ANNALES

du 18e CONGRÈS

Thessaloniki 2009

de l’ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONALE pour l’HISTOIRE du VERRE

ANNALESdu 18e CONGRÈS

de l’ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONALEpour l’HISTOIRE du VERRE

Thessaloniki 2009

EditorsDespina Ignatiadou, Anastassios Antonaras

Editing CommitteeNadia CoutsinasIan C. Freestone

Sylvia FünfschillingCaroline Jackson

Janet Duncan JonesMarie-Dominique Nenna

Lisa PilosiMaria Plastira-Valkanou

Jennifer PriceJane Shadel Spillman

Marco VeritàDavid Whitehouse

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Couverture / Cover illustrationThe haematinon bowl from Pydna. Height 5.5 cm. © 27th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, Greece.The bowl (skyphos) is discussed in the paper by Despina Ignatiadou ‘A haematinon bowl from Pydna’, p. 69.

© 2012 Thessaloniki AIHV and authorsISBN: 978-90-72290-00-7Editors: Despina Ignatiadou, Anastassios Antonaras

AIHVAssociation Internationale pour l’Histoire du VerreInternational Association for the History of Glasshttp: www.aihv.org

Secretariat: The Corning Museum of Glass One Museum Way Corning NY, 14830 USA

Printed by: ZITI Publishing, Thessaloniki, Greece http: www.ziti.gr

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CONTENTS

PRÉFACE – MARIE-DOMINIQUE NENNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii

PREFACE – MARIE-DOMINIQUE NENNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

GREEK LITERARY SOURCES

STERN MARIANNE EVA

Ancient Greek technical terms related to glass production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2nd MILLENNIUM BC / BRONZE AGE GLASS

NIGHTINGALE GEORG

Glass and faience and Mycenaean society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

SMIRNIOU MELINA, REHREN THILO, ADRYMI-SISMANI VASSILIKI, ASDERAKI ELENI, GRATUZE BERNARD Mycenaean beads from Kazanaki, Volos: a further node in the LBA glass network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

ARCHONTIDOU-ARGYRI ΑGLAÏA, VAVLIAKIS GEORGE

Mycenaean Psara - The glass finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

BIRON ISABELLE, MATOÏAN VALÉRIE, HENDERSON JULIAN, EVANS JANE Scientific analysis of glass from Ras Shamra – Ugarit (Syria) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

ERTEN EMEL

Early ancient glass from Şaraga Höyük, Gaziantep, Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

NICHOLSON T. PAUL, JACKSON M. CAROLINE The Harrow chalice: Early glass or early fake? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

RÖHRS STEFAN, SMIRNIOU MELINA, MARÉE MARCEL

The British Museum’s Amarna fish scientifically studied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

IKEDA KAZUMI Core-formed glass vessels from Sinai peninsula, Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

AZUMA YOKO, TANTRAKARN KRIENGKAMOL, KATO NORIHITO, AND NAKAI IZUMI

Scientific analysis of ancient glass collections of the Miho Museum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

1st MILLENNIUM BC / ARCHAIC / CLASSICAL GLASS

LIARDET FRANCES

Taking the Heat: The contribution of apprenticeship to the understanding of the manufacture and typology of core-formed vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

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NENNA MARIE-DOMINIQUE

Les contenants à huile parfumée façonnés sur noyau dans les dépôts votifs des sanctuaires grecs : l’exemple de l’Artémision de Thasos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

IGNATIADOU DESPINA A haematinon bowl from Pydna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

OIKONOMOU ARTEMIOS, BELTSIOS KONSTANTINOS, ZACHARIAS NIKOLAOS

Analytical and technological study of blue glass from Thebes, Greece: An overall assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

READE J. WENDY, DUNCAN JONES JANET, PRIVAT KAREN

Iron Age and Hellenistic monochrome glasses from Gordion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

HELLENISTIC GLASS

PATERA IOANNA, NIKOLAIDOU-PATERA MARIA

Hellenistic tomb at the ancient city of Philippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

CONNOLLY PHILIP, REHREN THILO, DOULGERI-INTZESILOGLOU ARGYROULA, ARACHOVITI POLYXENI

The Hellenistic glass of Pherai, Thessaly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

LOUKOPOULOU POLYTIMI, KARATASIOS IOANNIS, TRIANTAFYLLIDIS PAVLOS

Corrosion morphology of Hellenistic glass finds in relation to manufacture techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

PLOYER RENÉ

Glass from the excavations in the so-called ‘Hellenistic’ town of Palmyra. A preliminary report . . . . . . . . 104

AUTH H. SUSAN The Denderah cache of glass inlays: A possible votive pectoral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

GRADEL CORALIE

Les verres d’époques hellénistique et romaine dans le royaume de Méroé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

ROMAN GLASS

BREMS DIETER, BOYEN SARA, GANIO MONICA, DEGRYSE PATRICK, WALTON MARC

Mediterranean sand deposits as a raw material for glass production in antiquity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

DIANI MARIA GRAZIA, TONINI CRISTINA

Nouvelles attestations de verres antiques dans le Musée de Lodovico Pogliaghi – Varèse (Italie) . . . . . . . . . 128

SAGUÌ LUCIA, SANTOPADRE PAOLA, VERITÀ MARCO

Technology, colours, forms, and shapes in the 2nd century glass opus sectile materialsfrom the villa of Lucius Verus in Rome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

BOSCHETTI CRISTINA, LEONELLI CRISTINA, CORRADI ANNA

The earliest wall mosaics and the origin of Roman glass in Italy: archaeological considerations for an archaeometric study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

BOSCHETTI CRISTINA, NIKITA KALLIOPI, VERONESI PAOLO, HENDERSON JULIAN, LEONELLI CRISTINA, ANDREESCU-TREADGOLD IRINA

Glass in mosaic tesserae: Two interdisciplinary research projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

DEMIERRE PRIKHODKINE BRIGITTE

Le verre du Quartier de la Maison aux mosaïques à Érétrie (Eubée, Grèce) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

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MALAMA PENELOPE, DARAKIS KONSTANTINOS

Die Kunst der Glasherstellung in Amphipolis während der römischen Zeit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

MCCALL BERNADETTE

Use or re-use: Late Roman glass finds from the Nea Paphos Theatre site, Cyprus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

STOLYAROVA K. EKATERINA

Chemical composition of glass and faience beads from the Belbek IV Necropolis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

JACKSON CAROLINE, PRICE JENNIFER

Analyses of Late Roman glass from the Commandant’s Houseof the fort at South Shields, Tyne and Wear, UK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

ROBIN LAUDINE

L’artisanat du verre à Lyon-Lugdunum (France) durant le Haut-Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

LOUIS AURORE

La place du mobilier en verre dans les sépultures gallo-romaines de Champagne-Ardenne (France) . . . . 190

BULJEVIĆ ZRINKA

Glass from the Lora Cemetery at Split . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

FADIĆ IVO, ŠTEFANAC BERISLAV

Workshop stamps on square bottles from the Zadar region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

DRĂGHICI CRISTINA

Glassware from Tomis: Chronological and typological aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

HANSEN LUND ULLA

The Early Roman painted glass from Zaborów, Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

GREIFF SUSANNE

On the relationship between enamelled glass and other opaque glass technologies: The colour red . . . . . 224

TARTARI FATOS

Les nouvelles trouvailles de verre antique à Dyrrhachium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

ROMAN / EARLY CHRISTIAN GLASS

COUTSINAS NADIA

Le matériel en verre de la cité d’Itanos (Crète orientale) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

PAPAGEORGIOU METAXIA, ZACHARIAS NIKOLAOS, BELTSIOS KONSTANTINOS

Technological and typological investigation of Late Roman glass mosaic tesseraefrom Ancient Messene, Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

SAKALIS ANASTASIOS, TSIAFAKI DESPOINA, ANTONARAS C. ANASTASSIOS, TSIRLIGANIS C. NESTOR Micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy analysis of Late Roman glass from Thessaloniki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

MORAITOU GEORGIANNA

Past Conservation Interventions on the Kenchreai opus sectile panels: The Greek approach . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

MORAITOU GEORGIANNA, LOUKOPOULOU POLYTIMI, TILIGADA DIMITRA

A triple ark for the Kenchreai opus sectile glass panels: Preventive conservation and access at the Isthmia Archaeological Museum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

FUJII YASUKO

A study of a Late Roman blue glass dish with sea creatures in relief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

Contents

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SILVANO FLORA Glass finds from Antinoopolis, Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

MARII FATMA, REHREN THILO Levantine glass of Petra characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

JEREMIĆ GORDANA Glass artefacts from Roman and Late Roman fortification at Saldum on the Middle Danube.

Social and economic background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284

GENÇLER GÜRAY ÇIĞDEM

Early Byzantine glass finds from Elaiussa Sebaste (Mersin-Ayaş) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

BYZANTINE AND EARLY ISLAMIC GLASS

BARAG P. DAN Stamped glass pendants from Syria: From Constantine the Great to the Arab conquest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

ANTONARAS C. ANASTASSIOS Gold-glass tile decoration in the St. Demetrios Basilica, Thessaloniki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

LOUKOPOULOU POLYTIMI, MOROPOULOU ANTONIA Byzantine gold-leaf glass tesserae:A closer look at manufacturing technique and decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

ATİK ŞENİZ Three Byzantine gold-glass pieces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

VERITÀ MARCO, ZECCHIN SANDRO Scientific investigation of Byzantine glass tesserae from the mosaics

on the south chapel of Torcello’s Basilica, Venice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

JAMES LIZ Glass and the manufacture of Byzantine mosaics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

CANAV-ÖZGÜMÜŞ ÜZLIFAT Recent glass finds in Istanbul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326

WINTER TAMAR Glass vessels from excavations at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

BYZANTINE AND ISLAMIC GLASS

PILOSI LISA, STAMM KAREN, WYPYSKI T. MARK An Islamic cameo glass fragment in the Metropolitan Museum of Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

SWAN M. CAROLYN Spatial and temporal considerations of technological change: Examining Early Islamic glass . . . . . . . . . . . 346

BOULOGNE STEPHANIE, HARDY-GUILBERT CLAIRE Le verre décoré issu des fouilles du site d’al-Shihr au Yémen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

MOSSAKOWSKA-GAUBERT MARIA Verres de l’époque byzantine - début de l’époque arabe (ve-viiie siècle) :

objets provenant des ermitages en Égypte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

KATO NORIHIRO, NAKAI IZUMI, SHINDO YOKO

Comparative study of Islamic glass weights and vessel stamps with the glass vessels in Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . 367

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MEDIEVAL GLASS

FREY ANNETTE, GREIFF SUSANNE

Early Medieval glass beads with metal tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373

BROADLEY ROSE, GARDNER CARLOTTA, BAYLEY JUSTINE

The Church Lane assemblage: Early Medieval glass-working in the shadow of Canterbury Cathedral. . . 379

RADIČEVIĆ DEJAN

Medieval glass bracelets from Banat Territory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385

MĂNUCU-ADAMEŞTEANU GHEORGHE, POLL INGRID

Bracelets en verre découverts dans les nécropoles de Isaccea - Vicina, département de Tulcea (Xe - XIIIe siècles) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

KUNICKI-GOLDFINGER J. JERZY, KIERZEK JOACHIM, FREESTONE C. IAN, MAŁOŻEWSKA-BUĆKO BOZENA, NAWROLSKA GRAŻYNA

The composition of window glass from the cesspits in the Old Town in Elbląg, Poland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

ČERNÁ EVA, HULÍNSKÝ VÁCLAV, MACHÁČEK JAN, PODLISKA JAROSLAV

On the origin of enamel-painted glass of the 12th-14th centuries in Bohemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401

KRIŽANAC MILICA

Scent bottles from Kotor, Montenegro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409

ZEČEVIĆ EMINA

Glass of Novo Brdo and its significance in Late Medieval glass production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414

POST BYZANTINE / VENETIAN / FAÇON DE VENISE GLASS

PAYNTER SARAH The importance of pots: The role of refractories in the development of the English glass industry

during the 16th / 17th centuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419

SCOTT B. REBECCA, SHORTLAND J. ANDREW, POWER MATTHEW The interpretation of compositional groupings in 17th century window glass

from Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

CAEN JOOST M. A. The production of stained glass in the County of Flanders and the Duchy of Brabant

from the XVth to the XVIIIth centuries: Materials and techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430

MEEK S. ANDREW, HENDERSON JULIAN, EVANS A. JANE North-western European forest glass: Working towards an independent means of provenance . . . . . . . . . . 437

MEDICI TERESA Revisiting the ‘Moura glass treasure’: New data about 17th century glass in Portugal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442

MORETTI CESARE, TONINI CRISTINA, HREGLICH SANDRO, MARIA DIANI GRAZIA

“Lead glass with wonderful emerald colour”. A parallel between one of Antonio Neri’s recipesand the composition of a vessel in the Pogliaghi Museum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448

IOANNIDOU MARTHA

From didactic stained glass windows of medieval cathedralsto the redemptive divine lightin Matisse’s Vence Chapel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453

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GREINER-WRONOWA ELŻBIETA, PUSOSKA ANNA, WRONA JAROSŁAW The influence of gradient temperature changes on a glass reaction intensity

with volatile organic compounds in museum cabinets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457

DE VIS KRISTEL, CAGNO SIMONE, VAN MOL WILLY, SCHALM OLIVIER, JANSSENS KOEN, CAEN JOOST The decolourization of manganese-stained glass:

The conversion reaction and evaluation of its effectiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463

18th AND 19th CENTURY GLASS

LAURIKS LEEN, DE BOUW MICHAEL, QUENTIN COLLETTE, WOUTERS INE 19th century iron and glass architecture:

Common construction details of cylinder and crown glass on iron sash bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469

VAN GIFFEN ASTRID, EREMIN KATHERINE, NEWMAN RICHARD The Harvard Glass Flowers and more: A technical study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475

JARGSTORF SIBYLLE Mosaikglas/Millefioriglas - Probleme der Zuordnung und Herkunftsbestimmung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481

AFRICAN AND ASIAN GLASS

IGE O. AKIN Ancient glassmaking in Ile-Ife, Southern Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486

BORELL BRIGITTE

Han period glass vessels from the gulf of Tonking region:Aspects of their technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491

INDEX OF ΑUTHORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497

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PRÉFACE

Marie-Dominique Nenna

J’ai le grand plaisir de vous présenter les Annales du 18e congrès de l’Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre et je tiens à remercier tous ceux qui ont

fait que cette publication paraisse dans les meilleurs délais, les auteurs au premier chef, le comité de lecture et surtout les éditeurs du volume, Despina Ignatiadou, vice-présidente, puis membre du bureau de l’AIHV durant les années 2006-2012 et Anastassios Antonaras.

Le 18e congrès de l’AIHV s’est tenu à Thessalonique du 21 au 25 septembre 2009. Il a été dédié à Clasina Isings qui est venue, via une video, nous offrir ses meilleurs vœux au début des sessions. Tous nos remerciements vont d’abord au Musée archéologique de Thessalonique qui a organisé l’ensemble de cette manifestation et au Musée de la civilisation byzantine qui a accueilli nos sessions dans le tout nouveau auditorium, utilisé pour la première fois pour notre congrès. Remercions aussi les amis du Musée archéologique de Thessalonique qui ont soutenu ce congrès avec entre autres, le beau sac décoré de balsamaires-oiseaux ; la préfecture de Thessalonique qui nous ont accueillis à la fin de ces journées. Et enfin, du fond du coeur, tous nos remerciements vont à Despina Ignatiadou, Anastassios Antonaras et au comité d’organisation pour avoir réuni tous leurs efforts pour organiser ce congrès et nous offrir l’occasion de nous rencontrer une nouvelle fois pour partager nos découvertes et nos réflexions sur ce matériau qui nous passionne tous.

Durant les trente-trois sessions organisées en parallèle, 95 contributions orales et 55 posters ont été présentés, montrant ainsi la vitalité de la recherche sur l’Histoire du Verre dans l’ensemble du monde scientifique. Grâce au dynamisme du comité grec, après une découverte de la ville à l’orée de notre congrès, des promenades thématiques ont été organisées afin de mieux connaître les différents aspects de Thessalonique, ville hellénistique et romaine, ville byzantine, ville ottomane avec son importante communauté juive et ville du xxe siècle. En outre, les excursions post-congrès ont permis aux participants de découvrir le cœur de la Macédoine avec les cités de Vergina et de Dion, ainsi que le lac de Pikrolimni, producteur de natron dans l’Antiquité et encore aujourd’hui, les villes d’Amphipolis et de Philip-pes ou encore de faire une croisière autour du Mont Athos.

Ce volume réunit 84 contributions qui couvrent un arc chronologique très vaste depuis le deuxième millénaire av. J.-C. jusqu’à nos jours, et touchent à tous les aspects de l’histoire du verre, avec une bonne interconnexion entre l’archéologie, l’histoire de l’art et l’archéométrie. Une part importante est réservée aux débuts de l’histoire du verre au iie millénaire et au début du ier millénaire av. J.-C. et à ses développements

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dans le monde hellénistique avec des communications portant sur le Proche-Orient, l’Égypte et le Soudan, la Grèce et la Turquie. Les mondes romain et byzantin sont abordés selon deux axes : étude de la production et de la consommation de la vaisselle et des ornements et étude en fort développement de l’emploi du verre dans les mosaïques pavimentales et pariétales. Les communications sur le monde islamique s’inscrivent dans la lancée inaugurée au 15e congrès et attestent la vitalité de la recherche dans ce domaine. La présentation de découvertes et études portant sur la Grande Bretagne, l’Italie, le Kosovo, le Montenegro, le Portugal, la Pologne, la Roumanie, la Serbie et la Tchéquie alimentent le débat sur le verre à l’époque médiévale et post médiévale en Europe. xviiie et xixe siècles ne sont pas en reste, avec des communications sur le verre dans les toits, les fleurs de verre et le verre mosaïqué et on dispose aussi de communications sur le verre en Chine méridionale et en Afrique subsaharienne.

Lors de l’assemblée générale, le bureau de l’AIHV a été renouvelé. Jan Egbert Kuipers, trésorier et Ian Freestone, que l’on doit remercier pour leur dévouement et leur efficacité, ont présenté leur démissions. De nouveaux membres ont été élus : Irena Lazar, organisatrice du 19e congrès en 2012, comme vice-présidente et Huib Tijssens, comme trésorier. Déjà présents dans le bureau, Despina Ignatiadou a été élue comme membre, Jane Spillman a été réélue comme secrétaire général, David Whitehouse comme membre, et j’ai moi-même été réélue comme présidente. Le comité exécutif réunissant six membres élus ainsi que les représentants des associations ou comités nationaux a été en partie renouvelé, avec l’élection de Fatma Marii et de Yoko Shindo, tandis que Sylvia Fünfschilling, Lisa Pilosi, Marianne Stern et Maria Grazia Diani ont été réélues. Nous avons déploré le décès lors du congrès de deux de nos membres, Sarah Jennings d’Angleterre et Claudia Maccabruni d’Italie.

Les préparatifs pour le 19e congrès se déroulent sous la houlette d’Irena Lazar. Le congrès se tiendra à Piran en Slovénie du 17 au 21 septembre 2012 (www.aihv.org, www.zrs.upr.si). Après l’accent mis sur la Méditerranée orientale au con-grès de Thessalonique, une nouvelle avancée vers les informations et les membres d’Europe Centrale sera effectuée à Piran.

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PREFACE

Marie-Dominique Nenna

I have great pleasure in presenting you with the Annales of the l8th congress of the Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre, and I wish to thank all

those who have ensured that this publication appears with the least delay: princi-pally the authors, the academic committee, and especially the academic editors of the volume, Despina Ignatiadou, vice-president, and member of the board of the AIHV for the years 2006-2012 and Anastassios Antonaras.

The 18th congress of the AIHV was held in Thessaloniki from September 21st-25th, 2009. It was dedicated to Clasina Isings, who came, via a video, to offer us her best wishes. Here we have to warmly thank the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki which has organized the whole manifestation, and the Museum of Byzantine Culture, which has hosted our sessions in the brand new auditoriumof the Museum, used for the first time for our congress. All our warm thanks also to The Friends of the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki who supported the organization of the congress among the others with the nice bag decorated with bird-balsamaria, and The Prefecture of Thessaloniki, who has hosted us at the end of the congress. Last, but not the least, from the bottom of our heart, our thanks go to Despina Ignatiadou, Anastassios Antonaras and the Organizing committee for their hard work in organizing this congress and for offering us the opportunity to meet once again to share our discoveries and our thoughts on this wonderful material, glass, to which we are all dedicated.

During the 33 parallel sessions, 95 oral communications and 55 posters were presented, displaying the vitality of research on the history of glass in the scientific world. Thanks to the energies of the Greek Committee, after a first glance at Thessaloniki at the beginning of our congress, thematic visits were organised to discover the different aspects of Thessaloniki. Hellenistic and Roman city, Byzantine city, Ottoman city with its important Jewish community, contemporary city. In the post-congress trips, the participants were able to visit the heart of Macedonia, with the cities of Vergina and Dion, and the Pikrolimni Lake, producing natron in Antiquity and still today, the ancient cities of Amphipolis and Philippi, or to make a cruise around Mount Athos.

This volume brings together 84 contributions, which cover a vast chronological span from the second millennium BC up to the present day, touching on all aspects of the history of glass with a good networking between archaeology, history of art and archaeometry. An important part is devoted to the beginnings of the history of glass in the second millennium and the beginning of the first

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millennium BC, and the developments in the Hellenistic world with paperscovering the Near East, Egypt and Sudan, Greece and Turkey. The Roman and Byzantine worlds are approached from two directions: the study of the production and consumption of vessels and ornaments and the expanding study on the glass in mosaic pavements and walls. The papers on the Islamic world build on the start made at the 15th congress and show the vitality of research in this area. The presentation of discoveries and research coming from the Czech Republic, Great Britain, Italy, Kosovo, Montenegro, Portugal, Poland, Romania and Serbia, fuels the debates about glass during the medieval and post-medieval period in Europe. The 18th and 19th centuries are not ignored, with papers dealing with glass in roofs, glass flowers and mosaic glass and there are also studies dealing with African and Asian glass.

During the General Assembly the board of the AIHV changed. Jan Egbert Kuipers (Treasurer) and Ian Freestone, to whom we extend all thanks for their work, submitted their resignations. The newly elected members were Irena Lazar, organizer of the 19th Congress in 2012, as Vice President, and Huib Tijssens, as Treasurer. Already present in the board, Despina Ignatiadou was elected member, were re-elected Jane Spillman as General Secretary, David Whitehouse as member, and I as President. The executive committee which assembled six elected members as well as the presidents of the national Associations or Committees, was partly renewed, with the election of Fatma Marii and Yoko Shindo; Sylvia Fünfschilling, Lisa Pilosi, Marianne Stern et Maria Grazia Diani were re-elected. We mourned during the congress the recent death of two long time members, Sarah Jennings from England and Claudia Maccabruni from Italy.

The preparations for the 19th congress are progressing under the guidance of Irena Lazar. The congress will be held at Piran (Slovenia) from September 17th to September 21st 2012 (www.aihv.org, www.zrs.upr.si). After the wider opening towards eastern Mediterranean members effectuated during the Thessaloniki Congress, we will receive in Piran more information and members coming from Central Europe.

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HAN PERIOD GLASS VESSELS FROM THE GULF OF TONKING REGION:ASPECTS OF THEIR TECHNOLOGY

Brigitte Borell

THE GLASS VESSELS

The glass vessels discussed here were found in re-gions adjoining the Gulf of Tonking in the last

fifty years. Almost all came to light in excavations in the modern province Guangxi in southern China in tombs dating from the Han period (206 BCE to 220 CE), two were found in the northern part of neigh-bouring Vietnam. From the late third century BCE, these regions came increasingly under Chinese influence. In Chi-nese historical sources, the inhabitants of these re-gions are subsumed under the generic term of Yue, sometimes also called the tribes of the “Hundred Yue”. In 221 BCE, Qin Shi Huangdi launched a campaign into the southern lands of the Yue and established three new commanderies. Later, in 207 BCE, one of his generals seized power there and founded the in-dependent kingdom of Nan Yue, in Vietnamese pro-nounced ‘Nam Viet’, which was defeated in 111 BCE and incorporated into the Han empire by Han Wudi (141-87 BCE). Nine Han commanderies were estab-lished, comprising the modern provinces Guangdong and Guangxi, the island Hainan, and most of north-ern Vietnam reaching south along the coast into cen-tral Vietnam, possibly as far as Hue. The glass vessels represent a closely connected group of deep cups and shallow bowls (Figs 1-2)1. The majority are small cups without foot or handles, meas-uring between four and seven centimetres in height and seven to nine centimetres in diameter. Their bot-tom is usually convex, sometimes curving softly in-ward, and thus forming a concave dimple in the cen-tre. A variant is the cup on a stemmed foot; in one case, it was found comprising a set with a saucer. The shallow bowls with diameters around twelve or thir-teen centimetres usually also have a convex rounded bottom. The walls of the vessels are between three and

1. For further references Borell 2010 and Borell 2011.

four millimeters thick, sometimes even thicker. The wall often thickens towards the bottom. Several of the glass vesssels are made of an almost clear glass with a bluish or greenish tinge. Others are made of glass in strong colours in the green and blue range. The greenish and bluish glass is coloured with copper, as is attested by the published chemical anal-

Fig. 2: Nanning, Museum of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.Cup from tomb 70 at Wenchangta, Hepu.

Fig. 1: Hepu, Han Dynasty Tombs Museum. Cup from tomb 34 at Hongtouling, Hepu.

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yses, the dark blue glass is presumably coloured with cobalt2. So far, sixteen such glass vessels were discovered in tombs in Guangxi, either near the coast in the area of Hepu or further inland in the area of Guixian (Fig. 3). Full publication of the tombs may allow a more de-tailed chronology, their preliminary dates suggest a time span for the production of the glass vessels from the first century BCE to the first and second centuries CE. Two examples come from northern Vietnam: A shallow bowl was found in Lao Cai in the upper Red River valley in a burial complex of first century BCE to first century CE date3, and a cup in Bac Ninh4. In addition, eight more vessels may be assigned to this group: a cup and shallow bowl in the Musée Guimet, Paris, a cup in the Freer and Sackler Galleries, Wash-ington, a cup formerly in a private collection in San Francisco, and two cups and two saucers in a private collection in Hong Kong5.

2. No values for cobalt are given in the published analyses of the two dark blue bowls, see Borell 2010, 135 Tab. 2 samples 3 and 4.3. Borell 2011, 56, figs 3.7 and 3.8.4. Yuko Hirano, personal communication December 2009. Though not found in context, it probably comes from one of the brick tombs in the area.5. For some of these see also Borell 2010, figs 8-10. I am most grateful to Si-mon Kwan, Hong Kong, for permission to study two cups and two saucers in his collection in February 2011. The cup in Washington was brought to my attention by James Lankton in September 2010; I thank Blythe McCarthy, Washington, for sending me information and photographs.

When the first examples of this group were found, glass vessels in Chinese contexts of the early periods were usually regarded as imports. X-ray fluorescence analysis of one of the cups seemed to confirm this, in-sofar as the glass clearly was not a lead-barium glass characteristic of Chinese origin. Eight vessels of the Guangxi group have been analysed, revealing a pot-ash glass6, a composition unknown in the Mediterra-nean or in Western Asia, but widely found in South-east Asia, India and southern China. Among the pot-ash glass objects from Guangxi are some of a typi-cal Han period shape like the spool-shaped ear orna-ments, which are also known to be made of the char-acteristic Chinese lead-barium glass. For this reason a local manufacture of such potash glass objects has been considered7.

TYPOLOGY

Whereas the plain shape of the shallow bowls is rath-er ubiquitous, the cups show some distinct typolog-ical features which find parallels in the stylistic rep-ertoire of the Han period. In particular, these are the three horizontal ribs encircling the body at mid-height, sometimes marking the maximum diameter.

6. Borell 2010, 135, Tab. 2.7. Brill 2001, 450 nos. 6724 and 6725.

Fig. 3: Map presenting the archaeological sites mentioned in the text.

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They resemble the horizontal ribs found on count-less Han bronzes and ceramics. The profiles with the wall slightly drawn in above the ribs in a gentle curve and the protruding rim are also comparable. Such de-tails occur also on the Han-style ceramics and bronzes from southern China and northern Vietnam8. Incense burners on a stemmed foot placed in a tray, which ap-pear during the middle Western Han period in south-ern China9, might have provided the inspiration for the glass set of stemmed cup with saucer. This would be consistent with a local manufacture of the glass ves-sels somewhere in the region of Guangxi or northern Vietnam, then under Han domination.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE GLASS

Several compositional subgroups can be distinguished among the potash glasses from Southeast Asia, indi-cating that potash glass was probably made at different places. The compositions of the Guangxi glass vessels form a subgroup with a low level of lime. This group has a distinctive distribution in northern Vietnam and southern China in the Han period10. A primary pro-duction of potash glass in this region would be quite conceivable, the alternative would be an importation of the raw glass from some other region in Southeast Asia. The presence of thallium in ear spools made of blue potash glass coloured with cobalt possibly indicates an origin of either the cobalt or some raw material for the glass from Guizhou province just north of Guangxi11. Where the making of potash glass originated is still an open question. Potash glasses in Southeast Asia are known from archaeological contexts dated as early as the fourth and third centuries BCE and it is conceiva-ble that, by the Han period, the technology of making potash glass had been introduced into the regions ad-jacent to the Gulf of Tonking. A text passage in the Baopuzi neipian compiled by Ge Hong towards the end of the Western Jin period (265-316 CE) refers to primary glassmaking as well as to the manufacture of bowls as being commonly practised in “Jiao and Guang”, that is, the region of the former Han commanderies in northern Vietnam and southern China. “The ‘crystal’ bowls, which are made in foreign countries, are in fact prepared by compounding five

8. Delacour 2004. Borell 2011, 57-58.9. Erickson 1992, fig. 4B, 5, 6B.10. Lankton and Dussubieux 2006, 136; Li et al. 2009; Fu and Gan 2009.11. Brill and Shirahata 2009, 157-158.

sorts of [mineral] ashes. Today, among the people of Jiao and Guang many obtained this method and make them”12. Most likely, this reflects the production of the pot-ash glass vessels of the Guangxi group. Noteworthy is the large percentage of at least eight vessels made from almost clear glass otherwise rarely used, but here pos-sibly intended to imitate the foreign ‘crystal’ bowls. Another text dating from around 300 CE mentions the use of ‘natural ash’ from the shores of the South-ern Sea to make glass. The ‘natural ash’ might be the potassium used as a fluxing agent – probably obtained from saltpetre which occurs there naturally13.

TECHNIQUE

The Guangxi glass vessels were apparently made in a technique of hot-forming using moulds. The horizon-tal ribs are an integral part of the wall and must have been provided for in the initial hot-forming process. The ribs and the subtle exterior profile of the cups are best explained as resulting from the use of an outer mould, in which the hot glass, its viscosity comparable to honey, was pressed with the help of an inner mould or plunger14. The central area inside the shallow bowl in the Musée Guimet is uneven, with some irregu-lar and very shallow relief formations (Fig. 4), as if it

12. For help with the original Chinese text and translation, I am indebt-ed to Ulrike Middendorf, Heidelberg, and Ryan Overby, Heidelberg and Cambridge (MA). See also the translation by M. Henderson in An 1987; Delacour 2005, 137.13. Borell 2011, 60; Kerr and Wood 2004, 464-466 and 624-627.14. An 1987, 6, and Huang 2005, 197 also assume pressing into a mould for the Guangxi vessels. The use of a plunger, which does not completely fill the internal hollow, would make it possible to produce cups with a con-stricted mouth, see Lierke 1999, 26 fig. 24. On pressing techniques in an-cient glassworking see also Lierke 2009, 27-28. 30-31. 38-39.

Fig. 4: Paris, Musée Guimet. Central area of shallow bowl.

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had been caused by squeezing plastic glass during the process of pressing. Apparently, techniques of mould pressing were widely applied in Chinese glassworking to make bi disks and other ornaments15. The word used in Ge Hong’s text to describe the making of the glass bowls is taken from the vocabu-lary of foundry work for casting metal in moulds. It is interesting to note that vessels of almost identical shape have closely similar measurements. One series of cups has diameters of 7.7 cm, another of 9.2 cm; the saucers have flat bases of 9 cm in diameter. This recalls the module-based production characteristic of Chi-nese moulds for bronze casting. Fine horizontal or concentric rotary lines are vis-ible on the inner and outer surfaces of the vessels. From their regular appearance, it is clear that they are no accidental scratches from wear, but result from the manufacturing process. The question is whether they were generated by a cold-working or by a hot-work-ing process. Previously, they were interpreted as trac-es of cold-working. The mould-formed vessels were thought to have been subjected to rotary polishing or light grinding16. Some cold-working technique like shallow groov-ing, also in a rotary movement, seems to have been ap-plied, for instance, to deepen the grooves between the

15. Kwan 2001, 51-54 and 282; Huang 2005, 196-197. - Interesting are ob-servations made on press-moulded glass objects which are preserved to-gether with the moulds. The glass, being a lead-barium glass, suggests a date in the Han period. The side which was in contact with the mould is smooth whereas the other side which took the pressing is slightly rough, Kwan 2001, 51-52 fig. 61, 1-2. For analyses, Brill 2001, 455, 460 no. 6700; cf. 466 nos. 6700-7606.16. An 1987, 6 and 40 sample 2; Huang 2005, 197.

ribs. However, the smooth surfaces with a silky lustre on Guangxi vessels with little weathering (Figs 1-2, 5) and the numerous intact bubbles directly beneath the surface (Fig. 6) seem to disprove a grinding down of the entire surface. The rotary lines are very similar to those found on ancient Mediterranean mould-formed glass vessels. The conventional hypothesis that the entire surfaces of these vessels were subjected to rotary grinding has recently been challenged. Rosemarie Lierke explains these lines as unintentional ‘hot-scratches’ caused by microscopic particles on the mould surface while the hot glass was pressed in a rotary motion. The in-ner heat of the glass would then partially remelt these scratches17. Both the ‘hot-scratches’ as well as an abrasive treatment would leave the glass surface more lia-ble to weathering. This might explain why some are-as, in particular the concentrations of rotary lines on the interior of the shallow bowls, are badly affected by brownish weathering18. Presumably, the glass ves-sels would have looked quite different in their pristine state. In addition, the properties of the Guangxi glass composition have to be taken into account. In terms of durability, it is a glass of relatively low chemical sta-bility; with its high potassium and very low lime con-tent “only the alumina would seem to offer any protec-tion against weathering”19. It is a glass rather prone to

17. Lierke 2009, 56; Lierke 2009b.18. Pilosi and Wypyski 2002. On the complex issue of potash glass corro-sion, Pollard and Heron 2008, 166-181.19. Brill 1995, 271.

Fig. 5: Detail of cup figure 1. Fig. 6: Lao Cai, Museum of Lao Cai Province. Outside of shallow bowl.

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corrosion and pit formation, as can be seen from the weathering effects visible today. The working proper-ties of potash glass are usually characterised by higher viscosity; it might be more difficult to work than so-da-glass. However, the lower softening point of about 645 °C suggested for such potash glass compositions20 might partly compensate for this.

MARITIME SILK ROAD

The fragment of a glass cup strikingly similar to the Guangxi cups was found in Arikamedu on the east coast of South India (Fig. 3). I have argued elsewhere21 for assigning this fragment to the Guangxi group. In shape and measurements, it is very close to the cup se-ries with diameters of 7.7 cm. A Chinese text of the Han period22 describes a voy-age to several lands, starting from ports in the Gulf of Tonking and finally arriving at Huangzhi that is usu-ally thought to be in southeast India. An overland pas-sage of ten days – between months of sailing – is men-tioned, apparently referring to a crossing of the Thai-Malay Peninsula, where it is narrowest, in the region of the Isthmus of Kra. Sites on the east and west coasts of southern Thailand yielded finds of Chinese bronzes and ceramics of the Han period, Indian ceramics and a few fragments of Mediterranean glass vessels, as well as Roman intaglios and cameos, documenting the ex-tent of contacts and exchange along the networks of maritime trade routes23. Several fragments of glass vessels of the Guangxi group have recently been recorded from two sites south of the Kra Isthmus, Ta Chana on the east coast and Bang Kluay Nok on the west coast (Fig. 3). Al-though small, their shapes with the three horizontal ribs closely parallel the Guangxi cups. In addition, the composition of their glass is a low lime potash glass like that of the Guangxi vessels24. We know very little about most of the sites in southern Thailand, due to the lack of archaeological

20. Brill 1995, 273.21. Borell 2010, 129 fig. 3a-b. Borell 2011, 61-62.22. Further discussion of the text Borell 2011, 63-64.23. Chaisuwan 2009, 94-106.24. I am most grateful to James Lankton for bringing these fragments to my attention and for permission to study them in 2009. The fragments probably represent at least eight Guangxi-style cups.

excavations, but they seem to have been way stations and trading stations along the maritime routes with some specialised industrial activities, like the making of beads in glass and semi-precious stone25. Examina-tion of carnelian beads from such workshop sites in southern Thailand suggest that they were made with highly-developed Indian techniques, presumably by Indian craftsmen who settled there26. If the Guangxi vessels were indeed made in the Gulf of Tonking area, the finds from Arikamedu and southern Thailand would indicate that such glass ves-sels had travelled west as far as India via the Isthmus of Kra region. In contrast to the export of Mediterra-nean glass vessels along the maritime routes, well at-tested in finds from southern India and China, and now also from southern Thailand, the new perception of a flow of glass vessels from the Gulf of Tonking ar-ea westwards at least as far as India adds a new facet to the picture of contacts and interaction along the mar-itime routes.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

For permission to study and take photographs of the glass vessels, I am indebted to the Guangxi Provin-cial Museum (Nanning), the Museum of Han Tombs (Hepu), the Museum of Lao Cai Province (Lao Cai), and the Musée Guimet (Paris). My sincere thanks for several discussions on production methods of glass vessels go to Rosemarie Lierke (Bad Schwalbach). For information on technique and weathering, I am in-debted to Katja Broschat, Christian Eckmann and Su-sanne Greiff, Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuse-um (Mainz).

ILLUSTRATION CREDITS:

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy of www.liuliart.cn. Figs 2, 4-6: Photos Brigitte Borell. Fig. 3: Drawing by Brigitte Borell and Antje Seidel.

25. Pongpanich 2009, 102-115, esp.106 with illustration of beadmaking waste (Ta Chana) and 162-175 (Bang Kluay Nok); Chaisuwan 2009, 99.26. Bellina 2007, 33, 48, 51-60; Bellina-Pryce and Silapanth 2006.

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REFERENCES

An, J., 1987. ‘Early Chinese Glassware’. Oriental Ceramic Society Translations No. 12.

Bellina, B., 2007. Cultural Exchange between India and Southeast Asia. Production and distribution of hard stone ornaments (VI century BC – VI century AD). Pa-ris, Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme, Éditions Épistèmes.

Bellina-Pryce, B., and Silapanth, P., 2006. ‘Weaving cultur-al identities on trans-Asiatic networks: Upper Thai-Malay peninsula – an early socio-political landscape’. Bulletin de l’École française d’Extrême-Orient 93, 257-293.

Borell, B., 2010. ‘Trade and glass vessels along the Maritime Silk Road’ in Zorn, B., and Hilgert, A., eds, Glass along the Silk Road from 200 BC to AD 1000. Mainz, Rö-misch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, 127-142.

Borell, B., 2011. ‘Han period glass vessels in the early Tong-king Gulf region’ in Cooke, N., Li Tana, and Anderson J.A. eds, The Tonking Gulf Through History. Philadel-phia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 53-66.

Brill, R.H., 1995. ‘Scientific Research in Early Asian Glass’. Proceedings of the XVIIth International Congress on Glass, Beijing, Oct.1995. Beijing, International Aca-demic Publishers, vol.1, 270-279.

Brill, R.H., 1999, Chemical Analyses of Early Glasses. Corn-ing, New York, The Corning Museum of Glass.

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