu to read 676 daugu to climb, cross over; to overcome 184 daulaaci singer, vocalist 234 daulägu to sing, chant 235 daureegu imitate, take as a model, follow an example,

take after 234 daurkal end, termination 645 daurkäl beginning and end 274 daus bladder 185 dausan to grown in number, increase 117 dausägu to finish, complete, bring to an end 233 ⇒ to finish, end, complete, come to an end 233 dawaa mountain pass, mountain range 184 dawuu superior, advantageous, better 187 däädkucigu to display affection or love (toward par-

ents) 271 däägunäini high, above, over 207 däälbur mane of a horse 212 ⇒ to cut the mane 215 däär high; supreme, upper; senior 206 ⇒ high, on, above, over, at 207 däärääräini high, above, over 207 däärgiyni masterpiece, the best thing 207 dääs rope, string 208 ⇒ cord, string 342 ⇒ anything which fetters, binds or ties, such as

bonds, ties, manacles, fetters 404 däbäl capability, ability, skill 556 däbeeljigu to float, billow, flutter 202 däbgääljigu to flutter, sway 500 däbgeljigu to jump, spring, leap 211 däbgiäljigu to wave, sway, float (as a flag, mane or sail) 194 däbsäg saddle cushion 209 däbtälen copy-book, exercise book, note book 210 däd next, second; deputy, vice 211 dägää hook, barb, grapnel 212 dägääläägu to hook, catch with a hook 212 dägi to chirp, twitter 447 dägidää vertical 158 ⇒ straight, steep; sheer 254 dägii nestling, fledg[e]ling 211 ⇒ the winged creatures, birds 443 ⇒ peacock 638 ⇒ bird 725

däiläg extensive salt marsh 560 dälbur fan 209 däldäisän extensive, comprehensive 214 dälgäägu to spread, layout, extend, open 215 dälgärägu broad, vast, abundant 214 däliin half an fathom (a linear measure) 213 ⇒ udder 213 dälu spleen 215 dälukin spleen 215 dämbol not very good, tolerable; about the same 143 dän strong, healthy 568 dängluu lantern 217 dängs balance, steelyard, scales 217 dänjään lighting device, lantern, lamp 217 dänjän oil lamp for offerings 461 dänsläägu to weigh with a steelyard 218 däräb pillow 218 därbuun dampness, moisture, humidity 568 därdägu to rise, fly up 211 ⇒ to float, drift, rise to the surface 371 ⇒ to rise, develop 480 ⇒ fly 508 därgicäägu stand in line or in file; to equal, to be paral-

lel 441 därjää mat, rug 209 ⇒ saddle pad 719 därs straw or rush mat 569 därsä feather grass, broom grass 219 därtägu to be soaked, get saturated with 210 däu brothers 126 ⇒ husband of younger sister 242 ⇒ wife of younger brother 242 ⇒ younger brother 242 ⇒ sisters 254 ⇒ husband of one’s younger sister 402 däusägu to stamp the feet 209 diaargun plentiful; numerous; many 116 diaas saucer 219 dialab flank 615 dialda evening, late 531 diallätägu to be late, be overdue, fall behind 357 ⇒ to be late, be overdue, fall behind 358 diläb a kind of flea 721 diloo reins, curb, ribbons 452 ⇒ tether, martingale 581 dobton volume 159 dodor jabber, murmur, indistinct whisper 405 dodroo foal, the young of an ass 233 dogaar number, give a number to 235 doglon lame, limping 222 dogollugu to be lame; to walk lamely 222 dolgien wave, surf 184

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doloo seven 223 doloogu to lick 224 dom remedy, cure for a disease, evil, etc. 224 domlo great-grandson 447 domologu to cure, heal 224 doobuugu bowl carried by mendicants to collect alms 133 dor traditional custom, generally accepted rule 740 doräm back, spine; mountain range; ridgepole 519 dorgilägu trembling, shaking, vibration 225 ⇒ to rumble, roll, peal, jar 226 dorlägu to lie on a pillow; use something as a pillow,

rest the head on something 218 dorlogu to salute, greet 741 doroon under, below 220 dorsägu remember, remind, call to memory, recall 239 dorsäläg memory, commemoration, remembrance 239 dorshin wild, restive, brutal, boisterous 222 dorsugu to think 593 dorun seal, stamp 623 dosägu to cure, treat medically 261 dosogu fall in drops, pour out drop by drop 240 ⇒ to drip, fall in drops 240 ⇒ to make drip, drop, pour in drops 240 dosol drop 240 dotoo unevenness, roughness, fault, shortcomings 596 dotoon secretly, surreptitiously 195 dua to insult, humiliate, blaspheme 227 duaajal plait or braid of hair 290 duallärdägu lovely, pretty, sweet 370 duand noon, midday 687 duanda middle; between 237 duandaas half, not full 238 duar expectation, hope, desire, wish 299 duar low, down, below, under 225 ⇒ to be insulated, be humiliated 226 ⇒ wish, desire, wanting, volition 238 ⇒ wish, desire, hope 402 ⇒ to become flabby or limp 692 duaratr inner 228 duaräläl love 317 duargi low, lower, humble 220 duarigidaakän to be to low 221 duarlal to love, ardent desire 239 duarlalcigu to love, fall in love (with somebody) 735 duarlägu to love, desire, like 239 duatar in, within, among, internal 227 ⇒ inner, inside, within 227 ⇒ inner, interior, internal 227 duatardaa inwards, toward the inside 228 duatägu to be insufficient, short, lacking 241 duatäläg insufficient, defective, lack, deficit 241 duatärgi Inner Mongolia 537

duatirdaakän to move into, penetrate into 228 dubän result, after-effect 696 dubun total, sum 244 duc forty 232 dugoilän circle, group 235 dujir numbness, tiredness 570 dulaakäng somewhat warm 236 dulaalägu to warm up, heat 237 dulaan warmth, warm 237 duläägu to pass a night, spend a night 365 ⇒ to go through, pass, cross 649 dulääsän to pass, goby, run out 546 dun’gäläägu to put in chains, put in fetters 295 dunggu pillory 229 ⇒ chains, fetters, shackles 295 duns pipe tobacco 245 dunshuur hundred million 245 duotraa crisis, contradiction, chaos 353 dur shape, appearance, image 245 ⇒ form, shape, model, figure 246 ⇒ form, shape 341 ⇒ character, feature 717 duräänggii rope stirrups for donkeys or camels 230 duräänggiläägu to put the foot in the stirrup 231 duräänggy stirrup 230 duräb four 231 durbuljin square 231 durku cord, string, rope 522 duru prospect, outlook, appearance, feature 646 durugu to sell, barter 385 duruku loop, noose, string 587 durun rule, regulations 246 ⇒ form, shape 341 ⇒ exemplary worker 447 ⇒ law, criminal law, prohibition 553 ⇒ spiral pattern, spiral ornament 668 dusää wall 324 dush anvil 231 dushi tree stump 245 duurägu to be filled up 243 duuruku full, complete 243 duutägu to take a short cut 232 duutu near, close, short, straight 231 ebääl to move forward, go ahead, advance 677 ebägu to rise, go up, make progress, advance 210 ebält progress, achievement, growth 210 fabulägu to limit to, restrict in 351 faidägu to line up, arrange in formation 423 ⇒ line up, stand in line, form a column 424 faidän demonstration, parade, formation, file 423

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fänpiiläägu to put something in a case or envelope 236 fon joint, articulation; period, era, epoch 691 forgon season 672 ⇒ time, period 691 fuu palace 547 gaad outside 276 gaadigii stadium, garden, institution 400 gaadigy enclosure, courtyard 366 gaagu crow 343 gaakuljunku an object used to hang something on;

swing 243 gabshigeen shock, swift, prompt 275 gabshigen prompt, quick, lively 703 gaga pig, hog, swine 289 gagci needle case 465 gaigagu to wonder, be astonished 279 gaigardägu anything hard to understand, oddness,

strangeness 443 gaijgär awry, oblique, aslant 196 gaijigär wrong, distorted 278 ⇒ oblique, askew slanting 447 gaijiigu to get crooked, get out of shape 278 gaitkan suddenly 292 gajir organization, institution 137 ⇒ land, earth, ground, place 277

⇒ any hilly area with pleasant climate, fertile soil, forests, rives and lakes 326

⇒ marsh, swamp 499 ⇒ autumn encampment 499 ⇒ universe 533 ⇒winter camp, winter quarter 538 ⇒ extensive salt marsh 560 ⇒ bureau, office, department 637 ⇒ character, feature 717 gajiräi state of being, staying, existing; circumstances 136 ⇒ the Great Wall of China 558 gajircin guide, scout, conductor 428 gakulen crippled 628 gal will-o’-the-wisp 101 gali sight, eyesight 329 galii xuaci glowing coals, embers, glow of fire 575 galjoo hydrophobia, rabies, rabid, mad 280 galjoorägu to become rabid, fly into a rage 280 galoo goose 281 galy fire 279 ⇒ train 281 gan steel 156 ⇒ steel 282 ganjug a pair of thongs attached to the saddle 282 gaoshi announcement, notification 431 garal origin, beginning 285

⇒ announcement, notice 434 garalt issue, origin, production, produce, product 285 garägu to sound, ring, produce a sound, utter 234 ⇒ to become superfluous, exceed 409 gargagu to become conic, have a pointed top 721 gargaagu to become enraged, be carried away by anger 223 ⇒ to become wild, violent, to rage, become angry 223 ⇒ to cause to exit, takeout, expose 286 ⇒ to shout, scold 423 ⇒ expense, expenditure 434 gargu to start, arouse 540 garläg loss, damage, expenses 286 garsän relative, relation 586 garwäi east, left 465 gary beckoning gesture 196 ⇒ hand, arm 284 garye to beckon, wave the hand 196 gasgaagu to be sorrowful, to regret, grieve 287 gasgaal grief, sorrow, affliction 287 gasgan calamity, disaster 281 ⇒ grief, sorrow, affliction 287 gasgän accident; hindrance 145 ⇒ misfortune, bad luck 278 gashigeelägu to be swift, expeditious, prompt 276 gashkaa only one, alone, single 283 gasun salty 185 ⇒ bitter, sour, tart 288 ⇒ salty 722 gat stake, picket 277 gauly brass, copper 302 ⇒ bronze 400 gaurs pipe 302 gausuu vinegar 579 gauyuu plaster 297 gäägu to lose 289 ⇒ to throw, fling, give up 318 gäämun capital of a country 507 gäb light, white 566 gäcäi fat around the intestines 599 gägään daylight; morning dawn, light 290 ⇒ light, ray 292 ⇒ light, white 566 ⇒ light, bright, clear 594 gäguän greedy, avid, covetous 357 gäjig plait or braid of hair 290 gäjirä slander calumny 307 gäkääljigu to nod repeatedly 229 ⇒ to nod, gesture 229 gäligu to chase, drive away, expel, oust 370 gäm defect, disease, fault, harm 291 ⇒ unevenness, roughness, shortcomings 535 gämtägu to be injured, to be guilty, to commit a fault

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or crime, to fall ill 291 gändääl to make a mistake, take a false step 291 gänsun cold, frosty, chilly 443 ⇒ cool, fresh 601 gänsur to cool off, chill, refrigerate 375 gäntkän suddenly 292 gäräl light, ray 292 gärän madness, mental aberration, insanity 604 gärcil testimony, witness, proof 293 gärcin testimony, witness, proof 293 gäri family, household; village 97 ⇒ building, house 137 ⇒ to roof 206 ⇒ golden spire of a temple 283 gärii visor, porch, shelter, shed 594 gärkigu to step, trample or tread on, to trail press one’s

feet against 295 gärkinku ladder, flight of steps, step, footboard 295 gäry hotel, inn, station, stop 163 ⇒ family (people belonging to one household) 292 ⇒ yurt, home 292 gäsägu to thaw 293 gäskägu to dissolve, pass into solution 664 gäskäägu to melt, melt away, dissolve 317 gäsu to cut, slit, slice 470 gätääbäi to stalk, to watch, spy 293 gätäigu to recover, regain ones, spirits, to feel re-

freshed 600 gätigy retinue, cortege, follower 190 gätkun clear, distinct 637 gäu mare 306 ⇒ female camel 411 gäwään greedy, avid, covetous 357 geegin copper 442 giaa market, bazaar, street 438 giaamän postal relay, station 549 giaan theory 530 giad spear, lance, javelin 421 ⇒ to pierce with a lance, spear 421 gialbagaljigu to shine, sparkle 294 gian useful, necessary, needed 344 ⇒ cause, reason 683 gidaashegu to torment, make suffer, cause grief 448 gilaagu to singe, scorch 387 gilbaan clear, cloudless, fine 566 gin catty (0,5 kg) 445 ginagu to carry, transport 456 gindäägu to weigh 446 ginshigu to sob, to read with a chanting voice, to purr 295 girkooci spy, reconnoitrer, scout 621 glaan regularity, propriety 467 goby Gobi, semi-desert 296

goci thirty 305 godiigu to bend backwards, to throw back one’s head 290 gog binding on edge of garment or op of footwear 571 goigu sprout, tusk, buck-tooth 604 goikoljigu to wave, float 195 goikooljigu to stagger, waver, to swagger 303 goiläg to badger, urge 704 gol main, chief 298 ⇒ river 298

⇒ to be in the center, prevail, predominate, to be the main thing 298

goläiny mainly, chiefly, mostly 298 golcilägu to be in the center, prevail, predominate, to

be the main thing 298 golion comet 485 goljunku bolt 583 golly province 494 gologu to reject, contemn, despise 299 goly protruding, jutting, sticking out 306 gomdogu to be distressed, to complain, take offense 299 gomdool complaint, appeal 299 ⇒ be unjustly, be maligned 350 gonjoljigu to sway, shake, swagger 284 gonshigu to nasalize, snuffle 304 gonshimol nasal, snuffling 304 goorigu to peel, scale off 358 gorägu to go or come out, to climb, ascend 285 gorgilaagu to make into loops, wind into a skein 297 gorgy loop, skein, noose 297 gorigy clasp, ring, hoop 287 ⇒ circle, ring 559 goshigon mourning, sorrow, condolence 288 goshiin compassion, benevolence, clemency 263 gotorolgaagu to be depressed or despondent 305 guaa fortune-telling 646 guacik retinue, cortege, follower 190 guagäs wild leek 619 guaidaan slow 90 ⇒ slowly 99 ⇒ slow 666 guanan a three to four-year-old mare 135 guanän three-year-old ox 304 guanjin three-year-old cow 304 guaräb three 305 guaräbdaar third 305 guashkä relay transportation 671 guayi thigh, leg 303 guään deep, profound 308 gubdäärää all 180 ⇒ all, whole 180 gubigu to wave, flap, fan 208 ⇒ to shake, beat out 300

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⇒ to shake 597 ⇒ to shake oneself (of animals) 717 guci friend 497 ⇒ friend, comrade, husband 515 guigu to ride a horse at full speed, to attack, storm 221 ⇒ to run away, flee, escape 241 ⇒ to run, gallop 308 guilääs apricot 307 gujää paunch, tripe 306 gujäänägu to be compassionate, feel sorry (for) 549 gujääyää poor fellow! poor thing! 369 gujilägu to torment, make suffer, cause grief 448 gulgundää always, constantly 696 guljaar hearth, fire place 299 ⇒ stove, oven 460 gulug puppy, whelp 300 gumbäigu the fat and flesh adhering to the hide of an

animal just skinned 320 gun duke 308 gun’gään merit, feat, exploit 275 guncaan factory 690 gung dian palace 333 gunjiigu to be bent down at the end, to hang one’s head 303 gurä jugular-vein 309 guräälägu to hunt in a group 93 guräälji locust, grasshopper 563 gurääs beast of prey 114 ⇒ game, beast, antelope 301 ⇒ wild beast, wild game 110 gurgigu to protrude 309 guron male antelope 522 gurun state, power, country 310 ⇒ foreign, alien, strange 332 ⇒ state, country 673 gurunii emblem, symbol 616 guskää wolf 575 guu glass 715 guugu bee 458 guurugu understand, know 525 guus chest, trunk 92 haniir intimate, close 702 hicigu be ashamed, feel ashamed 415 hilci heat, warmth 409 ibaagan devil, Satan 727 ibeegu jest, mockery, joke 220 ibiegu to make fun of 225 icgu to go to a place 534 idää food, nourishment 407 ⇒ food made from milk 557 idägu to eat 407

idälgäägu to feed cattle with grass or hay 539 idäshi food, nourishment 407 idu shift, turn 247 iiy[u]an hospital 261 il evident, obvious, clear, distinct 408 ilaa larvae of the gadfly on the back of an animal 302 ilaan look, glance, eyesight 333 ⇒ ray, beam, radiance 651 ilaan’gu to be dazzled, to glimmer in various colors 265 ilaantägu to lighten, enlighten 294 iläär evident, obvious, clear, distinct 408 iläät open, clear, evident, obvious 407 iläätulägu to become clear, into evidence 409 ilga sunflower 505 ilgaa lotus 472 ⇒ flower, blossom 568 ⇒ measles 671 ⇒ spiral pattern, spiral ornament 668 ilgaati binding on edge of garment or op of footwear 571 ilxii next, second; deputy, vice 211 imaa kid, young goat 414 ⇒ mountain sheep (male) 668 ⇒ goat 734 in’gääl parrot 642 in’giliigu to neigh, whinny 736 incään elbow 642 inkiläägu to twirl between the fingers 410 inshigu to curse continuously, jabber without stobbing 735 irägu next year 412 ⇒ to come 412 irgän people 117 ⇒ lay man 329 ⇒ common people, plebeian 333 irintii equal, even, on a level, coeval 564 irmun king of hell, god of death 268 isgäägu to be sorrowful, to regret, grieve 287 isgääl to grieve, mourn, be sad 288 ishigäägu to decide, determine, resolve 712 isoor good, ordinary, does not matter, all right 467 ⇒ very significant, considerable, considerably 504 isugu nippers, tweezers 353 isuku pincers, tweezers, nippers 572 isuu pincers, tweezers, nippers 572 isuur to line, put something on the inside of 228 itään calf in its second year 154 itgägu to depend on others 284 ⇒ to believe, trust 414 ⇒ to believe as true, trust 694 itgäl belief, faith, trust 414 iulälgäägu to flow (of milk from the udder at the time

of sucking) 405

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jaagu instructions, directions 416 ⇒ to point out, show, to teach 419 jaalägu to explode, blow up, blast 212 ⇒ to burst, explode, blow up 635 jaalgagu to be taught, learn from somebody 418 jaan chest, trunk 92 jaar ask 397 ⇒ musk 419 jabdägu to have time, be in time 419 jabka to fill cracks, to close an opening 569 jabkä joint, boundary 417 ⇒ joint, sutures of the skull 417 jadloogu to unwrap, undo, analyze 422 jag seniority; senior 127 ⇒ the older, elder(s), seniors 127 jaga brim, rim; side, collar 436 jagmaagu to grab by the collar 417 jai next, second; deputy, vice 211 jajin’ga trickery, deceit, intrigue 523 jak equipment, instrument 131 ⇒ article, item; property 251 ⇒ difficult to catch, difficult to get hold of 530 ⇒ decoration, adornment 571 ⇒ belles-lettres, fiction 678 ⇒ thing, object 743 jakkä edge, ledge, rim, brink 412 jalaafun sanctity, distinction, benediction 393 jalag gland 169 jalan world, earth, universe 216 ⇒ world, universe 741 jalgagu to connect, join, splice 427 jalgigu to swallow several times in succession 427 jalkigu to have an aversion, be fed up with 335 jalkoo slow, lazy 334 ⇒ lazy, idle 429 jalkorägu to be lazy, be idle 429 jaloo young, youthful, youth 427 jang account book, journal; register, annals 199 ⇒ personal character and behaviour 428 ⇒ character, conduct, temper, behaviour 429 jangjun general, commander 430 jar pretend (to be), to simulate, sham, feign 129 ⇒ sixty 432 jaragu use, make use, utilize, enjoy 252 ⇒ to come to an end, be finished, to run after 308 ⇒ servant 435 jarägu to spend, expend 432 jargaal good luck, fortune 450, 451 ⇒ happiness, bliss, luck 433 jargagu use, make use, utilize, enjoy 252 jargägu to be happy, be joyful 433 jarkuci servant 435

jau tum million 589 jauci go between mediator 460 jaudgaar biting (of a dog) 459 jaugu to bite, seize with the teeth or jaws 460 jaus goldfish 104 ⇒ fish 423 ⇒ fisherman 423 jää nephew, niece 438 jäärän antelope 438 jäärd red, chestnut 438 jäätuu pick 439 jäbäl quiver 584 jäbkät collar of a garment 417 jäbsheen goodness, good luck, auspice 542 jäcän border, borderline, frontier 349 ⇒ brim, rim; side, collar 436 ⇒frontier, borderland 437 jäcin world, universe 741 jäläg gap, space; between; pause 420 jälläg ruse, craft, cunning, trick, deceit 427 ⇒ deceit, trick 485 jämdän defect, disease, fault, harm 291 ⇒ crippled, handicapped, maimed 440 jänfu government 436 järää among themselves or ourselves 537 järgä epidemic, typhoid 349 järigi class, rank 441 jäshigan letter 437 jäshigu to order, to entrust, to ask to run an errand 437 jäu continent, mainland 636 jäud dream 465 jäudlägu to have a dream 465 jäuläärägu to become soft 455 jäulän soft 455 jebj molar 114 ⇒ corner of the mouth 420 jeby vessel, boat, ship, receptacle for water or fodder 529 jecigu to hit here and there, to strike with a stick 585 jecin world, earth, universe 216 jee yes, all right, well 416 jeeblaagu to sit cross-legged 420 jeecii season 672 jeelägu to dodge, move suddenly aside 195

⇒ to go away in order to avoid, elude, move off, yield 425

jejilägu to chew, masticate 422 jekigu to order, to entrust, to ask to run an errand 437 jelgigu to swallow, engulf 427 jeltogu to argue, refuse 482 jen’ge tie, knot, bond 430 jen’geegu to be knotted, tied, entangled in a knot 431 jenci raincoat 580

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jenji yoke, carrying pole 198 jenjilaagu to carry a load on a pole lengthwise 197 jeree hedgehog, porcupine 432 jerjigaljigu to chirp, twitter 447 jeshgän envelope, case 235 jiaas frame 417 jian salt marsh 385 jibrägu to rust, become rusty 440 jiby rust 439 jigaa expense, expenditure 434 ⇒ coin, money 448 ⇒ rent, lease 659 jigu the fat and flesh adhering to the hide of an animal

just skinned 320 jiigu to stretch, extend, prolong 442 ⇒ to unbend, become straight, stretch, extend 633 jijaagu to carry on one’s back 686 jijin udder 213 jil year 444 jilaa tassel 425 ⇒ car (of grain) 564 jilbin a desease of cattle 445 jilim a leather strap which is put through the buckles

of the girth of a saddle 446 jiljig the young (of some beast or prey), cub 462 jingcaa policeman 559 jingkäny pure, unmixed 581 jingkiny real, true, genuine 446 ⇒ pure 714 jinniä horse’s bit 107 jins button of rank worn on top of the hat 446 jiroo fast ambler, fast ambler 453 jiroolugu to go at a fast amble 453 jiya luck, good luck 347 ⇒ destiny, fate 382 jiyaa fate, destine, fortune 425 ⇒ good luck, fortune 450 jobcon to suffering, torment, hardship 448 joblon disaster 460 jogcu difficult, hard 150 jogogu suffer from, torment oneself over, feel unhappy

about 449 jol fontanel 462 jolugu to lay or spread out, to put in layers 462 jombor to suslik 464 joogu to hide, conceal; to cover, mask 195 ⇒ to hide, conceit, keep secret 517 jookee how, how much, how many 339 joordmol secret, mystery, hidden, mysterious 516 joordogu to be hidden, concealed 516 jorgogu to shave off, pare off 454 joriji instructions, directions 416

jorin courage, will 452 ⇒ task, aim, purpose, goal 453 ju needle, hand of clock 465 juaaragu to mix, knead, puddle 459 juaargu to start on a journey, to set out 487 jual oil lamp for offerings 461 juanbee first winter month 461 juataa lean, thing, skinny 273 jub a little, hardly, barely 116 jubsheegu to agree, approve, sanction 457 jugeemul seam, patch 468 juggu to be fit for, go well with 455 jugigu right, correct, true 456 jugirdägu pleasure, comfort 620 jugtägän religion 711 jui bureau, office, department 637 juidälti to be in agreement, be suited 455 jujaalagu to be to thick 461 jujaan thick 461 juldä spleen 215 jungyan center, centre 643 jur direction 467 ⇒ direction, course 569 jurcigu to break, violate, disobey 458 jurgan line in a book 490 jurgon row, line, file 253 jurgu to be compassionate, feel sorry (for) 549 jurgui pit of the stomach 100 jurii not straight, awry 459 jurugu heart 469 jus appearance, face 469 ⇒ colour (of animals) 469 juslägu to turn bitter, turn sour, spoil 287 jusu colour 545 jusulägu to ferment, turn sour 413 jusun koumiss (fermented mare’s milk) 98 ⇒ boiled yoghurt 557 jusuu vinegar 579 jutää envy, jealousy 123 ⇒ jealousy, envy 459 juu lancet for bleeding 328 juujii organization, institution 137 ⇒ organization, arrangement 454 juuruu identical with, the same, alike, equal 407 juushii head, chairman 634 jüü grandchild, nephew, niece 125 jy play, drama 466 kaa visor, porch, shelter, shed 594 kaakadbäi to be worried about something for lack of

time, hurry 146 kaalaagu to change, replace 319

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kaaltagu cause, motive; pretext, pretence 705 kabci trap, snare 314 kabicil gorge, ravine, canyon 313 kabil tortoise 471 kabis sediment of a pot after boiling milk 392 ⇒ scraper, scoop 393 kabsh curds 247 kacin relation, relatives; kind, class 647 kacir cheek 336 ⇒ lower part of the cheek 422 kadigy a piece of silk used as a greeting gift among the

zang and moggol nationalities 314 kaicilaagu to cut the mane 215 ⇒ to hear, clip, cut off 354 kaicy scissors, tongs 318 kakaraa chicken, hen, cock 628 kakureegu hand, suspend 543 kalkaagu to make hot, warm, heat 318 kalligu to press, compress, approach, draw nearer,

come nearer 711 kaloor bay, chestnut (colour of horse) 338 kaltag half, semi 623 kaltägkaan one of the pair 549 kaltigu frequentative form of 555 kalton special, particular 654 kamcigu to join, to assist 313 kamgii every 255 kanaagu to press, force, urge 709 kanbu prior, abbot 323 kanci sleeve 327 kangkigu to pour out, empty out 661 kanjaal long sleeveless garment worn by women over a

gown on formal occasions 662 kany niche (for putting image of Buddha) 309 kar completely black, quite black 551 karaa broad cloth, woollen cloth 567 karcenku hair pin, hair, ornaments 335 kareelaagu to beat, hit, palpitate, throb 215 ⇒ to jump, leap, spring 330 karkugu stab, thrust, embroider 335 ⇒ to pierce through 573 karkulaajy feel a sharp pain, tingle 571 karoo guard, watch, patrol 334 karshun smell of burning 350 kartäs board, plank 141 kasgägu to be barely able to do something 229 kasheegu wash water, dish water 667 kasoo iron 647 kataa salt 185 ⇒ salty 722 kataadaagu to season with salt, add salt, pickle in brine 185 katan health 270

katän hard, firm solid 336 katon to intend, strive for, aim at, seek to 452 katrägu trot 336 katun queen, princess 335 kaucin old, shabby, out of date 381 kawaa short 156 kazoo railway 647 ⇒ pig-iron 719 kää quarter of an hour 492 käänegu to praise, eulogize 476 käcääk day before yesterday 679 käci edge, rim, shore, bank 371 ⇒ edge, ledge, rim, brink 412 käcuu difficult, hard 150 kädääci stray 451 kägu lintel 641 käir bay, chestnut (colour of horse) 338 käjin wall 324 ⇒ the Great Wall of China 558 ⇒ wall, fortress 344 käkräägu to belch, eruct 347 käku tiger cub, during its first year 134 ⇒ young camel 159 ⇒ children, kids 395 ⇒ son, boy; interest 395 ⇒ kid, young goat 414 ⇒ orphan 546 kälbäigu to be awry, lean to one side; to be inclined or

slanting 196 kälbur form, shape 341 kälcigu to fight, scuffle 449 kälgii to stutter, stammer, hesitate in speaking 248 käli wrangle 340 kältgäi to hang down or loose, dangle, trail, slouch 194 kämigu to gnaw, crunch, nibble 350 kämygu to ruminate, chew the cud 348 känägui suspicion, doubt 597 känäguljigu to hesitate 657 kängk melons 302 käns to tear to pieces 579 ⇒ tear, break off 678 kärcigu to cut, carve 345 kärjää fence, pen, yard, court 334 kärsu vitriol 135 kärtägu to lie 339 käsäg part, piece 345 käshi favour, benefit 125 ⇒ grace, favour 346 kätäs belly, abdomen, bowels, intestines 289 ⇒ boil, ulcer, syphilis 736 ⇒ large intestines 526 ⇒ scab, scraper 474

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käucuu crupper, breeching (harness) 385 käudi bag, sack wallet 395 ⇒ sackcloth, bag, sack made of coarse woollen cloth 619 käudii sack 724 käur any hilly area with pleasant climate, fertile soil,

forests, rives and lakes 326 ⇒ steppe, plain 622 kecääl prudent, careful, cautious 353 këku tadpole 707 kenkeen healthy 270 kiaanci chess 710 kialän cross-eyed, squinting 223 kialiigu to be cross-eyed, squint 223 kiand cheap, inexpensive 352 kiandärägu become cheap, fall in price 352 kiandkan easy, simple 352 kiandkän access, convenience 232 kiar top, peak, summit 530 kiarämsän first snow, new-fallen snow 354 kiaur nit 381 kiänkiän heroic, courageous, bold 128 kib lazy, idle 429 kibäs carpet, rug 349 kibcaalägu to save, economize 281 kibcan economical, thrifty 119 kibcaan thrift, economy 281 kicäägu to take care, be cautious 351 kicääl prudent, circumspect, careful 345 ⇒ lesson 351 kicibää prudent, careful, cautious 353 kijaar border, frontier, limit 351 kijaarlägu to limit to, restrict in 351 kilgaas hair (of horse, goat, etc.) 352 kiluurgu to shine, glitter, sparkle 296 kimci nail, claw 389 kimcigu control, take control of, check 353 kimulägu hate, curse, have a grudge against somebody 430 kior honey 139 kirää saw 376 kiru flag 203 ⇒ banner, flag 650 kiruu banner, flag 650 kiubcaalagu to be thrifty, economize, use sparingly 117 kiur during the time, along the way 459 ⇒ temporarily, for a short time, for a while 659 koc ram 394 ⇒ castrated ram 412 kocgu to bark 394 kocigu to bind, bundle 132 ⇒ to bind, wrap, bundle 155

⇒ to tie around, to bandage, to wind, reel, roll (around) 531

⇒ to howl, yowl 673 kociläg bundle, bunch; package, stack 132 kodiry well 384 kogoo well tub, well bucket 356 kojool stump, stub 358 kokic shell, sea shell 237 kokilägu to be divided into groups, parts or chapters;

to form groups 176 ⇒ ties, relationship 616 kokirägu to be damaged, to become dry and hard 369 ⇒ to pick up, gather up, collect 389 kokiräl loss, damage, expenses 286 kolig earwax 389 kolmos shell, bark, specif [?] 239 komän capital of a country 507 kon’goor yellowish brown 364 koncig family (people belonging to one household) 292 koncigi pedigree, lineage 666 kongoo deaf 244 ⇒ to grow deaf 244 konjigu to profit, gain 363 konjiläg profit, gain 363 konshoor muzzle, beak, snout 365 kor poison, venom, harm, evil 365 korkogu mixer, stirrer 394 korkolcigu to mix, get mixed, mingle 362 korkoosh gossiper, slanderer 357 korkooslaagu to slander, gossip, backbite 356 korkubäi to mix, intermix, admix, intermingle 362 korkugu to churn, to beat 176 ⇒ to mix, blend, intermix, stir 394 korkulaagu to stir fire with a poker 716 korkur churn-stuff, piston, mixer 176 korolägu to harm, injure, hurt 375 korsägu to detest, hate, resent 367 korsool threat, [mean]-hatred 430 kot a kind of gourd 387 kotori fortune, luck 167 kotun city, town 368 kotung town; ruins of town 140 koymaali simulation, pretence, slyness, archness 129 koobun brazier, pan for holding burning coals 356 kooky union, league, alliance, association 249 kooly law, rule 379 ⇒ law, criminal law, prohibition 553 ⇒ constitution 693 koor two stringed (or four stringed) musical instru-

ment played with a bow 380 kua stadium, garden, institution 400 kuaamkocigu anything put or worn around the neck 355 kuaangarta bell, ring 365 kuaaran tomb of a saint or an eminent person 528

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kuaciläg bundle, bunch; package, stack 132 ⇒ cloth wrapper 699 kuair armour, cuirass 387 kuäändä sky, atmosphere 524 kuändä universe 533 kuc power, force, strength 403 kuci intensity, energy, power 269 ⇒ to twist, twine 269 ⇒ strength, energy 406 ⇒ vigorous, energetic, young 406 ⇒ strong, healthy 568 ⇒ physical, strength, power 634 kucilbigu to endeavour, make every effort 706 kuciragu envy, jealousy 123 kugun cotton 371 kuicääl to be completed or complete 177 kuis navel 397 kuitun cold 397 kuji incense, incense stick 397 kuku green 511 kul stairs, ladder, stage, period 710 kulcäägu to wait, receive 398 kuldur spade, shovel 400 kulii sole of foot, foot (hon) [?] 543 ⇒ marrow of the shin-bone 700 kuly foot, leg 372 kulydää to begin to walk (of a baby) 373 kumreebäi to overturn, turnover, upset 373 kumug uvula 396 kupäigu protruding 309 kur nettle 319 kurbigu to turn over, wallow 375 kurc bow, string 371 kurdä wheel, circle 399 kurgäägu to convey, send, bring 402 kurmultu eyelash 607 kurub lamb 391 kurugu to taste, test by the tongue 109 ⇒ to reach, arrive, to be enough 401 kurum double garment 187 ⇒ jacket 401 kushigu to enclose, pen, fence in, block up, obstruct 334 kushuluägu to overcast (in sewing) 377 kusun tenacious, inflexible, stubborn, obstinate 378 kutläägu to lead 378 kuwää binding on edge of garment or op of footwear 571 laa candle 470 laabaa clarinet, bassoon 152 ⇒ trumpet, horn 177 laagigu stop 450 laas can, tin 470

lab certainly, surely 470 labigu to beat, hit, strike 577 lablagu to inquire, to make certain 471 labtii sure(ly), certain(ly) 475 ⇒ real, actual 583 lakäigu to be corpulent, to slouch in one’s chair 471 lam lama, monk 472 lamcilägu religious ceremony 309 ⇒ to pray, supplicate 426 larci leaf (of a plant) 497 largeen bother, nuisance, trouble 737 larkilaagu to wobble, totter, sway 191 larkilaardogu to totter, wobble, sway, rock 190 larygen trouble, difficulty, complication 644 lashigu to beckon, wave the hand 196 lashilaagu to shake, rattle 236 lashur thief, thieving 388 lau jail, prison 329 laug rheum discharged from the eyes 473 laumbo shuttlecock 629 lawaa twig, small branch or limb of a tree 493 läk whetstone, grindstone 151 lärbäisän protruding (of ears) 213 lärshigu to shake, tremble, to be startled, frightened 222 läuubäi to hide, conceal; to cover, mask 195 lejy muscle 169 liang a Chinese unit of weight (50g) 472 liwäär extensive salt marsh 560 logtu halter 511 lombaartägu be entangled, embroil 247 longuloogu to boil until soft, over boil 733 loob turnip, carrot 473 luääs mule 473 lukungku mortar 663 lunti device for steam, cooking 444 lurgeegu to dance 174 lurgeel dance, dancing 174 lurgigu to catch-fire, burn, flame up 121 lyanxuaa lotus flower 129 maa take it! 474 maajigu to scratch, to curry 474 maanii our 479 maas pitted, pocked, pock-marked 574 maawaa fetid, bad smell 545 mad breadth, width 261 madan very, very much 652 ⇒ time 666 madägu to know 483 madän end, finish 93 ⇒ end, finish, termination 273 maggeer glanders 734

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maigal appearance, form 477 maikan tent 477 maimaan shop, store 215 ⇒ trade, commerce 385 ⇒ trade, commerce 476 ⇒ to do business, trade 477 majin carpenter 494 maktaal praise, eulogy 475 mal domestic animal, cattle 477 maloo hemp 528 maltägu to rake up, shovel up, scrape up, gather in 323 ⇒ to pour out, empty out 661 mampaa blunt, dead-end, cropped, hornless 495 man’gee a kind of ogre 480 man’gees wild onion 480 man’gil forehead 475 manaa the act of watching or guarding 478 manaacin watchman, guard 478 managu to keep vigil, hold night watch 479 manaragu to faint, to grow foggy or misty 479 manän mist, fog 479 manärägu to be stunned, stupefied, feel giddy or dizzy 243 manggier anthrax 155 manilägu group, division; chapter 175 manji Manchu, a Manchurian 480 mankan long sandy hill 481 manna mist 165 mantuu a kind of steamed bread 481 manuu agate 479 many unity 175 ⇒ herd, flock 617 mareen variegated, motley 266 marshigu to flutter 218 martägu to forget 482 mashin mixer, stirrer 394 masoo scoop, dipper, ladle 707 matagu to curve or bend 482 mään’gää kite 257 määrji crack, cleft, chap, crevice 111 mädää organs of the body, organs of senses 271 ⇒ information, news; intelligence 483 ⇒ sensation, feeling, consciousness 484 mädägu to say (hon.) 97 mädäl knowledge, authority 483 ⇒ knowledge, understanding 484 mädjee to test, examine, to try to find out 633 mäis ice 492 mäk teats 403 mäkälgä to feed from a bottle 668 mäläg frog, toad 484 mälgäi tadpole 707 mäljäär match, contest, tournament 631

mäljilcigu to compete with, contend with, emulate in 677 mänärägu to harden, to become numb 377 ⇒ to become numb, become tired 570 mäyän unity 175 miaarägu to bleat 476 miag the fat and flesh adhering to the hide of an ani-

mal just skinned 320 ⇒ meat, flesh 483 ⇒ frozen meat for the spring 687 mian’ga thousand 486 miard leopard, panther 411 miau temple, church 617 miaucan gun, rifle 163 miaucandaagu to shoot with a firearm 163 miauy golden spire of a temple 283 micigu to draw back, move back, step back, retreat 684 mina whip, lash, riding crop 627 minjuu democracy 117 modo quick, fast, rapid 390 mogcun difficult, hard 150 ⇒ difficulty, hardship 150 ⇒ hard, difficult 403 ⇒ poor, indigent 731 mogu snake 487 mogurdägu to be tired, to suffer hardship 466 moiji limb (of the body) 492 mokun tribe, clan 98 monggol Mongol, Mongolia, Mongolian 487 ⇒ Inner Mongolia 537 mongku cud 596 moo to become enraged, be carried away by anger 223 ⇒ to become wild, violent, to rage, become angry 223 ⇒ to shout, scold 423 ⇒ bad, evil 493 mood a bowl with, a cover 131 ⇒ tree, wood 486 ⇒ willow 666 ⇒ poker (for fire) 716 ⇒ stairs, ladder, stage, period 710 moodäi shell, bark, specif [?] 239 moodälcigu crisis, contradiction, chaos 353 moonku stupid, foolish 267 mootägu to become weak, become worse, be degraded 226 ⇒ senile, decrepit 458 mootugu to worsen, to become weak, thin 493 morcigui worn down on one side (of a shoe or boot) 476 morii horse dung 363 ⇒ colour (of animals) 469 morisxun complaint, appeal 299 ⇒ wrong, injustice 349 morkigu to turn, twist, twine, to wring, strain 495 ⇒ to pinch, tweak, nip 571

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mory gelding; castrated 97 ⇒ a three to four-year-old mare 135 ⇒ horse 487 moyän sort, kind, species 468 muäägä mushroom 488 muäärgu low, bellow (of cows) 488 muämci cartilage, gristly 489 mucurgu to loosen, detach 489 mudan musical sound, melody, vowel 254 mudur dragon 473 mugdääl development, progress, growth, flourishing 404 mugudägu to develop, prosper, be in progress 372 mugur stupid, foolish 267 mukugu to become extinct, die out 493 ⇒ to perish, be extinguished 609 mukuigu to bend down, bow one’s head 181 mulkugu to crawl on all fours, creep 489 mun’gu silver, money 490 mun’gui shil quicksilver, mercury 490 munaa crow-bar, wrecking-bar 561 mur shoulder, back of a knife 491 ⇒ large river 492 ⇒ condor 626 murdääl to spread, disseminate, popularize, propagate 214 ⇒ development, progress, growth, flourishing 404 murdägu to develop, prosper, be in progress 372 ⇒ to rise 535 murgugu to butt, to hit, knock one’s forehand against

something 491 ⇒ to butt with the horns, gore 598 muru almost, nearly, about 142 ⇒ almost, nearly, about 142 ⇒ eagle 177 ⇒ plan, conjecture; budget, estimate 648 musui light yellow 381 muudurti ugly, nasty, very 494 myag muscle 169 naacilaagu to hope, to rely upon, to have faith in, trust 497 naacilaangku support, pillar, prop 661 naadal game, play 495 naadägu to wander, stray, roam 346 naadgu to play, play games, play an instrument 496 naadugu to play, act, perform 638 naajil maternal grandmother 505 ⇒ the family of a married woman 648 naidägu to demand, require 700 naim eight 498 naitägu to sneeze 498 najir for the summer to set in 463 ⇒ summer 463 naku no matter how, inevitably 271

⇒ without fail, surely, by all means 416 nalkugu to be frightened (of animals) 696 namär autumn 499 ⇒ autumn encampment 499 nanda to improve, recover, take a turn for the better 436 nar right-hand side; west 145 ⇒ east, left 465 ⇒ sun 500 narcik concave 368 nareekan small, little 442 narilgu to spare, refrain from using, economize 501 narilkaagu to unwrap, undo, analyze 422 ⇒ to study 612 narin narrow, tight, thin, slender, fine 501 ⇒ compactness, density, compactly, thickly 508 nars pine tree 501 nas age 501 ⇒ to pass away, die 502 ⇒ to pass by, pass on, to die 514 ⇒ good opportunity, chance, right moment 627 nasti aged people, elders 502 nastii to grow old 372 ⇒ vigorous, energetic, young 406 ⇒ strong, healthy 568 nasxon good luck, opportunity 421 naucoo maternal, uncle, relatives on mother’s side 497 naur lake 516 näägu to open 502 ⇒ to lift up, open by, lifting up 609 nääm a bowl with, a cover 131 ⇒ box, case, chest 317 näängkuläägu to throw or war a garment over one’s

shoulder 515 nääshi inspiration, enthusiasm 677 nääshii to become flabby or limp 692 näbätlgu to pass, to go from one person, place, or ob-

ject to another 197 näbtläägu to pierce through 573 näcigu to ride a horse at full speed, to attack, storm 221 näcin plane, flat 631 nägägu to braid, twine, weave 301 ⇒ to knit, to weave 507 ⇒ to braid, plait, intertwine 617 nägmäl braided, woven, plaited 301 näguu steel for striking fire 346 näigän in general, usually 741 näigändää always, constantly 696 näigärkäägu reconcile oneself with, form a bloc 250 näk some 433 ⇒ one, the same, once 503 ⇒ span 608 näkäini some 433

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näkänd together, along with 324 näkändä together with, in company, jointly 580, 581 näkändägu united, solid 503 näkdaad all together, all at once, once and for all 504 näkdäär first, number one 503 ⇒ first 634 näktää again and again, from time to time 138 ⇒ sometimes, seldom, now and then 310 ⇒ already, once 503 näktägu to associate with somebody, keep somebody

company 367 näm bow, arch 518 nämägu to twist, twine 269 ⇒ to add, increase 504 ⇒ to patch, darn mend, to fill a gap 516 nämbägu to cover oneself, be enveloped 178 ⇒ to roof 206 ⇒ to cover 395 nämbäs blanket 374 nämur shelter, cover (as against wind or rain) 515 nändäägu to cause to burn, set fire 121 ⇒ to catch fire, burn, be burned up 710 när name, title 506 närägu to wear, hang up, carry 466

⇒ to join together, put together from various pieces 468

⇒ to draw on, pull on, put on 669 närdägu to search, to inspect, examine 503 närtäi famous, glorious 580 näsgun gentle, tender, friendly, courteous 255 näugu to change place, move, turn into 715 näugu to nomadize, move from place to place 520 näurägu to groan, moan 739 nedäm face 520 neercik cave, gorge, hollow 364 nekkirägu trembling, shaking, vibration 225 niaagu to rot, decay, spoil 408 ⇒ to paste, stick 497 nialägu to scour, polish, rub 469 nici to burst, erupt 213 nicikuä to become naked, undress 704 nicoogu to catch fire, begin to burn 513 nid to be dazzled, to glimmer in various colors 265 ⇒ eye 520 nidaany last year 510 nidägu to pound, powder, crush, pulverize 521 nidii sight, eyesight 329 ⇒ eyelash 607 ⇒ look, glance, eyesight 333 nidiinoo eyelid, corner of the eye 449 nidrogudaagu to beat, hit, palpitate, throb 215 nidunku mortar, pestle 521

niecik concave 368 niecirägu to be concave, to cave in 368 nikcaan musk deer 396 nilää very significant, considerable, considerably 504 nilcun disgusting, greasy (taste) 509 nileegu to fly, skin, pull out hair or wool 462 nima whip, lash, riding crop 627 nindur single, alone 198 ningän thin, shallow 508 ninggän hoarfrost 562 niombägu to spit 518 niombus tears, mucus, spittle 518 niookol nape of the neck 715 nios nasal mucus 519 nirdagägu sunflower 505 niroo crest, ridge of a hill 354 ⇒ crest, ridge of a hill 354 ⇒ mountain pass, low pass 378 ⇒ back, spine; mountain range; ridgepole 519 niurää wine, fruit wine 203 nogo little house dog, lap-dog 311 nogu dog 513 nogugu to rub, massage, to mash, press, knead 519 noir sleep, slumber 511 noirgaagu to become wet, damp, moist 513 noitun wet, moist, damp 512 nojin chief, superior; chairman, director 202 nomuukun habitual, accustomed to; familiar with 204 ⇒ peaceful, gentle, calm 513 noo corner 168 noocoko corner, angel 546 noogu to hit upon 529 ⇒ to hit upon, strike upon 654 noon brother-in-law (wife’s younger brother) 399 norgugu to crumble, collapse 519 ⇒ to break down, fall in 578 ⇒ to crumble into, topple down 742 noyin lord, prince, commandant 512 ⇒ official, functionary 661 nugu hole, pit 521 ⇒ small hole, gap 615 nugua green 511 nuguaa grass, greens, vegetable 511 nuguan as, like, similar 485 nuguää next year 360 ⇒ other, another 514 nugur wife, married woman 274 ⇒ to get married 293 ⇒ friend, comrade, husband 515 nugurääjäär husband and wife 264 nukeel pole, extremity 650 nunggur awl for burning holes 576

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nunggurdäägu to crawl in, creep in, penetrate 726 nushikee nude, naked; bare, barren 521 nyreecin painter, artist 463 nyrgaan picture, painting 463 nyrugu to draw, paint 464 obilembigu interpreter 341 oblimbuugu to translate 533 oboo heap, pile; heap of stones; quite good; rather,

fairly 523 odogu callouses on hands or feet 588 odoo pasture, grazing grounds 149 odus young livestock, younger animal 645 ogin usug proverb, common saying 468 ogo camphor 275 ogor mortar 663 ogu brain, cerebrum 626 oigor Uigur 669 oiloogu to dig, unearth 478 oinbool fully, completely, in all 307 oirol stitching 311 oiron environment, surrounding 267 oiroon near, around, about, surroundings 533 oldägu to be conquered, vanquished or defeated, lose

in a game 219 oldoon hip, flank 626 olees aspen 673 olgu sleep, slumber 511 ⇒ to be wounded, be injured 709 ollägaagu to grant, issue; to pay out 527 ollon by the size of, in the neighborhood, near 219 ⇒ vicinity, neighborhood 313 ⇒ side 316 ⇒ vamp of a boot 461 ologu to find, obtain, get 527 olongku sackcloth, bag, sack made of coarse wollen

cloth 619 oloogu to warm up, heat 237 olsu hemp 528 olum the right-hand saddle girth, which has the buckle 527 omiä to live, exist, have being 108 omsär pit of the stomach 100 on’gu to ride, mount 674 onci knife, razor 393 oncii scabbard, sheath 386 ondäloogu to cheat, deceive, tell lies 380 ongku pasture, grazing grounds 149 onji aftermath, rowen, late born 343 ⇒ evening, late 531 ⇒ collection 656 onshigu to read 676 oo oh! 739

oogu to take a mouthful of liquid, to sip 523 ⇒ to drink 665 ooshi drink 664 ⇒ beverage 675 or golden spire of a temple 283 ⇒ place, land 531 ordoon before, former 680 ore evening 687 oree evening, late 531 orel slogan 683 orelägu call, appeal 680 orgoidaa root of ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) 534 orgugu to grow, sprout 680 orjeer to feed from a bottle 668 orjgoon the year before last 679 orji feeding bottle, baby’s dummy 668 orkigu to throw, throw out, cast away 534 orkinjy kasaya (a patchwork outer vestment worn by a

Buddhist monk) 533 ormod rumour, gossip 579 oroo difficult to catch, difficult to get hold of 530 orsugu to flow, run, stream 681 ort gunpowder 202 ortu the Great Wall of China 558 ⇒ long 681 ortugu to receive, welcome an arriving visitor 669 oru place; situation, position 137 os any hilly area with pleasant climate, fertile soil,

forests, rives and lakes 326 ⇒ wash water, dish water 667 ⇒ water 682 osgon despotic, predatory 252 ⇒ cruel, fierce 331 osgondaagu sway, wield power over, act wilfully 253 oudloordägu to become smaller; decrease 131 oyigu sew, work with needle and thread 526 oyii index finger 224 oyin miracle, strange, astonishment 279 ⇒ miracle, wonder 279 oyonggu think out, device 597 pacigun disordered, troubled 592 paciral to contract, bend (of body) 125 pacirgu to wrinkle, contact, crease 125 paidan row, line, file 253 palbuugu to exile, banish 578 par (the sound of boiling, bubbling) 553 pat completely black, quite black 551 pau artillery 415 paujin fire cracker, rocket, missile 552 payaabun expense, expenditure, outlay 432 päcikuläägu to kick with the hind legs, kick back 635

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pädäsän to touch, irritate 399 päilägu to mix, compound, to compose, edit, compile 498 pän powder in general, face powder 522 pändägu to butt each other, to collide, to conflict 491 päng roof; felt covering of the upper part of a yurt 206 pänjian feudal 552 pänpii envelope, case 235 päsäl shop, store 215 ⇒ company, firm, concern, shop 552 pcäiklägu shuttlecock 629 pialiisän to become large-headed 481 pici into small pieces, into a pulp 154 ⇒ to burst, erupt 213 pii chest, trunk 92 ⇒ writing or painting brush 151 por (the sound of boiling, bubbling) 553 pusägu to increase, multiply, breed 697 pusugu to become rich in cattle 477 puutoo grape 688 qishin not very good, tolerable; about the same 143 saagu to milk 585 saajig magpie 699

⇒ to chatter, to click the tongue (in praise or ad-miration) 703

saar leather, shagreen 588 saaral dun-colored 584 saat obstacle, hindrance 583 saatagu to be delayed, detained 584 saatangku obstacle, delay, hindrance 658 sabär fork 585 saby shoes 701 sagäl car (of grain) 564 ⇒ beard, moustache 595 sagigu amulet, charm 595 sagiigu to preserve, guard, protect 596 saikan good looking, beautiful 589 saikän beautiful 303 ⇒ beauty, charm 689 sain any hilly area with pleasant climate, fertile soil,

forests, rives and lakes 326 ⇒ good, ordinary, does not matter, all right 467 ⇒ good, well 588 ⇒ pleasure 618 sainki beloved, much loved 108 sainty just before, recently 589 sair strong, energetic 396 saisaa scholar 265 sako brazier 652 salaa space, distance, gap 424 ⇒ branch, twig or limb of a tree 590

saligan right, authority, self-willed 270 saligu to invite 426 sallagu to sew with small stitches 703 saly raft, float 589 samarägu to ladle and pour liquid 592 sampan abacus 591 sampäl promptly, quickly, fast 171 samraan board, blackboard 591 samshigu to disperse, scatter 594 sana thought, heart, mind 601 sanaa thought, idea 155 ⇒ courage, will 452 ⇒ thought, thinking 592 ⇒ to calm down, be relieved 662 ⇒ to be deeply moved, be deeply touched 670 ⇒ point of view, ideas 688 sanaacilägu to strive for, intend to, make ones’ way to 453 sanaad pleasure, comfort 620 sanabarigu to intend, strive for, aim at, seek to 452 sanal opinion, idea 593 ⇒ meaning, idea 683 sanalgaagu to mention, point out 238 sanji to think 593 sanno comb 591 sar the first month of the year (in lunar calendar) 558 saraacilgu to interview, investigate, look for 614 saragi rope for leading the camel 170 sarap chopstick 586 sarbäci visor, porch, shelter, shed 594 sardilaagu to become old, age 536 saridii old, aged 372 saridilaagu to grow old, age 551 sarigi iron or rope nose-ring (for cattle) 230 sarigilaagu to put in or furnish with an iron or rope

nose-ring (for cattle) 230 sariky helmet, head-piece 234 sarilägu to wed, celebrate a wedding, to celebrate, feast 391 sarimält eyebrows 374 sarin feast, wedding 391 sarkäägu to copy 379 sarki armour, cuirass 387 sarlag yak 594 saruul moon, month 593 sashiken to be devastated, be destroyed, crash 616 satan sugar, candy 573 saudal seat 609 saugu to teach, be a teacher 133 saur plow 113 saurii plowshare 113 sawun elephant 418 sayishel approval, praise 588 sayisherdägu to praise, commend 589

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sayn not very good, tolerable; about the same 143 säägigu to become excited 586 säägu string 341 säägu to urinate 711 säär vertebra, column 596 säärbää plowshare bone, nasal septum 592 sääs urine 711 säb teacher, schoolmaster 132 ⇒ to teach, be a teacher 133 säbjiilägu to be merry, cheerful, joyful 501 säbjin amusement, enjoyment, delight 567 sägajar lammergeir 739 sägää consciousness, intellectual mind 602 sägääti intelligentsia 602 säilägu to carve, engrave 603 säilmul carving, engraving 603 säken origin, source, root 667 säkeen root, basis, origin 732 säläk castrated goat 601 sälbä slit in the side of a gown or shirt 529 sälgäägu to publicize, announce 507 sälgeegu to announce, advertize 434 säliby oar 598 sälmii sword, saber 408 ⇒ sword, saber 598 sältkää empty, hungry 543 sänäl- to recover one’s senses 602 sänji handle, loop, eye 599 säns foolish, stupid, silly 633 särää fork 585 ⇒ fork, table-fork 599 särään rare, seldom, scarce 356 särägu to recover consciousness, to awake 600 säräm vigilanes [?] 599 särämsheegu to be on one’s guard, prevent, warn 601 särji place to lie down, kennel 339 särsägäljigu to sway, move (of thick and bushy objects) 587 särsäigu to be dishevelled, mussed up 587 särsärkä to bristle, stand on end 547 särtä wisdom, talent, gift 151 ⇒ clever, alert 574 ⇒ ability, capacity, acumen, intelligence 591 ⇒ intelligent, penetrating 600 särugun vigilant, sensitive 600 särun cold air 419 säruun cool, fresh 601 säs dice 721 sätärkee to be chipped, nicked 260 ⇒ open, hollow; breach 529 sätläägu to pierce a hole 601 säudär object visible in the distance; view 141 ⇒ portrait, image 376

säudär shade, shadow 615 säul tail 615 säuly beginning and end 274 säuly end, finish, termination 273 säwäärgigu liking, willingness; desire, joy 147 säwän anything hard to understand, oddness, strange-

ness 443 ⇒ strange, news 606 siaushuulägu filial piety 256 sinshin physician, doctor 260 sirigigu to wrinkle, contact, crease 125 sishingeegu to incite, instigate, excite 540 sogoilugu barren 393 sogur blind 608 soligu to invite 680 som arrow 612 somäi quiver 584 somisoon miracle, wonder 279 sonin strange, news 606 sonogu to unbend, become straight, stretch, extend 633 sonsugu to hear, listen to 606 sonsuwäiny hearing 606 sonugu to stretch out, lengthen out 613 sonuukee bumble-bee 339 sor prunes, kind of date 554 sordinggi old man 536 sordol custom, habit 431 sorgaal education, enlightenment 291 ⇒ teaching, doctrine 614 soriby stick, walking stick, cane 622 sormkiee experienced in, accustomed to 188 sorogu to study, learn 613 soromkoi habit, skill, experience 188 sortugu to become drunk, be intoxicated 603 sortukoo drunk, intoxicated 603 sorugu copy-book, exercise book, note book 210 ⇒ to begin to talk (of infants) 341 soo armpit 609 soor rope stirrups for donkeys or camels 230 ⇒ leather strap 613 soorin state, government 647 su koumiss (fermented mare’s milk) 98 suadal jugular-vein 309 suaig wormwood, absinthe 96 sual raft, float 589 ⇒ loose, free 612 sualiimal to become red, redden 672 suar flea 513 suars to remain in a virgin state for a long time (of land) 124 ⇒ uncultivated or fallow land 124 ⇒ earth, soil, ground 377 suduri history 656

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sug[u]dun weather 557 sugdun air 96 ⇒ air, gas 347 sugu to become pregnant (of animals) 337 ⇒ axe, hatchet 618 suigaljin ant 722 suitgää the little finger 569 sujir belief, religious worship 616 ⇒ to believe, worship 729 sulitii splendor, magnificence, grandeur, greatness 421 suly glory majesty 617 sum monastery 347 sum temple, church 617 sumsu soul, ghost 617 sumus sap, juice 728 sunku fine comb 727 suntubuugu dictatory, dictatorial 201 suny to pass a night, spend a night 365 sur coral 729 surää wisdom, talent, gift 151 suräägu to pour in, to east, mint 582 surc to get accustomed or used to, befriend oneself

with 205 surkur borer, drill, auger 549 surkurdäägu to crawl in, creep in, penetrate 726 sus bamboo, reed 388 susräägu to pour out, splash out 121 suu boiled yoghurt 557 ⇒ food made from milk 557 ⇒ milk 614 suugu to tuck up, pull up, turn up 725 ⇒ to filter, strain, percolate 728 suumul to be extinguished, go out, die out 676 suunggi hoarse 608 shaa gauze 699 shaalgan naughty, playful 103 shabby pupil, schoolboy, schoolgirl 613 shabor jabber, murmur, indistinct whisper 405 shaby pupil, disciple 701 shadagu patient, enduring, resistant 181 shadal power, ability, capacity 555 shadägu to be able, be capable 556 shagaal hasty, speedy, quick 706 shakaakän to be only one, become lonesome 284 shakan about seventy 193 shakän approximately, nearly, almost, around 711 shakinäägu to rustle, sizzle, sputter 709 shaldan naked, nude, bare 704 shaligy debauchery, fornication, obscene, profligate 705 shan reward, award 706 shanägu to boil, stew 562

shangnal reward, prize 703 shannagu to reward, decorate 703 shansi a musical instrument with three strings plucked

with the fingers 707 ⇒ face 563 shar light yellow 381 ⇒ tawny, fawn 387 ⇒ butter 707 ⇒ yellow 707 ⇒ yellowish 708 sharaljin Artemesia vulgaris 708 sharan next, following; after, later 199 sharan’ga hill, mound, knoll 221 sharägu warm, to dry in the sun or by fire 248 ⇒ to succeed, continue 426 sharbaljigu to wag the tail 708 shargu to roast, brail, grill 708 sharti to become large-headed 481 shaur mud, slush, clay 701 ⇒ earth, soil 722 shaurdägu to get stuck in something, sink 715 shaurlän marsh, swamp 499 shäugu awl 723 shäurt toggles, clasp 629 sheefas magic, sorcery 665 sheel vigilanes [?] 599 sheginägu to hum, to make a rumbling sound 245 shejin religion 711 shenggen thin, fluid, watery 718 shibkägu to study 612 shibkäägu to dry, dry up 250 shid molar 114 ⇒ protruding, sticking out; buckteeth 227 ⇒ toothpick 570 ⇒ tooth 728 shidää to pick one’s teeth 569 shidäg felt, thick felt 413 ⇒ saddle-pad 719 shidär hobble 577 ⇒ shackles, fetters 655 shigärkägu to stitch 312 shigee thicket, grove 726 shiidäägu to fill an opening, stop up 161 shiidääs plug, cork, spigot 161 ⇒ lid, cover 620 shiikäägu to whistle 413 shiis theatrical performance 712 shijigu to baste or stitch 714 shijoolgu to inherit, carry on the tradition, transmit,

convey 672 shil soup, bouillon 723 ⇒ sap, juice 728

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shilaalbeen light blue, bluish 567 shilaan blue, dark blue 378 shilaas thread 685 shilägu to distinguish oneself, be remarkable 705 shilci heat, warmth 409 shilygidaagu lewd, profligate, debauched 586 shim nutritiousness, nourishment 717 shimaacuka sadness, loneliness 670 shimäg marrow 578 shimigu to suck, inhale, imbibe 607 shimnägu to test, examine, check, verify 705 shimtii food, provision 542 shin’gägu to soak, be absorbed, to digest 718 shinaa wedge 700 shinän the first day of the lunar month 718 shiner quietly, silently 598 shinkän new 717 ⇒ to renovate, renew, make anew 718 shint absurd, unnecessary, nonsense 217 shinttii taste, relish, flavor 110 shirää table, desk 719 shiräm shank, shin 716 shirbäs sinew, tendon 723 shirgää fibre, filament 721 shirigigu to tremble, quiver, shake 190 shirigu to empty out, scoop out, exhaust 702 shirigu to quilt, stitch 720 shirmä marrow of the shin-bone 700 shirtal sand 258 shitaagu to set on fire, burn down 710 shiur perspiration of the feet 713 shobkaalcigu to whisper 714 shogol foolish, stupid, silly 633 shol leisure, free time, space 577 shomoor mouthpiece 607 shomuukon low, calmness 499 shonon dirt, waste matter, combings of dirt, etc. from

the hair 463 shoorgä storm 724 shor tall and thin, sticking up, raised 297 shoräm stepmother 360 shorogu to pull, draw, haul, tug 563 ⇒ drag, haul, pull 572 ⇒ to transport, carry over 629 shorti spit (for holding meat over fire) 722 shuaas mop, dust cloth 469 ⇒ brush 725 shuää right, straight, directly 121 ⇒ direct, at once 723 shuls saliva, spittle, slobber 729 shun’gugu to dive 726 shuns pine tree 501

shurkudägu to tremble, quiver, shake 190 shurkudugu tremble, thrill, shiver 583 shurkul will-o’-the-wisp 101 ⇒ devil, deuce, demon 579 shurkun evil spirit, demon, devil 93 shurtul mud, dirt 471 shurtulägu to fertilize; feed, fatten 157 shurun uneven, rough 117 ⇒ ignorant, uncultured, rude 174 ⇒ rough, sever, cruel, brutal 720 shushuguor bush, brush-wood, shrub 171 shushunggeegu to incite, instigate, excite 540 shutägu to believe in, worship 152 shuu lotus 472 shuurdäji to seize, grab 727 taa you 619 taabu five 619 taarcig skullcap 636 taarigu to cut off, saw off, snip off 622 taashi character, disposition, behaviour 91 tab through, entirely, thoroughly 502 ⇒ to pierce through 573 tablägu to criticize 727 tabulägu to persuade, dissuade, convince, induce 738 taby fifty 620 taciku school 614 tacin custom, habit 431 taibar slow amble 587 taidjees tribune 410 taigu to sacrifice, make an offering 628 taiji nobleman 622 taipin peace, calm 106 tais scene, platform 621 taishin peace 263 ⇒ peace 621 taitii maternal grandmother 505 tak horse-shoe 627 tal to put an outside covering on something 277 ⇒ open steppe, country side 371 ⇒ steppe, plain 622 talan to resound or ring (as frozen soil underfoot) 198 talee electricity 565 taligu number, give a number to 235 ⇒ lancet for bleeding 328 taliig side, elements, odd, strange 273 tambärkää fragile, brittle, breakable 338 tamii poker (for fire) 716 tan time 666 tanigu to know, recognize 624 tannää palate 620 tanslägu to spy, inspect secretly 621

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tar to fight, scuffle 449 taraa scattered, dispersed 172 taraagu to disperse, dismiss 624 ⇒ to spread, scatter, be dispersed 626 taraklaagu to drum, beat, strike 213 tarbäg marmot 625 tarci tin, lead 650 taree agriculture 625 ⇒ grain, corn 625 targaal vow, monastic vow 595 targun fat, fleshy 625 tarin magic words, magic spells 625 tarkagu to smash, beat, strike 140 ⇒ to whip, lash 303 ⇒ to beat, hit, strike 577 tarkägu into small pieces, into a pulp 154 ⇒ to burst, erupt 213 ⇒ to burst, erupt 213 ⇒ to beat, hit 449 ⇒ to beat, clap, smack 627 tarkägu to punch a hole, pierce, demolish, beat in 578 tarkin ladder, flight of steps, step, footboard 295 tasgii tiger cub, during its first year 134 tasheen mistake, wrong 170 ⇒ wrong, mistaken 262 tashierägu to mistake, err, take, somebody or some-

thing for another 112 tatagu to pull, draw 627 tatägu to cite, quote 414 ⇒ to pull, draw, haul, tug 563 ⇒ to tear to pieces 579 ⇒ to suck, inhale, imbibe 607 ⇒ magnet 607 ⇒ tear, break off 678 ⇒ to sip, suck up 717 tatgu to free by taking of or out, pull out completely 494 tatuku drawer 726 taudgu to pay, compensate, liquidate 646 taugalji slime, slimy earth 471 taukal obstacle, hindrance 583 taukugu to be delayed, detained 584 taulii chestnut 649 taulun five-year-old (horse, ox); three-year-old (sheep) 604 tauly hare, rabbit 649 tä[r]kä quiver 584 tääbcälägu to be stuck, get caught 629 täägu to transport, carry over 629 tääli early, long ago 269 täändiin development, flourishment 548 tääsh carrying capacity, loading capacity 183 täjäägu to feed, nourish 630 täjääl nutritiousness, food, hunger 541

täjägu to live, exist, have being 108 täl abundant, plentiful 255 ⇒ camel 631 tämää castrated camel 123 ⇒ to bear young (of a camel) 159 ⇒ stallion camel 164 ⇒ young camel 159 ⇒ droppings 365 ⇒ female camel 411 tämäni a large needle used for sewing stiff material 630 tämcägu to fight, struggle 632 tämcäl struggle 632 tämgäät signal, sign, gesture 229 tämgäätu emblem, symbol 616 ⇒ mark, sign, symbol 631 tämiläägu to grope 631 tän equilibrium 632 tänggäl hub of a wheel 167 tänggär sky 632 tänggärii sky, atmosphere 524 ⇒ universe 533 ⇒ universe 533 täntigu to prick up, bristle, stand on end 599 täntiigu to stick up 297 tärää again and again, from time to time 138 täräg train 281 ⇒ cart, chariot 634 tärgul road, way, path 428 ⇒ highway, motor-road, paved road 436 ⇒ row, file, line, narrow road, pass 580 ⇒ railway 647 tärkin class, group 112 ⇒ joint, articulation; period, era, epoch 691 tärsh plane, flat 631 tärti immediately, as soon as 201 täsägu to be able to carry, bear, or lift 183 ⇒ to endure, bear, be patient 635 täsrägu to turn one’s face away; to flee, escape 170 täur armful 629 täureegu to embrace, clasp in the arms 630 täurkäägu to sum up 244 teen’gy hoary with age 560 tiab throughout, during the course of 653 tialbägu to plaster, parget, apply clay or mud 701 tibkäs stake, picket 277 tidaa in every direction, hither and thither 405 tigi container, receptacle 585 tii for, for the sake of, because of 651 tiikän that much, as any as those 644 tiimär such, thus, one like that 635 tiimuu theme, topic 597 tiindägu to sink 442

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⇒ to settle to the bottom, precipitate 652 tilin to resound or ring (as frozen soil underfoot) 198 tob principle 435 tobu right, correct, true 456 todol omen, sign 740 togloor crane 638 togorgu to quiet down, become quiet, get better 500 togugu to saddle 260 ⇒ to put on, put over, to saddle 643 toku wet-cloth planed under back on a camel 363 tokuly calf 650 tolaa for, for the sake of, in order to 645 tolgu think out, device 597 toli plow share 113 tololcigu battle, fight 135 ⇒ to fight (with), make war (upon) 137 ⇒ to meet with, to conflict, to be an opponent 331 ⇒ to fight, act in opposition 651 tolugu to lean, support 651 tomilägu to appoint, nominate 639 tomilji to send, dispatch, refer 408 ton’goljigu to buck, kick; to throw off, toss off 168 tonggolgu to bend down 640 tongky point 566 tonoocin robber; robbery 207 tonshigu to drum, beat, strike 213 tontoroogu to knock 638 ⇒ to knock, rap, peck 641 tonugu to settle to the bottom, precipitate 652 too number, figure 636 toocilägu to confide, tell, mention one by one 637 toojin peacock 638 toko saddle-cloth, saddle-felt 642 toor peach 655 tooriji to keep watch, guard, patrol 559 tooriltaan influenza, head cold 640 toos right, authority, self-willed 270 tooshegu to esteem, estimate, appreciate 637 toosoji to say (hon.) 97 topoor axe, hatchet 618 torci button 637 torogu brocade 475 toroo hoof 649 ⇒ shank 713 tors pasture, nomad grounds, native place, territory,

area 519 torso family, household; village 97 tortoo to decide, determine, resolve 712 tortoogu punishment, penalty, sentence, judgement 713 tortool decision 712 tortoosän order, procedure, regulations 464 torugu satin, silk 641

tos oil, fat, grease 641 toshkolaagu to hit, snap with the fingers 509 tostii dirt, waste matter, combings of dirt, etc. from the

hair 463 tosu honey 139 ⇒ butter 707 tu banner, flag 650 tualag column, pillar; pole, post 132 tualcig knee 536 ⇒ kneecap 639 tualciglaagu to kneel down 608 tualda for, for the sake of 652 tuaräl dust, powdery dirt 636 tuarc button 637 tuas profit, interest, gain, benefit 122 ⇒ favour, benefit 654 ⇒ action, function 690 tuasälaagu to support, help, promote 635 tuää span 608 ⇒ span 643 tuän ephedra vulgaris 439 ⇒ cauterization 643 tubig fruit 445 tuciisän protruding, sticking out; buckteeth 227 tugnaa tin, lead 650 tuigun pig-iron 719 tuimärdäägu to burn, set fire 279 tuimur forest or steppe fire, wildfire 657 tukcigu to stumble 173 tukuren circular, round 236 tulee firewood, kindling 658 tulgu last year’s lamb 646 tuligu to efface, obliterate, expunge, blot out 140 tulkigu to put off, postpone 359 ⇒ to push, shove 659 tulkunku key 659 tulmaa pail, bucket, pitcher 609 tulshy fuel 658 tulugu to make up the fire, shoot fire arms 280 ⇒ to make hot, warm, heat 318 ⇒ to kindle a fire, to set on fire, to burn, scorch 658 tulybilägu to guess, surmise 619 tulykigu to smear, anoint, apply, spread 661 tum hundred thousand 169 ⇒ hundred million 245 tum ten thousand 659 tumän mass, the masses 527 tumun hundred million 245 ⇒ the Great Wall of China 558 tunci translator 533 tunkäägu to collect, pick up, gather 656 tunku drum, tambourine 343

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tunshilägu interpreter 341 ⇒ to translate 533 tuntiigu to protrude, jut, stick out 306 tur bootleg, boot-top 660 turcigu to bulge 653 turciigu to be convex, protuberant, to swell up, puff up 221 ⇒ protrude, stick out 644 turgun rent, lease 659 ⇒ cause, reason 683 ⇒ cause, reason, pretext 705 turkinägu (onomat. verb expressing a rattling noise) 660 turlugu to lead, guide, direct 667 tursän relative, relation 586 turshigu beat, throb 657 turugu to bear young (of a camel) 159 ⇒ to give birth, to be born 648 turun chief, leader, supreme 481 turun selected, choice, best, excellent 715 turuulägu to represent 645 turuulööci representative, delegate 645 turuun head, first 660 tushan duty, responsibility 686 tushigu to support, give support 216 tushiläg supporting; backing 216 tuu flag 194 tuugun raw, uncooked, unboiled 656 tuurigu to lose one’s way, miss one’s way 643 tuutgee pigeon, dove 621 uaagu to wash 667 uaciragu to meet, come across 683 uailgu to weep, cry 670 uair near, close by 525 uaji way, path, trace 491 uajimaagu to trail, trace, to investigate 491 uakän he-goat, billy-goat 684 ual sole 671 ualgu to inherit, carry on the tradition, transmit, con-

vey 672 ualji find, finding 526 uanägu to fall, spill, drop 674 uantgu to sleep 676 uaran cunning, crafty 677 ⇒ belles-lettres, fiction 678 ⇒ cunning word 678 uarägu to enter, go or come into a place 532 uarkäl clothes, dress 384 uayirägu to be deeply moved, be deeply touched 670 uääd upwards, towards 535 uääshigun respectable, honourable 271 uäil to work, toil 95 ⇒ work, job 95

ubaashigu treason 679 ubaashiigu betray 679 ubaashisän traitor, betrayer 678 ucääk few, less 577 ucääkäl during the time, along the way 459 ucääkshegu to be dissatisfied, be covetous 561 ucikän team, crew 130 ⇒ small, little; a little, a bit 130 ⇒ little, small 154 ⇒ small livestock (sheep, goat) 156 ⇒ young livestock, younger animal 645 ucikäncirää a little, a bit, more or less 130 ucikär children, kids 395 ucikräi epidemic, plague, pestilence 628 udish yesterday 551 udur overcast, gloomy, dark 179 ⇒ today 262 ⇒ the day after tomorrow 514 ⇒ day, daytime 540 ⇒ today 541 ⇒ yesterday 551 ⇒ noon, midday 687 udurii throughout, during the course of 653 ugin heavenly, fairy 190 ⇒ girl, lady, daughter 396 ugugu make mistake, be at fault 261 ⇒ death 698 ⇒ to die, lose one’s life 698 ugui absurd, unnecessary, nonsense 217 ⇒ relation, concern 322 ugul winter 538 uguljigu to pass the winter 538 ⇒ winter camp, winter quarter 538 uil work, deed, activity 690 ⇒ works, deeds 691 uilänggi offender, criminal 734 uildägu move, shake 404 uit iron for pressing, flatiron 410 ujaan probably, possibly 475 ujgu to see, look, glace 689 ujigu to insult, humiliate, blaspheme 227 ⇒ to see, look, watch 331 ⇒ to show respect, esteem 399 ⇒ to keep watch, guard, patrol 559 ⇒ to stare, gaze, watch attentively 720 ujil appearance, view 688 ⇒ point of view, ideas 688 ujirdägu to be insulated, be humiliated 226 ujirtän aftermath, rowen, late born 343 ukaa method of approach, right method 216 ⇒ mind, sense, intellect 684 ukcään female (of some carnivorous animals) 543

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uku give me! 103 ukugu to give, offer, present 541 ukuläg alms, charity 541 ul not 692 ulaa saddle horse 674 ulaabun legend, fable; joke, fun 225 ⇒ biography 500 uldä real, true; is, are 489 ulin property, possession 251 ⇒ belongings, property, household goods 359 ⇒ property, capital, ferment, yeast 376 ⇒ property, belongings, ownership 544 ulintägu bribe 337 ulu don’t 152 umai on the contrary, but 332 umil owl 663 un’gu colour 545 unän truth, true, real 695 unängii loyal, honest, truthful 695 uncun orphan 546 undus constitution 693 ⇒ root, base 693 unee cow 694 unshirtän honest, loyal, faithful 725 unuk kid, young goat 414 ur debts, indebtedness 546 ⇒ first blish of morning 686 urän without fail, surely, by all means 416 urbun physical culture 148 urbuugu to review; to forge, beat 186 urcääri evening 687 urgil tale, story 693 ⇒ fable 739 urgis splinter, thorn 548 urgun gladness, happiness; celebration, festival 139 ⇒ feast, wedding 391 urkun to condense, contract, shrink 96 ⇒ thick, dense 551 urmäi curds 247 urum sole of foot, foot (hon) [?] 543 ⇒ skin (thin layer that formson [?] boiled milk) 549 urun no matter how, inevitably 271 uruskun to become accustomed to 188 ⇒ to become used to each other 204 urygil tale, story, narrative 649 ⇒ talk, conversation 736 usguljigu to make a report, lecture 409 ⇒ to preach, to teach religion 512 usu letter, writing, script 697 usug word, speech 689 usugu legend, fable; joke, fun 225 ⇒ last will, testament 293

⇒ to begin to talk (of infants) 341 ⇒ to pass on words, information 341 ⇒ argument, controversy 481 ⇒ preface, foreword, burial place 532 ⇒ cunning word 678 ⇒ joke, jest, humour 721 ⇒ allegorical 739 usun in, within, among, internal 227 usur to line, put something on the inside of 228 utaaci ancestor 537 ⇒ grandfather 537 utaacy ancestor, forefathers 207 utlää common, ordinary 253 utlägu to become weak or feeble-minded 495 utum cake, flat cake 154 uuljigu hibernation 415 uusän dead body, corpse 395 uwäi weak, feeble 164 ⇒ or 167 ⇒ not able to win 220 ⇒ unceremonious 265 ⇒ if not, otherwise, or else 272 ⇒ quietly, silently 598 ⇒ no, not, absence 689 uwei absurd, unnecessary, nonsense 217 uyin girl, lady, daughter 396 uyir flood, inundation 691 waa smell of burning 350 ⇒ smell, odour 695 waaci sacrum, loin 665 waar tile 699 waas sock, stocking hose 525 wacirägu to meet with, to conflict, to be an opponent 331 wacyrägu to come across, meet 191 wai to get accustomed or used to, befriend oneself with 205 wair friend 497 ⇒ intimate, close 702 wairtägu to approach, come near 320 walan a great many 690 walän mass, the masses 527 wanägu to shed hair, cast the coat, moult, shed feathers 301 ⇒ fall, drop 525 wanwäi right-hand side; west 145 war tile 699 waran skill, dexterity 243 warägu to attack, offence, assault, invade 191 ⇒ to begin to walk (of a baby) 373 ⇒ to take part, participate 531 washiglaagu to peep in, take sight, look intently 702 wääd up, upward, more than, above 208 wäär this very, this same 654

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wäärdää this very, this same 654 wäil sin 521 ⇒ agriculture 625 ⇒ punishment, penalty, sentence, judgement 713 wänxua culture 604 wäree among themselves or ourselves 537 wäyl penalty, punishment 732 xaag bran 90

⇒ brother, gruel; tea prepared with fried pow-dered millet and butter 464

xaagigu to rage (a storm) 724 xaagu to close, shut 311 xaalag door, gate 311 xaalaagu to copy 379 xaalbur curtain, canopy 377 xaalii trench, ravine 301 xaan king of hell, god of death 268 ⇒ Great Khan, emperor, king 311 xaanaar where 310 xaanaas where 310 xaardägu to be closed, blocked up 310 xaayaaraa all, whole 180 xabiräg rib 313 xabsheegu to litigate, sue 418 xabshesän plaintiff 418 xabshien lawsuit, litigation 433 xaby luck, good luck 347 xacaalii branch, twig or limb of a tree 590 xacin to various, all kinds of 256 ⇒ sort, kind, species 468 xad rock, cliff, rocky mountain 314 xadaal bridle, curb 316 xadaglaagu to handle, do something with one’s own

hands 286 xadaglaagu to keep, save, place in safe-keeping 315 xadam in-law relatives from the point of view of the

husband or wife 314 ⇒ father-in-law 315 xadanguu mother-in-law 315 xadäglaagu become proficient in, master, acquire 252 xadägu to cut, reap, to nail, fasten with, nail, drive in 315 ⇒ to cut, slit, slice 470 xadän in-law relatives from the point of view of the

husband or wife 314 xaduur scythe, sickle 315 xagägu to suffocate, choke with 336 ⇒ to choke 431 xagi hasty, urgent 146 xagishig hasty, urgent 146 xagräga crack, cleft 275 xajar lammergeir 739

xajigu to bite, nibble, sting 316 ⇒ to gnaw, crunch, nibble 350 xaksagu to melt, melt away, dissolve 317 xakur trousers, pants, breeches 544 xalam dirt sticking to something dandruff, scurf 316 xalaan nettle 319 xaläg palm 101 xaläm scalp 386 xalda stick, walking stick, cane 622 xaldagu to be taken or seized, to come or be under the

influence or power of 93 ⇒ to be infected, to attack, violate, invade 319 xalgaa to beat, clap, smack 627 xalis skin, membrane, shell, bark, coat 320 ⇒ fat around the intestines 599 xaljin bald-headed, balding, blaze on the forehead 319 xallagu to get warm, warm oneself 319 xallogu hammer 105 ⇒ mallet, beetle 472 xaloo otter 320 xaloor rubella 321 xalun heat, hot, fever 321 xamär nose 322 xamräi plowshare bone, nasal septum 592 xamrii protruding, jutting, sticking out 306 xandaagu to shave, scrape 393 xandag elk, moose 325 xandagu to treat, approach, to direct oneself, toward,

to face 325 xandägu to solder, braze, weld 278 xandlagu to direct one’s way towards 467 xaneed cough, grippe, influenza 327 ⇒ phlegm, sputum 567 xaneedägu to cough, have a cough 327 xanggu itch, scab, mange 324 ⇒ ringworm, eczema, herpes 407 xanilägu beloved, darling 735 xankugu to be thirsty 675 xanshi rate of exchange 327 xany friend, companion 327 ⇒ sheep 364 ⇒ beloved, darling 735 xar dark 142 ⇒ black, dark 328 ⇒ to have night mare 328 ⇒ large drops of sweat 329 xaraagu to curse, swear 330 xaraal curse, abuse, swearing 330 xaraalägu to hope or wait for, expect eagerly 300 ⇒ wish, desire, hope 402 ⇒ to wish, desire, hope 403 xarab ten 115

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xaramtaagaaci defender, protector, guard 323 xaramtaagu to defend, protect, guard 323 xarbägu to shoot 331 xarbän hundred thousand 169 xarcee tea with no milk, black tea with no milk 329 xareelaagu to palpitate, to throb 474 xarelaagu to jump, spring, leap 211 xargal dry dung of animals used as fuel 118 xargäi spiral pattern, spiral ornament 668 xarigu to go back, return 172 ⇒ to return, go back 253 ⇒ to return, go back, to subside 333 xaroo reply, answer, return, back 332 xasoogu to ask, inquire 122 ⇒ to meet, to greet 451 xasooläg question, problem 122 xataku hollow of a hand; handful that is held in a hand,

wisp 124 xatkulaagu hold in one’s hand, hold firmly, grasp 124 xaudal swelling, tumour, bump 312 xaulagu to gallop, run 188 xaur spring 312 xauräi spring camp of cattle-breeders 312 xauugu to swell, become dropsical 313 xauyaaraa all together, entirely 368 xauyaaran all, the total number 175 xäär steppe, wasteland 337 ⇒ open steppe, country side 371 xääräi wild, savage 441 xääshän the clergy, priest, monk 383 xäätii about, regarding 655 xäbälbäi to carve printing blocks for xylographs; print 145 xäblägu to print 200 ⇒ to print, publish 338 xäbshäägu to yawn 250 xäbsheelcigu to consult, discuss 456 ⇒ to consult, discuss 457 xäbuti to unite 175 xäcigu to lose flesh, grow thin, become lean 273 xäcimkee lean, thing, skinny 273 xäd how much, how many, several 339 xädälgäägu to cross, get across 288 ⇒ to traverse cross, to be delivered, freed 294 xädän how much, how many, several 339 xädkän just a few, only a few 340 xädläägu to cross, get across 288 xägu mould, cliché; model, form, type 338 xäilägu to be a bride; to behave like a new bride 150

⇒ to separate, part with, take leave or become free from 590

xäilgäägu to get married 293 ⇒ to separate divide, to take apart, to classify 590

xäin wind 591 ⇒ spiral pattern, spiral ornament 668 xäintii storm 724 xäismul abstract 348 xäjää when, what time 340 xäjyäci forever, eternally 686 xäke to be bent down at the end, to hang one’s head 303 ⇒ to raise one’s head 545 xäki beginning and end 274 xäkii joint, sutures of the skull 417 xäkilägu to begin, start 274 xäky alphabet 558 ⇒ head 639 xäläg liver 257 xäli the first vertebra of the neck 106 xälun bitter, sour, tart 288 xäly tongue, language, speech 340 xämjää measure 342 ⇒ measure, ability, how, in what degree, about 351 xän who 342 xän’gär chest, breast, bosom, memory 565 xär pertend (to be), to simulate, sham, feign 129 ⇒ carelessly 321 xäräg thumb, big toe 271 xäräl quarrel, dispute, brawl 345 xäreen motley, variegated, parti-colored, striped 266 ⇒ variegated, motley 266 xärgää belongings, property, household goods 359 xärgän letter, writing, script 697 xärgul if 343 xärkä beads, rosary, chaplet 270 xärkägu to cut, cut out 272 xäs decree, order 434 ⇒ order, official duty 655 xäsärguu opposite, counter, against 272 xäsh to cite, quote 414 xäsrägu to turn one’s face away; to flee, escape 170 ⇒ opposite, contradictory, against 273 xäsurägu jump, leap, spring 697 xäsuur comet 485 xätgää property, possession 251 ⇒ property, capital, ferment, yeast 376 ⇒ property, belongings, ownership 544 xäugu breast, brisket 344 xäulän mishap, fault 534 xäur horn, antler 249 ⇒ nest, aerie, hive 685 xäyin cold air 419 xebdäg reddish-yellow with white mane and tail 554 xeräldängu to quarrel, fall out, wrangle, dispute 344 xiat crack, cleft 275 xiaträgu to warp, distort, contort 367

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xiaut narrow, tight 582 xicigu be ashamed, feel ashamed 415 xicikee shy, bashful, shamefaced 415 xig great, huge 96 ⇒ very, colossal 121 ⇒ seniority; senior 127 ⇒ big livestock (horse, camel, ox) 155 ⇒ extensive, comprehensive 214 ⇒ big, large, many, much 415 ⇒ artillery 415 ⇒ smallpox 568 ⇒ plan, conjecture; budget, estimate 648 ⇒ great, huge 693 xigärägu haughtiness, arrogance 416 xigoor bottom 740 xigu lazy, idle 429 xiigu to work, toil 95 ⇒ to write, inscribe 153 ⇒ to create, construct 180 ⇒ to line, put something on the inside of 228 ⇒ to put an outside covering on something 277 ⇒ to do, make 348 ⇒ jabber, murmur, indistinct whisper 405 ⇒ to do in this manner, do thus 411 ⇒ to construct, create; write, compose 455 ⇒ soviet, council 456 ⇒ to do business, trade 477 xiimul artificial, man-made 348 xiingkigu to rub against something 723 xilaa gadfly, horsefly 379 ⇒ plate, dish 552 xilaas thread 685 xinääd laughter, joke, fun 410 xinäädägu to laugh, smile 411 ⇒ joke, jest, humour 721 xindäägu to whet, grind, hone 151 xingguläägu to soften, tan; knead 256 xinggusän rawhide, leather 719 xingkigu to twist, twine 269 xingkirdägu to be worn out, become shabby 257 xingkirdäjy to wear out 257 xir almost, nearly, about 142 ⇒ blade, edge 411 xircigär with head thrown back, leaning or bending

backwards 290 xirkä drought 282 xirkägu to dry up, within, scorch 282 xob gossip, title-tattle 355 xobeegu to divide 382 xobeel distribution, division, quota 382 xobegu to cause, to receive, to give, grant, confer 402 xobi scabbard, sheath 386

⇒ good luck, fortune 450 xobilägu to change to, turn to 383 xobiläl to change into, turn into 383 xobilgaan person who reincarnates 383 xobisgaal revolution 383 xobordägu be connected, have relation to, communi-

cate 361 xoby destiny, fate 382 xod comet 485 xodugu relatives though the marriage of their children 384 xodurugu crupper, breeching (harness) 385 xogloogu to break, break in two, facture 386 xoigu be nauseated, have a desire to vomit 523 xojir salt marsh 385 xojoo beautiful 303 xojoor root, basis, origin 732 xoky union, league, alliance, association 249 xol distant, far 104 ⇒ far, distant 361 xolbogu to string, thread 342 xolboo contact, connection, federation, league, union 361 xolbugu to tie together, bind, to connect with 361 xolcirägu to become more distant, to be too far 362 xoldägu to flee, take flight, to go astray 445 xoldugu to separate (from), become free 112 xolongku sack, bag 665 xoloogu to warm oneself 237 xolurdaan aspen 673 xompaagu to swim 673 xon’gägu to break wind, fart 675 xon’gos gas generated in the stomach or bowels, fart 675 xonäätu haze 676 xondol thunder 100 xoneesälgu to become shrun[k], become wrinkled, be

crumpled 697 xones pleat, gathers, tuck 389 xonii sheep’s wool of autumn shearing 127 ⇒ droppings 365 ⇒ sheepskin with its wool 506 ⇒ soft wool, down 509 ⇒ sheep tick 704 xonoor one day and one night 364 xony smoke 682 xoolun steamer, steamship 280 xooly throat 131 ⇒ throat, larynx 355 ⇒ gullet, oesophagus 671 xoon next year 360 ⇒ next year 412 ⇒ year 444 ⇒ calendar, year 528 xoorand between, while 355

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xoosn empty, vacant 355 xor summit, peak, top, roof 531 xordon to ride a horse at full speed, to attack, storm 221 ⇒ quick, rapid, fast; immediately 660 xorduulägu to speed up, fasten, hurry 391 xoree fence, pen, yard, court 334 ⇒ fence, big monastery 400 xoreegu to collect, gather, to harvest 390 ⇒ to collect, assemble 581 xoreeji to register, enroll, check, take account (of) 178 xorgeel tornado, whirlwind 386 xorgoljin nightingale 104 xorgool pheasant 305 xorigu to imprison somebody, lock up 366 xoril meeting, gathering, conference 390 ⇒ soviet, council 456 ⇒ meeting, conference 457 xorilcigu to gather, assemble, to crowd, throng 581 xorlog chains, fetters, shackles 295 xorog larvae of the gadfly on the back of an animal 302 xorogu blood clot, coagulated blood 514 ⇒ to congeal from cold, coagulate from cold 563 xorol lip 682 xoron glory, grandeur, magnificence 575 xoroo down, below, under 221 ⇒ index finger 224 ⇒ finger, toe 392 ⇒ the little finger 569 ⇒ downward 681 xorooc liar 385 xorsheel swan 389 xorugu insects, worms 367 xory twenty 366 xotogu to smoke, fumigate 683 xotury goodness, good luck, auspice 542 xoyir two 361 xuaacaaläbäi play with the fingers 381 xuaahigu to be brought up 147 xuaaly tinder 663 xuaarii to dry up, evaporate 720 xuaashigu to grow up, increase 550 xuadal simulation, pretence, slyness, archness 129 xuadäl false, spurious, insincere 380 ⇒ lie, falsehood, untruth 384 xuagu to dry up, get dry 335 ⇒ to steam, cook by steam 444 ⇒ device for steam, cooking 444 xuaina back, read, hinder 114 xuainaas northward, backwards, after 359 xuainä in the rear, behind, after 359 ⇒ stepfather 360 ⇒ stepmother 360

xuaindaa later, after wards, hereafter 358 ⇒ north, northern, back, hind, next, future 360 ⇒ to kick with the hind legs, kick back 635 xuairlaagu to put on a cuirass, to wear armour 387 xuakär short 524 xuakärdägu to shorten, to diminish 585 xualag thief, pilferer 388 ⇒ thief, thieving 388 xuali glanders, farcy 595 xualiaasun friendship 515 xualigu be reconciled with somebody, become harmo-

nious 250 xualiki stove, oven 460 xualtaragu to bloom; spread, widen 214 xualyaasulaagu be reconciled with somebody, become

harmonious 250 xualyaasun agreement, harmony, peace, friendship 249 ⇒ peace, concord, amity; harmony 255 ⇒ to make peace with, to be in harmony 498 xuanggär packed snowdrift 375 xuar rain 158 ⇒ rain 390 xuarag river 298 xuaräm lower hem, flap, foot (of a mountain) 366 xuardaagu file, rasp 380 xuare to dry out 317 xuarkä snare, trap 681 xuatii to singe, scorch 387 xuä pattern, design 337 xuää soot, smoke-black 369 xuäägu to swell, distend, intumesce 370 xuäärägu to soar, overflow, foam up, become excited,

boast 369 xuääs foam, froth, suds 370 ⇒ pus, matter 406 xuäci wart 685 xuärägu to become excited 586 xub completely red 573 xudaa cost, value 550 ⇒ price, cost 694 xudasäi pipe 302 xudu maggots, worms 550 xudusu feathers 539 xuimugu become disturbed, be fiddling up and down 691 ⇒ noise, clamour 724 xujur tall and thin, sticking up, raised 297 xujuu neck 397 xujuur point, tip 689 ⇒ to become conic, have a pointed top 721 xukur three-year-old ox 304 ⇒ three-year-old cow 304 ⇒ ox, cow 698

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⇒ rawhide, leather 719 xulaan ruby 129 ⇒ completely red 573 ⇒ gullet, oesophagus 671 ⇒ measles 671 ⇒ red 671 xuldugu to freeze, be frozen 373 xulkääsän last will, testament 293 xullunggee frozen meat for the spring 687 xulsu large drops of sweat 329 ⇒ sweat 373 xulturägu to become tattered, worn out 509 xulugu plow 113 ⇒ to be left, remain 692 xuluu more than, over 287 ⇒ more, more than, unnecessary 409 ⇒ to become superfluous, exceed 409 xun good opportunity, chance, right moment 627 xun’gään light 375 xund to show respect, esteem 399 xundu double, dual; pregnant 187 ⇒ heavy 398 xundul horizontal, across 374 xundulägu to show respect, esteem 399 xundur high, tall, towering 545 xunku scarf, napkin, towel 105 ⇒ anything put or worn around the neck 355 xuns ash 695 xunsägu to feel hungry, suffer starvation 543 xunsu provisions, food-stuffs 399 xunsugu to starve, perish with hunger 542 xunugu fox 694 xur seed 696 xurbigu to turn or tumble over 640 xurgigu to shake, tremble, to be startled, frightened 222 ⇒ to be frightened (of animals) 696 xurgun husband of younger sister 242 ⇒ husband of one’s younger sister 402 xurgun son-in-law 401 xus sheep’s wool of autumn shearing 127 ⇒ tos hed hair, cast the coat, moult, shed feathers 301 ⇒ to hear, clip, cut off 354 ⇒ soft wool, down 509 ⇒ wool 675 ⇒ hair, pile, fur 697 xusäi gland 169 xusguljigu to talk, converse, speak 737 xusu eyelash 607 xusug tongue, language, speech 340 xutaan light yellow 381 ⇒ tawny, fawn 387 xuu testimony, witness, proof 293

⇒ foreign, alien, strange 332 ⇒ to grow old 372 ⇒ kettle, pot 379 ⇒ man, person 398 ⇒ plaintiff 418 ⇒ servant 435 ⇒ aged people, elders 502 ⇒ traitor, betrayer 678 xuubää amber 382 xuudäl to depend on others 284 xuugu to line, put something on the inside of 228 ⇒ to rot, decay, spoil 408 ⇒ to rot, decay 733 xuulgu to blow 692 xuupi- to cheat, deceive, tell lies 380 xuurin brown 401 xuurug bellows 369 xuyaagu anything which fetters, binds or ties, such as

bonds, ties, manacles, fetters 404 ⇒ to unite, connect 507 ⇒ to tie, to bind, to tether to 670 yaag coal, charcoal 520 yaakee how much, how many 347 yaakon ravine, dell, ditch 428 yaaman ministry, department 730 yaaragu to hurry, rush, hasten 730 yaarän hasty, rash, hurried 730 yadägu shame, disgrace, scandal 714 ⇒ poor, indigent 731 yadgaljigu to perform a cham 561 yadgäljigu cham (chamanist masked dance) 561 yadgän shaman 160 ⇒ cham (chamanist masked dance) 561 yadlinggoo to grow thin, lose flesh 653 yag exactly, just right 732 yalgagu to distinguish, differentiate 733 yalgan difference, distinction 733 yalgägu to select, choose, pick out 716 yalläm to be swift, expeditious, prompt 276 ⇒ prompt, quick, lively 703 yamar how to act, what to do 730 ⇒ what, what kind of, how 734 yamun government 436 yand dirt 350 yanggir mountain sheep (male) 668 yanleecin actor, player 467 yans shape, form, manner, style 735 yanslägu to be dressy or dandyish 283 yar carelessly 321 ⇒ to touch, irritate 399 ⇒ to be wounded, be injured 709

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⇒ wound, sore, ulcer 709 ⇒ boil, ulcer, syphilis 736 yarbäigu slit, fissure, crack 553 yas the first vertebra of the neck 106 ⇒ dead body, corpse 395 ⇒ base of spine, back 447 ⇒ to bury, inhume, entomb 532 ⇒ ilium 615 ⇒ dead body of a dignitary 709 ⇒ bone 737 ⇒ to bury the dead 737 yasäi joint, sutures of the skull 417 yaudal act, master, gait 731 yaugaan pedestrian, on foot 731 yaugu to go, walk 731 yaujoolcigu ties, relationship 616 yaulgaagu to send, dispatch, refer 408 yaulgabäi to fulfil, execute, carry out 148 yäädää ilium 615 yääyää grandfather 537 yär ninety 738 yendilaacy smart, elegant 283 yenshee cursing constantly, verbose 735 yibägu to advance; to be aggressive 186 yickeegu to punish, sentence to 713 yicygu shame, disgrace, scandal 714 yidää food, provision 542

yim be 742 yinjii decoration, adornment 571 yinjilmol to fasten with thread or cord passed through

a hole 688 yio chair, seat 593 yir ninety 738 yis nine 738 yoke so many, considerable number 540 yondorgu to be tired, be exhausted 732 yonkeen completely, entirely 178 yonken perfect, complete, full 644 yoo what 742 yookon precipice, cliff 283 ⇒ empty, hollow, valley, dale 374 yor omen, sign 740 yorlogu to presage, portend 740 yos principle 435 ⇒ order, procedure, regulations 464 ⇒ theory 530 ⇒ traditional custom, generally accepted rule 740 ⇒ to disobey the custom 741 yoslugu to salute, greet 741 yum article, item; property 251 zaazi magacine, journal 602 zaran umbrella 729