High Concentrate Studies with Beef Cattle

Chapter 01: Introduction

1.1 Rationale of the study:Migration is considered as the movement of people from one

geographical region to another, which may be on temporary or

permanent basis. People migrate based on the prevailing

conditions and the reasons for it vary from one person to

another depending on the situation that brought about the

decision. Migration is a selective process affecting

individuals or families with certain economic, social,

educational and demographic characteristics. Migration occurs

as a response to economic development as well as social,

cultural, environmental and political factors and effects on

areas of origin as well as destination. People tend to move

away from a place due to need to employment opportunity,

escape violence, political instability, drought, congestion in

various dimensions and suspected or real persecution. Also,

adverse physical conditions such as flood, landslide (erosion

and earthquake) and soil infertility contribute largely to the

reasons why people leave one environment for another. Over the

last decade, the landscape of Bangladesh has changed

remarkably. The countryside is no longer confined to food

production but is now a source of labor for urban areas.

However, the linkages between migration and development are

not straightforward. In the light of the changes sweeping

through rural Bangladesh, the links between migration and

development need to be re-examined. Today, rural-urban

migration is one of the most important modes of migration

which exist in the society. This study therefore investigated

those factors that are not only associated with the rural to

urban migration but also urban to rural migration.

Specifically, this study investigated factors associated with

movement of people from rural to town areas and urban to rural

areas and the socio-economic characteristics of the migrants.

1.2 Scope and Limitation of the study:In this research, internal migration pattern for Bangladesh

would be depicted. This study would not include international

migration for analysis. The study intends to illustrate the

pattern of population movement from district to district and

intra-district.

The study would list some important determinants of migration

that could have influence on the migration pattern or

migration decision. Moreover, the study would develop a

relationship between migration and its determinants. Depending

on which the study would also provide some general policies.

The scope of the study has been constricted mainly for data

limitation. Data of migration is not available especially at

upazila and union level. The information collected from

secondary sources is not up to date for the study. All the

variables that have influence on the migration pattern could

not be incorporated. So, depending on the data availability

and importance, explanatory variables of migration have been

selected.

1.3 Present state of the problem:

A study of migration is key importance in regional

development. The importance of internal migration and intra-

migration in the process of socio-economic development can

hardly exaggerated, as both are interrelated elements of

development. It would seem that Researcher and concerning

government authority in developing countries are more eagerly

aware of this than those in developed countries. Since they

consistently mention that they consider issues of internal

migration and population distribution to be even more

important (Begum, 2004).

At present, Bangladesh is experiencing significant amount of

rural-urban migration due to socio economic instability. Urban

areas become unable to provide basic service and facilities to

the migrated people. Rural areas also have failed to provide

employment opportunities and improved basic facilities (Oakil,

2007).

Population census, literature review and sample surveys are

the main sources of information on internal migration for our

study. Sample survey provides a means of obtaining current

information as well as their past information through

questionnaire survey. Besides, survey data on rural-urban

migration obtained through direct questions have some definite

advantages over migration data from other sources. This study

is based on a small scale survey of Gabtoli Upazila in Bogra

district due to limited time and resources. To identify the

reason why local and non-local people wants to migrate to

other places from their origin, 210 local people and 140 non-

local people had been surveyed. This study examined the socio

economic status of migrants and their reasons for migration.

1. Case Studies on rural to urban migration

Rural people desire and need to migrate for several reasons.

They want to live autonomously political risk-free life, get a

job or business, get proper education and provide better

educational facilities to their family members. In some cases

they want to get better living facilities what is not

available in rural areas. Growth rate of urban area is more

than rural area, so people of less developed area want to

migrate in urban areas.

1.1.1 Abdus Sattar from Tezopara,Gabtoli,Bogra

Abdus Sattar is a farmer living with his family in Tezopara.

Moreover, he has a stationary shop. He was a former Union

Parishad Member. He is an activist of Bangladesh Awami League.

During the period of BNP government, he faced a lot of

political harassments. His house and Stationary shop was

reaved by the oppositions. Then, for safety issue of his and

Selection of the Project Topic

Formulation of vision and objectives

Literature review

Selection of the study area

Conceptual framework

his family members, he was migrated from Tezopara to Bogra

sadar. In the mean time, he managed a job as a worker in a

shop factory. His earnings were too low to support his family.

After the change of government, he came back and started his

previous job. After migration, his views about life style are

changed. Now he wants to migrate to Bogra sadar for better

educational facility of his children.

1.1.2 Ruhul Amin from Tezopara, Gabtoli,Bogra

Ruhul Amin was a construction labor, worked in Dubai. He was

born in a poor family. After the completion of S.S.C exam, he

searched jobs, but he could not manage a single job. Then he

tried to get loan from bank to start a small business, but he

also failed to collect loan from the bank. After that, his

family sold their all agricultural land to send him Dubai to

earn money. He spent 10 years in Dubai and become proficient

to upgrade his family's economic condition. Now, he returned

from Dubai and started business in Gabtoli upazilla. Now, His

younger brother, Al-amin lived in Dubai who worked as a labor

and give economic support to his family.

Ch Methodology:

Preparation of Co-ordination schema

Preparation of draft questionnaire

Data collection

Pilot surveyPreparation of final questionnaire

Selection of target group

Primary data collection

Secondary data collection

Simple random sampling

Stratified sampling

Data analysis and interpretation

Final presentation

Final report

Non -local people

Local people

1.4 Methodology:

To achieve the objectives, the study follows the shown

Methodology.The flow chart of the methodology has been shown

and described below:

1.4.1 Selection of the project Topic:

At first a topic based on required facilities for

decentralized activity centre development in rural areas of

bangladesh was selected.

1.4.2 Formulation of vision and objectives:

For attaining the visions, 3 relevant objectives was selected.

Total study has been formulated to fulfill these objectives.

1.4.3 Selection of the study area:

We selected Gabtoli upazila as our study area. It is situated

in Bogra district. We surveyed non local people at gabtoli

upazila. To survey local people we selected Tezopara village

at Rameswarpur union.

1.4.4 Literature review:

Literature review of our study can be categorized into two

parts. First of all we conducted a study to collect the

generalized information about migration from different

research work, projects, thesis etc. Then we collected socio-

economic and demographic information about our study area.

1.4.5 Selection of target group:

On the basis of the objectives, target population for the

study was classified into two different groups:

Local people.

Non local people.

Local people denotes the permanent residents of the study area

and non local people denotes the people who have migrated into

the study area for job purpose (the selection criteria for

“local” and “non-local” are used here for only the our study

purpose).

1.4.6 Preparation of Co-ordination schema

For the accomplishment of our objectives, we prepared a co-

ordination schema containing relevant simple and complex

variables.

1.4.7 Preparation of draft questionnaire

Based on co-ordination schema, we prepare two different draft

questionnaires for local and non-local target groups.

1.4.8 Pilot survey

For checking the validity of questionnaires, we conducted

pilot survey with a local and non-local people of our study

area over phone (due to time constrains).

1.4.9 Preparation of final questionnaire

After completion of pilot survey, we remoulded the draft

questionnaire and ultimately prepared the final

questionnaires.

1.4.10 Data collection:

We collected both primary and secondary data. Primary data

was collected for local and non local people and secondary

data was collected for generalized information about study

area.

1.4.10.1 Primary data collection:

Primary data was collected by interviewing both the local and

non local people. Here, local people were selected through

simple random sampling method. Non local people were selected

through stratified sampling method. We categorized non local

people into government officials, non government officials,

medical officials, government and non government staff. Sample

size for the whole study was 50. Among them 30 samples for

local people and 20 samples for non-local people were

selected. Among 20 non local samples we surveyed 5 government

officials, 5 non government officials, 3 medical officials and

7 government and non government staffs.

1.4.10.2 Secondary data collection:

Secondary data was collected from websites.

1.4.11 Conceptual Framework:

A conceptual frame work was prepared to conduct the whole

study in a planned way with information gained from various

data sources.

1.4.12 Data analysis and interpretation:

At first dummy table containing hypothesis and their analysis

tool was prepared. For analyzing data we used different

statistical tool. Then we interpreted the result.

1.4.13 Final presentation:

After that the summary of the report was presented through a

formal presentation.

1.4.14 Final report:

After the coordination of all the information, the final

report was prepared and submitted to the course teachers.

Chapter 04: Literature reviewThis chapter summarizes some studies related to migration that

helped in developing concepts and to have a clear

understanding of work procedure for this project. As the study

comprises of some stages, literature review is required in

each of them. Consultation of literature work has been proved

helpful in selection of project topic, formulation of

objectives, conceptual framework etc.

Initially this chapter introduces some general notions,

theories and consequences of migration followed by the

statistical analysis systems used in relevant books, thesis

papers, web documents and articles for the study.

4.1 General notions and theories of migration:

4.1.1 General concepts:

Human migration is the movement of people from one place to

another for the purpose of taking up permanent or semi-

permanent residence, usually across a political boundary.

Generally migration is of two types: Internal and

International migration Whereas internal migration includes

rural to urban, urban to rural, intra and inter urban and

rural migration (Anonymous, n.d.)

Mahbub (1997) in his research gave a greater emphasis on the

form of movement. The study rigorously analyzed the growing

connection and linkage between urban and rural areas. By

analyzing six villages in three districts, he found that

movement of people in future would be dominated by lower

classes of people in the society. He found that low-income to

lower-middle income people are highly mobile and lowest and

middle income people are least mobile ( Mahbub ,1997).

Afsar (2005) in his paper "Bangladesh: Internal migration and

pro-poor policy" discussed migration as a way of poverty

reduction. In her another study she depicts the nexus between

internal migration and development for Bangladesh. In the

course of investigating pattern and trend of internal

migration, this study focus on migrants characteristics,

problem faced by migrants, consequences of migration etc. She

explained their profound disparity in income distribution and

service delivery between space, class and gender. According to

herself, rural people who migrated to urban areas often

benefited more than non-migrant because of their innovative,

risk taking and desperate nature. The benefits include higher

or regular income, gain in wealth, greater access to public

services and education (Afsar, 2005).

4.1.2 Theories of Migration:

There are different theories which seek to understand who

migrates and why. Todaro's push-pull theory models the forces

acting on individuals; a new economic of labor migration

approach to family decision-making explains migration as a

strategy to diversify risk, or co-insurance. Other theories

look at the types of networks that develop, using an actor-

network approach where structure and power emerge and upon

agents, migrant identities are an important explanatory factor

in this approach(Waddinggton,2003). Following are some

theories of migration:

Ravenstein’s laws of Migration:

Human migration can be described by using certain laws of

social science. Ravenstein’s proposal on migration is helpful

to understand human behavior with respect to migration. The

laws are:

Most migrants travel minimum distances and with

increasing distance the numbers of migrations decrease.

Migration rate depends on industrials and commercial

development, transportation improvements. The direction

of migration is from agricultural area to central

industrial and commercial area.

Harris-Todaro Model:

The issues related to rural urban migration can be described

by the Harris-Todaro Model. This a economic model. The main

result of the model is that the migration decision is based on

expected income variation between rural and urban areas. If

expected urban income exceeds expected rural income, then

there is a possibility of huge amount of rural to urban

migration.

4.1.3 Consequences of migration:

In the 21st century, migration and its management have

increasingly been identified as one of the major challenges

for local, regional and national governance. Internal

migration brings economic development to origin areas, as the

same time it also threats the local labor markets.

Accessibility to basic services to the destination areas is

not also ensured. Urban-industrial development policies have

induced rural-to-urban migration. Because of growing

unemployment and pressure on public services, such migration

has been lately viewed as a demographic-development problem.

Moreover, villages have not been still acquainted with the

facilities that are required to attract urban to rural

migrants there. This also gives birth to a serious downbeat

outcome of urban to rural migration in recent days. Moreover a

clear understanding of migration behavior still remains as a

theoretical problem (Shrestha, 1996).

It is generally believed that migration to the cities has

somewhat negative impacts on rural areas; not only does it

tend to draw away their more dynamic members; it also diverts

national investment toward the towns. This is evident in the

way in which the 23 out of 44 country interim poverty

Reduction strategy papers (IPRSP) and PRSP mention that

migration deal with it. Seventeen PRSP mentioned migration as

a cause of degradation of rural and urban ecological

resources. Some draw casual links between the spread of

HIV/AIDS and crime with rural -urban migration (Waddinton,

2003).

4.2 Statistical analysis system:

In Bangladesh, economics resources are few and wealth is used

as a factor of social stratification. Chowdhury (1978) from

the study of "Social stratification of Meherpur village"

depicted a relationship between income and land ownership. A

certain correlation is established between income level and

land ownership pattern of Muslim people. Low income groups are

landless laborers and migrate to urban areas for their

livelihood (Chowdhury, 1978).

To justify our hypothesis that people with lower income in

villages migrate more frequently in urban areas, we can

established a correlation between income level and migration

status of people. It is also possible to develop a

relationship between income level and housing structure.

Mahbub (1997) in his research used frequency distribution

analysis to explain that rate of migration of rural people

with high social status is lower than the poor. This tends to

suggest that permanent departure from the rural areas is

deeply associated with socio-economic condition of the people.

As the wealth of rich farmers is enough for their financial

solvency, they are not willing to migrate to urban areas

(Mahbub, 1997).

Thus Frequency distribution tool can be used to justify our

hypothesis that rate of migration of the rural rich people is

lower than the poor.

S. P. Sekar (2013) observed from the study “Rural to Urban

Migration in an Indian Metropolis: Case Study Chennai City”

that people who were migrated from their origin traveled the

distance ranging from 150 to 300 km (S. P. Sekar, 2013).

In this way, it is possible to develop our hypothesis that

most of the non local people migrate ranging from 150 to 300

km.

Hossain (2001) used multivariate logistic regression model to

analyze household data. Land ownership, occupation, education,

number of adult people and family size were attributed as the

independent variables. Hossain showed that the majority of

migrants were young people and the reason behind their

migration is education level (Hossain , 2001).

This tool can be used to rationalize our hypothesis that

willingness of migration depends on the income and education

level of rural people.

According to Arup Mitra (2008), there exists a proportional

variation in between expected job and income of the rural

people. The coefficient of determinant test helps to explain

the relationship between these two variables (Arup Mitra,

2008).

By using this tool it can be explained that whether expected

job opportunities can meet the expected income of the local

people.

This study covers both the field of rural to urban and urban

to rural migration. In Bangladesh, particularly rural to urban

migration pays a vital role in the rapid growth of urban

population. This rapid growth ultimately results in uneven

spatial distribution of population where a large number of

migrants live in the urban slums and squatters where the basic

amenities of life are scares. On the contrary in case of urban

to rural migration the migrants usually do not feel comfort to

live there. One of the main reasons behind this

dissatisfaction is that, the places where they are transferred

for job purposes cannot meet themselves with required

facilities.

Chapter 05: Data analysis

This chapter introduces relevant analysis of database to

fulfill the objectives. Initially the analysis for local

people is introduced followed by the analysis for non local.

In this study, the database is analyzed on the basis of some

selected hypothesis with the help of relevant statistical

tools. From the analysis of the data, it becomes possible to

identify the migration patterns of inter districts and outer

districts.

5.1 Analysis for local people:

5.1.1 Relationship among age, level of education and

willingness of migration of the respondent:

Fig-1: Bar chart showing relationship between age group and (Source: Field survey,

<15 15-25 25-35 35-45 45-50 >550

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 619 18 21 23

100

12

24 26 29 1712

24 20 17 2747

7 14 17 10

24 22 23 10 13

4 2 3

Bar chart showing relationship between age group and education level

otherspost GraduateGraduateHSCSSCPrimaryIlliterate

Age of the respondentPerc

enta

ge o

f ed

ucat

ion

leve

l

From fig- 2, it is comprehensible that most of the people

within age group of 15-25 and 25 -35 are willing to migrate to

other places. Again in fig- 1, the distribution of level of

education corresponding to different age group of people is

shown. From this chart it is clear that level of education of

most of the people within age group 15-25 (about 47%) is H.S.C

and within 25-35 (about 48%) are S.S.C and H.S.C. These

analyses concluded to an interesting finding that majority of

the people who are willing to migrate are not illiterate. From

our study, it is found that people within age group 15-35 and

with education level of S.S.C and H.S.C are more willing to

migrate than the others.

Fig-2: Bar chart showing relationship between age group with (Source: Field survey,

15-25 25-35 35-45 45-50 >55020406080 75.00

63.6450.00

23.8133.33

25.00 36.36 50.00 76.19 66.67

Bar chart showing relationship between age group with willingness of migration of the

respondent

YESNO

Age of the RespondentPerc

enta

ge o

f re

spon

dent

5.1.2. Relationship between level of education and level of

income of the respondent:

As the value of Pearson coefficient of correlation between

income range and level of education is highly positively

correlated. So it is possible to analyze the data correlating

these two variables. From fig-3, it is found that the level of

education of most of the people with mean income (3000-5000)

is primary. The mean income range of the people of our study

area is 3000-5000.

Table 1: Statistics measures of income distribution andeducation level

Correlation Co-efficient ofcorrelation

Standard Error

Pearson's R .286 .062Spearman Correlation .297 .064

5.1.3. Relationship between level of income and willingness of migration:

Fig-3: Bar chart showing relationship between age group and (Source: Field survey,

(Source: Field survey,

As the value of Pearson coefficient of correlation between

income range and willingness of migration is highly positively

correlated. From analysis it is found that people with mean

and below mean income are more interested to migrate. It is

also found that people with excessively high income are less

interested to migrate.

5.1.4. Checking of variability of income:

From table-2, it is found that the value of skewness of the

income data of the respondent is 0.656. It denotes that the

data is positively skewed. So it occurs when there exists some

excessive large values in the data sets. But as the value of

skewness is near to zero then there exists a negligible amount

of large income group in our study area. Again from the

perspective of Kurtosis, it can be said that the Kurtosis of

Fig-4: Bar chart showing relationship between income and

income data is leptokurtic. Most of the income value is

congested near mode income of the income database. So from

these analysis it can be said that there is no or negligible

amount of disproportion in the income level of the people.

Table 1: Statistics measures of income distribution Number of

cases (N)

Std.Deviation

Skewness KurtosisStatistic

Std.Error

Statistic

Std.Error

21

0

1.472 .656 .168

.279

.334

5.1.5. Relationship between income and housing structure:

Fig-5: Chart showing relationship with income and housing structure



Main reason of urban and rural migration is income

opportunities. People with lower income enjoyed fewer amounts

of basic needs. From the above graph it can be shown that

people with lower income group reside mostly in kutcha house.

People of this group who live in pucca house mostly live in

their son’s house.

5.1.6. Relationship between experience of migration and willingness of migration:

The study also suggests that the people with experience of

migration are less interested in migration than the people

without experience. That means people who are not aware of the

consequences of migration are more willing to migrate. From

the below cross tabulation, it can be said that 57% of people

with past experience of migration are not willing to migrate.

On the other hand 49.4% people without past experience are

willing to migrate.

Table-3: Cross tabulation between experience andwillingness of migration Experience of Migration whether

interested tomigrate

Total

yes noYes Count 22 29 51

% within Experience of Migration

43.1% 56.9% 100.0%

% within whether interested to migrate

22.0% 26.6% 24.4%

% of Total 10.5% 13.9% 24.4%

NoCount 78 80 158% within Experience of Migration

49.4% 50.6% 100.0%

% within whether interested to migrate

78.0%73.4%

75.6%

% of Total 37.3% 38.3% 75.6%Count 100 109 209

5.1.7 Relationship between Profession and interested in migration.

People migrate mostly for the better income opportunity. Day

laborer and landless farmer migrate to urban areas for better

job. As, the respondents are mostly farmer in profession their

percentage is very high in both interested and not interested.

People working as a staff interested in migration as they have

less opportunities living here. Educational qualities in rural

areas are not good so students are more willing to migrate. On

the other hand, businessmen are not willing to migrate as they

have business there. Mostly people with higher educational

level like teacher are highly interested in migrate.


Chapter 05: Data analysis

This chapter introduces relevant analysis of database to

fulfill the objectives. Initially the analysis for local

people is introduced followed by the analysis for non local.

In this study, the database is analyzed on the basis of some

Fig-6: Interested in migration depends on the profession ofrespondents

selected hypothesis with the help of relevant statistical

tools. From the analysis of the data, it becomes possible to

identify the migration patterns of inter districts and outer

districts.

5.2 Analysis for Non-local people:

5.2.1 Relationship among income range(Less than 10, 0000) and

willingness of migration without family of the respondent:

From fig-1, It can be said that most of the respondents whose

income less than 10,000 taka are not willing to migrate with

family. From the chart, it is also clear that only 16.70 % of

total respondent (having income less than 10,000 taka per

month) are willing to migrate with their family. This analysis

concluded to an interesting finding that majority of the

people with

lower

income is

single

migrant. Because of low level income, they are not able to

accommodate their family in a new place. So, family members of

migrants remain in their origin.

Yes NoWhether interested to

migrate

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Bar chart showing relationship between income range (less than

10000) and willingness of migration

income range less than 10000

Perc

enta

ge

5.2.2 Relationship among tenure type and willingness of

migration of the non-local respondents:

From this analysis, it is found that most of the non-local

government employees prefer to stay in quarter than the tenant

house. As the quality and rent of the quarter is not

reasonable so they have to stay as a tenant. From the analysis

it is found that the people who are not willing to migrate

stated their required tenure type as a quarter and the people

who are willing to migrate among which 40.90% stated their

tenure type as a quarter.

Fig-1: Bar chart showing relationship between income range with willingness of migration of the respondent


Yes No0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%50.00%

45.50%

0.091

0

40.90%

54.50%

Realationship between required tenure type and willingness to migrate

OwnerTenantQuarter

Whether interested to migrate

Percentage

Tenure type required

5.2.3 Comparison of satisfaction level about ethnic violence

between local and non-local respondents:

From fig-3, we can describe that about 96 percent of non-local

respondents and 86 percent of local respondents are satisfied

about ethnic violence. It is shown that most of the non-local

respondents are satisfied about ethnic violence. The

satisfaction level of the non-local respondents about ethnic

violence is greater than satisfaction level of local people.

Because, non-local people do not interfere in any religious

problem of the area where he is migrated. Most of the local

and non-local people are pleased about ethnic violence

Fig-2: Bar chart showing relationship between tenure type and willingness of migration of the non-local respondents


Non local Local0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100% 96.20%

86.60%

3.80%13.40%

Chart showing comparison of satisfaction level about ethnic

violence between local and non local

Satisfied

Ethnic violence

Percentage

5.2.4. Comparison of satisfaction level about political

violence between local and non-local respondents :

It is revealed that, the overall satisfaction level about

political violence is better in our study areas. The

satisfaction level of the non-local respondents about

political violence is greater than satisfaction level of local

people. Because, non-local people do not interfere in

political problem of the area where he is migrated. Most of

the cases, we see that the reason of their migration to the

rural area is only for job. Non-local people have no influence

in political affair where he has migrated.

Fig-3: Bar Chart showing comparison of satisfaction level about ethnic violence between local and non local


Non local Local0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%86.60%

78.60%

13.40%21.40%

Chart showing comparison of satisfaction level about political violence between

loacl and no local

Satisfied Not satisfied

Political violence

Percentage

5.2.5 . Satisfaction level of Non local people about existing

facilities:

From the literature review, it is found that the non local

people are not willing to stay in rural areas as the community

facilities are not at satisfaction level. From the below

table, it is found that the non local people are satisfied

with housing facilities, water supply, gas supply,

electricity and sanitation. For the study, we assume a rule of

thumb that if the satisfaction level for individual facility

is more than 60% than non local are satisfied with that

facility. If we use the rule of thumb, then it is found that

the non local are not satisfied with the frequency of load

Fig-4: Bar Chart showing comparison of satisfaction level about ethnic violence between local and non local


shedding, emergency medical facilities, shopping center,

community center, school and college.

Facilities Satisfied

(Percentage)

Not satisfied

(Percentage)

Housing facilities 92.9 7.1Water supply 63.6 36.4Arsenic level 91.4 8.6Gas supply 67.9 32.1Electricity 87.9 12.1Sanitation 74.3 25.7Frequency of load

shedding

44.3 55.7

Hospital (regular) 65.3 34.7Hospital

(emergency)

30.2 69.8

Shopping center 52.9 47.1Community center 41.4 58.6School 42.3 57.7

Table: Satisfaction level of Non local people about existing facilities.

(Field survey, 2014)

5.2.6 Hypothesis testing whether non-local respondents migrate

within 100 km or not:

From the analysis of one sample t-test it is found that there

is mean difference between of test hypothesis and actual mean.

As the t value is -1.106 which is greater than 0.05. So the

null hypothesis (most non-local people migrate within 100 km.

from their origin) is rejected. Again as the “t” value is

negative, the calculated mean of the sample is less than the

test value (here 100 km.).

From this it can be concluded that, most of the non-local

people migrate within less than 100 km. from their origin. The

reason behind selecting “one sample t-test” for testing this

hypothesis is stated in the methodology chapter of this

report.

Travel

distance

in km

N Mean Std.Deviation

Std.ErrorMean

89 90.05 84.850 8.994

Table-3: Statistics for

travel distance

Table-3: One sample “t” test for

travel distance

Travel

distance

in km

Test Value = 100

t-value Degree offreedom

Mean difference

-1.106 88 -9.947

5.2.7 Prioritizing facilities for non-local respondents:

From the analysis of priorities given by non-local people

(Fig-1), it is found that about---percent people prioritize it

as top priority. This analysis is done by cumulating

priorities against each facility declared for prioritizing to

the non-local respondents. The facility, against which the

cumulative value is highest, is recognized as the top priority

as the scores are assigned to the priority value in reverse

order. (e.g.: The first priority is given score value of 10).

From the analysis it is found that the basic problems facing

for which the non-local people are not satisfied to stay are

identified. These can be the underlying sequence at which

facilities are to be provided to the study area to attract the

non-local people to stay there.


5.3 ComparisonFig-6: Top ten priorities of facilities of non local people

Fig-5: Top ten priorities of facilities of non local people


17%

13%

13%11%11%

10%

9%

7% 6%4%

Top ten prioritiesof facilities of non local people

Increased IncomeImproved quality of education Number of education FacilitiesImproved Medical FacilityImproved life styleRecreational FacilityEmployment opportunity of Other MembersSupply of ElectricitySupply of Gas

0

500

1000

15001022

757 746 660 645 595 538 400 339 249

Top ten prioritiesof facilities of non local people First

prioritySecond priorityThird priorityFourth priority

Name of the facilities

prio

riti

e sc

ore

5.3.1 . Comparison of top most priority between of local and

non–local people.

From table, it is shown that though the top most priority of

local and non local people are same, there is difference in

their priority value. Local people prioritize “Increased

income facility” more than the non local people. So, it can be

concluded that facility of increased income is more important

for local people than the non local for controlling migration.

Table-3: Top priorities of local andnon–local people

Respondent Top

priorities

Cumulative

scores

Percentage

among total

scoreLocal Increased

Income1459 19%

Non local Increased

Income1022 17%

5.3.2 . Comparison of priorities of community facilities

between of local and non–local people.

0%

5%

10%

15%

0.03 0.09 0.09 0.02

0.080.1 0.11

0.01

Priorities of community facilities for local and non local people

Local people priority percentageNon local people priority percentage

Facility name

perc

enta

ge o

f pr

iori

ty

In the case of community facilities, the priority is different

for local and non local people. Here priorities for 4

different types of community facilities are analyzed. From the

analysis it is found that non local people prioritize

educational (both number and quality) and recreational

facility more than the local people. But the result is reverse

in case of improved sanitation facility. So it can be

concluded that educational facility (both number and quality)

is required for local and non local people. But as

recreational facility is more requisite for non local people,

so in the sequence of providing this facility non local will

be facilitated first with the facility.

Table-3: Comparison of priorities of community

facilities

Facility

name

Local people priority

percentage

Non local people

priority

percentageRecreational

facility

3% 8%

Number of education

Facilities9% 10%

Improved quality of

education

9% 11%

Improved Sanitation 2% 1%


Chapter 06: Reflection on findings and conclusion

This chapter has introduced the summary of findings of all

chapters of the study. From these findings some general

recommendations are made. These recommendations are based on

some theoretical concepts and analysis carried under this

study. Initially this chapter introduces findings of the study

followed by some general recommendations.

6.1 Major findings of the study:

1. This study showed that most of the migrants are aged

within the range of 15-25 and 25 -35 years. Again, a most

important finding of the study was that most of the

people of these age groups are literate and migrate

mainly for study purpose.

2. This study showed that there is no or negligible amount

of disproportion in the income level of the people but

there is a huge gap between lowest and highest level of

income.

3. It is observed from the study that people with mean

(3000-5000 BDT) and below mean income are more interested

to migrate than the others. It is also found that people

with excessively high income are less interested to

migrate.

4. The study used one sample t-test to estimate that most of

the non local people mainly migrated within 100 km from

their origin.

5. It is found from the study that majority of the people

with lower income is single migrant.

6. This study concluded to an interesting finding that most

of the non-local government employees prefer to stay in

quarter than the tenant house. But the conditions of the

quarter force them to reside in tenant house.

6.2 General findings of the study:

6.2.1 General findings for local residents:

1. This study used Pearson co efficient of correlation to

estimate the relationship between income and education

level of local respondent. This study estimated that

people with lower income have low level of education. It

is also found that the mean income of the local people of

the study area is in the range of 3000-5000 (BDT).

2. It is also found from the study that people with lower

income reside in kutcha house. More than 50% people with

low income reside in kutcha house.

3. The study suggests that the people with previous

experience of migration are less interested in migration

than the people without any experience of migration.

4. This study showed that the day laborers and landless

farmers are more willing to migrate than other people.

6.2.2 General findings for non-local residents:

1. This study demonstrates that the non local people are

satisfied with existing housing facilities, water supply,

gas supply, electricity and sanitation. But they are not

satisfied with the frequency of load shedding, emergency

medical facilities, shopping center, community center,

school and college.

2. The study found from the comparison of the satisfaction

level of local and non local about the ethnic and

political violence that non local are more satisfied than

the local people.

3. The study used Priority index to find that income

opportunity is the most important prioritized factor for

both the local and non local people. Then, improved

quality of the education is the second important priority

for the non local people.

4. From the study, it is instituted that non local people

prioritize educational (both number and quality) and

recreational facility more than the local people.

5. It is found from the study that there is a slight

difference in the level of satisfaction about medical

facilities between local and non local people.

6.3 Recommendations:

6.3.1 Recommendation for discouraging migration of local people

Decentralization of income opportunities

Decentralization of facilities from urban to rural areas can

play a vital role in remoulding both the rural urban migration

flow and pattern. Specifically it indicates the promotion of

rural growth centers in small rural areas. Revitalization of

rural economy can be ensured through some approaches such as

rural industrialization, diversification of agriculture,

promotion of non agricultural employment opportunity etc as

affirmed in the study of Friedman and Douglass (see literature

review). In the study of Kamrunnahar, she stated that people

prioritized job problem as their most important problem and

lack of education as their second most important problem (it

is also depicted in literature review chapter). This finding

also matches our study. It was found that such urban

decentralization had been fairly successful in Republic of

korea, kuba, India, Malaysia and Japan (Begum, 2004).

Relocation of higher educational facilities

This study suggests creating provision for higher educational

facilities (Universities, colleges) in districts where

population pressure is relatively low. To redirect the

migrated students from central area to other districts

university can play a vital role. As one of the major

findings of our study is that most of the local people migrate

for higher educational purpose in the town, so the even and

proper distribution of higher educational institution

throughout the country can discourage rural urban migration to

a considerable amount.

D Implementing concept of “Compact Township”

The concept of Compact Township may be implemented in the

development of small urban centers. These small and compact

urban centers would absorb willing migrants there and would

reduce the congestion and adverse impact of rural-urban

migration on central town. It can also be an important means

of solving short term problem generated in the urban areas due

to migration. Similar concepts had also been used in Srilanka

(Haque, 2000).

Reducing imbalance in income and employment opportunities

On the basis of Todaro model (see literature review), it can

be recommended that imbalances in urban- rural employment

opportunities and income distribution need to be reduced. The

differences in the wage of employment in rural and urban areas

are a major determinant of rural urban migration. The larger

the probability of finding a job in the urban areas, the

higher the rate of migration. By creating new income

opportunity (on the basis of expected and existing job

opportunity of local people) and increasing wage rate in rural

areas can reduce rural urban migration to a handsome amount.

Introducing modern technology and providing training

Introducing modern technology and giving training to young

adult and in the same time creates technology based employment

opportunity especially for the young people can resolve the

higher migration rate of young people from rural areas

(Adewale, 2003).

Government steps to decrease migration

Government may discourage rural to urban migration strongly by

introducing the necessary facilities that would trim down

migration. In India, every state government is committed to

giving employment preference to persons born in the state or

who have resided there for a specified length of time. In

Malaysia, people are provided with special right to education,

employment and land in contrast to ethnic Chinese (Begum,

2004). Similarly government of Bangladesh may take necessary

step to ensure education, employment and other basic needs to

reduce migration.

Some general regulations for discouraging migration

Some kind of regulation may be implemented in the urban

centers to limit rural to urban migration. These regulations

may be in the form of removal of sidewalk hawkers, marginal

workers and beggar from city streets and creating suitable job

opportunity for them in their origin. This will reduce total

rate of rural urban migration and disproportion in income

distribution. These regulations have already implemented in

Indonesia and have brought away fruitful result (Waddington,

2003, cited in Oakil, 2007).

6.3.2 Recommendation for discouraging migration of non local people

Improving the qualities of the government quarters

From the study it is found that most of the non local people

are interested to live in government quarter. So, the

condition of the quarter must be livable. If the condition of

the quarter is better than the tenant house, non local

respondents will not willing to migrate. So, it can be a major

way to keep non local in rural areas.

Enhancing social security

Political violence in Bangladesh is one of the major problems

for which urban-rural migration takes place. From the study it

is depicted that the satisfaction level of non local about

political violence is more than the local people. Again,

people both local and non local are not satisfied with the

social security. So, social security must be ensured. Some

steps to enhance the social security must be taken.

Improving existing community facilities in the rural

areas

Rural areas are deprived of the urban amenities like shopping

center, community center, recreational facilities. From the

study it can be shown that non local are not satisfied with

the frequency of load shedding, emergency medical facilities,

shopping center, community center and the number of school and

college. So, to keep the non local in rural areas these

facilities must be provided in sufficient level.

Strategies regarding transfer of government and non

government employees

The study showed that the non local respondents mainly

migrated within 100 km. This study is mainly suggests that non

local people who are transferred to the rural areas should be

from the adjacent districts. Because people who are

transferred to a distant place from their origin are more

willing to migrate (previously depicted in literature review

chapter).

Enhancing medical facilities

Local people are more deprived of medical facilities than the

non local people. Government officials, medical officers and

other non local easily get regular medical facilities where

local people do not get the regular facilities quite easily.

So, medical facilities must be increased to provide sufficient

services for both the local and non local people.

However, this study has tried to provide with some general

recommendation based on some theoretical concepts and analysis

carried under this study. It was not possible to give concrete

explanation of policy implication. Because, national policy

regarding migration and migrants are almost absent. Rural

development, though effective and most acceptable policy, is

the only policy that has been given greatest consideration.

Again there is no application of direct policy or urban

dispersal policy (Oakil, 2007).

6.4 Conclusion

Migration is one of the vital forces that contribute to fast

urbanization generally associated with higher levels of

efficiency and expansion. Migration is a root and outcome of

socio-economic alteration. Rural-urban migration currently

becomes a common fact and the situation is not in control.

This study covers both the field of rural to urban and urban

to rural migration. In Bangladesh, particularly rural to urban

migration pays a vital role in the rapid growth of urban

population. This rapid growth ultimately results in uneven

spatial distribution of population where a large number of

migrants live in the urban slums and squatters where the basic

amenities of life are scarce. On the contrary in case of urban

to rural migration the migrants usually do not feel comfort to

live there. One of the main reasons behind this

dissatisfaction is that, the places where they are transferred

for job purposes cannot meet themselves with required

facilities.

Finally this study will be helpful for Government to realize

the real situation and priority of implementation and for

policy maker to make problem free policy for rural and urban

development. Further research can be conducted on this issue

in a large scale to find out not only causes of migration but

also the priority based solution in rural-urban migration.

References:

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with Urban-Rural Migration in Nigeria: A Case Study of

Oyo State, Nigeria”, Ladoke Akintola University of

Technology, Ogbomosho, Nigeria, 2004.

2. Begum, K.N. (2004) “FACTORS AFFECTING THE INTERNAL

MIGRATION TO DHAKA CITY”, Unpublished MURP thesis, URP,

BUET.

3. Haque, A. (2000) “Compact Township: A Critical

Overview” Journal of Asian Affairs 22(2), 50-56.

4. Mitra, A. (2008) “Rural to Urban Migration: A District

Level Analysis for India”,

http://ir.ide.go.jp/dspace/bitstream/2344/729/3/ARRIDE_

Discussion_No.137_mitra.pdf, accessed on 5-03-2014.

5. Oakil, A.T. (2007) “AN ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL MIGRATION

IN BANGLADESH”, Unpublished MURP thesis, URP, BUET.

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ChennaiCity,http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jhss/paper

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14.

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