Government of Mizoram - World Bank Documents

. ><v. ->. Government of MizoramPublic Works Department

RP77Volume 1

Resettent and P

Development Plan (Phaae41)

~Iumul~Main Report

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Revised by

Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd.(Original Document by ICT, CES, LBI)

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PREFACE

The Mizoram State Roads Project includes augmentation of the capacity and structuralupgradation of selected road network in the state. A total of 185.71km roads will beimproved/upgraded, and major maintenance works will be carried out on 518.615km roads, in2 Phases. The project was prepared by the Project Co-ordinating Consultants (PCC)1, onbehalf of the PWD, Mizoram. As part of the project preparation, environmental/socialassessments were carried out, as required by the World Bank and the Government of India.

In accordance to the requirements of the World Bank, the environmental/social assessments(and the outputs) had been subjected to an Independent Review. The independent review2

evaluated the EA processes and outputs in the project to verify that (a) the EA had beencarried out without any bias or influence from the project proponent and/or the PCC, (b) theEA/SA had been able to influence planning and design of the project; and (c) the outputs,especially the mitigation/management measures identified in the EA/SA processes areadequate for the project.

The following documents (dated May 2001) were available for the Review:

* Sectoral Environmental Assessment (SEA) for both phases of the project (preparedat the feasibility stage of the project and the Phase I of the project)

e Detailed Environmental Assessments (EA) for the work programme in Phase I of theProject,

e Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the improvement/upgradation works inPhase I.

* Resettlement & Indigenous People's Development Plan (R&IPDP) for theimprovement/upgradation works in Phase I.

• Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the major maintenanceworks in Phase I.

As part of the Independent Review, gaps and deficiencies in these base documents wereidentified. This report is partly an outcome of the Independent Review, closing the gaps, asper the information/data supplied by the PCC and supplemented by field investigations carriedduring the Independent Review. This report took into consideration, thecomments/observations made by the World Bank on the base documents.

The recommendations from the Independent Review are incorporated in the SEA and theother Phase I EA/SA reports (as well as in the Engineering Drawings, and the ContractDocuments). All reports now are modified and structured as per the comments from theIndependent Review.

Note: The Data provided in the reports, unless specifically mentioned, are from theBase EA/SA Documents.

PCC was a consortium of consulting firms, led by Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt. Ltd.,India (ICT) and Consulting Engineering Services (India) (CES) in association with Louis BergerInternational Inc., USA (LBII).

2 The Independent Review was undertaken by Ms Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. THE PROJECT

The Government of Mizoram is seeking a World Bank loan (WB Loan no. 4114 IN)available with the Government of India, for upgradation and maintenance of the stateroad network. The project envisages augmentation of capacity and structural quality ofthe road network in the state of Mizoram.

Based on the findings of the Startegic Option Study (SOS), the Feasibility Study anddiscussions between the PWD and the World Bank, corridors have been identified ascandidates for (a) improvement/upgradation and (b) major maintenance works. Thecorridors that have been identified for improvement in two phases of the project are listedin Table 1.

Table 1: Work ProgrammePhase I Phase 11 Total

Work Road Section Length Road Section Length Length______________ ~~~~~~(kin) (kmn) (kmn)

l PIA: Aizawl - Thenzawl- PIB: Buangpui - Lunglei 71.000Works Buangpui (via Hmuifang) BPI: Aizawi Bypass 16.000 185.710

Sub-Total: Phase l 98.710 Sub-Total: Phase ll 87.000

Ml: Kawlkulh-Ngopa-Tuivai 96.625 M2: Kanhmun - Zamuang- 90.440M4: Keitum-N.Vanlaiphai 45.780 Tuilulkawn

Major M5: Lungsen - Chawngte 47.670 M6: Zobawk - Hualawng 31.000Maintenance - 518.615Works M7: Damdiai-Sialsuk 30.100 M15: Serchhip-Thenhlum 105.000

M9: Khawzawl - E.Lungdar 58.000 MIS: Selesih -Thuampui 14.000

Sub-Total: Phase I 278.175 Sub-Total: Phase ll 240.440

This report addresses the Social Impacts and the R&R Issues along the Priority road'Aizawl - Thenzawl - Buangpui (via Hmuifang) to be implemented under Phase I. ForPhase II, a separate R&IPDP will be prepared (along with the detailed engineeringdesigns).

For the corridors to be taken up for major maintenance, no widening of the existing alignment isenvisaged and the improvements shall be restricted within the existing road width. As no adverse socialimpacts are envisaged due to the maintenance works, this part is not covered under the R&IPDP.However, a separate Environment and Social Management Plan (ESMP) has been prepared, that providesfor a checklist to be filled by the contractor before initiating the civil works. This will enable the projectauthorities to establish that no one will be affected. In case there is adverse impact, then the provisions ofthe R&IPDP will be applicable.

Revised by Lea Associates October 2001(Original Document by ICT, CES, LBiI)

M7zoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: Executive Summary

1.1 CURRENT STATUS

The project route (PlA) follows the existing alignments of the road for Aizawl-Buangpuisection, except that in between Damdiai and Sialsuk, the route is on the existingalternative road via Hmuifang. The characteristics of these road sections are presented inTable 2.

Table 2: Existing Characteristics of the Project Alignment (PlA)Section Length Carriageway width Formation Shoulders

Aizawl - Damdiai 35km 3.5m paved 5.Om Absent or bad

Damidiai - Sialsuk 30km l Unpaved (Jeepable) 4.Om Absent

Sialsuk - Buangpui 35km 3.5m paved 5.Om Absent or bad

There are 18 villages (19 settlements2 ) falling along the project road. The sectionbetween Damdiai-Sialsuk (via Hmuifang) passes through five main villages (Lungsai,Thiak, Sumsuih, Hmuifang and Chamring), and is popularly known as the "Five VillagesRoad". It is an unpaved jeepable road without shoulders and with no properarrangements for drainage. The formation width does not generally exceed 4m. With abeautiful scenic view to the west, clean air and a generally salubrious climate, the routeoffers potential for developing tourism around the area.

1.2 PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTS

The improvement works envisaged for the priority road (PlA) are:

* Widening of the road to an intermediate lane carriageway (5.5m wide) with side drains andshoulders;

* Construction/replacement/reconstruction3 of bridges and culverts;* Construction of retaining walls, breast walls and other slope protection works;i Improvement of the road geometry and junctions wherever necessary; and,i Provision of road signs and other road furniture required for making travel on these roads

safe and comfortable.

Carriageway and formation width

The proposed development involves an intermediate lane carriageway (5.5m) with

additional formation to accommodate shoulders and side drain. Providing 0.5m wideshoulders and 0.6m wide side drains, the project road would need a formation width of

7.lm. This formation width will also provide reasonably safe and adequate lateralclearances for the passing vehicles. A minimum formation width of 7.1m4 on the straight

2 Village Maubuang has two settlements, Damdiai and Lungsai.

3 New culverts have been added wherever required.

4 Keeping in view the minimum formation width of 7.1m on straights and a maximum of 8m on curves of theproject road, a COI of 8m was considered for assessing social impact caused by the proposed project.However, all properties within a conidor of 12m widths had been covered in the census.

Revised by Lea Associates If October 2001(Original Document by ICT, CES, LBII)

Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&JPDP. Executive Summary

portion and a maximum of 8m near curves are proposed in the project. This formationwidth was also determined to minimize impacts on the settlements along the project road.A typical cross section proposed for the priority road has been presented in Figure 1.

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Figure 1: Typical Cross Section Proposed for the Priority Road

Realignment sections

The improvements proposed under the project are almost exclusively along the existingalignment, except for some minor realignment to avoid acquisition of properties and forimprovement of the road geometry. There are 25 such short realignment sections.

For each of the realignment sections, a comparison of the route options along the existingand realignment sections has been worked out as part of the feasibility study for theproject. This comparison indicates that the alternative routes along the realignmentsections (a) are shorter, (b) have better horizontal curvatures, (c) have better sightdistances, and (d) are without any additional adverse social implications (ordisplacement). These alternative routes have therefore been selected over the existingroutes.

2. R&R ISSUES IN THE PROJECT

The project corridor between Aizawl and Buangpui via Hmuifang passes through 18villages (19 settlements). With the non-availability of flat lands for the spread ofsettlements, the development of settlements is restricted to the transportation routes,with residential and commercial development just abutting the road (very close on thevailey side). As residential/commercial structures are located on the edge of the road,even minor widening will result in displacement of a few of these structures.

The available formation in most cases is less than the 7.1m required for accommodatingthe intermediate lane cross-section suggested, which calls in for an acquisition of privateland and properties. Apart from the acquisition of private land and properties, the projectwill also involve the acquisition of land belonging to several community organisations andgovernmental departments.

Revised by Lea Associates III October 2001(Original Document by ICT, CES, LBII)

Mlzoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP. Executive Summary

2.1 ESTIMATES OF LAND REQUIRED

The total land required for widening the project corridor is about 47.8ha. The distribution

of such land is as follows:

* Total Land Requirement: 477,899m2 (47.79ha)* Total Land Acquisition Requirement: 317,354.4m2 (31.74ha)

* Land with Private Ownership or Rights: 297,872.4m2 (29.79ha)* Community or NGOs' Lands: 19,482m2 (1.95ha)

* Land to be Transferred from other Agencies: 160,545m2 (16.05ha)* Free Land6: 128,835m2 (12.88ha)* Government Departments' Land: 31,710m2 (3.17ha)

2.2 IMPACT ON PEOPLE

The project affects and displaces a number of properties (residential, commercial andagricultural) within the 8m Corridor of Impact7. The overall impacts of the Project (both

Phases -I and II) are given in Table 3.

Table 3: Overall Impacts of the Project (Phases I & II)Phase Severe Impact on Minor Impact on Total Impact on

Families Persons Families Persons Families Persons

Phase i 58 335 426 2452 484 2787Phase II 156 820 618 2821 774 3641

Total 214 1155 1044 5273 1194 6428

Severe Impact includes displacement or direct loss of livelihood. Minor Impacts include partial loss ofproperties and indirect partial loss of livelihood.

The Phase II Estimates are based on initial social screening, and extrapolation from the Phase I Census andother surveys. It is expected that the actual impacts in Phase II will be substantially lower than the estimates

presented above (particularly, if the Lunglei and Ramlaiyui Bypasses are found viable and built.

* Phase I

There are 173 PAF residential/commercial properties affected by the project of which 58

families are displaced in Phase-I of the Project. A total of 311 agriculture properties areaffected, but none of these are displaced due to the project. As part of the project, no

widening has been proposed for in the initial 10km stretch8 of the corridor between Aizawland Melriat.

5 Non-Government Organizations include Churches, YMA, etc. Community land belongs to the VillageCouncils.

6 Free land is land vested in the government, and not allotted to anybody, or for any designated purpose.

7 The 8m corridor of impact has modified from location to location to absolutely minimise impacts onproperties, particularly the residential and the commercial properties.

8 Primarily due to the proposed Aizawl Bypass alignment, which joins at km8.0 of the Project Corridor. Thereis a formation width of 8m available in the uninhabited stretches and a width of 6.5m in the settlements ofMelthum. It has been proposed that there shall be no widening in this stretch and the improvements, aspart of the project shall be limited to resurfacing and maintenance.

Revised by Lea Associates IV October 2001(Original Document by ICT, CES, LBII)

Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP xecutive Summary

3. OBJECTIVES OF THE R.& I.P.D.P.

3.1 RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN

The World Bank's operational directive (OD 4.30) on involuntary resettlement provides forthe guidelines to be followed in minimising or avoiding displacement and mitigating thenegative impacts. The PWD, Government of Mizoram also has adopted a resettlement andrehabilitation (R&R) policy, which is the basis of preparation of this R&IPDP. The Policyalso provides for a framework for entitlements and categorization of the project affectedpersons (PAPs).

3.2 INDIGENOUS PEOPLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN

As per the 1991 census, 97% of the state population belong to the scheduled tribes (STs).All the project-affected persons would belong to STs. In this context, the project needspreparation of an Indigenous People's Development Plan (IPDP). In accordance to theOD.4.20 on Indigenous People, the IPDP needs to,

• Ensure that indigenous people benefit from development projects, and• Avoid or mitigate potentially adverse effects on indigenous people caused by the project.

The Resettlement & Indigenous People's Development Plan (R&IPDP) details the approach,principles and measures adopted in minimizing and mitigating negative social and economicimpacts caused by the project. The R&IPDP also includes the magnitude of displacement,detailed time schedule for implementation and the principles and procedures that will governimplementation of the R&R components of the project.

The R&IPDP preparation was carried out in close co-ordination with the design and theenvironmental components of the project, and included active participation amongst theproject stakeholders, local communities and the various project affected groups. Theentire process was worked out adopting a people centred development principles.

The R&IPDP preparation process comprised the following major elements:

* Social screening and impact assessment as part of the feasibility studies* Census and baseline socio-economic survey of the potentially affected population* Consultations at village, district and state levels* Finalisation of entitlements and preparation of the R&IPDP.* Finalising implementation arrangements for the implementation of the R&IPDP, including

monitoring arrangements.

The R&IPDP is a living document and will be updated as and when necessary. TheR&IPDP data would be verified at site before implementation9 .

9 The data has gone through several checks, even in the preparation stage, and during an independentreview.

Revised by Lea Associates v October 2001(Original Document by iCT, CES, LBII)

Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: Executive Summary

4. BRIEF PROFILE OF THE PROJECT AFFECTED PEOPLE

The entire population in the project region belonging to tribal community, the R&R issuesin the project would involve only those of the tribal households.

The project starts from the outskirts of Aizawl City (population about 250,000) and passesthrough 18 villages (or 19 village settlementsl0). All population in the said 18 villages aretribal. (There might be traces of non-tribal population at the outskirts of Aizawl, but noneare reported in the Census or socio-economic surveys undertaken as part of the project.)

Population density in the State, in Aizawl and Serchhip districts, and the project area islow, except for the outskirts of Aizawl, where the density is about 100 persons/km2.Overall the project area has a population density less than 40 persons/km2.

4.1 GENDER RATIO

The gender ratio" of 921, which was marginally lower than the national average of 927 in1991, has now grown to 939 and has exceeded the national average of 933 in 2001. Thisshows a better mother and child care system has been implemented in the state. Thegender ratio among the majority tribal population is not any different from the minority(less than 5%) non-tribal population.

The gender ratio in the project area is higher than the state average. In Aizawl it is about954, and in Serchhip it is about 953.

4.2 LITERACY

Total literacy in the state has risen to 88.5% percent in 2001 from 82.3% during the 1991Census. The male literacy is 90.69 percent and female literacy is 86 percent. The averageliteracy rate in 2001 was very high compared the national literacy rate (65.4% per cent).The literacy rates in the project area (more than 96%) are better than the state. Thisshows that all children in the project area are attending schools (and the less than 40/o

illiterates mostly belong to the older age-groups, and the mentally challenged population).

In all the villages through which the project highway passes through, the literacy level ishigh. Only one person was found to be illiterate during the socio-economic survey.However, although primary schooling is nearly universal, the education of the higher orderis limited, with only a handful of the population receiving undergraduate or postgraduate(or technical/vocational) education.

lo One revenue village Muallangthu has two settlements - Damdiai and Lungsei.

I Number of females per 1000 male population

Revised by Lea Associates VI October 2001(Original Document by ICT, CES, LBII)

Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP.: Executive Summary

4.3 ETH NICITY

* Composition

The term 'Mizo' is a generic term and its stands for several tribes in the area. The majortribes are Lusei, Sailo, Ralte, Hmar, Paite, Lai and Mara. In addition to these tribes thereare many other tribes existing in this region, like the Chakmas and Reangs who also comeunder the broad division of 'Mizo'. The tribes preferred to identify themselves as Mizosand this was formalized when the Lushai Hills District (Change of name) Act, 1954 wasenacted.

The Mizos came under the influence of the British Missionaries in the 19' century. Nowmost of the Mizos are Christians. Mizo language had no script of its own. The missionariesintroduced the roman script for Mizo language and formal education.

* Religion & Culture

Before the advent of the Christianity the Mizo ethnic groups followed animistic rites.Sacrifice of animals and offerings to various forms of nature was the main feature of theirreligious activities. However, now more than 96 per cent of the population have embracedChristianity. Today the indigenous form of religion is a matter of history. However, due tothe Government's initiative and intervention, some of the festivals of the bygone age (Kut)are being revived and observed. Mizos are basically agriculturists. All their activities centreround jhum cultivation and their festivals are linked with such agricultural operations (Kutis the Mizo word for festivals).

* Customary Rights

Generally the Mizos follow endogamy, so far as the major tribes are concerned.Nowadays, however, marriage with other groups/communities is also found. In thepresent day situation of the Mizo society, some of the old customs like the bride price arestill in vogue, but marriage is solemnized in the Church. Elder sons after marriage settledown and set up a new family, nuclear family pattern has now become a regular featurein the Mizo social structure.

The Mizo society is by and large free and open. Kinship and co-residence are the mostimportant factors for formation of a Mizo village and the social relations.

Marriage between first cousins is discouraged. Polygamy and polyandry are traditionallyforbidden. Divorce is permitted. Nula-rim (or courtship) is quite common among youngboys and girls, though the consent of the parents is normally obtained in the selection ofthe bride and consequent marriage. Widow remarriage is not prohibited.

4.4 STATUS OF WOMEN

After the consolidation of the British administration the inheritance of the chiefs startedthrough the eldest son. However, the Lushai District (Inheritance of property) Act No.1 of1956 has invested women with the right of inheritance. The Mizos follow the patriarchal

Revised by Lea Associates Vil October 2001(Original Document by ICT, CES, LBII)

Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: Executive Summaly

pattern of family. The male head of the family controls the social, economic and religiousaffairs. However, women in social and economic life enjoy freedom.

Surveys in the project showed that women were working for between 14 -16 hours a dayon an average. An majority of women revealed that they had decision making powers onissues related to financial matters, health, property, purchase of assets and children'seducation.

4.5 ECONOMIC STATUS

. Occupation

Generally the Mizos depended upon the available natural resources around them forsubsistence. Their traditional occupation is agriculture, and the traditional system ofcultivation is called 'jhum' cultivation. Lately, however, there has been a gradual shift fromtraditional forms of occupation to the service sector, trade, etc.

The extent of involvement in secondary and tertiary sector activities is very limited. Theinvolvement in commercial activities is restricted to minor businesses, like running groceryshops or tea stalls. Government is a major source of employment (about 70% jobs in theorganised sector in the state or in the project area is with the government). Women areequitably engaged in income earning activities.

* Income

About 56.07 per cent of the State's population still lives below poverty line (1993-94)based on a survey undertaken in 1992.

In the 16 villages on the project highway, the main source of income is cultivation (48%)followed by that from government service (15%). About one-third of the families haveincome more than the average annual family income (Rs 54,894) in the project area.Women's earnings are mainly from cultivation (36%) and allied activities such as poultry,dairy, rearing goats and pigs, business/trade, and service. Most women are employed incultivation, trade or service for more than 100-200 days per year.

The socio-economic surveys revealed that about one-third of the families in the projectarea have income below poverty level (of Rs 20,000 per annum). Amongst the familiesbelow poverty level, many are women headed households.

Those families having income below poverty level are engaged in primary sector activitiesas marginal farmers, agriculture labourers, poultry and animal rearing etc. Those who areabove average PAF annual income are engaged in non-agriculture activity or have morethen one source of income.

4.6 TRADITIONAL RIGHTS AND AssETs

The reserved forest area in Mizoram is 15935km2, of the total area of 21,087km2 . Aboutanother 3000km2 is under private forests. The Forest Department controls and manages

Revised by Lea Associates Vill October 2001(Original Document by ICT, CES, LBII)

mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDPR Executive Summary

8012km2. The remaining are unclassified forests, being used by the people to derive theirlivelihood. Even the notified forests, except for the national parks and wildlife sanctuaries,do not prohibit customary or usufruct rights.

The area of the forest area where people are more or less excluded (i.e., the nationalparks and the wildlife sanctuaries) is about 1050km2. Consequently, in about 9 3% of theforests in Mizoram (or about 70% of the area of the state) customary, traditional andusufruct rights are recognised.

4.7 LAND TENURE

The land settlement system in Mizoram permits the following three categories oftitleholders:

* Settlement Holder: These are titleholders who have heritable and transferable rights overthe land. Settlement holder means persons other than a pass holder, who has entered intoan engagement with the government, to pay land revenue and is deemed to have theacquired the status of a Settlement holder under section 7 of the Mizo District (Land &Revenue) Act. The settlement holder has heritable and transferable right of use on or ofsub-letting in his land.

* Periodic Patta Holders: The periodic patta authorises a person to use a parcel of land for adefinite period of time. These include persons who have not acquired Patta holder's rightsu/s 7 of the Mizoram District (Agricultural Land) Acts, 1963. With this license, the heritableand transferable right of use on or of subletting in his land subject to conditions in the Act.

* Pass/ Permit holders: This pass authorizes a person to use a piece of land but doesn't givethem right of an owner. A pass holder shall have no right in the soil beyond a right of userfor the period for which it is given and shall have no right or transfer, or of inheritancebeyond the period of the pass or of the subletting.

The State Government is empowered to make law for the allotment, transfer and settingapart of land within Mizoram. Further to this, in accordance to the Lushai Hills District(House Sites) Act, 1953, the Village Councils (VC), constituted (elected/nominated) foreach of the villages has been vested all powers for the allotment of land for non-agricultural uses within the respective village boundaries. The allotment of land can eitherbe:

• Temporary Allotment* Permanent Allotment

For ailotment of land an individual has to make an application to the Government statingthe periodicity of allotment (Temporary allotment/ Permanent Allotment). Applicationsfrom the villages should be submitted through the VC President along with hisrecommendations.

For temporary allotment of agricultural land, the government officials verify the land in aprescribed schedule. For Permanent allotment of agricultural land, the VC causes the landto be verified, surveyed measured and demarcated. The survey shall also whether theland is free and available for patta and also free from all encumbrances.

Revised by Lea Associates ix October 2001(Original Document by ICT, CES, LBII)


The tribal people, through the VC, have powers to decide, invoke or revoke the allotmentof land. Allotment of land to non-tribal is not permitted, except in exceptional cases, with

explicit permission of the state government.

* Conversion of Pass or Permit to Periodic Patta

The pass or permit holder submits an application in writing to the designated officer alongwith the pass or permit stating clearly whether the application is for conversion to aPeriodic Patta or a Patta. Applications from the village are sent through the VC Presidentsalong with his recommendations. On receipt of such applications the designated officerverifies, surveys the land and awards the patta on payment of the specified fees.

Transfer of Land

To transfer the land partly or wholly the periodic patta holder has to apply for the sameu/s7 of the Mizoram District (Transfer of Land) Acts, 1963 to the revenue departmentalong with the prescribed fees. If nothing is found against such transfer of land as per theterms and conditions of the patta such transfer is affected in the Register of Land Records

and Patta documents on payment of the prescribed fees. Transfer of land to non-tribal isprohibited.

4.8 ACCESS TO FACILITIES

There are 7 Hospitals, 38 Primary Health Centers, 12 other types of Health Centers and314 sub-centers. In total 383 healths service units were located in different parts of thestate. Doctor-population ratio in Mizoram is 1:3600 compared to 1:5880 at all-India levelas per 1991 census.

5. LEGAL FRAMEWORK

5.1 LAND SErTLEMENT SYSTEM IN MIZORAM

In pursuance of the Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution, the Executive Committee ofthe now defunct Mizo District Council was the Chief Controlling Authority over the land,wherein the Chief Executive Member was entrusted to carry out all allotment of land for

any purpose.

With the dissolution of the erstwhile District Council and the elevation of the District to thestatus of a Union Territory, and the Union Territory to an independent state, byappropriate adaptation, these powers were vested with the Administrator or the Governorof the State. The districts of the state have been sub-divided into blocks, which furtherhave been demarcated into villages. Typically, a Village in the state of Mizoram includes:

The village area demarcated with defined boundaries for the purpose of residentialdevelopment and the land area within this jurisdiction earmarked for non-agriculturalactivities, residential, business and any other non-agricultural purposes with definedboundaries.

Revised by Lea Associates X October 2001(Original Document by ICT, CES, LBII)

Mizoram State Roass Project - Phase I R&IPDP: Executive Summary

0 The rest of the land (outside the settlement area) prescribed for agriculture.

The various legislation, which provide for the land settlement system in the state ofMizoram are as follows:

* The Liushai Hill Districts (House Site) Act 1953;* The Mizo District (Land & Revenue) Acts, 1956;* The Mizo District (land & Revenue) Rules, 1967;* The Mizo District (Agricultural Land) Act, 1963;* The Mizo District (Agricultural Land) Rules, 1971, and;* The Mizo District (Transfer of Land) Acts, 1963.

All these laws primariiy protect the rights of the tribal people, including their customaryrights. These laws also devolve power to the Village Councils for day-to-day allotment ofland (especially for agriculture, primarily shifting cultivation; and housing). These lawsalso provides for the compensation to be paid to the affected parties, in case land isacquired by the project of Mizoram.

5.2 USE OF FREE LANDS, JHUM AREAS & VILLAGE COUNCIL LANDS IN THE PROJECT

Apart from the private properties, the project shall involve the acquisition of Jhum landsand Free lands. For the acquisition of the these lands, arrangements have been workedout with the state revenue department, wherein the compensation shall be made to therespective village councils and the money shall be used for the benefit of the villages.

The areas that are used for jhum cultivation are plots of agricultural lands belonging tothe VC and are allotted temporarily for jhum every year on a rotation basis. The jhumcultivators shall be given advance notice for harvest of standing crops, or paid thecompensation for the standing crops, in accordance to the replacement value worked outfor the project.

Subsequent to the notices that have been issued to the Revenue Department and theVillage Councils, the PIU has received No-objection certificates from each of the villagecouncils to the Revenue Department and the PIU that they are willing to donate the lands(including jhum lands, free lands and the lands belonging to the village councils) to theproject.

The Village Councils will allot alternative land for shifting cultivation, or any other currentuse to all the affected parties.

As has been agreed upon in the R&R policy for the project, all common propertyresources including hand pumps, community buildings, play grounds, etc., located in theland acquired in the project, shall be relocated at suitable locations in accordance to theneeds of the community.

5.3 NEW LAND USE POLICY

The New Land Use Policy (NLUP) aims at complete eradication of the unproductive andtraditional method of shifting cultivation (jhum) by giving the "jhumia" families viable

Revised by Lea Associates Xl October 2001(Original Document by ICT, CES. LBII)

Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&JPDP.' Executive Summary

schemes for permanent occupation. Each family has been given 2ha of land forsettlement. The Programme was initiated in 1990-91 and so far 12 Blocks have alreadybeen covered and 47,554 families have been assisted. It is programmed to cover the restof the Blocks by year 2002.

5.4 POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMS

There are 22 Rural Development Blocks in Mizoram. All the normal rural developmentschemes and other poverty alleviation schemes are implemented through these RuralDevelopment Blocks. The development activities in the Blocks are restricted to the mostessential and processing needs of the rural people that can be implemented throughpublic participation.

5.5 POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN THE PROJECT

The project, as a major infrastructure development project has an intrinsic scope forpoverty reduction. The project is not only meant to serve the road users in a better wayor to provide for income restoration to the affected vulnerable social groups; but also hasa scope for wider poverty reduction in the state. The project is expected to serve thesociety of the state as a whole in a much larger way.

The possible positive impacts of improved road networks would generally result in thefollowing.

* Increased Employment Opportunity* Increased Market Opportunities• Increased Mobility of Human Resources* Increased Local Economic and Credit Opportunities* Increased Awareness Level* Increased Scope for Better Management of Public Schemes and facilities

6. COVERAGE IN THE R&R POLICY OF THE PROJECT

6.1 ADVERSE IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT

The project affects and displaces a number of properties, (residential, commercial andagricultural) within the 8m Corridor of Impact12. All people impacted belong to theScheduled Tribes. The overall impacts of the Project (both Phases -I and II) are given inTable 3.

The project envisages the acquisition of up to a maximum 3m strip of land in settlementsand up to 5m in the rural stretches. Though the structures are partially affected, the

12 The 8m corridor of impact has modified from location to location to absolutely minimise impacts onproperties, particularly the residential and the commercial properties.

Revised by Lea Associates XII October 2001(Original Document by lCT, CES, LBII)

Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP. Executive Summary

entire structure needs to be dismantled, as the structures impacted are mostly woodenstructures.

Also certain structures have been identified, which though will not be impacted due to theproposed widening, will certainly be vulnerable in terms of their structural stability, asvertical cuts are being proposed at the base of these structures. These structures havealso been categorised as project displaced.

In the settlement stretches, there are several common property resources in form of busshelters, community buildings, schools, play grounds, parks, hand pumps, water taps andpublic urinals that exist within the existing formation of the highway. Though all themembers of the community use these common properties, the ownership is with theNGOs (including Christian Missionaries) or government authorities/ departments. Anywidening along this route shall impact these. As part of the design preparation, thoughcare has been taken to minimise impact on these resources, wherever it was of greatvalue to the community, the avoiding of many of these was not possible.

There are no protected or archaeological monuments to be impacted due to the project.However, there are several structures as graves located within the formation width for theroad apart from which there are lands belonging to church etc that will be impacted.There are 12 such cultural properties are located with in the COI. These includecompound walls, quarters, farms and other buildings of the churches. Apart from thosestructures that are directly impacted, there was a request from a Church Authority inHmuifang, that their structure is to be located away from the highway, which has beenaccepted and alternative relocation site has been identified.

6.2 R&R OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

The following were the objectives of the R&R policy developed for the project, withparticular attention to the community and cultural needs of the indigenous population.

* The project design should be culturally appropriate, and based on full consideration of theoptions preferred by the indigenous people affected by the project.

• The institutions responsible should be sensitive to the social, technical, and legal contextsfor carrying out the proposed development activities. Implementation arrangements shouldinvolve appropriate existing institutions, local organizations, and nongovernmentalorganizations (NGOs) with expertise in matters relating to indigenous peoples.

* Local patterns of social organization, religious beliefs, and resource use should be takeninto account in the project.

* Development activities, particularly the income restoration plans should support productionsystems that are well adapted to the needs and environment of indigenous peoples.

* The plan should avoid creating or aggravating the dependency of indigenous people onproject entities. Planning should encourage early handover of assets, as much as possible,to local people.

* Where effective programs are already functioning, support of those should be integrated inthe project.

Revised by Lea Associates Xiii October 2001(Original Document by lCT, CES, LBII)


6.3 ENTITLEMENTS OF THE PROJECT AFFECTED IN THE PROJECT

Each of the affected indigenous person will receive the following:

* Consultation, counseling regarding alternatives, and assistance in identifying new sites andopportunities

. Replacement land (or if desired, compensation for land at replacement cost), plusallowances for fees or other charges. The PAFs are also eligible for provision of othersupport mechanisms.

* Advance notice to harvest non-perennial crops, or compensation for loss of standing crops* Compensation for perennial crops and trees will be calculated as annual produce value

times remaining productive years* Replacement or compensation for structures or other non-land assets• Right to salvage materials from existing structures* Inclusion in existing government housing schemes* Shifting assistance (note: replacement housing will available before people are made to

move.)* Option of moving to resettlement sites, or clusters, incorporating needs for shelter and

livelihood

Every household member in the age group of 18 years and above is eligible for assistancefor loss of livelihood. Three actions are possible:

* Rehabilitation and assistance for lost or diminished livelihood. Additional support mechanisms for vulnerable groups in reestablishing or enhancing

livelihood* Employment opportunities connected with the project to the extent possible (however, this

employment is not linked to the entitlements necessary to restore EPs livelihood, but is anadditional opportunity)

* Collective entitlements include some employment opportunities for construction, operationand maintenance of the community resources created.

Community based entitlements will be provided as listed:

* Restoration and improvement of common property resources, such as public water pumps,sanitation and drainage facilities.

* Provision for a woman's needs, particularly related to location of sources of water andfirewood. Social forestry programs may be considered.

* Provision of safe space and access for business purposes, local transport, and public use.• Safety measures for pedestrians, particularly children, and other non-motorized transport in

the form of hospitals.* Provision of roadside rest areas and motor garages and petrol pumps.• Provision for public water facilities at various points along the road at high altitudes for

travelling people and vehicles.

6.4 MEASURES TOWARDS INCOME RESTORATION OF TRIBAL POPULATION

The project has taken a number of measures towards rehabilitation of the ST families.The considerations therein have been compiled as follows:

All the affected families to be compensated and/or assisted irrespective of their ownershipstatus. Thus it implies that, whether they do or do not possess legal title of thelands/assets, whether they are tenants or encroachers or squatters, they will be paid withthe compensation and/or assistance amounts.

Revised by Lea Associates xiv October 2001(Original Document by ICT, CES, LBII)


* For private property holders, if the type of loss is agricultural land and assets an entitledperson (EP) from the vulnerable group can claim the compensation for the entire land bymeans of land-for-land. All the other assistances remain the same as those for othersincluding transitional allowances, additional grant for severance of land, residual plots,expenses on fees, taxes, etc. and alternative economic rehabilitation support and trainingfor up-gradation of the skills.

* In case of loss of non-agricultural private property, option for residential/commercial plotat resettlement site will be provided free of cost to vulnerable families if so opted by themapart from all other considerations like compensation at replacement vaiue, transitionalallowance, shifting allowance, rental allowance, compensation for advance rental deposit,right to salvage materials from the demolished site, etc.

* There is a provision for additional support to the ST people who have been affected by theloss of livelihood / primary source of income. The assistance will be equivalent for one yeartowards income generating or vocational training option of the entitled person's choice.The training will include starting of a suitable production or service activity. Economicrehabilitation support and training and in case the money not spent for the trainingProgramme, the equivalent amount is to be paid as per their choice.

7. CONSULTATION WITH THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE

Community consultations in the project was undertaken with objectives, which may begrouped into (a) information sharing; (b) appraisal and assessment of the communityneeds, and (c) development of specific design solutions. These objectives are listedbelow:

7.1 CONSULTATION WITH COMMUNITY (ALL WERE SCHEDULED TRIBES)

The consultation process established for the project has employed a range of formal andinformal consultation tools including, in depth interview with key informants, villagemeetings, workshops and even door-to-door personal contacts. Such consultation sessionshave been carried out at all stages of the project preparation and will be continued duringthe implementation, which will subsequently be monitored during the operation of theproject. The consultation programme has been conducted at several levels, such as:

* Heads of the households likely to be impacted;* Members of the households likely to be impacted;* Clusters of PAPs;* Villagers;* Village Council Presidents;* Local voluntary organisations, and CBOs/NGOs;* Government agencies and departments;* Other project-stakeholders'3 , such as women, prominent persons from the villages (such

as teachers, health workers, doctors).

3 All persons consulted at the household and the village levels, and a vast majority of the other stakeholdersconsulted belong to the tribal populace. Therefore, no separate consultation was required for tribalpopulation, as is customary in projects in other states/regions.

Revised by Lea Associates xv October 2001(Original Document by ICT. CES, LBII)


A 100% sample was taken up for individual household consultation (door-to-door personalinterviews). The consultations broadly discussed various issues related to minimisingsocial impacts, project road design, resettlement and rehabilitation policy and theresettlement action plan.

Village meetings or the Public Information and Consultations (PIC) sessions wereconducted at 7 locations on the project-stretch. However, such meetings (which oftentook the form of multiple 'group discussions) covered 100% of the villages (by invitingpeople from the respective cluster of villages to attend). Such meetings/PIC wereconducted at: (1) Melriat, (2) Muallgunthu, (3) Falkawn, (4) Aibawk, (5) Hmuifang, (6)Thenzawl, and (7) Buangpui.

The following steps were generally adopted for conducting the village level meetings:

• Dissemination of information through public address system14 and requesting villagers toattend the public consultation meeting.

* Conducting a public meeting fulfilling all the objectives as given in sub-section 8.2 above.* Conveying information (related to the scope, purpose, design of the project, and impacts

of the project) during the social surveys to the community and the likely PAPs.• Gathering information related to the opinions and preferences of the community and the

likely PAPs., Recording the perceptions of the people on various issues related to Resettlement &

Rehabilitation* Involvement of the community and the likely PAPs in the decision making process.

State level consultations were held through a Stakeholders Workshop (The Road Show) atAizawl in July 1999. This workshop was attended by the prominent personalities from thestate, including the Chief Minister of the state. The other participants included thefollowing:

• The PAPs* The NGOs* The PWD Officials* The Project Co-ordinating Consultants, and* The Officials from the Revenue Department.

7.2 KEY OUTCOMES FROM CONSULTATION

From all consultation sessions (household, village and state levels) it was found that theparticipants were aware of the project. They also made several recommendations aboutthe plan and design of the project. The various issues and suggestions that emergedduring public consultations are:

In most of the villages, the communities were in favour of developing the road alongexisting alignment through the village. Conversely, people were not in favour of bypasses.(This is related to the fact that the village settlement pattern in Mizoram, otherwise adifficult terrain, was entirely dependent on the roads and the road-form.)

14 Each village in Mizoram has a 'public address system'.

Revised by Lea Associates XVI October 2001

(Original Document by ICT, CES, LBII)

Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP. Executive Summary

People living on the valley side of the road were concerned about the difficulty to movetheir properties away from the road (as the valleys were very steep), and had suggestedcutting the hillside for widening the road.

* The communities were of the view that they should be consulted at various stages of theproject, from preparation to project implementation.

* People expressed concern about safety of the local inhabitants (as the residential and/orcommercial properties in the villages are located very close to the road, and the roadway isnot very wide).

* The likely PAPs were concerned about the compensation payment, particularly regardingthe procedure of disbursement.

* The people believed that widening of the road would lead to development of the area andgenerate local/regional business opportunities, as the traffic will increase.

* With better communication links, people felt that skilled labour and better materials wouldbe available to the remote villages (which are not very well connected now).

* Consultation helped in convincing all the communities for their positive participation duringproject implementation.

7.3 CONSULTATION DURING IMPLEMENTATION

Consultations will continue during the construction period, particularly with respect to theimplementation of the social and environmental components of the project. Contractualand binding provisions to this respect have been included in the R&IPDP, theEnvironmental management Plan (EMP) and the Environmental and Social ManagementPlan (ESMP) for the maintenance works under the project.

8. INSTITUTIONAL & IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS

The PIU will coordinate the resettlement process with other project components anddepartments. The specific issues in R&R and the delivery of entitlements will beimplemented and managed by the Environment and Social Cell in collaboration with theNGO and the Select Committee.

8.1 GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL COMMMEE

The objective would be to provide a step-by-step process of registering and addressingthe grievances. It is expected that this mechanism will ensure redress to the aggrievedparty. The PAPs will have access to the committee, which will function throughout theproject period.

8.2 BUDGET

The total budget for implementing the R&R component in Phase-I of the Project isRs.29.77 million, of which the World Bank will finance Rs.14.72 million, and the remainingamount of Rs.15.06 million will be borne by the Government of Mizoram (see Table 15.1)

The estimated budget for Phase-II of the project is Rs. 48.10 million, of which the WB willfinance Rs. 20.82 million, and the remaining Rs. 27.28 million will be financed by the

Revised by Lea Associates XVII October 2001(Original Document by ICT, CES, LBII)


Government of Mizoram (see Table 15.3). The Phase-II estimate is based on extrapolateddata from Phase-I, and will be updated during preparation of Phase-II of the project.

Table 8-1 Consolidated RAP Budget- Phase I & II, MSRP(INR in million)

Budget Component Phase I Phase ll

GoM WB GoM WBAcquisition of Agricultural Land 1.95 3.04 2.21 4.00

Acquisition of Residential and Commercial Land 7.23 6.05 19.40 10.48

Acquistion of public lands 1.84 0.88

Assistance towards Loss of Livelihood 2.84 0.61 3.44 1.83

Assistance for Encroachers and Squatters - -

Common property resources 0.75 0.90

Institutional Capacity Building and Implementation 0.45 3.52 0.45 3.52

Other provisions including measures as HIV/AIDS - 1.5 1

Total 15.06 14.72 27.28 20.82

8.3 PROJECT MONITORING & EVALUATION SYSTEM

A list of impact performance indicators has been developed, which will be used to monitorproject objectives. These indicators will form the basis for monitoring and evaluation ofthe implementation of the R&IPDP. The socio-economic survey undertaken during theproject preparation will provide benchmarks for comparison on the socio-economic statusof the PAPs (all of whom are Scheduled Tribes) in the post project period.

Monitoring will be the responsibility of the PWD. The Social Cell will compile all the reportsso as to be able to form an overview of the implementation of the R&IPDP. Where theSocial Cell perceives emerging problems, it will have to issue instructions to the concernedNGO and the GRC. The Social Cell will submit a copy of its monthly report separately forphysical and financial components to the PWD. The external evaluator will monitor andevaluate the progress and process of the implementation of the R&IPDP quarterly for oneyear and annually in the subsequent years.

Revised by Lea Associates XVIII October 2001(Original Document by ICT, CES, LBII)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I PROJECT BACKGROUND............................................. 1-i1.1 BACKGROUND.............................................-.....- 1-11.2 THE PROJECT......................................................1-2

1.2. 1 Current Status......................................................1-21.2.2 Proposed limprovements ...................... .................... 1-3

1.3 R&R ISSUES IN THE PROJECT ....................................... 1-51.3.1 Objectives of the Resettlement & Indigenous People Development Plan ......... 1-5

1.4 INTEGRATION OF RAP & IPDP .... ................................... 1-7

CHAPTER 2 APPROACH & METHODS............................................... 2-12.1 THE SURVEYS......................................................2-1

2. 1.1 Reconnaissance .................................................... 2-12.1.2 Collecting Data from Secondary Sources ......................-...-..... 2-12. 1.3 Strip Mapping (Inventory of Social Impacts). .............................. 2-22.1.4 Baseline Census ................... ..... ......................... 2-22.1.5 Baseline Socio-Economic Surveys ......-.............................. 2-3

2.2 COMMUNITY CONSULTATION.................. .... .... ~2-32.2.1 Village Level Consultations ................. ......................... 2-42.2.2 State Level Consultations............................--.............-2-4

2.3 ANALYSES & PLAN......................... ......... ............ 2-42.3.1 Identification of the Corrdor of Impact .............................-..... 2-42.3.2 Analyses of Data & Database Design .................................... 2-42.3.3 Minimnising /Avoiding Social impacts .... ........ ...................... 2-52.3.4 Addressing of other Social issues.......................................2-52.3.5 Addressing Social Impacts/IEntitlement Framework ........................ 2-52.3.6 finaiisat,on of R&IPDP................................................2-5

CHAPTER 3 RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION POLICY ......................... . 3-13.1 PRINCIPLES FOR R&R...............................................3-1

3. 1.1 Compensation & Assistance ........................................... 3-13.1.2 Entitled Persons .................................................... 3-2

3.2 ENTITLEMENT, COMPENSATION AND ASSISTANCE......................3-23.2.1 Entitlements for Project Affected Families (PAFs)...........................3-23.2.2 Summary Entillement ................................................ 3-23.2.3 Entitlements for Project affected Persons (PA Ps)...........................3-53.2.4 Entitlements for Project Affected Groups (PAGs) ........................... 3-6

CHAPTER 4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF MIZORAM............................... . 4-14.1 PROFILE OF THE STATE..............................................4-1

4.1 1 Location ................. .................................. 4-14.1.2 Demography .................................................... 4-I4 1.3 Literacy ......................................... ............. 4-24.1 4 Settlement Pattemn.... ....... .................... ............... 4-24.1.5 Land use .......................................................... 4-3

4.2 ETHNICITY ...-.................................................... 4-34.2. 1 Composition ....................................................... 4-34.2.2 Religion & Culture .................................................. 4-44.2.3 Customary Rights ................................................... 4-44.2.4 Status of Women .......................................--........ 4-4

4.3 ECONOMIC PROFILE..........-......................... ........ 4-54.3. 1 Net Domestic Product ............................................... 4-54.3.2 Urbanisation ... .................................................. 4-54.3.3 Occupational Profile ...............................................- 4-54.3.4 Agriculture and Allied Activities.........................................4-74.3.5 Induslrialisation .................................................... 4-84.3.6 Forestry..........................................................4-94.3. 7 rinfrastructure .........--............--..................... .... 4-9

4.4 Development Programmes............................................4-1 14.4. 1 Agriculture........................................................4-114.4.2 Horticulture ....................................................... 4-12

4.4.3 S p ic e s ... ........-... ,,,.,,.,,,, ......... .... .. . ,,,,,,.,,,,., 4-124.4.4 Floriculture .................................................................................... 4-124.4.5 Mushroom Development . 4-134.4.6 Plantation Crops .4-134.4.7 Marketing of Horticulture Produce .4-134.4.8 Rural Development .4-144.4.9 New Land Use Policy .4-144.4,10 Forestry .4-154.4.11 Industry .... , 4-15

CHAPTER 5 POVERTY .. 5.15.1 INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION .5-1

5.1.1 Poverty Alleviation through Road Improvement .5-15.2 POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN MIZORAM .5-2

5.2.1 Poverty Alleviation Programs .5-25.2.2 Programs in the Project Area .5-3

5.3 POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN THE PROJECT .5-45.3.1 Probable Impacts of Improved Road Network .5-4

5.4 PUBLIC OPINION ON POVERTY ALLEVIATION ISSUES .5-75.4. 1 Measures towards Income Restoration and Uplift of Vulnerable People .5-7

CHAPTER 6 HIV / AIDS .................. 6-16.1 THE INDIAN CONTEXT .. 6-1

61.1 Trends in HIV/AIDS Spread . 6-26.1.2 STD /STIIHIV/AIDS as Highway Diseases .6-36.1.3 HIV/AIDS & Indian Roads .6-46.1.4 Government Initiatives .6-5

6.2 AIDS IN MIZORAM ....................... - .......................................... ............................ 6-66.2.1 Spread of HIVIAIDS in Mizoram .6-6

6.3 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF IDU RELATED HIV/AIDS IN MIZORAM .. 6-86.3.1 Role of IDUs in Introducing HIV into the General Population .6-86.3.2 Estimates of Sero-Positiveity among IDUs in Mizoram .6-1 16.3.3 Interventions in Mizoram ............. ...... ....... ........................ 6-116.3.4 Transmission from the IDUs .6-126.3.5 Possible Actions .6-12

6.4 INTERVENTIONS FROM THE PROJECT ............................... 6-136.4.1 TARGET GROUP .................................... 6-146.4.2 Current Programmes .............................. 6............ , , ,, ,, 6-146.4.3 Recommended Actions .6-15

CHAPTER 7 SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT . . .7-17.1 MINIMISING RESETTLEMENT ........................................... ........................ 7-1

7.1.1 R&R in the Project ........... 7-17. 1.2 Minimising R&R ........... 7-2

7.2 ACQUISITION OF LAND & PROPERTIES . ......... 7-57.2.1 Estimates of Land Required .7-57.2.2 Impact on People due to Land Acquisition .7-67.2.3 Impact on Agricultural Properties .7-97.2.4 Project Affected Community Resources .7-97.2.5 Cultural properties impacted ............ ... ......... -..... ....... -............. ..... 7-10

7.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF PROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS ............... 7-117.3.1 Family Size and Structure .................. 7-127.3.2 Literacy. ...... -- . ....... 7-127.3.3 Occupation ................... 7-137.3.4 Income ... , 7-137.3.5 Skills .................. , 7-137.3.6 Women & Gender Issues .... ........ 7-1............................. 7-167.3.7 Health .................. 7-177.3.8 Temporary Impacts .................. 7-17

7.4 PRELIMINARY SCREENING OF THE PHASE II PROJECT . . 7-18

CHAPTER 8 COMMUNITY CONSULTATION ........ ...................................... 8-18.1 OBJECTIVES ............................................. 8-18.2 COMMUNITY CONSULTATION PROCESS .................................... 8-2

8.2.1 State Level consultations ......................... 8-38.2.2 Household and Village level consultations ............................... 8-3

8.3 KEY OUTCOMES FROM CONSULTATION .......................................................... 8-58.3.1 Local Level Consultations ................................. 8-58.3.2 Special Consultation with Health Department .......... ....................... 8-58.3.3 Specific Design Issues ................................. 8-68.3.4 Views on Resettlement and Rehabilitation . ................................. 8-78.3.5 Perceived Impacts ................................. 8-98.3.6 Community Development Needs ................................. 8-108.3.7 Suggestions Specific to Compensation ................................. 8-10

8.4 PLAN FOR CONTINUED PARTICIPATION ................................ 8-108.4.1 Information Disclosure .................................... 8-108. 4.2 Continued Consultation ................................... 8-11

CHAPTER 9 LAND ACQUISITION & LAND RELATED LAWS ... 9-19.1 LAND SETTLEMENT SYSTEM IN MIZORAM .................................. 9-1

9.1.1 Allotment of Land .................................................. 9-29.1.2 Land ownership .................................................. 9-29.1.3 Conversion of Pass or Permit to Periodic Patta ................................................... 9-39.1.4 Transfer of Land .................................................. 9-39.1.5 Notification for Reserve Land .................................................. 9-39.1.6 Rules for Appeal against an Order ............... ................................... 9-4

9.2 LEGISLATION - LAND AND REVENUE ADMINISTRATION IN MIZORAM .......... 9-49.2.1 The Lushai Hill Districts (House Site) Act 1953 ...................................................... 9-49.2.2 The Mizo District (Agricultural Land) Act, 1963 ....................................................... 9-49.2.3 The Mizo District (Land & Revenue) Acts, 1956 ...................................................... 9-5

9.3 LAND REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PROJECT .................................................... 9-59.4 LAND ACQUISITION PROCEDURE ......................................................... 9-6

9.4.1 Acquisition of private lands .................................................. 9-79.4.2 Free Lands, Jhum Areas & Village Council Lands .................................................. 9-89.4.3 Land belonging to the Churches .................................................. 9-89.4.4 Land/Structures of Non-Govemmental Organisations (YMA, MHIP) ............ ........... 9-89.4.5 Lands/Structures belonging to various Government Departments ............. ............. 9-9

9.5 LAND ACQUISITION PLAN .................... 9-9

CHAPTER 10 INCOME RESTORATION .. . 10-110.1 INCOME GENERATION IN MIZORAM ................ ........................ 10-1

10.1.1 Integrated Sustainable Development Programme ........................................... 10-110.2 LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION IN THE PROJECT . ............................. 10-3

10.2.1 Livelihood of Affected Families .................................. 10-310.2.2 Income Restoration Programs .................................. 10-410.2.3 Issues in Appropriate IR Activities ................................ 10-510.2.4 Alternatives for Income Restoration .................................. 10-710.2.5 Success of Income Generating Schemes (IGS) ............... .................... 10-8

10.3 INCOME RESTORATION PLAN ........................ 10-910.4 MONITORING OF IR SCHEMES ........................ 10-9

CHAPTER 11 INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM & SCHEDULE ... 11-111.1 OVERALL COORDINATION OF R&R ........... .. ............... 11-1

11.1.1 Coordination with the Govemment Agencies ......... ....................... 11-211.1.2 NGO Partnerships .... 112................... ...... 11-211.1.3 Role of Community-Based Organizations ................................ 11-311.1.4 District-Level Committee (DLCs) ................................. 11-311.1.5 Village level Committees ................................ 113

11.2 SOCIAL CELL - STRUCTURE AND STAFFING . .............................. 11-411.2.1 Training and Capacity Building ........................................ 11-511.2.2 Implementation Responsibility ....................................... 11-5

11.3 INITIATION ACTIVITIES ..................................... 11-5

CHAPTER 12 GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL MECHANISM .. 12-112.1 GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL COMMITTEE . 12-112.2 GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL . 12-112.3 RESPONSE TIME ............ 12-1

CHAPTER 13 MONITORING & EVALUATION ................................................. 13-113.1 MONITORING PROJECT OBJECTIVES .13-113.2 TYPE OF MONITORING AND SCHEDULE .13-113.3 MONITORING PROJECT INPUT AND OUTPUT .13-213.4 EXTERNAL EVALUATION .13-4

13.5 REPORTING .13-5

CHAPTER 14 IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISM & SCHEDULE . ................................................ 14-114.1 MAJOR STAGES OF IMPLEMENTATION ..................................... 14-114.2 IMPLEMENTATION MEASURES . .142

14.2.1 Pre-Implementation Measures .14-214.2.2 R&R Implementation Measures .14-3

14.3 GENERAL ACTIVITIES ................................................................ 14-414.4 LAND ACQUISITION ................. ................................ 4 ................. 14-514.5 RELOCATION .. 14-514.6 REHABILITATION .. 14-6

CHAPTER 15 RESETTLEMENT & REHABILITATION BUDGET . ................................................ 15-115.1 UNIT COSTS .. 15-1

15.1.1 Value of land .15-115.1.2 Replacement value of structures .15-215.1.3 Transitional allowance .15-215.1.4 Economic rehabilitation grant .15-215.1.5 Shifting allowance .15-215. 1.6 Rental allowance .15-215. 1.7 Standing crops and trees .15-315.1.8 Resettlement sites .15-315.1.9 Institutional Costs .15-3

15.2 BUDGET ................................................................................................................ 15-315.2.1 Funding. ... ........................ 15-415.2.2 Disbursement of Assistance ........................... 15-415.2.3 Compensation .15-4

CHAPTER 1

PROJECT BACKGROUND

1.1 BACKGROUND

The Government of Mizoram is seeking a World Bank loan (WB Loan no. 4114 IN)available with the Government of India, for upgradation and maintenance of the stateroad network. The project envisages major augmentation of capacity and structuralquality of the road network in the state of Mizoram. The project preparation activitiesincluding the project planning and design is being carried out by the PWD, Government ofMizoram (PWD), through project co-ordinating consultants (PCC).

A Strategic Options Study (SOS), covering 3,534 km of the state road network, wasconducted during October 1998-January 1999 with the objective of establishing arationale for determining investment priorities for the road improvement program andidentifying roads for the further examination of engineering, economic, social andenvironmental feasibility. For the roads so identified, Feasibility Studies, includingengineering analysis and design, social and environmental screening and economicevaluation were carried out (completed in January 2000). Based on the findings of thesestudies and discussions between the PWD and the World Bank, corridors have beenidentified as candidates for (a) improvement/upgradation and (b) major maintenanceworks. The corridors that have been identified for improvement in two phases of theproject are listed in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1: Work Programme

Phase I Phase II TotalType of

Work Road Section Length Road Section Length Length_____________ ~~~~~~(kmn) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ (kmn) (kmn)

PIA: Aizawl - Thenzawl- PI B: Buangpui - Lunglei 71.000Upgradation Buangpui (via Hmuifang) 98.710 BP1: Aizawl Bypass 16.000 185.710W ork s_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Sub-Total: Phase I 98.710 Sub-Total: Phase 1I 87.000

Ml: Kawlkulh-Ngopa-Tuivai 96.625 M2: Kanhmun - Zamuang- 90.440

M4: Keitum-N.Vanlaiphai 45.780 TuilutkawnMajor M5: Lungsen - Chawngte 47 .670 M6: Zobawk - Hualawng 31.000Maintenance 518.615Works M7: Damdiai - Sialsuk 30.100 M15: Serchhip - Thenhlum 105.000

M9. Khawzawl-E.Lungdar 58.000 M16: Selesih-Thuampui 14.000

Sub-Total: Phase I 278.175 Sub-Total: Phase II 240.440

Location maps of the above project roads are enclosed as Figure 1.1 and 1.2.

Revised by Lea Associates 1-1 October 2001(Original Document by ICT, CES, LBII)

Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 1 - Proyect Background

This report addresses the Social Impacts and the R&R Issues along the Priority road'Aizawl - Thenzawl - Buangpui (via Hmuifang) to be implemented under Phase I. ForPhase II, a separate R&IPDP will be prepared (along with the detailed engineeringdesigns).

1.2 THE PROJECT

1.2.1 CURRENT STATUS

The project route (P1-A) follows the existing alignments of the road for Aizawl-Buangpuisection, except that in between Damdiai and Sialsuk, the route is on the existingalternative road via Hmuifang. Geographically, the project road (about 100km2) can bedivided into the following three sections.

* Aizawl - Damdiai approximately 35km* Damdiai - Sialsuk via Hmuifang approximately 30km* Sialsuk - Thenzawl - Buangpui approximately 35km

The characteristics of these road sections are presented in table 1.2 below.

Table 1.2: Existing Characteristics of the Project Alignment (P1-A)

Section Length Carriageway width Formation Shoulders

Aizawl - Damidiai 35km 3.5m paved 5.Om Absent or badDamidiai - Sialsuk 30km Unpaved (Jeepable) 4.0m AbsentSialsuk - Buangpui I35km 3.5m paved 5.Om Absent or bad

The sections between Aizawl-Damdiai and Sialsuk-Thenzawl-Buangpui follow naturalcontours of the hills with generally steep slopes (both on the hill and the valley). Theseslopes are prone to landslides during rainy seasons.

The section between Damdiai-Sialsuk (via Hmuifang) passes through five main villages(Lungsai, Thiak, Sumsuih, Hmuifang and Chamring), and is popularly known as the "FiveVillages Road". It is an unpaved jeepable road without shoulders and with no properarrangements for drainage. The formation width does not generally exceed 4m. With abeautiful scenic view to the west, clean air and a generally salubrious climate, the routeoffers potential for developing tourism around the area.

' For the corridors to be taken up for major maintenance, no widening of the existing alignment isenvisaged and the improvements shall be restricted to the provision of hard shoulders, which will becarried out within the existing road width. As no adverse social impacts are envisaged due to the majormaintenance works, this part of the project is covered under the resettlement action plan or theindigenous people's development plan. However, an Environment and Social Management Plan (ESMF) hasbeen prepared, for maintenance roads to mitigate the social and environmental impacts that may betemporarily caused during the construction stage.

2 The 100km route length has been reduced to 98.7km after design (this is a result of minor improvementof horizontal/vertical curves at several locations).

Revised by Lea Associates 1-2 October 2001(Original Document by ICT, CES, LBli)

Mlzoram State Roads Project 7 Phase I R&IPDP: 1 -Project Background

There are 18 villages (19 settlements3) falling along the project road. The location of thevillages along the project road is shown in Figure 7.1.

1.2.2 PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTS

The improvements works envisaged for the priority road (P1-A) are:

* Widening of the road to an intermediate lane carriageway (5.5m wide) with side drains andshoulders;

* Construction/replacement/reconstruction4 of bridges and culverts;* Construction of retaining walls, breast walls and other slope protection works;* Improvement of the road geometry and junctions wherever necessary; and,* Provision of road signs and other road furniture required for making travel on these roads

safe and comfortable.

Carriageway and formation width

For anticipated low volumes of traffic, a single lane (3.75m) carriageway with 0.5m wideshoulders (as per IRC:52) should more than satisfy the capacity requirements. This wouldrequire a formation width of 5.95m.

However, considering the difficult hilly terrain, the formation width of 5.95 m cannot beconsidered adequate for the safe movement of traffic. Therefore, from the safety point ofview, a double lane (7m) carriageway, with shoulders needed to be proposed. However,while such a provision may assure safety, it cannot be considered economically viable forthe low volumes of traffic and the low incidence of passing vehicles.

A compromise between the two options above, which can reasonably satisfy therequirements of both safety and economy, would be to provide an intermediate lanecarriageway (5.5m) with additional formation to accommodate shoulders and side drain.Providing 0.5m wide shoulders and 0.6m wide side drains, the project road would need aformation width of 7.1m. This formation width will also provide reasonably safe andadequate lateral clearances for the passing vehicles. A minimum formation width of 7.1m5

on the straight portion and a maximum of 8m near curves are proposed in the project.This formation width was also determined to minimize impacts on the settlements alongthe project road. A typical cross section proposed for the priority road has been presentedin Figure 1.1.

3 Village Maubong has two settlements, Damidiai and Lungsai.

4 Where required, new culverts will be added.

5 Keeping in view the minimum formation width of 7.1m on straights and a maximum of 8m on curves of theproject road, a COI of 8m was considered for assessing social impact caused by the proposed project.However, all properties within a corTidor of 12m width had been covered in the census.


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 1 - Project Background

Realignment sections

The improvements proposed under the project are almost exclusively along the existingalignment, except for some minor realignment to avoid acquisition of properties and forimprovement of the road geometry. The list of locations where realignments have beenworked out is presented in Table 1.3.

Table 1.3: Realignment Sections

Si. Location From To Length Reason for realignmentNo. (kmp) (kmp) (in)

1. Falkawn Village 15.816 16.011 195 Following existing shorter route

2. 25.883 25.939 56 Cutting the hill to straighten the curve

3. Tachhip village 20.100 20.300 200 Realigning on the valley site to straighten curve

4. 33.521 34.320 69 On valley side to avoid sharp curve & ridge joints

5. 40.347 40.438 91 Realigning on valley side by dumping

6. Thiak village 41.760 41.797 37 Realigning on valley side by dumping

7. Thiak village 41.880 41.969 89 Realigning to straighten two curves

8. 1 42.100 42.215 115 Realigning on valley side to straighten 2 curves9. 43.260 Realigning on valley side to straighten curve

11. 48.925 48.953 28 Realigning on valley side to straighten curve

12. Village Sialsuk 62.365 65.070 2705 Sialsuk bypass

13. 78.687 78.823 136 Realigning on valley near stone quarry

14. 86.530 86.540 10 Realigning on valley side to straighten a curve

15. Near pond 86.767 86.860 93 Realigning to avoid curves

16. 86.936 87.003 67 Realigning to avoid curves

17. 87.223 87.443 220 To avoid 3 curves by cutting across valley

18. Near pond i 88.524 88.641 117 Realigning to straighten 2 curves across valley

19. 88.774 88.835 61 Realigning to avoid curves

20 Near pond 92.379 92.438 59 Realigning to avoid difficult horizontal curve.

21. 95.920 95.956 36 Realigning towards valley side

22 97.306 97.350 44 Towards valley side to straighten curve

23 97.523 97.504 19 Towards valley side to straighten curve

24 97.754 97.818 64 Towards valley side to straighten 2 curves

25 98.082 98.450 368 Towards valley side to straighten 2 curves

26 98.975 99.030 55 Reduced length (55m instead of existing 550m)

For each of the realignment sections, a comparison of the route options along the existingand realignment sections has been worked out as part of the feasibility study for theproject. This comparison indicates that the alternative routes along the realignmentsections are (a) shorter, (b) better horizontal curvatures, (c) better sight distances6 , and(d) without any additional adverse social implications (or displacement). These alternativeroutes have therefore been preferred over the existing routes.

6 Although, the gradient of the realigned road would be slightly greater than on the existing alignment


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&1PDP: I - Project Background

Because of the above changes in the road alignment for improvement in the road

geometrics, the design length of the project road is 98.712km as against its original

surveyed length of 100km.

1.3 R&R ISSUES IN THE PROJECT

The project corridor between Aizawl and Buangpui via Hmuifang passes through 18

villages (19 settlements). With the non-avaiability of flat lands for the spread of

settlements, the development of settlements is restricted to the transportation routes,

with residential and commercial development just abutting the road (very close on the

valley side). As residential/commercial structures are located on the edge of the road,

even minor widening will result in displacement of a few of these structures.

The available formation in most cases is less than the 7.1m required for accommodating

the intermediate lane cross-section suggested, which calls in for an acquisition of private

land and properties. Apart from the acquisition of private land and properties, the project

will also involve the acquisition of land belonging to several community organisations and

governmental departments.

The Resettlement & Indigenous People's Development Plan (R&IPDP) details the approach,

principles and measures adopted in minimizing and mitigating negative social and economicimpacts caused by the project. The R&IPDP also includes the magnitude of displacement,

detailed time schedule for implementation and the principles and procedures that will govern

implementation of the R&R components of the project.

1.3.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE RESETTLEMENT & INDIGENOUS PEOPLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN

Resettlement Action Plan

The World Bank's operational directive (OD 4.30) on involuntary resettlement provides for

the guidelines to be followed in minimising or avoiding displacement and mitigating the

negative impacts (for details, see Box 2.1). The PWD, Government of Mizoram also has

adopted a resettlement and rehabilitation (R&R) policy, which is the basis of preparation

of this R&IPDP. The Policy also provides for a framework for entitlements andcategorization of the project affected persons (PAPs).

* Indigenous People Development Plan

As per the 1991 census, 97% of the state population belong to the scheduled tribes (STs).

All the project-affected persons would belong to STs. In this context, the project needspreparation of an Indigenous People's Development Plan (IPDP). In accordance to the

OD.4.20 (see Box 2.2) on Indigenous People, the IPDP needs to,

* Ensure that indigenous people benefit from development projects, and* Avoid or mitigate potentially adverse effects on indigenous people caused by the project.


,1v -oram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP. 1 - Project Background

Box 2.1: Objectives of the World Bank's OD 4.30 - Salient Points

a) Involuntary resettlement should be avoided where feasible, or minimised, exploring all viablealternative project designs such as realignment of roads may significantly reduce resettlement needs.

b) Where involuntary resettlement in unavoidable, resettlement activities should be conceived andexecuted as sustainable development programmes, providing sufficient investment resources to givethe persons displaced by the project the opportunity to share in the project benefits. Displacedpersons should have opportunities to participate in planning and implementing resettlementprogrammes.

c) Displaced persons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and standards ofliving or at least to restore them, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing priorto beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher. Displaced persons should be (i)compensated for their losses at full replacement cost prior to the actual move; (ii) assisted with themove and supported during the transition period in the resettlement site and (iii) assisted in theirefforts to improve their former living standards, income earning capacity, and production levels, or atleast to restore them. Particular attention to be paid to the needs of the poorest groups to beresettled.

d) Community participation in planning and implementing resettlement should be encouraged.Appropriate patterns of social organisation should be established, and existing social and culturalinstitutions of resettlers and their hosts should be supported and used, to the greatest extentpossible.

e) Resettlers should be integrated socially and economically into host communities so that the adverseimpacts on host communities are minimised. The best way of achieving this integration is forresettlement to be planned in areas benefiting from the project and through consultation with thefuture hosts.

f) Land, housing, infrastructure, and other compensation should be provided to the adversely affectedpopulation, indigenous groups, ethnic minorities, and pastoralists who may have usufruct orcustomary rights to the land or other resources taken by the project. The absence of legal title toland by such groups should not be a bar to compensation.

Box 2.2: Pre-requisites of an IPDP - OD4.20

(a) The key step in project design is the preparation of a culturally appropriate development plan basedon full consideration of the options preferred by the indigenous people affected by the project.

(b) Studies should make all efforts to anticipate adverse trendslikely to be induced by the project anddevelop the means to avoid or mitigate harm.

(c) The institutions responsible for government interaction with indigenous peoples should possess thesocial, technical, and legal skills needed for carrying out the proposed development activities.Implementation arrangements should be kept simple. They should normally involve appropriateexisting institutions, local organizations, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) with expertise inmatters relating to indigenous peoples.

(d) Local patterns of social organization, religious beliefs, and resource use should be taken into accountin the plan's design.

(e) Development activities should support production systems that are well adapted to the needs andenvironment of indigenous peoples.

(f) The plan should avoid creating or aggravating the dependency of indigenous people on projectentities. Planning should encourage early handover of project management to local people. Asneeded, the plan should include general education and training in management skills for indigenouspeople from the onset of the project.

(g) Successful planning for indigenous peoples frequently requires long lead times, as well asarrangements for extended follow-up.

(h) Where effective programs are already functioning, support can take the form of incremental fundingto strengthen them rather than the development of entirely new programs


Mizoram State Roads Pro)ect - Phase I R&IPDP: I - Project Background

1.4 INTEGRATION OF RAP & IPDP

The entire population in the project region belonging to tribal community, the R&R issuesin the project would involve only those of the tribal households. Therefore, to address theR&R and indigenous people's issues together, a combined Resettlement and IndigenousPeople Development Plan (R&IPDP) has been prepared.

Scope of the R&RIPDP

The project's social impacts and R&R component includes assessment of the socialimpacts of the project and development of appropriate mitigation plans as required. Whilethe RAP addresses the problems and issues of the entire affected population, it givesspecial emphasis to socially and economically vulnerable characteristics of the PAPs. TheRAP ensures that the economic opportunities of the impacted persons are not disruptedand they are able to regain their previous living standard. These R&IPDP complies withthe appropriate national and local laws and guidelines and with the WB policy directives.The R&IPDP preparation was carried out in close co-ordination with the design and theenvironmental components of the project, and included active participation amongst theproject stakeholders, local communities and the various project affected groups. Theentire process was worked out adopting a people centred development principles.

The R&IPDP preparation process comprised the following major elements:

* Social screening and impact assessment as part of the feasibility studies* Census and baseline socio-economic survey of the potentially affected population• Consultations at village, district and state levels- Finalisation of entitlements and preparation of the R&IPDP.e Finalising implementation arrangements for the implementation of the R&IPDP, including

monitoring arrangements.

The R&IPDP is a living document and will be updated as and when necessary. TheR&IPDP data would be verified at site before implementation7. The methods that hadbeen adopted for preparing the R&IPDP are presented in Chapter 3 of this Report.

7 The data has gone through several checks, even in the preparation stage, and during an independentreview.


A S S A M

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Fig. IK: Map of Mizoram Showing Project Roads

' ^izawl

/ OM~~~~eIriot (km 10.40) |Kelsih(km- 12.30)C Yec(nn1.0

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\ J / ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Chhingchhip

\1 \ | ~~~~~~~~~~~~Chhichtlcng

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LEGEND:,,,, ... Nctioncol Highway Fig. 1.2 Settlements; Along Project Route_ ~~~Proposed Road .

Other Road MIZORAM STATE ROADS PROJECT - Phase I0 Settlement (Aizawl - Hmuifang - Buangpui)~~~~River

FLEA Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd.@

CHAPTER 2

APPROACH & METHODS

The approach and methods followed for preparing the R&IPDP for the project is discussedin this Chapter. Social impact assessment was an integral part of the project preparation,and the social inputs were integrated into the engineering designs at all stages of theproject-preparation (from the economic prioritisation to the finalisation of the design).

Social assessment was carried out on the basis of primary data collected, consultationwith the stakeholders and information from secondary sources. Socio-economic baselinesurvey and the census were carried out using structured questionnaires. Information hadalso been collected through focus-group discussions and interactive PRA methods.

The various tasks and issues involved in the methodology are outlined in Figure 2.1.

The social assessment process had the following major components:

* Early screening and assessment of magnitude of social impacts as part of feasibility studies* Continuous Consultation with the various stakeholders and the affected community

throughout the project* Census and Baseline Socio-economic survey of the potentially affected population, and;- Preparation of the R&IPDP for the project.* Assistance to the PIU in the preparation of land acquisition plans for the project.

2.1 THE SURVEYS

Surveys undertaken for social impact assessment, and in the preparation of the R&IPDPfor the project are described in the following sub-sections.

2.1.1 RECONNAISSANCE

Teams comprising of social scientists, engineers and environmental planners undertookreconnaissance of the project route to carry out a preliminary assessment of the likelyextent of impacts on people due to the project. This helped in initial conceptualisation ofthe project, and about its design parameters.

2.1.2 COLLECTING DATA FROM SECONDARY SOURCES

Secondary sources of information such as the District Census Handbooks and DistrictGazetteers (of the districts of Aizawl and Lunglei) were examined. Understanding wasdeveloped about the physical, social, economic, and cultural set-up of the project areabefore undertaking detailed field investigations.


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 2 - Approach & Methods

Information was collected on the socio-economic and demographic profile of the affectedvillages. The village profiles created/examined included information on the infrastructurefacilities, institutional mechanisms and power structure within the villages includinggender equity factors, and women's role, relationship and status in the villages at present.Information was collected on the roles, activities and responsibilities of the various NGOsactive in the state.

2.1.3 STRIP MAPPING (INVENTORY OF SOCIAL IMPACTS)

To inventorise the existing environmental and social features within the existingformation, and to assess the land use in the immediate vicinity of the corridor, strip plansof the project road have been prepared. The sample format was pre-tested and perfectedprior to use and application. Field teams comprised of social and environmental planners,field investigators, economists, and engineers.

The inventorisation exercises included collection of information on owner/occupant of thestructures, type of the structures, building uses, approximate dimensions and sizes. Also,the various common property resources and public structures within 15m on either side ofthe project road were inventoried.

2.1.4 BASELINE CENSUS

To assess the extent of loss to the PAPs, a 100% census was carried out of the propertiesfalling within a CoI' of 12m (i.e., 6m on either side of the existing centreline of thecarriageway). All structures and land falling within this width were listed and householdinformation obtained through structured questionnaires. The questionnaire (see Annexure2.1 in Volume II of this Report) was finalized after pre-testing on the site. These surveyswere conducted after prior information about the survey was communicated to all thePAPs through the village council presidents2.

Each structure and land parcel falling within the COI was surveyed. As part of the survey,the following were surveyed and measured, including:

* Footprint of the structure and plot of the land;* The aerial distance of the structure/land from the existing centreline of the carriageway;* Location of the structure/land with respect to the existing road (by chainage);* The type of construction (permanent, semi-permanent or temporary) for a structure; and,* The number of floors in a structure

Measured horizontally, without bias to the slope of the sides, 6m on either side from the centreline of theexisting carriageway (or centreline of the road-width available, where paved carriageway is not available).

2 The first step in conducting the Census was to contact the Village Council President in each village, explainto him the importance of the project and tell him that the survey team would visit the particular village ata designated time and date. He in turn announced this information through the public address system toall the villagers and asked them to be present at their homes at the designated time.


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 2 -Approach & Methods

Each affected building structure was given an identification number (which was painted

on the building for ready reference in future surveys) of the following type:

R/V/Side/NumberWhere, R is the identification for the project road (invariably P1-A);V is the name of the village (using 3 or 4 initial alphabets);Side denoted by "L" or "R" for left or right hand sides traveling North to SouthNumber is the 3-digit serial identification number of each structure in each village.

The recorded data from census included the owner's name, address of the property, and

availability of the "village council pass" with the owner/tenant and the category of loss.

The database prepared provides the profile of the people surveyed including family

structure, occupation of the family members, literacy level and income of the family.

Information about assets such as boundary wall, public property, institutions, private land

occupants and tenants were also recorded.

2.1.5 BASELINE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEYS

A socio-economic survey was conducted for 25% of the households covered under the

census. The basic objective of these surveys were:

* To assess the socio-economic status of the people being affected due to the project; and,* To develop a baseline for future monitoring of the impacts and resettlement processes.

The survey recorded details pertaining to the following:

e Socio-economic features;* The quality of life of the people;* The expenditure pattern;* Incidences of migration for work; and,* Type and frequency of diseases encountered.

These details helped to provide a database to develop indicators for the monitoring and

evaluation of implementation of R&IPDP. A structured questionnaire, which was pre-

tested in the field, was used for conducting this socio-economic survey. This questionnaire

is enclosed in Annexure 2.2 in Volume II of this Report.

2.2 COMMUNITY CONSULTATION

Public consultation was considered to be an extremely important process and the R&IPDPwas prepared on the basis of people's perceptions about the project impacts and felt

needs. The details of these issues discussed with the public are given in the checklist

enclosed in Annexure 2.3 in Volume II of this report. The details of the public information

campaigns and consultations are provided in Chapter 8 of this Report.

The objective of public consultations was to disseminate information about the project to

the potentially affected population and to incorporate their views and suggestions for

preparing the R&IPDP and design. Two levels of consultation were undertaken-at the

village level (at strategic sections along the project road), and at the state level.



2.2.1 VILLAGE LEVEL CONSULTATIONS

The consultations were conducted during 1999-2001, at all important settlements andvillages along the project road. Consultations were held with potentially impacted people;village council members; prominent persons from the villages, like teachers, healthworkers, doctors, etc.; and women from the villages.

The consultations were also carried out with help of a structured questionnaire preparedand circulated in advance to the various groups through the village council presidents.The consultations discussed various issues related to minimizing social impacts, projectdesign, resettlement and rehabilitation policy and the resettlement action plan. Thesevillage level consultations also helped to finalize various solutions for relocation of watertanks, bus stops, hand pumps; and to location of proposed construction camps, dumpingsites, etc.

2.2.2 STATE LEVEL CONSULTATIONS

State level consultations were held through a Stakeholders Workshop (The Road Show) atAizawl in July 1999. This workshop was attended by the prominent personalities from thestate, including the Chief Minister. The other participants, along with the PAPs, includedthe PWD officials, the PCC personnel, and officials from the revenue department. Thebasic objective of this workshop were:

* To build awareness about the project among the people, district level administration, non-government organizations (NGOs); and,

* To facilitate benefit from their suggestions and ideas and implementation of the projectwith their support.

2.3 ANALYSES & PLAN

2.3.1 IDENTIFICATION OF THE CORRIDOR OF IMPACT

The corridor of impact (CoI) along the improvement routes, which might need to becleared for the project, was worked out, based on the likely magnitude of social impactsfrom the strip mapping exercise. Based on the cross-sections worked out, and theminimum safety zone requirements, a CoI of 12m was worked out. This 12m width alongthe project route formed the basis for the carrying out of the census of properties.

2.3.2 ANALYSES OF DATA & DATABASE DESIGN

The survey formats filled up were scrutinized on site everyday, and the data was verifiedon the same day. Any data gaps were rectified on the field and the data updated.Analysis was carried out separately for the census, socio-economic survey and the publicconsultations.

The census data analysed included the social stratification of the project-affected people(PAPs), their income sources and levels, their assets and types of losses among other



details. The analyses socio-economic data covered the expenditure pattern of the PAPs,their quality of life, and other socio-economic characteristics. The analyses of thecommunity consultation findings.looked into the preferences and opinions of the peopleregarding the project, possibility of public collaboration, and resolution of perceivedconflicts of interest. General social systems, the socio-cultural issues, and othercharacteristics pertaining to the overall socio-economic and cultural baseline of the peoplewere also analysed.

2.3.3 MINIMISING / AVOIDING SOCIAL IMPACTS

Minimising social impacts through modifications in design and the shifting of alignmenthave been worked out throughout the project preparation period. Efforts were taken up tominimise the extent of social impacts by continuous interaction of the social team with thedesign team. The extent of minimisation at the various locations has been presented inthe Chapter 7 of this Report on social impact assessment.

2.3.4 ADDRESSING OF OTHER SOCIAL ISSUES

Apart from the issue of R&R (for the private properties to be impacted), surveys havebeen conducted and detailed analysis carried out for several significant social issues ofdirect relevance to the project, including those on:

* HIV/AIDS issues in the project;* Poverty alleviation perspectives; and,* Income restoration Schemes.

Measures have been suggested for addressing these issues, which have been detailed inlater Chapters of this Report.

2.3.5 ADDRESSING SOCIAL IMPACTS / ENMLEMENT FRAMEWORK

The Government of Mizoram has prepared an R&R policy to address the social impacts inthe project, which is in line with the WB operational directives. The Entitlements to thevarious categories of the project-affected persons have been worked out based on theEntitlement Framework, which forms a part of the said R&R policy.

2.3.6 FINALISATION OF R&IPDP

The R&IPDP for the project has been prepared in accordance with the R&R Policy (seeSection 2.3.5), addressing the various social issues. The R&IPDP includes mitigation/compensation measures for each type of losses, a grievance redressal mechanism, aninstitutional framework and implementation schedule, a monitoring and evaluation plan(includes recommended monitoring/evaluation indicators), and a budget. The R&IPDPdocument has been finalised in continuous interaction with and inputs from the PWD andthe World Bank.



Figure 2.1: Methodology for the Resettlement Action Plan

Preparation of the Resettlement Action Plan

Corridor of Impact (COI) l Design Formation widthl Social Impact Assessment

Stage 1 Social Surveys

Census survey Socio-Economic Survey Public information &

Consultations

Numbering: Project RoadNo.Nillage Village Level

Code/LHS/RHS/001 -N

Major impacted villages2 5 % Of Census * Village council members;

1000/l Affected Households Prominent persons from the100%/o Affected village

Households . Women members of the villag

State Level Stakeholders'

IF WorkshopConducted through a

Conducted Through A structured questionnaire

Structured Questionnaire | q

| Conducted through a well

defined checklist

_~~~0 Oupus (Cmpie Dt)

Note: Figure continued next page



Stage 2

................................................ ........................................................................................................ ......................... ................. .........................................................................................

Outputs from Stage 1

Census Socio-economic Public Information &Survey Survey Consultation

* Social Status a Expenditure pattern . Social Systems. Inoial Staturs * Quality of life index * Socio-cultural issues

Incomets Source* Socio-economic features of . Marriage system

* Assets of Lossesthe region * Awareness of the project. Types of Losses_ Acceptance of the project

- Types of benefits likely tobe opted

. Other supportmechanisms from or forthe project from thepeople

Note: Figure continued next page

Figure 2.1continued

Revised by Lea Associates 2-7 October 2001(Original Document by [CT, CES, LBII)


Stage 3

Output from Stage 2 (Impact Assessment)

Legal Framework | -

Government of MizoramGovernment of India Guidelines World Bank

guidelines Guidelines

Preparing R&IPDP

. Loss of Assets - Institutional * Monitoring &classification framework & Evaluation

. Entitlement mechanism . Budgetframework . Implementation

. Grievance redressal framework &schedule

Figure 2.1continued


CHAPTER 3

RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION POLICY

The R&R policy for the project has been prepared by the Government of Mizoram, PWD inaccordance with the principles laid down in the Operational Directive (OD 4.20/4.30) ofthe World Bank. This Resettlement and Indigenous Peoples Development Plan (R&IPDP)has been prepared on the basis of the broad outlines laid down in the policy. The PWDmay from time to time make amendments in this R&R Policy as and when considerednecessary.

3.1 PRINCIPLES FOR R&R

The principles contained in the R&R policy guided an action plan to resettle andrehabilitate the people affected by the project. The detailed R&R policy has been given inAnnexure 3.1 in Volume II of this report. The Government of Mizoram Order forendorsement of the Resettlement and Rehabilitation (R&R) Policy is enclosed as Annexure3.2 in Volume II of this Report.

The principles of R&R policy are that:

* Involuntary resettlement shall be avoided to the extent possible or minimized wherefeasible, exploring all viable alternative project designs;

* Where displacement is unavoidable, people losing assets, livelihood or other resourcesshall be assisted in improving or at a minimum regaining their former status of living at nocost to themselves; and,

e People's participation shall be sought in planning and implementation of the project.

3.1.1 COMPENSATION & ASSISTANCE

The R&IPDP delivers a comprehensive package of compensation and assistance to entitledpersons, families and groups suffering losses as a result of the project. It providesmitigation/compensation for:

* Loss of assets, including lands and house;* Loss of livelihood or income opportunities; and,* Collective impacts on community assets, such as loss of common property resources.

All losses will be compensated (and additionally assisted) at replacement value,irrespective of their legal standing' in the project area. As all persons affected by theproject belong to indigenous/tribal communities, the entitlements for compensation/assistance consider particular needs of the indigenous population. Special assistance will

The R&R Policy prescribes that the legal status of the project affected or displaced shall not be a bindingfactor for the decision on the compensation and entitlements.


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&1IPDP. 3 - Resettlement & Rehabilitation Policy

be extended to the more vulnerable sections of the community to enhance their earningopportunities.

3.1.2 ENTITLED PERSONS

The eligible families for support have been defined in the R&R policy. According to thepolicy the following definitions are of importance:

* In cases of land acquisition, the cut-off date would be the date of issuing the notice u/s 4sub-section (1) of Land Acquisition Act 1894 as amended in 1984.

* All people above the age of 18 years have been defined as a separate family and will beeligible for support, if affected by the project.

• Vulnerable people are those whose annual income is less than the designated sum fixed bythe Planning Commission, Government of India and earning up to 25% above this sum.Vulnerable groups for the project also includes households belonging to scheduled castesand tribes, women headed households, disabled, widows, divorced, single unwed mothersand aged persons regardless of their income.

3.2 ENTITLEMENT, COMPENSATION AND ASSISTANCE

As part of the R&IPDP, all social impacts due to the project have been inventoried, andthe likely impacts on properties assessed. All properties within the corridor of impact havebeen surveyed, based on findings and analysis of which, the entitlement framework hasbeen worked for all the various categories of entitled persons to be affected on all theproject corridors for future projects. Three types of entitlements are defined andsummarized in the following sections.

3.2.1 ENTITLEMENTS FOR PROJECT AFFECTED FAMILIES (PAFs)

These entitlements are to cover loss of access to land, structures and other assets, suchas crops. Also included are shifting allowances, rights to salvage building materials, andcounselling on alternative assistance.

There are nine general actions for the PAF category. They are:

* Consultation, counseling regarding alternatives, and assistance in identifyingnew sites and opportunities

PAPs are eligible to receive consultation and counselling with regard to their entitlementsand compensation. Additionally they will be shown alternatives available for relocation oftheir business or households. They will receive assistance to identify new sites forrelocation and will be guided on what opportunities are available to them for vocationaland training opportunities.

3.2.2 SUMMARY ENTITLEMENT

The Summary entitlement matrix for the project is given in Table 3.1.


Mizoram State Roads Project 7 Phase I R&IPDP. 3 - Resettlement & Rehabilitation Policy

Table 3.1: Summary Entitlement Matrix

l ~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~Titleholders Tenants lTypes of Project Affected People Within COI (12m) V | TenaNV

I V NV V NLoss of land and other assets

Unit of Entitlement: Project-affected Household (PAH)

Consultation, counseling regarding alternatives in identifying Yes Yes Yes Yesnew sites and opportunities

Compensation for land at replacement cost, plus allowances Yes Yes No Nofor fees or other charges

Advance notice to harvest non-perennial crops, or Yes Yes Yes Yescompensation for lost standing crops

Compensation for perennial crops and trees, calculated as Yes Yes Yes Yesannual produce value times remaining producing years

Replacement or compensation for structures or other non-land Yes Yes Yes Noassets

Right to salvage materials from existing structures Yes Yes No No

Inclusion in existing Government housing schemes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Shifting assistance (new housing must be available before Yes Yes Yes Yespeople are made to move)

Option of moving to resettlement sites or cluster, incorporating Yes Yes Yes Yesneeds for shelter and livelihood

Loss of livelihoodUnit of Entitlement: Project-affected Person (PAP) l

Rehabilitation and assistance for less or diminished livelihood Yes Yes Yes Yes

Additional support mechanisms for vulnerable groups in Yes No Yes Noreestablishing or enhancing livelihood

Employment opportunities in connection with project to the Yes Yes Yes Yesextent possible

Loss of community structure/facilitiesl

Unit of Entitlement: Project-affected Group (PAG)

Restoration and improvement of common property resources such as public water pumps, sanitation anddrainage facilities, shrines and temples, churches, cultural heritage, etc.

Provision for women's needs particularly related to location of sources of water and firewood, social forestryprograms may be considered

Provision for safe space and access for business purposes, local transport and public use.

Safety measures for pedestrians, particularly children and other non-motorized transport

Landscaping of community common areas in urban environments

Notes:

1) Tenants can include vulnerable (V) and non-vulnerable (NV) groups. Where their entitlements differ, thefollowing applies: No - non-vulnerable PAPs are not entitled, Yes - vulnerable PAPs are entitled.

2) If PAPs are displaced within the 2-month notification period and permanent housing is not available,temporary housing will be provided until their permanent structures are ready.

3) The numbers will have to be verified by the PIU/NGOs.

4) The components of the R&IPDP compensation and assistance package for categories of loss are arrangedagainst eligibility criteria.

Revised by Lea Associates 3-3 October 2001


Ai2zoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 3 - Resettlement & Rehabilitation Policy

Compensation for land at replacement cost, plus allowances for fees or othercharges

All PAFs holding a village council (VC) pass are considered as titleholders2 and are eligiblefor compensation under the Land Acquisition Act. The PAFs are also eligible for provisionof other support mechanisms. One of these could be the provision of replacement land forthe land acquired for the project. All fees, taxes and other charges incurred in therelocation and reestablishment of the EPs will be met by the project.

. Advance notice to harvest non-perennial crops, or compensation for loss ofstanding crops

The PAPs will be informed in advance that the land on which their crops are planted to beused by the project in the near future and that they must harvest their crops in time. Ifadequate time for harvesting standing crops is not given, the EPs will be compensated forthe loss.

* Compensation for perennial crops and trees will be calculated as annualproduce value times remaining productive years

The value would be calculated by multiplying the annual production value by the numberof productive years remaining.

Replacement or compensation for structures or other non-land assets

The EPs are eligible for replacement or compensation for structures and other non-land-related or land related assets that are impacted by the project.

* Right to salvage materials from existing structures

The EPs are eligible to salvage material from their existing structures and sites, with theexception of trees.

• Inclusion in existing government housing schemes

Only those EPs belonging to a vulnerable group, as defined by the project, are eligible forthe existing housing schemes for the weaker sections of society.

Shifting assistance

The EPs are entitled to a shifting allowance to move their belongings. If their relocationsite is not ready for them, at the end of the two-month notification period, the projectmust make temporary arrangements until their permanent structures are ready.

(Note: Replacement housing must be available before people are made to move.)

2 With documentary or verbal proof, they can be considered as titleholders as declared by the Governmentof Mizoram.

Revised by Lea Associates 3-4 October 2001(Original Document by ICT, CES, LBli)

Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP.- 3 - Resettlement & Rehabllitation Policy

Option of moving to resettlement sites, or clusters, incorporating needs forshelter and livelihood

The EPs will be given the option of voluntary relocation to a site they have chosenthemselves wherever possible, otherwise to a site chosen by the implementation team(includes the PIU and the NGO). Whichever option the EP chooses he/she will receive asmuch support from the PIU as is required to resettle and rehabilitate the household.

3.2.3 ENTITLEMENTS FOR PROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS (PAPS)

Every household member in the age group of 18 years and above is eligible for assistancefor loss of livelihood. Thus, there may be more than one person eligible in eachhousehold. The project will provide rehabilitation and assistance for lost or diminishedlivelihood for any individual impacted by the project. Additional support mechanisms willbe made available to vulnerable groups to re-establish or enhance their livelihood throughexisting government employment programs. If available, employment associated with theproject would be provided. Three actions are possible:

* Rehabilitation and assistance for lost or diminished livelihood

The EPs are eligible for help to regain their original levels of economic well being.Vulnerable groups will receive the most targeted support. All EPs will be counselled onoptions to improve their economic status.

* Additional support mechanisms for vulnerable groups in reestablishing orenhancing livelihood

Members of vulnerable groups who are also EPs will receive targeted support from thePIU. Counselling on alternatives, guidance on appropriate training programs and adviceon marketing new products will be given.

e Employment opportunities connected with the project to the extent possible

To the persons whose livelihood is impacted by the project employment as unskilledlabour during construction and maintenance works will be offered, wherever possible.However, this employment is not linked to the entitlements necessary to restore EPslivelihood, but is an additional opportunity.

Also, collective entitlements will usually include some employment opportunities forconstruction, operation and maintenance of the community resources created. The EPsand PAPs would be given priority over others, should such a demand arises. A clause willbe incorporated in the contract documents requiring contractors to give a percentage of

3the employment opportunities to local people if the community so desires

3 However, it should be noted that demand for construction-related jobs is quite limited in the project area.


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 3 - Resettlement & Rehabilitation Policy

3.2.4 ENTITLEMENTS FOR PROJECT AFFECTED GROUPS (PAGS)

Community based entitlements will be provided where possible, and targeted especially atvulnerable and weaker groups. Six actions are listed under this category.

* Restoration and improvement of common property resources, such as public water pumps,sanitation and drainage facilities.

• Provision for a woman's needs, particularly related to location of sources of water andfirewood. Social forestry programs may be considered.

• Provision of safe space and access for business purposes, local transport, and public use.* Safety measures for pedestrians, particularly children, and other non-motorized transport in

the form of hospitals.* Provision of roadside rest areas and motor garages and petrol pumps.* Provision for public water facilities at various points along the road at high altitudes for

travelling people and vehicles.


CHAPTER 4

SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF MIZORAM

The socio economic profile of the project influence area is described in the followingsections. It draws on secondary data at the state and district levels available from variousgovernment publications and departments.

4.1 PROFILE OF THE STATE

4.1.1 LOCATION

Mizoram is a mountainous region that became the 23rd state of the Indian Union inFebruary 19871. It was one of the districts of Assam till 1972 when it became a UnionTerritory. After being annexed by the British in 1891, for the first few years, Lushai Hills inthe north remained under Assam while the southern half remained under Bengal. Boththese parts were amalgamated in 1898 into one district called Lushai Hills District underthe Chief Commissioner of Assam. Mizoram is bounded by Myanmar in the east and thesouth, Bangladesh in the west, Tripura in the north-west and Assam in the north.

4.1.2 DEMOGRAPHY

The state has a total area of 21,087km2 , and a population of 891,058 persons as perprovisional results of the Census of India 2001. District wise population, density andgrowth rate of the state as per the 2001 provisional Census is given in Table 4.1.

The state has a population density as low as 42 persons/km2 . Aizawl is the mostpopulated district followed by Kolasib, which is also growing at a fast rate. As againstdecadal growth rate of 21.3% percent at the national level, the state has recorded a veryhigh growth rate during 1991-2001, although the rate declined in comparison to theprevious decade. Kolasib is the only district registering higher growth rate than theprevious decade whereas, district Mamit has recorded a negative population growth rate.

The sex ratio2 of 921, which was marginally lower than the national average of 927 in1991, has exceeded the national average in 20001, with a sex ratio of 933.

W With the implementation of the North-Eastern Reorganisation Act in 1972, Mizoram became a UnionTerritory and as a sequel to the signing of the historic memorandum of settlement between theGovernment of India and the Mizo National Front in 1986, it was granted statehood on 20 February 1987.

2 Number of females per 1000 male population


Aizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP.: 4 - Socio-Economic Profile of Mizoram

Table 4.1: District-wise Population Characteristics in Mizoram

state/ Population 2001 Decadal Growth Sex Ratio fDensityDistrict l , Rate l |

Persons Males Females 81-91 91-01 l1991 2001 1991 2001

Mamit 62,313 32,766 29,547 23.57 -3.50 891 9 02 21 121Kolasib 60,977 31,874 29,103 26.82 36.01 924 938 32 1 44

Aizawl l 339,812 173,930 165,882 57.23 39.24 917 913 68 | 95 l

Champhai T 101,389 51,869 49,520 32.31 29.77 969 954 25 l 32

Serchhip 55,539 28,445 27,094 20.36 18.45 959 955 33 139 Lunglei 137,155 l 71,353 65,802 28.79 23.10 910 953 25 30

Lawgtlai 73,050 38,425 34,625 52.68 34.78 885 922 21 29

l Saiha 60,823 31,121 29,702 47.72 33.16 939 90143

Total 891,058 459,783 l 431,275 39.70 29.18 921 l 938 l 33 l 42

Source: Census of India, 2001

4.1.3 LITERACY

Total literacy in the state has risen to 88.5% in 2001 from 82.3% during the 1991 Census.The male literacy is 90.69 % and female literacy is 86 %. The average literacy rate in2001 was very high compared the national literacy rate (65.4 %). The literacy rates amongthe different districts, the growth of literacy between 1991-2001, and the gender-wisedistribution are given in Table 4.3.

Table 4.2: Literacy Rate 1991 & 2001-Mizoram

District Literacy Rate 1991 Literacy Rate 2001

Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

Mamit 67.98 73.61 61.56 80.09 84.04 75.66

Kolasib 86.24 89.12 83.07 90.49 91.50 89.37

Aizawl 93.14 94.17 92.01 96.64 97.20 96.06

Champhai 87.98 91.76 84.11 91.88 94.00 89.64

Serchhip 90-44 92.82 87.94 96.16 97.24 95.02

Lunglei 77.73 82.37 72.58 84.20 87.36 80.74

Lawgtlai 42.71 51.3 32.79 56.45 65.13 46.68

Saiha l79.24 84.98 73.06 82.43 86.28 78.39

Total 82.27 85.61 78.60 88.49 90.69 86.13


4.1.4 SETTLEMENT PATrERN

The area is characterised by hilly terrain with deep gorges formed by rivers that floweither northwards or southwards. Being landlocked and surrounded by mountains, withsteep ridges and forests, the communication network remains under-developed causing amajor bottleneck for development. Availability of plain land is limited and the population isscattered. The population density is about 42 persons/km2. The inhabitants live on hilltopsor on the valley side of the hills with some tribes remaining localised in isolated pockets.



Mizoranm State Roads Project - Phase I R&1PDP: 4 - Socio-Economlc Profile of Mlzoram

The typical villages fall under 'shapeless cluster' type, where a number of houses areclustered in a convenient way according to the nature of the terrain. However, followingthe disturbances in 1966, the village pattern has undergonre a change. A number ofvillages are grouped with a big village near the roadside. This has led to the emergence of'linear cluster' type of villages on both sides of the highway.

4.1.5 LAND USE

The land use pattern of the State is presented in Table 4.2. It is seen that 76 per cent ofthe total geographical area is under forests. The net sown area is only 5 per cent.

Table 4.3: Land Use Pattern

Si. No. Land Use Area (ha) Percentage

1. Forests 1598.5 76

2. Barren and Unculturable Land 64.62 3

3. Culturable Waste 173.95 8

4. Fallow Lands 162.81 8

5. Net sown area 108.81 5

Total Area 2108.69 100%

Source: Statistical Abstract, Department of Agriculture & Minor Irrigation, Mizoram, 1997-98

4.2 ETHNICITY

4.2.1 COMPOSITION

The majority of population (97.0%) belong to the Scheduled Tribes (STs). The tribes inIndia are protected under the Constitution and are listed in the Fifth Schedule of theConstitution (of India Part X). This Constitution provides for protection of the STs onaccount of their disadvantages. All Mizo tribes also come within the purview of thisschedule.

The term 'Mizo' is a generic term and its stands for several tribes in the area. The majortribes are Lusei, Sailo, Ralte, Hmar, Paite, Lai and Mara. In addition to these tribes thereare many other tribes existing in this region, like the Chakmas and Reangs who also comeunder the broad division of 'Mizo'. The tribes preferred to identify themselves as Mizosand this was formalized when the Lushai Hills District (Change of name) Act, 1954 wasenacted.

The Mizos came under the influence of the British Missionaries in the 19th century. Nowmost of the Mizos are Christians. As the Mizo language had no script of its own, themissionaries introduced the roman script for the Mizo language along with formaleducation.


Nizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 4 - Soclo-Economic Proflle of Mlzoram

4.2.2 RELIGION & CULTURE

Before the advent of Christianity, the Mizo ethnic groups followed animistic rites. Sacrificeof animals and offerings to various forms of nature was the main feature of their religiousactivities. However, after the coming to Aizawl in 1894 of the pioneering missionaries Rev.J.H.Lorrain and Rev. F.W.Savidge, proselytisation work went on in full swing and within alifetime of one generation, more than 96 per cent of the population have embracedChristianity. Today the indigenous form of religion is a matter of history. However, due tothe Government's initiative and intervention, some of the festivals of the bygone age (Kut)are being revived and observed. Mizos are basically agriculturists and all their activitiescentre round Jhum cultivation and their festivals are linked with such agriculturaloperations (Kut is the Mizo word for festivals). Mizos have three major festivals calledChapchar Kut, Mim Kut and Pawl Kut. The dance forms like Cheraw, Khuallam andChheilam are also encouraged.

4.2.3 CUSTOMARY RIGHTS

Generally the Mizos follow endogamy, though, marriage with other groups/communities isalso found nowadays. In the present day situation of the Mizo society, some of the oldcustoms like the bride price are still in vogue, but marriage is solemnised in the Church.Elder sons after marriage settle down and set up a new family. Thus a joint family is splitinto elementary families and the stem family. In view of migration and mobility foremployment and other compulsions, the process of urbanisation and psychologicaladjustability, nuclear family pattern has now become a regular feature in the Mizo socialstructure.

The Mizo society is by and large free and open. Kinship and co-residence are the mostimportant factors for the formation of a Mizo village and the social relations.

Marriage between first cousins is discouraged. Polyandry is forbidden. Divorce ispermitted. Nvula-rim (or courtship) is quite common among young boys and girls, thoughthe consent of the parents is normally obtained in the selection of the bride andconsequent marriage. Widow remarriage is not prohibited. Bride price has to be paid bythe groom's family before a marriage is finalised.

4.2.4 STATUS OF WOMEN

After the consolidation of the British administration the inheritance of the chiefs startedthrough the eldest son. However, the Lushai District (Inheritance of property) Act No.1 of1956 has invested women with the right of inheritance. The Mizos follow the patriarchalpattern of family. The male head of the family controls the social, economic and religiousaffairs. However, women in social life enjoy freedom. Nowadays women are engaged invarious jobs (women work even as traffic police in the streets of Aizawl).


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP. 4 - Socio-Economic Profile of Mizoram

4.3 ECONOMIC PROFILE

In general from the major sectors of the economy agriculture, trade, hotels andrestaurants together account for over 600/o of the total state income in Mizoram. Theshare of forestry is about 4.30/o and that of manufacturing is 4.80/o.

4.3.1 NET DOMESTIC PRODUCT

The Net State Domestic Product (NSDP- a substitute for relative state income) and percapita (sample) income at current and constant prices are presented in Table 4.4.

Table 4.4: NSDP and Per Capita Income of Mizoram (1981-96)

i Year NSDP (Rs million) Per Capita Income (Rs)

Current Prices 1981 Prices Current Prices 1981 Prices1980-81 62.18 62.18 1289 1289

1985-86 157.25 90.92 2658 1537

1990-91 305.60 110.23 4474 1614

1995-96 761.12 194.38 9570 2444

The NSDP at current prices has gone up from Rs.62.2 million in 1980-81 to Rs.761.1million in 1995-96, registering the growth rate of 18 .20/o per annum. The per capitaincome at current prices has increased from Rs.1289 in 1980-81 to Rs.9570 showing anaverage growth rate of 14.3%. In real terms (at constant 1980-81 prices), the NSDP hasincreased from Rs.62.18 million in 1980-81 to Rs.194.38 million in 1995-96 (an averageannual growth rate of 7.91%). The corresponding real average annual increase in percapita income is 4.4% over a period of 15 years.

4.3.2 URBANISATION

There are 22 towns including Aizawl city in the state. Share of urban population is 49.5percent, which is above the national average of 27.8 percent. However, the urbanisationis limited in space, with only Aizawl, Lunglei and Kolasib are significantly large settlements(together these settlements account for more than 7 0% of all urban population in thestate). The rapid urbanisation of 38.7% (see Table 4.5), and limitation in space is causingsevere strain on the infrastructure in the few higher order towns.

Distribution of population among towns has been given in Table 4.6. Around 50 percent ofthe urban population is concentrated in the city of Aizawl attaining primacy over othertowns.

4.3.3 OCCUPATIONAL PROFILE

Generally the Mizos depended upon the available natural resources around them forsubsistence. Their traditional occupation is agriculture, and the traditional system ofcultivation is called 'jhum' cultivation. With 8 0% of the population deriving their


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 4 - Soco-Economic Profile of Mizoram

sustenance from agriculture and allied activities, the state is not self-sufficient in foodproduction. After the advent of the missionaries, the formation of a union territory andsubsequently, a state, there has been a gradual shift from traditional forms of occupationto the service sector, trade, etc.

As per the 1991 census, 48.9% of the total population constitutes the workforce. Of themain3 workers, 61.4% are cultivators, 3.3 % are agricultural labourers, 1% is employed inhousehold industries, and the remaining (34.3%) are in the service sector. It isanticipated that a majority of the service sector workers are employed with thegovernment in one form or other. The workforce participation ratio among females ismuch higher in Mizoram compared to the national average (see Table 4.7).

Table 4.5: Rural-Urban Distribution of Population, 1991-2001

Population Mizoram India

1991 2001 Growth 1991 2001 GrowthRate (%) Rate(%)

Total 690 891 29.1 838,568 1,027,015 22.5

Rural 372 450 21.0 622,796 741,660 19.1

Urban 318 441 38.7 215,772 285,355 32.2

Source: Census of India, 1991and 2001

Table 4.6: Distribution of Urban Populatuion, 1991

Class of Town Number of Town Total population Share (%)

I . 1 155,000 48.8

_ I 0 0 0.0

iII 2 56,000 17.7

IV 3 41,000 12.8

i V 5 32,000 10.0

VI 11 34,000 10.5

Total 22 318,000 100.0


Table 4.7: Work Force Participation Ratio, 1991

Work Force Mizoram IndiaParticipation Rate (%) Total Male Female Total Male Female

Total Workers 48.9 53.9 43.5 37.5 51.6 22.3

Main Workers 42.1 49.6 34.0 34.1 50.9 15.9

Marginal Workers 6.8 4.3 9.6 3.4 0.6 6.3

Non Workers 51.1 46.1 56.5 62.5 48.4 77.7


3 Main workers are the ones who are employed for more than 180 days in a year.


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 4 - Socio-Economic Proflle of Mizoram

About 56.07 per cent of the State's population still lives below the poverty line (1993-94)based on a survey undertaken in 1992.

4.3.4 AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED ACTIVmES

Agriculture is one of the main occupations of the population and continues to play animportant role in the economy of Mizoram. In 1980-81, area under Jhum rice cultivationwas 55,264ha, which came down to 36,716ha in 1990-91, but again increased to 46691hain 1997-98. The area under Wet Rice Cultivation (WRC) is showing constant increase from6924ha in 1980-81 to 16586ha in 1997-98.

Principal crops grown are rice, maize, pulses and oilseeds. Vegetables, fruit crops,sugarcane, tea, coffee and spices are also grown. However the yield is of low order incomparison to cereals (see Table 4.8).

Table 4.8: Area and Production of Crops in Mizoram

1 1977-78 1987-88 i 1997-98Principal crops l

l. Cereals

Rice (Total) 68000 23300 48464 49227 68114 110573

Jhum 37803 35226 46691 592861

WRC 10641 13899 16586 38279

HYV 20 62 4837 13008

2 Maize 5600 4200 4248 7500 8260 16499

3 Wheat Nil Nil Nil Nil 22 11

Pulses 98 31 1742 l 2232 4180 7053

11. Cash Crops

1 Potato 250 2000 227 982 460 2499-

2 Colacasia 1532 2500 1329 6051 1988 * 8727 -

3 Sweet Potato 300 430 312 2211 626 ' 3453 '

4 Tapioca 230 410 102 462 478 6956

5 Tobacco 825 326 671 662 377 415

6 jCotton 1085 167 1172 249 962 427

7 |Sugarcane 1900 38000 955 2956 1252 7488

8 Spices

Ginger NA NA 1244 4500 939 * 7908

_Chillies 3960 1450 2481 3300 3091 * 3132

Turmeric 75 250 49 58 476 * 1731 -

9 Oil Seeds 1802 560 1920 1700 7946 8060

l1l. Horticulture

1 [Fruits 4075 3662 3760 21933 10694 47071'

2 Vegetables 8339 | 12500 1831 8661 7248 51877

* Value of the year 1993-94.Source: Statistical Abstract, Department of Agriculture and Minor Irrigation, 1997-98

Revised by Lea Associates 4-7 October 2001(Original Document by ]CT, CES, LBII)

Mlzoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP. 4 - Soao-Economic Proflle of Mizoram

The cultivating season is split into well-defined parts. The Mizo agricultural year begins inDecember when the village councils and village elders decide and allot jhum'lands for theensuing year The allotment procedure for a piece of land is once in five years. Forinstance if a piece of land is allotted to a farmer in the first year for cultivation, the samepiece of land is allotted to any other farmer only after the next four years, i.e., in the fifthyear for cultivation. This allotment goes with the belief that the fields should be used onlyfor one year, because if they are cultivated for two years in succession, the bamboo's andthe trees deteriorate and the land is rendered unfit for cultivation. During this gap periodof four years the land is supposed regenerate for cultivation in the fifth year.

The people have now started concentrating in larger settlements like Aizawl and Lunglei.This has brought in scope for more commercial and economic activities and an increasedpotential for employment. There has been the growth of the tertiary/service sector,which was a result of this change. Lately, the government is promoting the idea ofsettled cultivation.

The state continues to be deficit in food grains production to meet the needs of thepopulation growing at the rate of 29 per cent. At the same time, it is proposed toabandon shifting cultivation and to switch over the permanent cultivation so as to restorefertility, rebuild forests and convert the retrieved land for meaningful purposes. It may benoted that the agro-climatic conditions are quite suitable for raising other food crops tomeet the total requirements. However, due to poor irrigation facilities, Kharif is thepredominant crop.

Scope of medium irrigation is limited due to the hilly terrain. There are very few minorirrigation projects among which a few are in the pipeline. The ultimate surface irrigationpotential is estimated at 70,000ha of which 45,000ha is under flow and 25,000ha for riverlift irrigation. The irrigated area has now gone up to 7,260ha by constructing andcompleting 69 pucca minor irrigation projects for raising double and triple crops in a year.

4.3.5 INDUSTRIALISATION

There are no medium or large industries in the state. Mizoram is an industrially backwardregion in comparison to the rest of the country. Industrial Policy of Mizoram was firstannounced in 1989, according to which, priority was planned to be given to agriculturaland forest based industries followed by handloom, electronic and consumer industries.Moreover the state being a newly formed unit has to primarily improve its basicinfrastructure, which would give impetus to industrial growth in Mizoram. The publicsector will have to play an important role in setting up viable industries particularly inmedium and large scale sectors and provide incentives to Small Scale Industries, Khadiand Village Industries and Handloom and Handicrafts. The Government will have toprovide the required marketing support for these small industries to sustain.


Mizoram State Roads Project- Phase I R&IPDP: 4 - Soco-Economic Profile of Mizoram

The peak load requirement of power of the State is 88 MW against which only 39.88 MWis available (43 per cent of the total requirement). The Government has, therefore, drawnup long-term development schemes for implementation through diesel generation, hydelgeneration and thermal generation. These will be in addition to the renovation andmodernisation of the existing diesel power station in rural areas and modernisation of fourhydel power stations. There are also other programs like the transmission schemes toimprove the power situation in the state.

Construction of Tuirial Hydel Project capable of generating 60MW is in progress. DPR ofKolodyne Phase-I with a capacity of 120MW has been handed over to the stategovernment by the Brahmaputra Board and Central Water Commission. A 3MW TeireiHydel Project was commissioned and 23 diesel power houses have been functioning.

Social Infrastructure

Godowns and Warehouses: In 1996, Mizoram had 189 godowms and warehouses with atotal capacity of 34860tonne. There were 113 in Aizawl district with a capacity of 21080tonnes and 30 in Lunglei with a capacity of 6320tonne.

Fair Price Shops: There were 953 fair price shops in the state during 1996. Out of this641 were in Lunglei, 174 and 138 in the two districts of Chhimtuipui.

Health Services: There are 7 Hospitals, 38 Primary Health Centers, 12 other types ofHealth Centers and 314 sub-centers. In total 383 health service units were located indifferent parts of the state. Doctor-population ratio in Mizoram is 1:3600 compared to1:5880 at all-India level as per 1991 census.

Education: The level of literacy though is about 90%, the education level after theprimary level is not very high. The number of educational institutions after the primarylevel is also low.

Table 4.10: Educational Institutions in Rural Development Blocks

SI.No. Educational institution Aibawk Serchhip

1 Primary School - Government 28 48

2 Primary School - Private 4 7

3 Middle School - Government 12 20

4 Middle School - Private 3 8

5 High School -Government 4 11

6 High School - Private 4 4

7 Higher Secondary School 0 1

8 College 0 1

Source: Statistical Handbook, Mizoram 2000.

The villages abutting the project road fall in the two Rural Development Blocks of Aibawkand Serchhip. The educational institutions in these two Rural Development Blocks aregiven in Table 4.10.


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 4 - Soclo-Economic Profile of Mi2oram

* Transportation

All roads in the state pass through the north-south ridges. The zigzag roads with

vicissitudes adversely affect the mobility of vehicles and transportation of materials. This

scenario affects pace of development in the area.

There is only one rail link at Bairabi, a town about 130km from Aizawl. There is one

domestic airport in Lengpui, 44km from Aizawl. The airport started functioning fromDecember 1998 and has expansion possibilities. There is a proposal for starting helicopter

services in the state. Due to lack of navigable waterways and hilly terrain, the scope ofintroducing water transport is extremely limited. There are some possibilities on river

Tlawng and there are proposals for constructing inland waterways on the rivers Tuichang

and Tuivai.

The existing road network comprises of 6,808km of primary secondary and tertiary roads.

Out of this, National Highway 54 is 566km long connecting across the state. State

highways and major district road networks are 240Km and 1,498km respectively. Most of

these are single lane roads and are in a very poor condition.

- Tourist Centres

Aizawl located at nearly 4,000 feet above sea-level, is a religious and cultural centre ofMizoram. Champhai is a beautiful resort on the Myanmar border. Tamdil, a natural lake

with virgin forest is 60km from Aizawl and 10km from the tourist resort of Saitual.Vantawng falls, 5km from Thenzawl, is the highest and most beautiful waterfall in

Mizoram.

The Department of Tourism has opened tourist lodges at Aizawl, Lunglei, Champhai;

wayside restaurants at Thingdawl and Hnahthial; a recreational centre at Beraw Tlang;and an alpine picnic hut at the District Park near Zobawk.

4.4 DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES

4.4.1 AGRICULTURE

The Directorate of Agriculture has carried out project-wise surveys for potential land

development for wet rice cultivation (WRC), its present utilisation and further balance

area that could be developed. The potential area for development of WRC is estimated tobe 49,920ha, out of which 22,546ha had been developed by 1994, leaving a balance of27,374ha. The district-wise status of WRC-land development is given in

Table 4.11.


Mlzoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 4 - Soclo-Economic Profile of Mizoram

Table 4.11: Status of WRC Land Development

Name of District Total Potential Area Already Area Yet to beArea (ha) Developed (ha) Developed (ha, %)

Kolasib Agricultural District 7394 6103 1381 18.70 %

Aizawl West Agricultural District 8753 5050 1703 25.20 %

Aizawl East Agricultural District 10137 6033 4104 40.50 %

Lunglei Agricultural District 12832 2320 10512 81.90 %

Chhimtuipui Agricultural District 12804 I 3130 9674 75.60 %

Total Mizoram ! 49920 22546 27374 54.80 %0

Scurce: Directorate of Agnculture

It is seen that land development had been rapid in Aizawl district where only about 30%area remained to be developed. However, in the cases of Lunglei (81.9%) andChhimtuipui (7 5.6 %) a large area of land remains to be developed.

4.4.2 HORTICULTURE

The Horticulture and Vegetable Development is being managed by a separates Directoratesince 1993 after bifurcation from the Department of Agriculture. The climatic conditionsare congenial for growing citrus fruits. The area under oranges, lemon and in particularbananas has gone up considerably during the last few years. The other fruits grown arepassion fruit, pineapple and hatkora. The Directorate has programme to purchase anddistribute planting materials of improved varieties at subsidised rate. It is also proposed toconstruct link roads to connect the orchards with the villages.

The important vegetables grown are tomato, cabbage, brinjal, squash, ladies finger, andpumpkin. The state is, however, still far from being self-sufficient. The Directorateproposes to give a major thrust to growing of various vegetable crops to meet the localneeds to also improve nutrition intake of the people. Seeds, seedlings, bulbs and tubersare proposed to be distributed at subsidised rate of farmers.

4.4.3 SPICES

The climate and soil are suitable for growing different spice crops line ginger turmeric,chillies, pepper, garlic etc. The Government has programme towards expansion of thearea and high yielding spice crops through distribution of seeds, seedlings of improvedvarieties on a subsidised rate.

4.4.4 FLORICULTURE

More than 200 varieties of orchids grow in Mizoram. The Government proposed todevelop floriculture on commercial lines by introducing good varieties and multiplyingseeds/planting materials in green houses etc. Opening of tissue culture laboratories fororchids is also planned. Funds for development of floriculture have been provided in theNinth Five Year Plan.


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 4 - Soclo-Economic Profile of Mizoram

4.4.5 MUSHROOM DEVELOPMENT

Government has programmed for encouraging mushroom cultivation. In this regard,

spawn is being supplied to growers at a nominal rate. Arrangements for imparting training

to growers for increasing their grown is also planned at Aizawl and Lunglei laboratories.

Figure 4.1 shows the Agriculture and Horticulture Areas in Mizoram.

4.4.6 PLANTATION CROPS

In Mizoram , Coconut, Areca nut, Coffee, Tea, Rubber, Teak, Gamaria, Betelvine, Tung

are grown. Local people grow tea bushes near their houses for their own consumption.

Climate is conducive for tea cultivation especially on mild slopes of hill ranges in eastern

part of the state and midpoints. Already 500ha of area have been covered under tea

plantation. Coffee has been found suitable for plantation in the mild hill ranges in western

part of the state from Bukpui up to Thingfal. The yield of bushes in the backyard planting

in plantation is being carried on in the low hill tracts up to elevation of SOOm in the

western border of the state covering an area of 376ha Tung cultivation is observed all

over the state. It produces non-edible oil, which is used largely in dyes and pain industry.

The Horticulture Department further propose to further encourage Tung cultivation which

at present is being grown in homestead and garden lands in a scattered manner. Teak isgrown extensively. There are more than 8000ha of private teak plantations spread all over

the state.

4.4,7 MARKETING OF HORTICULTURE PRODUCE

There is no regulated marketing system for fruits and vegetables in the State to enable

the farmers to dispose off the marketable surplus and earn sufficient profit, which at

present is being pocketed by traders and commission agents. The farmers thus do not

have incentive to make investments for improving the yield of the existing crops. The

marketing centers can be organised once there are proper road communications. At

present transporting the produce is very difficult for the farmers and it is estimated that

transport cost has alone gone up to 50% of the marketing cost.

The Mizoram Agriculture Marketing Corporation (MAMCO) set up in 1993 with a sharecapital of Rs.100 million is handling the marketing of surplus agriculture produce outside

the state. In the Ninth Plan, promotion and regulation of markets is being taken up. Thescheme provides for facilities to market users such as supply of drinking water, electricity,

shelter, parking places, approach roads etc. The development of 36 markets is proposed

through assistance from NABARD in the form of loans.

The State Government is further taking steps to establish Border Township for trade with

Myanmar. The Department of Trade and Commerce being a nodal agency for border

trade, land for trade complex, godown and warehouse has been allotted to the

Department. The Government also expects that surplus agricultural produce can be

exported to Gulf Countries through Bangladesh. As such, provision has been made in the

current state Plan for installation of market, complexes, godowns and check gates at


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 4 - Socio-Economic Profile of Mizoram

Tiabung, Marpara and Kanhmun border towns. This will check illegal trade activities alongthe border at the same time ensure adequate prices of products to the producers. Thiswill also improve the living conditions of the farming community.

It is obvious that creation of infrastructure facilities like roads are very essential fororganised market and export facilities. Thus investments on roads, particularly thoselinking production centers with market complexes, are of urgent importance.

4.4.8 RURAL DEVELOPMENT

There at present 20 Rural Development Blocks and two additional Rural Blocks in theState Block level administration is responsible for implementation of their normal ruraldevelopment schemes. Most of the villages are inaccessible and the Department findsdifficult to manage. It is planned to create 10 additional Rural Development Blocks bybifurcating the existing R.D Blocks. The Rural Development Department is constructinglink roads for the interior villages throughout the state.

4.4.9 NEW LAND USE POLICY

The New Land Use Policy (NLUP) aims at complete eradication of the unproductive andtraditional method of shifting cultivation (jhum) by giving the "jhumia" families viableschemes for permanent occupation. Each family has been given 2ha of land forsettlement. The Programme was initiated in 1990-91 and so far 12 Blocks have alreadybeen covered and 47,554 families have been assisted. It is programmed to cover the restof the Blocks by year 2002. The State Rural Development Department has been entrustedwith the implementation of the programme. The target group under the programmecovers also those families who do not have permanent means of livelihood irrespective ofpoverty level. Instead of mono schemes under the "Jhum Control Project", a compositescheme has been introduced which can provide suitable subsidiary trades to thebeneficiaries for generation of employment sectors under NLUP are the (i) agriculture andallied sector; (ii) animal husbandry; and (iii) industry sector.

The agriculture and allied sector includes schemes relating to plantation of betelvine,hatkora, oranges, tung, pineapple, banana, Assam lemon, apple, passion fruit, Valenciaand sugar cane. Further, wet rice cultivation, wet terracing, cultivation of grapes andsquash, sericulture and pisciculture are also encouraged.

The animal husbandry and veterinary sector covers dairying, hill cattle rearing, mithunrearing, piggery, goat and sheep rearing, poultry farming, ducking and rabbitry.

As regards the Industry Sector, schemes like bakery, chow making, handlooms, tailoring,knitting, radio and watch repairing, tin and black smithy, shoe repairing, art painting, caneand bamboo works, motor workshop, steel fabrication, rice huller and carpentry arecovered.

The individuals are free to opt for any of the three sectors for which financial assistanceas well as in kind (machinery, etc.) are made available. It ranges from Rs.34,850 to -


Ati.oram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP. 4 - Socio-Economic Profile of Mizoram

35,000 under the agriculture and allied sector; Rs.20,000 to Rs.45,000 under the animalhusbandry and veterinary sector; and Rs.33,420 to Rs.58,000 under the industry sector.The period of implementation of various schemes ranges from 2 to 4 years.

The shift from Jhum cultivation to permanent land use with emphasis on cash crops andhorticulture and coverage of sectoral schemes will provide better employment and incomeopportunities. It is, therefore, essential to introduce effective mode of transportation ofraw materials and finished products to markets in other parts of the country. In case it isdelayed, the farmers may go back to traditional farming and the economic developmentof the tribal population as envisaged may suffer.

4.4.10 FORESTRY

Since the access of the tribals to protected areas is prohibited, alternate scheme to takecare of their essential needs including income-earning avenues are being initiated by theGovernment. Under the Ninth Five Year Plan, forestry research program has been takenin respect of improvement and development of seed through seed production areas, seed

orchards, maintenance of sample plots of orchids, etc., survey of minor forest productslike cane, orchids, medicinal plants, etc., and their development for better utility.

4.4.11 INDUSTRY

The State Department of Industries plays a major role for development of medium,cottage and small industries. There is no large industry in the state. The Mizoram FoodAllied Industries Corporation (MIFCO) was set up in 1989 and looked after 4 productionunits, which are:

* Fruit Preservation Factory at Vairengte* Ginger oil and oboresin plant at Sairang* Maize milling plant at Khawzawl* Fruit juice concentration plant at Chhingchhip

Village and cottage industries

Two common facility centers for upgradation of skill of local workers are being establishedat Lunglei and Saiha. The grants-in-aids are provided to the rural artisans for setting up ofVillage and Cottage industries. Subsidy is available as below:

* Interest subsidy;* Power subsidy;* Land subsidy;* Transport subsidy and subsidy for plant and machinery;* Factory rent subsidy;* Subsidy on manpower development;* Power generation subsidy; and,* Subsidy on cost of project preparation.


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP. 4 - Socio-Economic Proflle of Mizoram

Other activities for industrial promotion

Industrial Growth Centre at Luangmual, Aizawl has been set up costing Rs.150 millionwith Central Government's contribution of Rs.100 million and State's contribution to thetune of Rs.50 million.

The Zoram Industrial Development Corporation (ZIDCO) has been set up as a financialinstitution for providing loan assistance to industrial units with the refinance scheme of

IDBI/SIDBI.

* District Industries Centre - There are three such centers functioning in the State.* Under the scheme for Industrial Infrastructure, the following are under implementation:

Industrial Estates at Zuangtui, Kolasib and ChawngteEstablishment of integrated development center at Pukpui, Lunglei under theCentrally Sponsored SchemeFurther, ten growth centers are proposed at Bairabi, Serchhip, Champhai, Sairang,Vairengte, Chhingchhip, Saitual, Thenzawl, Lunglei and Hnathial

* Electronic Cell in the Directorate of Industries for propagating electronic culture andcreation awareness amongst the public as well as in Government Departments.

* Zoram Electronic Development Corporation Limited (ZEDCL) has been set up to providediversified facilities for this purpose.

Forthcoming Vertical Industrial Estates are at Lunglei and Saiha. The mini industrialestates expected by the next 15 years are presented in Table 4.12. The estimated

investment is also provided in the table.

Table 4.12: Mini Industrial Estates

S.No. Location Programme Period Estimated Investment(Rs. Crores)

1 Champhai 2002-2005 1.0

2 Serchhip 2002-2005 1.0

3 Tialbung 2002-2005 1.04 Hnanhthial 2005-2008 1.0

5 Darlawn 2008-2011 1.256 West Phaileng 2008-2011 1.25

7 Lawngthlai 2009-2012 1.50

8 Saitul 2009-2012 9.50

The grand total of investment for development of industrial infrastructure for Industrial

Growth Centre, Industrial Estate and Vertical Industrial Estate is Rs.132.55 crores.

* Handloom and Handicrafts

The State Government proposed to initiate following schemes for the development of

handloom and handicrafts.

* Group Insurance Scheme* Intensive Handloom Village Development* Common Facility Centre* Decentralised Training Program


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 4 - Soclo-Economic Profile of Mizoram

* Fairs, Exhibitions and Publicity* Tribal Handloom Development* Construction of Mizoram Pavilion at Calcutta* Work Shed-cum-housing* Provision of subsidy and rebates

Sericulture

Sericulture is one of the most labour intensive agro-based industry and ideally suited tothe state of Mizoram where unemployment and under employment are the majorproblems being faced by the people. The greatest advantage is the effective employmentof family labor, particularly young and aged, handicapped, illiterate and women folk withnominal investment. Sericulture was introduced as early as 1947-48 in this region by theGovernment of Assam when Mizoram was the Lushai Hills district of Assam. The climateand the soil conditions were found quite congenial for cultivation of silkworm food plantsand rearing of silkworm.

The Department has set up Training Institute at Zemabawk for conducting training tofarmers and refresher courses to Department Officials in advanced sericulture techniques.Technical help has been given under NLUP programs to Jhumias who had agreed to giveup shifting cultivation. Mulberry plantation has been taken up under the Social ForestryProgram. Along with mulberry cultivation, Muga culture, OAK Tussar culture and Ericulture in Mizoram have also been taken up.

Sericulture Department is the only purchasing agency of cocoons from the privateproducers. It processes the cocoons to convert into silk and silk made goods, which has alarge market both in and outside the State. More than 50 private Sericulture co-operativesocieties are functioning in silkworm rearing and cocoon production. Some are engagedin marketing also. Due to the cooperative movement, the Department is in a position tosupply inputs and collect outputs from a single placed per society.

The silk handicraft has become popular in respect of making silk quilts, dolls, purses,bags, greeting cards, garlands and silk cloth for dress purposes. These products have avery good market outside the state. The cocoon marketing and silk processing candevelop very well provided proper infrastructure facilities are available.



CHAPTER 5

POVERTY

Roads are often argued to be the conduit of wealth. Citations are there to indicate thatvigorous road development precedes rapid economic development of a nation. Asconnectivity and accessibility improves, social networks are strengthened, economicopportunities galore. This Section of the Report examines the context and possibilities ofpoverty alleviation through the MSRP.

Road is a vital infrastructure. Development in the road sector is not isolated from thedevelopment of other infrastructure. Also among the various infrastructures, there is adual 'cause and effect' relationship. Therefore, road development is difficult to beexamined in isolation from the development of other infrastructure. In many sub-sections,road development and overall development of infrastructure will be discussed ascomplementary.

Poverty alleviation is a basic need of the nation. It is also a constitutional duty'. Anyproject therefore, has to address the issue of being of assistance to achieve a nationalgoal.

5.1 INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION

Infrastructure development and poverty are inversely related and good infrastructureraises productivity and lowers production costs and thereby reduces poverty. Majorinfrastructure failures quickly and radically reduce community's quality of life, productivityand causes poverty. Conversely, improved infrastructure services enhance welfare andfoster economic growth. The poor are inherently more vulnerable to inadequateinfrastructure settings and the specific infrastructure problems affect the poordisproportionately. Access to at least minimal infrastructure services is one of theessential elements to attain welfare. Different infrastructure sectors have different effecton improving the quality of life and reducing poverty.

5.1.1 POVERTY ALLEVIATION THROUGH ROAD IMPROVEMENT

Road improvement is only not about people gaining access to places, but also involvesimproves the resource base of the society. As a result of the later, there is an increasedcapacity to improve the lives of the people and influence decisions that affect them.Thus, it is necessary to promote socially sustainable development and ensure thatdevelopment improves the lives of people, especially the poor.

The constitution of India upheld the right of life, which includes the right to "live with dignity". Povertyalleviation has been a recurrent theme in the Indian polity.

Revised by Lea Associates 5-1 October 2001(Original Document by ICT, CES. LBII)

Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPOP: 5 - Poverty

Investment in road projects plays a strategic, but indirect role in the overall developmentprocess. Unlike sectoral development in agriculture or industry, infrastructuredevelopment in roads does not directly increase output, but makes a significantcontribution towards growth by increasing the factor production process. Theoreticallyspeaking, economists proceed from the premise that the creation of infrastructure bygenerating external economies leads to widespread benefits. The crucial role of transportin economic development has been universally accepted. Good roads and improvedtransport means increased level of mobility. Transport improvements reduce the cost ofmoving agricultural products to market and, therefore, extend the market, therebyencouraging cultivation. The improvement of the roads would also have an importantimpact on the rural economy, which is prominent in the project road stretches.Investment in the state roads improvement results in reducing the cost of transportationof goods and passengers and will increase the share of farmers in the final realization offarm products, thereby increasing their welfare.

Similarly, MSRP is expected to bring about a number of opportunities to the poor peopleof the region like increased employment, increased market facilities, increased mobility ofhuman resources, increased local economic and credit opportunities, increasedinstitutional networks, increased awareness level and increased scope for bettermanagement of public schemes.

5.2 POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN MIZORAM

Mizoram is situated in the northeast region, which is one of the most backward regions.The majority of the Mizo population are cultivators and shifting cultivation is the mainstayof the rural people in Mizoram. Shifting cultivation is not only ecologically harmful anddestructive to environment and forests but also unproductive.

5.2.1 POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMS

There are 22 Rural Development Blocks in Mizoram. All the normal rural developmentschemes and other poverty alleviation schemes are implemented through these RuralDevelopment Blocks. The development activities in the Blocks are restricted to the mostessential and processing needs of the rural people that can be implemented throughpublic participation. The various programs focused on the poverty alleviation, by theDistrict Rural Development Agency (DRDA) are listed in Table 5.1.

A short description of the various poverty alleviation programmes that are being carriedout in the state are presented below:

The Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP) is a mass poverty alleviationprogram based on bank loan to marginal farmers, agricultural laborers, rural artisans andother rural poor in the region. Presently, all the poverty alleviation programs includingIRDP are covered under Swarnjayanti Gram Yojana.


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP. 5 - Poverty

Table 5.1: Poverty Alleviation (Rural Development) Programs in Mizoram

Si. No. Poverty Alleviation (Rural Development) Programs

1 IRDP Integrated Rural Development Program

2 IAY Indira Awaas Yojana

3 MWS Million Wells Scheme

4 JRY Jawahar Rozgar Yojna

5 EAS Employment Assurance Scheme6 SITKRA Supply of Improved Tool Kits to Rural Artisans

7 TRYSEM Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment

8 CRSP Rural Sanitation Programme

9 DWCRA Development of Women and Children in RuralAreas

10 JGSY Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yoiana

Development of women and children in rural areas (DWCRA) isk a sub-componentof IRDP with the objective of assisting groups of 10-15 rural women living below povertyline in order to provide them with opportunities of self-employment on a sustainablebasis. The need for a special program designated exclusively for women is provided dueto non-fulfillment target of 40 per cent coverage by women beneficiaries under IRDP.

Prime Minister Roigar Yojana (PMRY) is a centrally sponsored program for providingself-employment to identified educated youth whose family income does not exceedRs.22, 000/- per annum in rural, semi-urban and urban areas by setting up small scaleindustry (SSI) or business enterprise up to Rs.1,00,000 with credit dispensation bycommercial banks.

The other programs that are being implemented in the state are TRYSEM, JRYand IAY.These programs are also being sponsored under the Swarnjayanti Gram SwayamrojgarYojana scheme.

In addition to these programs the DRDA is also supporting piggery, pineapple cultivationand handloom production. Under these programs there have been various groups thathave been formed to promote these livelihood activities in the backward villages.

Families below poverty line (BPL) are considered as vulnerable in the MSRP for theconsideration of compensation and other assistances. It is always found that the poorpeople are exposed to the worst of the negative impacts of any development project.

5.2.2 PROGRAMS IN THE PROJECT AREA

The two Rural Development Blocks of Aibawk and Serchhip cover all the villages that areabutting the Phase I project roads. In Aibawk block through which the major part of theproject road passes out of a total number of 2852 households, 75% households are belowpoverty line.


Mlzoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP. 5 - Poverty

The families assisted under the IRDP program during 1996-97 within Aizawl district are1900, where 176 families were from Aibawk. Similarly under DWCRA one group wasformed in Aibawk and total groups of 30 have been formed in Tlangnuam (Aizawl) RDblock.

5.3 POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN THE PROJECT

The project, as a major infrastructure development project has an intrinsic scope forpoverty reduction. The project is not only meant to serve the road users in a better wayor to provide for income restoration to the affected vulnerable social groups; but also hasa scope for wider poverty reduction in the state. The project is expected to serve thesociety of the state as a whole in a much larger way.

5.3.1 PROBABLE IMPACTS OF IMPROVED ROAD NETWORK

The possible positive impacts of improved road networks would generally result in thefollowing.

Increased Employment Opportunity

The immediate benefits of road construction and improvement come in the form ofemployment opportunities for the roadside communities. People engaged as wagelabourers, petty contractors and suppliers of raw materials. These seasonal employmentssupplement their income sources from agriculture and traditional occupation.

The scope of commercial activity along the roads is not very high due to the limitedmovement of the vehicles and people. The widening of the road is likely divert substantialtraffic from the NH, thus opening up opportunities for roadside commercial activitiesproviding alternate employment to the local community.

Increased Market Opportunities

Improved road networks provide for better backward and forward linkages among thesettlements, which provide wider marketing facilities, and catchments. Speedy andefficient transportation helps saving time and reduces the wastage, particularly in case ofperishable commodities. Horticulture and floriculture sectors would benefit the maximum.Transport development also helps the small and marginal farmers to grow vegetables andother high value crops on their tiny plots and to find a market for these in nearby towns.

Improved transportation also means decentralisation and sub-urbanisation (in a limitedscale in the Indian context, as the value of time for the average citizen is not too high).Linkages also help the richer sections to divert their investment from limited creditmarkets to non-agricultural activities in rural areas. This also helps in providing additionalemployment to rural labour.

The cottage and handloom industry would get better exposure with the improvednetworks and also attract entrepreneurs to invest in the region considered poorly

Revised by Lea Associates 5-4 October 2001(Original Document by ICT. CES, LBII)

Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: S - Poverty

accessible at present. Agricultural growth also induces growth of labour-intensivemanufacturing activities in rural areas, very ideal to the Mizoram situation, that provideemployment to the poor in allied and non-farm occupations. All these would helpincreased levels of commercialisation and industrialisation.

Increased Mobility of Human Resources

Road networks not only links the communities to better markets, but also opens up widerwork opportunities in distant places. People can shuttle to distant work sites and townsand engage in construction, factories, business as well as domestic works. The time takento major urban centres like Aizawl and Lunglei will be reduced. At present the distributionof urban population is skewed where 50 percent is concentrated in Aizawl itself. Peopleget regular works with higher wages without migrating permanently or seasonally if thetransportation is efficient. This would also give rise to 'dormitory' settlements, close tolarger urban settlements.

With the implementation of the road improvement project, economic development in thefringe area will improve, and all the villages along the road would look for reaping thepotential benefits at a rapid pace. Large villages like Aibawk and Thenzawl could becomegrowth centres to the rural hinterland. This will be, not only due to the size of the villages,but also because of their location along the project road. Each of the major villages likeMelriat, Aibawk and Thenzawl will develop as major junctions along the project road.With the increasing traffic and movement of people, there is likely to be an increase in thebusiness activities like, establishment of more tea stalls, grocery shops, eating joints, etc.

Increased Local Economic and Credit Opportunities

Improved road networks encourage urban entrepreneurs to invest in far and remote areasin different sectors like commercial farming, small-scale industries, horticulture,floriculture, sericulture and real estate developments. Villagers lease out their lands andhouses for higher prices, make new business partners and this develops theirentrepreneurships skills. With more money flowing to the villages, there will be more workopportunities. With the improved networking and cash management, the communities cantap new institutional credit institutes and financial services.

This helps in increasing productivity, and reducing credit constraints, which is the maininstrument of exploitation in the rural setting. Thus, by increasing the income of the ruralpeople, road development can also be instrumental in breaking the stranglehold of moneylenders and reducing the impact of interlocking between land, labour and credit markets.

Increased Institutional Networks

Improved roads help people building strong institutional network with outside agencies.They can put forward their demands and increase the accessibility to government andnon-government sectors. Frequency of interaction will increase among people and outsideagencies will pay more attention. The smaller settlements will be under constant vigil bythe higher government officials, politicians, development agents that helps in regular and

Revised by Lea Associates 5-5 October 2001(Original Document by ICT, CES. LBII)

Alizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP. 5 - Poverty

efficient maintenance of village school, health centres, electricity, irrigation, drinkingwater, veterinary and other development schemes; essential and emergency services likemobile libraries and bookshops, mobile health centres and public distribution systems, etc.The improved road will allow for better access to public facilities and institutional serviceslike health care, education and credit. The public amenities and the infrastructureavailable in the two Rural Development Blocks of the project road are given in Table 5.2.

Table 5.2: Public Amenities in the Project Area

Population I Medical Facilities

Si. RD block m E6 oNo. 4 C M F T E Z .u . 0) C.

1 Aibawk ~~~ O= 0 M = 0 0 1 0

1 Aibawk 20 '2853 2852 8903 7737 15830 20 20 153 0 2 0 0

2 Serchhip 19 15623 5950 17312 16814 4126 21 19 93 1 1 19

[Total |39 8476 8802 26215 4551 49956 [1 39 246 1 3 19 0

Source: Statistical handbook of Mizoram, 2000. PHC = Public Health Centre. SC = Health Sub Centre.

, Increased Awareness Level

Increased frequency of interaction with outsiders increases awareness level of thecommunities with regard to new agricultural practices, other allied sectors like sericulture,horticulture, sericulture etc.., their health and nutrition, living style, and proper utilisationof available resources. With the increasing emphasis on participatory development anddemocratisation, people would become more aware of their duties and responsibilities andwill accrue more bargaining power.

The diffusion of agricultural technology is facilitated by development in transport andmarketing. The access to modern inputs is facilitated as a result. Farmers can readilyobtain high yield variety (HYV) seeds and fertilizers. Similarly, they can also takeadvantage of the repair facilities for the implements in market towns and bigger villages.

Increased Scope for Better Management of Public Schemes

Interaction with the government, non-government and other development agents, helppeople gain new knowledge on improved farming, land development, development andmaintenance of natural resources through the formation of various economic and socialdevelopment committees. Recently implemented development schemes like forestprotection/management committees, watershed committees, farmers association, etc.,can work better with the easy, efficient transportation that connects progressively thepeople and the development agents.


AlIzoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 5 - Poverty

5.4 PUBLIC OPINION ON POVERTY ALLEVIATION ISSUES

The issue of poverty and improvements in the quality of life of the people was addressedduring the course of public consultations. The overall opinion among the villagers ingeneral and the project-affected people (PAPs) in particular was very positive towards theproject. The people welcomed the idea of road improvement and informed the socialsurvey team members that they were also willing to participate in the project activitieswherever possible.

The PAPs forsee that the project implementation would lead to development of trade andcommerce, which would lead to an overall increase in the standard of living. In particularthe economic and industrial activities that are lacking in Mizoram would get an impetusfrom this road improvement project. The general business community and industrialistswould now explore opportunities for investment here.

* Secondly, the improved road would facilitate in saving time, money and fuel, which wouldbe a direct positive impact to the state's economy.

* The access to better health care system at the major towns would be faster due to theimproved road.

* The road improvement project will have its positive impact on the agricultural sector also.The significant impact would be a transformation from shifting system of cultivation to thesettled system. This could be achieved due to better and wider interaction of the Mizoswith the outside world. The frequency of the agricultural department officials would alsoincrease and allow for effective extension activities.

* With improved agricultural system, the productivity would increase and the people will beable to sell agricultural goods more profitably as they will be able to access wider marketarea.

* A spurt of commercial structures (tea stalls, restaurants etc.) along the project roads willalso be seen. Influx of tourists and visitors will bring in money to the local entrepreneurs.Value of land will increase after the project is completed. Communication with residents ofother villages and urban areas will be facilitated.

5.4.1 MEASURES TOWARDS INCOME RESTORATION AND UPLIFT OF VULNERABLE PEOPLE

The project has taken a number of measures towards resettlement and rehabilitation ofthe vulnerable families including the women headed households, Scheduled Castes,Scheduled Tribes and the poor (BPL) getting affected by it. The considerations thereinhave been compiled as follows:

* All the affected families falling under the vulnerable category including the BPL are goingto be compensated and/or assisted irrespective of their ownership status. Thus it impliesthat, whether they do or do not possess legal title of the lands/assets, whether they aretenants or encroachers or squatters, they will be paid with the compensation and/orassistance amounts.

* For private property holders, if the type of loss is agricultural land and assets an entitledperson (EP) from the vulnerable group can claim the compensation for the entire land bymeans of land-for-land instead of accepting pecuniary compensation to the loss atreplacement value, provided land of equal quality or more productive value is available. Allthe other assistances remain the same as those for others including transitionalallowances, additional grant for severance of land, residual plots, expenses on fees, taxes,etc. and alternative economic rehabilitation support and training for up-gradation of theskills.In case of loss of non-agricultural private property, option for residential/commercial plotat resettlement site will be provided free of cost to vulnerable families if so opted by them


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 5 - Poverty

apart from all other considerations like compensation at replacement value, transitionalallowance, shifting allowance, rental allowance for disruption caused to BPL tenants,compensation for advance rental deposit, right to salvage materials from the demolishedsite, etc.There is a provision for additional support to the vulnerable people who have been affectedby the loss of livelihood / primary source of income. The assistance will be equivalent forone year towards income generating or vocational training option of the EP's choice. Thetraining will include starting of a suitable production or service activity. Economicrehabilitation support and training and in case the money not spent for the trainingprogramme, the equivalent amount is to be paid as per EP's choice.

Apart from the abovementioned specific considerations, the vulnerable persons are alsogoing to avail of provisions / assistances generally meant for all affected persons, in thecase of loss of common property resources. There is a consideration of creation ofemployment opportunities in the project, if possible. Moreover, they can enjoy adequatesafety measures, particularly meant for pedestrians and children, landscaping ofcommunity common areas, improved drainage, roadside rest areas etc. that will come upin integration with the project.


CHAPTER 6

HIV / AIDS

Rapid urbanization has been associated with the introduction of STD and HIV in newplaces and new population groups. Development of roads all over India is no exception tothis. Improvement in road condition not only enhances scope of socio-economicdevelopment of the area but also simultaneously accelerates mobility of differentpopulation group (local inhabitants, construction and transport workers, maintenancestaff, road users like truckers, mobile sex workers, staff of road development operationand related services).

6.1 THE INDIAN CONTEXT

The HIV/AIDS epidemic represents the most serious public health problem in India. Sincethe first case of AIDS detected in 1986, its prevalence has highlighted its spread fromrural to urban areas and from high risk to general population. Though the initial cases ofHIV/AIDS were reported among sex workers and IDU, the epidemic continues to shifttowards women and young people with an accompanying increase in vertical transmissionand pediatric HIV. It is estimated that as on March 2001, 20,304 people are infected byAIDS while nearly 3.5 million people are having HIV infection (NACO) The Sero-Positivityrate for the country as a whole is 24.64 per thousand in 1999 (NACO) (see Figure 6.1)

Figure 6.1: AIDS Scenario in India (1986-01)

25000

uf 20000 20304

0) 1 5000/

0 10000

0 5000z 500 5 1 14 34 60 t08 290 639 l01 21+ - 's

0

Years -..- No of cases

Although the HIV prevalence is low in majority of the states, the number of HIV infectionsis increasing. As on March 2000, 11251 AIDS cases were reported to NACO. It isestablished that the presence of STD increases the risk of HIV transmission by 8-10 times.A host of opportunistic infections are seen in increasing numbers in the AIDS patients ofwhich Tuberculosis accounts for about 6 20/o of the total cases.


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP.- 6 - HIV AIDS

6.1.1 TRENDS IN HIV/AIDS SPREAD

As evident from the figure 6.2, AIDS is common among males though it has shown ameagre decline in their numbers. There has been an increase in female cases due to theirvulnerability as commercial sex workers and its spread in antenatal mothers. Currently,the estimated HIV infection rate among adult population between 15-49 years of age is0.7%. The majority of AIDS cases are concentrated in the reproductive age group bothamong males and females. These are the high-risk age group as consists of the mainwork force population, which is highly mobile. Among females the group consists of thosewho are into sex work and are probable mothers. Migration of labour, low awareness,gender disparities, prevalence of STD and STI are some of the factors attributed to thespread of HIV/AIDS among them.

Figure 6.2: Age and Gender wise distribution of AIDS in India

Age Wise Distribution of AIDS in India Gender Distribution of AIDS Cases in India(1999-2001) (1999-2001)

150 100CD 80

100- w 6

S'5°o ; _; s82°o-LL040

0 -

1999 Years 2001 1999 Years 2001

r30-14 *15-29 r330-44 0345&above O3Males - Females

Figure 6.3 Risk/Transmission Categories of AIDS Cases (1999-01)

RisklTransmission Categories of AIDS Cases

120 (1999-2001)

100

, 80 _Others

U 60 _ 4 . 51 l | rAln]ectable Drug users0

40o10 SBIood and Blood Products

20 -3-g .Perinatal Transmission

o 13R R . _ _ . l l a Sexual

1999 Years 2001

The main source of transmission of STD/HIV/ is through sexual interactions, whichaccounts for 80%/0 of the total cases. Spread of the disease through IDUs is mainlyconcentrated in the North Eastern part of India though it has a share of 6%, while bloodtransfusion revealed a declining trend (7% to 4 %). The occurrence of the disease amongantenatal mothers shows the future spread of the disease among the general populationwhose share has increased from 10/% to 2 % of the total AIDS cases in India during 1999-01 (see Figure 6.3)


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 6 - HIVAIDS

While other modes of transmission can be plugged through appropriate training andsupervision of biomedical procedures, spread through IDU and indulgence of unprotectedsex with multiple partners can be contained by making those at risk aware of it.

6.1.2 STD ISTI/ HIV/ AIDS AS HIGHWAY DISEASES

Vehicles carrying people or goods over long distances are the frequent users of highways.It has been found that the drivers and helpers/assistants of such long-distance vehicleslike trucks often spend many days, being out of their families. The factors of financialinsecurity, tensions at work, being away from home for longer periods give rise toirregular habits among the truck drivers and their assistants. Taking to alcohol andcommercial sex is one of the means of entertainment and releasing tensions. For thesesolitary mobile men it is difficult to refrain from physical urges for over longer periods.These drivers and helpers or assistants take halts at different resting placesdesignated/naturally developed along the corridors. There the truckers and theirassistants are found to indulge into high-risk sexual behaviour and often have sex withmany women on their way. Married mobile men often chose CSWs for satisfying theirsexual urge of oral and anal sex that they do not practice at home with their wives. Casesof men having sex with men, and sometimes, young (male) assistants being sexuallyabused by the truck drivers are not very uncommon. Apart from having irregular sexualhabits, mobile people are often found to indulge in high-risk behaviour relating injectingdrug use (IDU). With this kind of a high-risk behavioural pattern these mobile people arefound to act as vectors of spreading STD/ HIV/ AIDS, by contacting the disease fromsome place and spreading them in other locations along the corridors through which theyply. Thus sexual diseases are often found to spread rapidly along the road and highwaycorridors.

Mobility, Migration and High-Risk (Sexual) Behaviour

Mobility is believed to give rise to high-risk sexual behaviour. Various studies on high-risksexual behaviour of mobile people, conducted along highways both in India and abroad,revealed supportive information in this regard (references to be sited

In general, it is understood that people in their own socio-cultural settings like village orurban neighbourhoods show restraint from getting into high-risk sexual behaviour. On thecontrary, people on the move, staying out of their families and normal surroundings forlonger periods easily fall prey to such high-risk behaviour concerning sex or IDU. Thereare a lot of reasons behind such behaviour emerging out of economic and socio-psychological background of these people.

Along with mobility, migration also gives rise to high-risk sexual behaviour. However, inthis kind of studies relating to highways and mobile population, importance of migrationas a contributing phenomenon is usually undermined in most cases. But, migration mayhave a lead role to play in giving rise to high-risk behaviour.


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP. 6 - HIV AIDS

Economy related migration in most cases involves adult males. This group of people staysout for longer periods migrating from their own regions. There is thus a chance of thembeing prone to high-risk sexual behaviour. This group through their high-risk sexualbehavioural pattern may contact STD/ HIV/ AIDS infections and consequently pass on thesame to their community counterparts while visiting their places of origin.

Intra-regional migrants who remain out of their families for shorter durations also aresubject to exposure of high-risk sexual behaviour. In such a situation, they may act asvectors of spreading such diseases that they have contacted out of their high-risk sexualbehaviour to their spouses/ regular sex partners.

Displacement due to Highway Development Projects / Resettlement Issues

Displacing people from their settlements and thereby disrupting their socio-economic andcultural setting may throw them open to high-risk seeking behaviour. The project affectedpersons (PAPs) of any highway development project may also fall prey of suchhappenings. The initial shock of displacement and thereby movement, economic insecurityand psychological instability coupled with disruption of stable social networks may giverise to high-risk seeking behaviour among the PAPs.

- Bypasses

Development of bypasses always involves acquisition of huge amount of agricultural land.This creates a great pressure on the agrarian economy. Moreover, in resource scarceregions this is found to have more negative impacts. This phenomenon may haverelations in throwing people open to high-risk seeking behaviour in the context ofeconomic instability.

* Loss of Livelihood/ Business

Loss of livelihood or one's business has a great role to play in allowing people to seekinghigh-risk behaviour. Economic instability caused due to loss of livelihood may have adirect influence on increasing high-risk behaviour in the context of easier avenues ofincome earning and releasing tension through pleasure activities.

6.1.3 HIV/AIDS & INDIAN ROADS

Improvement in road condition not only enhances scope of socio-economic developmentof the area but also simultaneously accelerates mobility of different population groups(local inhabitants, construction and transport workers, maintenance staff, operation andrelated services). This increases the exposure risk of the communities along the corridorto a larger population, which can increase the vulnerability to various infectious diseases,including STDs and HIV/AIDS.

Human activity plays a critical role in the spread of such diseases. Changes in the size,density, or distribution of human populations, due to large-scale development activities,both during and after the construction of the facility, contribute significantly to the


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&1PDP: 6 - HiVAIDS

transmission of infections. An influx of large numbers of people can produce overcrowdingand inadequate supplies of safe water, which in turn leads to problems in hygiene- acombination that is ideal for the spread of infectious diseases. Population mobility hasalways contributed spread of communicable diseases either to reach unaffected area andamong different group or enhancing existing scenario of low level epidemic.

In India it's estimated that 3 to 5 million people are living with HIV/AIDS - the largestnumber of HIV infected people in any country of the world. Actual prevalence rates areunder 1% of the total adult population, which is relatively low when compared toThailand's rate of 2.3%. The lack of an aggressive response from Government of Indiamakes the situation very concerning. Highways often act as vehicles of spreadingdiseases. Heterosexual contact with a commercial sex worker has been a major risk factorin HIV transmission in western and southern areas, and surveillance studies report ratesamong commercial sex workers of 51% in Mumbai and 45% in Pune.

Most of India's goods are transported through road. It is estimated that road transportamounts to 70 % of the total transportation in the country. The number of mobile personsengaged in road transportation comprises of almost 5 million truck drivers and theirhelpers/assistants. These people are often, accused of spreading HIV/AIDS along withSTDs. Apart from them, their sex partners in most cases the commercial sex workers(CSW), also act as key agents in spreading such diseases.

6.1.4 GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES

Soon after reporting of the HIV/AIDS case in the country, the Government recognised theseriousness and National Aids Control Programme was launched in 1986 along with HIVSurveillance to generate awareness and assess the geographical spread of HIV inspectionalong with determining the major nodes of HIV transmission. The programmeconcentrated on the following areas that confirm to the global AIDS prevention andcontrol strategy:

* Programme Management

* Surveillance and Research

* Information, Education and Communication through NGO

* Control of STD

* Condom Promotion

* Condom Programming

* Blood safety

* Reduction of impact


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 6 - HIV AIDS

6.2 AIDS IN MIZORAM

The social system of the state of Mizoram, predominantly a tribal society, has a setupunique to itself. The system of marriage is neither strict nor (unduly) regulated, and freesex is not a taboo. The system accepts single unwed mothers (some' point out this groupas one of the vulnerable groups for the spread HIV, although no specific or corroborativedata exists). Even, the relatively more social freedom enjoyed by the women of Mizoramis seen by some2 as a factor in the spread of the disease (here again, there is no concretedata to suggest such association). Several other studies suggest injecting drug users(IDUs) to be the main reason for the spread of HIV/AIDS in Mizoram (see subsequentsub-sections of this Report).

However, HIV is no more confined to high-risk groups of sex workers, truckers, migrantlabourers or intravenous drug users, but it is moving from high-risk groups to the generalpopulation including pregnant mothers. It is in this context, that possible actions as partof this Project becomes important.

6.2.1 SPREAD OF HIV/AIDS IN MIZORAM

Geographical Context

Mizoram, due to its geographical location is vulnerable to HIV/AIDS. It is bordered byMyanmar (which is seen as the epicentre of the HIV epidemic in Asia), and Manipur(which is the epicentre of IDU related HIV infection in India). The following exampleswould suffice.

Prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Myanmar is high and the rate among the (a) injecting drugusers is between 56.5% to 76.3%; (b) commercial sex workers (CSWs) is 16% to 18%;and (c) pregnant women is 1.3% to 2%.Manipur has conducted studies to establish the spread of HIV among the people. From atotal of 48,807 persons tested 6,118 persons (12.5%) tested positive. During 1992-1995,301 persons had developed AIDS, and 94 died of AIDS. The prevalence rate among (a)IDUs is 55.6%; (b) pregnant women is 0.63%; blood donors is 2.05%, and (d) commercialsex workers is 3.82%

In Thailand there are about 750,000 Burmese people, of which about 20,000 arereportedly involved in activities like drug addiction, alcoholism and sexual relations withmultiple partners. There are reports of an influx of these Burmese people into Mizoram.There has been simultaneous increase in the commercial availability opium (heroin), andthe usage of injecting drugs.

Further, Myanmar and Thailand that are part of the 'Golden Triangle' supply opium toother destinations through Mizoram. Enforcements and interceptions by the police andother drug traffic prevention agencies have not been very effective. The state has

I ICT, CES, LBII. Study of HIV/AIDs, Mizoram State Roads Project. May 2001.

2 Same as above.

Revised by Lea Associates 6-6 October 2001(Original Document by iCT, CES, LBII)


prohibited consumption of alcohol, but unlawful alcohol supply is available in all parts ofMizoram.

Growth in the Spread of HIV/AIDS

Since 1990 October onwards the Health Department and ICMR (Kolkata) have beenconducting periodic blood tests to establish the incidence of HIV/AIDS in Mizoram. Theresults are shown in Table 6.1. The health department/ICMR data is supplemented by thetest and survey records3 at the Civil Hospital (Aizawl) since 1990.

Table 6.1: Growth in the Incidence of HIV/AIDS in Mizoram

0 CL N L ' c" w rL eZCL" ''

co CD to r- X U) ri ul rs 0 O: IL:: ne ) 0 m 0U ) Oown 0u ou

Particulars

o CD o v o 0 o e 2 0 .o 0>0 ~~ ~~0 0 . 0 a 0 C 0 0

a.a. CIP .(

Injecting Drug Users 103 9 166 11 180 4 263 13 125 6 110 3 57 7 99 4

STD/ CSW 31 - 292 4 130 - 277 4 170 3 151 6 225 16 287 22

Blood Donors 6 2520 - 2747 3 4435 2 4433 5170 - 4715 - 8468 -

Others (Volunteers, - 4 3 233 2 4 2 257etc.)Others 124 - 316 - 9 - 202 - 7 - - 102 -

Total 164 | 9 3294 15 3066 7 5181 22 4375 9 5664 9 5103 25 91113 26

. Injecting Drug Users

ACET/EHA4 survey amongst 800IDUs (2206) reveals that 700

73.79% are using Proxyvon 600 441500J4(propoxyphene), which is 400

peculiar to Mizoram. Even in 300

Manipur the percentage of 200100 2

Proxyvon users is not as 0high as in Mizoram. The <15 16-20 21-26 26-30 >30

survey also established thatin the sample, 1,929 of the Figure 6.4: Age-Group Distribution of the IDUs2,206 classified themselvesas unemployed youth (whether the same people are school dropouts has to be clarified).

3 The Civil Hospital started the HIV tests and the periodic surveys from 1990. The hospital keeps records inan appreciable manner, and also documents the findings, periodically.

4 EHA/ACET run a project called SHALOM in Mizoram to extend support for intravenous drug users.



Women and Children

The survey found that there are about 900 Divorced Marrital status ofcommercial sex workers (CSWs) in IO lDU's in Mizoram

Mizoram. The majority of them come from Married

poor and/or broken families and a number 26%

of them are divorcees.r

The ACET/EHA survey reported meeting

with a group of CSWs whose needs were p

many and varied. Many of these womenwere homeless and had spent much of

their time in government-run Women - ll i

Protective Homes to which they were

referred to by the police who arrested

them from different places. The surveythemfro diferet pace. Th suvey Figure 6.5: Marital Status of IDUs inalso speculated possible harassment by Maralpeople who belong to welfareassociations. The CSWs shared openly their stories with the SHALOM staff: their

background, why and how they have entered into their profession, their needs and

problems. From the survey of the commercial sex workers, the survey recommended thatrunning a home for women affected by drugs, HIV and/or prostitution was an immediate

need (in Aizawl) where they could be provided with counselling and vocational training invarious trades.

6.3 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF IDU RELATED HIV/AIDS IN MIZORAM

Until 1989, it was believed that India would belong to the low HIV prevalence group ofcountries, with heterosexual transmission as the major route of transmission. It was also

thought that transmission among IDUs would not be an important issue for India. In

1986, the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) began sero-surveillance for HIV

among different risk groups in different parts of India, including the north-eastern state of

Manipur. Within six months of detection of the first case in Manipur, the seroprevalence

among IDUs increased 540/o. This was a clear example that HIV infection can jump

alarmingly, if preventive measures are not implemented against high-risk behaviours evenwith no or low prevalence of HIV.

6.3.1 ROLE OF IDUS IN INTRODUCING HIV INTO THE GENERAL POPULATION

HIV is spread from IDUs to the general population through unprotected sexual contact.Virtually all studies of risk behaviour among IDUs in both developed and developing

countries find that IDUs are sexually active, having both injecting and non-injecting



partners, and use condoms infrequently. While most studies5 find that there is a strongerassociation between injecting behaviour and HIV sero-positivity, some do indicate thatsexual behavior contributes to HIV risk among IDUs.

One study6 in Manipur, India, an area that has experienced an explosive spread of HIVamong injecting drug users, has found that 50-70 percent of injectors have reported asexual experiences within the last 5 years. The median number of heterosexual partnerswas three in the five years before the study. Although sexual activity among the drugusing population was lower than the general population, there was still evidence of atleast some sexual activity in this group. In addition, condom use was extremely low, withonly 3-5 percent of injectors reporting even occasional use of them. Another study inIndia found that over 30 percent of married male and female injecting drug users hadextramarital sex, and less than 2 percent of them used condoms. Data on rates ofcondom use among IDUs and non-injecting drug users indicate that rates may be loweramong injectors. One study in Delhi, India revealed that condom use among IDUs waslower than among non-injecting drug users7.

Sexual Contact with Commercial Sex Workers

There is also evidence that IDUs have sexual intercourse with commercial sex workers.About 50 percent of IDUs in Mizoram8 had multiple partners, including prostitutes. Studiesin Manipur9 have found high rates of sex with commercial sex workers among IDUs, with10 to 16 percent of injecting drug users having a history of exposure to commercial sexworkers.

The prevalence of injecting among prostitutes is another important factor when examiningthe role of IDUs in introducing HIV into the general population. Injecting is a relativelycommon practice among male and female prostitutes as well as among male transvestitesengaged in prostitution The HIV sero-positivity in these particular groups of injectors andtheir sexual behaviour clearly place the larger population at risk for contracting HIV.

o Transmission Rates from IDUs to the General Population

Evidence mentioned above suggests that IDUs can transmit the virus to their heterosexualpartners, and through these partners to children. The pattern found in most countries isthat once HIV infection is well established in the IDU population, they act as a "bridge"through which HIV reaches the wider heterosexual population. Prevalence data and

5 Schoenbaum, et al. 1989; Anthony, et ai. 1991; Narain, et at. 1994; Singh et at. 1993; Jain, et at. 1994;Sarkar, et at. 1996; Sarkar, et at. 1993; Zheng, et at. 1994; Vanichseni, et al. 1991; Lima, et al. 1992;Surratt, et al. 1996a; McBride, et at. 1996; Cavailari, et at. 1994; Chitwood, et al. 1995

6 Sarkar, et al. 1993.

7 Kumar, et al. 1996

8 Narain, et at. 1994.



Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 6 - HIVAIDS

additional research in certain areas show that HIV has begun to spread from the high-riskpopulation of IDUs to the general population. HIV sero-prevalence of 0.5-1 percentamong pregnant women in the city of Bombay and in the state of Manipur was found in1991, just a few years after the first AIDS cases were found. In Manipur, the majority ofAIDS cases have occurred among the IDU population, so it is likely that HIV in pregnantwomen has been transmitted mainly through IDUs. In addition, among non-injectingsexual partners of IDUs tested, 6 percent were found to be HIV-positive within 2 years ofthe first HIV case in the IDU population'°. Researchers interviewing both IDUs and theirspouses in three counties found that 49 percent of IDUs were seropositive, none of thewives of IDUs used condoms, and 10 percent of the wives were HIV positive. Based onthe duration of infection among IDUs, it was estimated that the heterosexual transmissionrate here was 6.4 percent per annum per person

Models of Transmission from IDUs to the General Population

Theoretical work and modeling have been done in addition to empirical studies regardingintra- and inter-group HIV spread. HIV transmission from IDUs to the general populationdepends on "mixing," that is, the extent to which injecting drug users practice sexualactivity only among themselves (assortative mixing) or with non-injecting drug users(disassortative mixing). The shape of the AIDS epidemic curve (i.e., how fast prevalencerises, when it plateaus, and the difference in saturation among distinct groups) dependson proportions of the population in high, medium, and low risk groups, and the pattern ofmixing that occurs.

, Transmission to General Population in Mizoram

As the sexual partners of the IDUs in Mizoram could be high risk groups, the rate oftransmission to the general population is anticipated to be very high. Although specificdata on the high-risk behaviour of the sexual partners of the IDUs in Mizoram is notavailable, the following suggest that the high-risk group might be abundant.

. There are already about 900 commercial sex workers in Mizoram, which has a totalpopulation below 900,000. These commercial sex workers (although their clientele consistsof people from outside the state) themselves are at a very high risk of contacting HIV, andpass on to the general population.The IDUs in Mizoram are reported to have multiple sexual partners. About 500/0 of the Idushave multiple sexual partners (including commercial sex workers, but also including casualand/or non-commercial sex partners). As free sex is not a big social taboo in Mizoram, therisk of spreading HIV from the IDUs is high.Though most of the IDUs in Mizoram are male, injecting drug use among women is widelyreported. Therefore, the increase in sero-positivity among the children is a high risk.Assortative mixing among IDUs is there, but most of the sexual partners of the IDUs arenon-IDUs themselves. Although awareness among the IDUs is relatively high, awarenessamong the sexual partners of the IDUs is low. These non-IDU partners include


" Zheng, et al. 1994.


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP. 6 - HIVAOS5

(predominantly male) population originating from outside the state (mostly the highway-users), many of who are reported to be totally ignorant about HIV/AIDS. There is a trendthat many people from outside the state (Myanmar, Bangladesh, and districts of Assamand other north-eastern states) are settling down in Mizoram, the number of high-riskgroup population is increasing.

6.3.2 EsTiMATES OF SERO-POSMVEITY AMONG IDUs IN MIZORAM

Systematic studies were conducted in Manipur and it was found that there were at least15,000 IDUs in the areas near the highways or sharing a border with Myanmar.Therefore, there were at least 7,500 HIV-positive IDUs in Manipur. The profile of the IDUsin Mizoram is expected to be similar to that of Manipur. The IDUs were quite young (themedian age was 20) and overwhelmingly male (95%). They used mainly ink droppersfitted with a needle, and there was evidence of extensive sharing of equipment withoutcleaning. The major reason for drug use was availability, as cheap ($15 for one gram)heroin with a purity of more than 90% was available across the Myanmar border.

* Mizoram

Surveys"z also found that in Kohima and Nagaland, the areas near the highway fromMyanmar through Manipur had a higher prevalence of both drug use and HIV infection.The 1991-92 ICMR study in Kohima supported this finding. The HIV seroprevalence inKohima and Dimapur was more than 50% among IDUs, and 1% of the population inDimapur were IDUs. The ICMR also surveyed Mizoram, which shares a border withMyanmar, and found a similar high prevalence of drug use.

All these estimates were based on stratification of the city into high, medium, and lowzones of drug use based on secondary data sources, such as customs, police detoxcenters, and key informants. Thus ICMR had estimated that there would be at least 1,500and 2,800 injectors respectively in the surveyed areas of Nagaland and Mizoram. Thesero-prevalence in Mizoram was 6% to 10% in two different surveys.

6.3.3 INTERVENTIONS IN MIZORAM

The ICMR had conducted surveys of IDUs and college students to compare theirknowledge, attitudes, behavior, and practices (KABP) related to HIV. It was found that in1990 the knowledge of the IDUs about HIV and its modes of transmission weresignificantly higher than the knowledge of college students who were more educated.(The median educational status of IDUs was less than secondary school.)

Health Campaigns

However, all the public health campaigns related to HIV prevention among drug userswere restricted to the prevention of drug use and abstinence from drugs. There were toofew psychiatrists, almost no counselors, and only a handful of detox beds. The message

12 Dr. Swarup Sarkar, Indian Council of Medical Research AIDS Unit, Calcutta.

Revised by Lea Associates 6-11 October 2001(Originai Document by ICT, CES, LBII)

Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPOP: 6 - HIVAID5

from all these centers was restricted to drug abstinence alone. Therefore, there was notmuch impact on individually targeted interventions through existing medical facilities. Atthe same time, two-thirds of the drug users were being imprisoned, and half of themwere being taken to the prisons by their families. Despite such large numbers of drugusers being imprisoned, only 2% decided to end their addiction because of their jailexperience.

Prevention of Drug Traffic

The other intervention came from customs, where in Mizoram virtually all the heroin couldbe seized, making it too costly for the common user. However, this intervention did nothave any impact on HIV prevention, as the IDUs switched to synthetic analgesics soldover the counter, and the injecting risk behaviour"3 did not change at all. The risk of otherinfections such as cellilitis due to the use of cotton for filtering the drug solution-whicheven led to even occasional amputation of the extremities-was higher. The total effort,then, from the police, customs, and the medical services was aimed primarily atprevention of drug use. The message of harm reduction or cleaning needles with bleachfor HIV prevention was not promoted. In fact, bleach is still unheard of by most of theIDUs as a cleaning method; condoms are also rarely used.

6.3.4 TRANSMISSION FROM THE IDUs

The other issue that played a possible role in unabated practice of risk behavior was theIDUs' lack of direct experience of seeing people with AIDS. As it takes a median of 8 to 10years to develop full-blown AIDS, most of the IDUs had not encountered people withAIDS. Thus the IDUs may not be accepting the possibility that they may develop AIDS.

All these factors led to uninterrupted HIV transmission among the IDUs in Mizoram andother north-eastern states14 . The virus has clearly been passed onto sexual partners, as6.30/o of the spouses of IDUs have been found to be HIV positive and more than 1% ofthe antenatal mothers are HIV positive. Perinatal transmission has already begun.

The impact of other diseases is already visible. The ICMR had documented the firstsatellite epidemic following HIV, as herpes zoster has significantly increased among thepatients attending the dermatology department of the hospital. As herpes zoster is anearly HIV-related disease, The ICMR suggested that the epidemic of tuberculosis to followvery soon.

6.3.5 POSSIBLE AcTIONS

The ICMR KABP study has shown that among IDUs there had been a change in the riskbehaviour practice of sharing without cleaning needles. However, a multivariate analysis

13 In terms of injecting behaviour, the Mizoram IDUs were comparable to the IDUs in Manipur and Nagaland.

" Where, as a result, the sero-prevalence in 1993-94 had reached 81% to 90%.

Revised by Lea Associates 6-12 October 2001(Original Document by lCT. CES. LBII)

Alizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 6 - HIVAZDS

showed that these changes are not attributed to any of the interventions that have beenoffered on a large scale or counselling"5. In the past few years there have been severaloutreach projects that promote bleach and condoms, but their impact has yet to beevaluated. This shows that there is a need for community-based interventions rather thanindividually targeted interventions, and that harm reduction as a policy requiresendorsement.

The ICMR evaluation of the outreach project showed that the police still arrests largenumbers of IDUs if they are found to be carrying needles and that community leaders andparents are still reluctant to discuss non-sharing or cleaning of injecting equipment.Success of the outreach project will depend on the acceptance of the harm reductionpolicy by society and by the police.

NGOs working in Mizoram

To make actions to prevent and arrest the spread of HIV/AIDS a community-based one,the NACO has involved the following NGOs to work as partners.

• Care Project(A project of World Vision of India)Chanmari, Aizwal-796001.

• Bathesda Counselling & De-addiction CenterLuangmual, Aizwal-796012. Tel.: 0389- (8) 32410

* Society of HIV/AIDS & Lifeline Operation in Mizoram (SHALOM)YA-3, Chaltlang Dawrkawn, Aizwal-796012. Tel.: 0389-341365

* Mara Chano Py.Office of the Mara Chano Py.Headquarters: Saiha, Mizoram-796901

- Community Health Action Network (CHAN),P.O. Box No. 5, Aizwal. Tel.: 0389-326106/27609

There are other smaller NGOs (including community-based organisations), which are

working in the area of HIV/AIDS. The services of all these NGOs could be mobilised, if

required in this Project.

6.4 INTERVENTIONS FROM THE PROJECT

Interventions from the project would have a two-fold objective. One, the project would

aim to supplement the various government and non-government programmes those are

currently being implemented, as far as practicable within a road development project.

Two, the project would ensure specific health and monitoring facilities, as per provisions

of the contract for the project, and overall mandate for the PWD, to reduce risk of

HIV/AIDS to the people employed in the project.

15 Testing facilities have been offered on a large scale in Manipur, but the counseling there has not alwaysbeen adequate.



6.4.1 TARGET GROUP

The target groups for the project would consist of the (a) construction workers, (b) the

host population with respect to the construction camps, hot-mix plants, etc., and (c) the16commercial sex workers located near the project site

The construction labourers' camps would be the most important target for HIV/AIDS

related interventions from the project. The interventions would need to ensure that areas

around the physical boundary of these camps (at least the nearby settlements either side

of the camps) would be targeted with respect to the interventions. This and the other

host population during the construction period; and all population close to the project

road (particularly at traffic nodes) during the operation period would need to be targeted.

Studies in various other road projects in India have revealed that one of the main carriers

of STD is truckers. These groups would also need to be targeted at a macro-level, if

substantial progress is to be made in reducing the spread of HIV/AIDS.

6.4.2 CURRENT PROGRAMMES

A number of programmes, both in the government and the non-government sector are

currently being implemented in Mizoram. The following strategies are more or less

common among all these programmes.

* Planning for the Required Physical Infrastructure* Involvement of the NGOs

* Designing an appropriate health care system (counseling, diagnosis, and treatment)* Behavior change communication (BCC), which again consists of the following:

Intensive health education through NGOsCounseling to enhance risk perception for effective behavior changePeer education with the involvement of truckers wherever possible, includingroad side hotel workers, brokers, mechanics, etc.Organising health camps as an inter-educational approachCreating an enabling environment by sensitizing the local opinion makersEfforts to enhance the knowledge and skills of NGO staff by investing incapacity building of staff, through trainings and exposure visits.

STD case management, using syndrome approach, which includes the involvement of theNGOs in the following:

* Running static clinics at strategic locations* Managing mobile clinics* Setting up referral linkages, and* Organizing health camps.

Condom promotion: this is linked to BCC as well as STD treatment, consisting of thefollowing:

* Developing a system for condom procurement, storage and distribution

16 It is anticipated that not many commercial sex worker are currently located along the project road. Thereare reported flying CSWs. However, the number may change once the project starts, as CSWs from thenearby Aizawl and other towns move into the vicinity of the project.



Addressing barriers to condom usage through BCC sessions/counselingImparting skills of correct usage during BCC sessions and STD treatmentIncreasing access to condoms by setting up outlets

* Involving peer educators in condom promotion.

The project will take advantage of all these current programmes, and would co-ordinatewith the relevant government and non-government agencies to extend their programmeto the roadside villages, if not already covered.

6.4.3 RECOMMENDED ACTIONS

Specific actions to be carried out in the project for controlling the spread of HIV/AIDS/STDare described in the following sub-sections.

* Information campaign/advertisement

Signage/Hoardings: Suitable information materials would be designed to impartknowledge regarding STD/AIDS, the nature of their spread, control measures etc., amongroad users and truckers. Proper signage and hoardings will be designed and displayed insuitable locations.

Vehicle stickers: Stickers on information related to STD/AIDS will be procured from thecurrent government or non-government programmes (highlighting the use of condoms,treatment facilities, etc.). In the information booths located on the truck parking areas(and in the bus terminal near Aizawl) these stickers would be kept and distributed toevery truck/bus parked there.

C Condom vending machines

Location: Roadside condom vending machines will be established in every 40km stretchin the operation stage of the project, with help of the NGOs. To make these moreeffective, machines could be placed in such a way, and on such a site, where peoplewould be using these machines without hesitation'7.

Co-ordination with other agencies

Co-ordination with agencies/organisations like ICMR, ACET/LHA and National AIDS ControlMission (NACO) working towards the control and treatment of HIV/AIDS will be arranged.

Construction camp/ rest areas/ truck lay-byes

Provision of vending machines: The construction camps as well as truck lay-byeswould be provided with the facilities of condom vending through machines. In this casetoo, machines would be placed in not-so-public places.

17 It is reported that, use of condom vending machines in public places is limited, as people feel shy to usethe machines.


CHAPTER 7

SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

The proposed improvements to the Aizawl-Thenzawl- Buangpui (priority road P1-A) viaHmuifang, to be carried out in the Phase-I of the project' are expected to have bothbeneficial and adverse impacts on the environment and the community (on or in thevicinity of the highway). As part of the project preparation and design, there have beenconscious efforts to minimize impacts on the communities. However, due to theconstraints in absolutely minimising social impacts (in the context of limited width ofcurrently available land, and safety zone requirements), a section of the communitiesalong the highway will be adversely impacted. Apart from the private properties, a fewcommunity properties and cultural properties are also going to be adversely impacted.These adverse impacts of the Project (Phase I2), and their minimisation or compensationare described in this Chapter.

7.1 MINIMISING RESETTLEMENT

The following sections deal with the assessment of the various social impacts and alsopresent the various measures worked out as part of the design exercise to minimize socialimpacts.

7.1.1 R&R IN THE PROJECT

An intermediate lane carriageway (5.5m) with just sufficient formation to accommodateshoulders and side drain (0.5m wide shoulders and 0.6m wide side drains) has beenproposed. To accommodate the cross-section, the project road would need a formationwidth of 7.1m. This formation width will also provide reasonably safe and adequate lateralclearances for the passing vehicles. A minimum formation width of 7.1m on the straightportions and a maximum of 8m near curves is required.

The existing formation varies between 5 and 7m along sections 1 and 3 (Aizawl-Damdiai,and Sialsuk-Buangpui), and around 4m to 6m along section 2 (Five Village Route). Thecorridor passes through 18 villages (19 settlements). Given the constraints in terms ofland availability, especially in the village stretches, there would be a requirement of landfor widening, strengthening, and realignments that have been proposed. There is nomajor encroachment onto the highway. The R&IPDP for this project needs to address the

Referred to as the "Project" in the subsequent part of this Report, unless otherwise stated.

2 The estimates given for Phase-II of the Project in this Chapter are extrapolated from the Phase-I estimates. Duringpreparation of Phase-l1, detailed surveys (induding a Census of all impacted families will be undertaken) to validatethese numbers.

Revised by Lea Associates 7-1 October 2001(Original Document by lCT, CES, LBII)

Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 7- Social Impact Assessment

issues of the project affected and shall aim at minimising the hardship of the displacedand the otherwise impacted people. The R&IPDP of this project aims to restore thelivelihood of the PAPs and to provide adequate compensation to losses accrued due to theproject

7.1.2 MINIMISING R&R

The success of the project will be gauged by its achieving the ultimate objective of bringingout improvements in the living standards of the people, both the road users and theadjoining communities. Although land acquisition is unavoidable, a number of measures hadbeen taken to minimise such land acquisition and to avoid other impacts on the people, asfar as possible.

The prime consideration at the project preparation stage should be to minimize the adverseimpacts on the community in the project area within the limitation of technical requirementand cost effectiveness.

The project corridor passes through rural and settlement stretches. The built-up areas in thesettlements generally have continuous development (both residential and commercial) onone side, mostly on the valley side of the existing road. The rural stretches have abuttingagricultural land holdings both on the hill and valley sides of the highway. Apart from theseagricultural lands, there exist large patches of forestlands that have been categorised asUnclassified Forests.

At several locations, the impacts have been avoided by lateral shifting of the road alignmentdepending on the land availability. The participatory planning with people and continuousinteraction with the communities through the various stages of the project preparation hashelped minimisation of losses, saving of residential and commercial properties, culturalproperties and community structures.

Delineation of the corridor of impact (CoI)

The corridor of impact (CoI)3 is the width required for the actual construction of the roadincluding the carriageway, shoulder, embankments, longitudinal drainage and necessarysafety zones. The requirement of the project demands that the entire corridor of impactshould be free from any encroachment, human habitation and structure causinghindrances to traffic.

Table 7.1 illustrates the extent to which the possible negative impacts have beenminimised or avoided4 after integrating the social issues into the project design and

3 The corridor of impact has been found to be a useful way of minimising the social impacts. The project will not displaceany person outside the corridor of impact, even if within the RoW.

While the social surveys were carried out within a corridor of 12m width, the impacts were assessed only for thosepeople who would be actually affected by the construction of the project road. Keeping in view the dense settlementsand the consequent social impacts along the road, and in order to minimize the social impacts the impact assessmentwas made only For a corridor of impact of 8m which corresponds to the maximum design formation width of the project


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 7 - Social Impact Assessment

planning. Based on the findings of the primary social survey, a comparison of the impactsproduced in 12m and 8m is given in Table 7.1.

As can be seen from the Table 7.1, there is a marked decrease in the number of project-affected properties assessed for 8m as against 12m corridor of impact. Accordingly, theproject has been designed to conform to the 8m CoI, as far as practicable. Consequently,the assessment of impact and entitlements were determined for the project-affectedpersons and the project affected families based on the 8m corridor of impact (orvariations thereof, as per the final design of the Project).

Table 7.1: Impacts on Residential/Commercial Properties in Phase-IA Comparison between 12m and 8m Corridors of Impact

Name of Village Number of Project-Affected Persons Number of Project-Displaced Persons(Residential/Commercial Properties) (Residential/Commercial

Properties)

12m Col 8m Col 12m Col 8m Col

Melthum 173 212 124 57

Saikhamakawn 165 217 140 20

Meiriat 263 180 94 0

Kelsih 91 36 17 0

Faikawn 392 254 125 15

Muailungthu 280 236 85 0

Tachhip 1 15 2 0

Aibawk 330 254 108 15

Sateek 124 95 37 0

Damdiai 734 5 0

Thenzawl 199 3 20 0Buangpui 61 95 35 8

Lungsai 37 74 16 6

Sumsuih 33 42 14 6

Thiak 31 25 15 5

Hmuifang 12 18 5 8

Chamring 33 50 7 0

Total 2273 1813 849 140

Source: Primary Survey

It should be noted that the efforts for minimisation of resettlement was not limited to theestablishment of the CoI, as a guideline for Project design. During finalisation of thedesigns, the project has further minimised the impacts on properties (and people),examining the options in a case-to-case basis. As a result, the final number of persons(losing residential/commercial properties) affected by the Project (in Phase-I) has come

road. This has resulted in the number of Project Affected Persons getting reduced from 2273 for corridor of impact of12m to 1813 for corridor of impact of sm.


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 7 -Social Impact Assessment

down from 1813 to 1037. This was a significant achievement of the social impactassessment process in the project5.

Set-Back Line

The engineering designs have considered the minimum width required for the roadimprovement as per the safety and the traffic needs. With this in the background theminimum set back safety line of the existing structures along the project road after itsupgradation, generally is lm from the edge of new carriageway. Table 7.2 shows thedetails of the minimum setback available in different villages along the project road.

Figures 7.2, 7.3, 7.4 & 7.5 provide details of the new alignment and the setback distanceavailable from the edge of the new carriageway to the existing structures at some typicalsettlement locations of the project road. In these figures, the two red lines indicate theboundaries of the new carriageway; the first green line from the edge of the red lineindicates an lm safety line and the second green line is 1.5m from the edge of thecarriageway. Since structures fall within a COI of 8m, i.e. a distance of 4m or either sideof the centre line, would be considered as imparted and relocated, a minimum safety setback of about 1.25 metre from the edge of new carriageway would be generally availableafter the upgradation of the project road.

* Concentric / Eccentric Expansion

To minimise acquisition of structures on either side of the highway, especially in thesettlement stretches, one side expansion, has been found to be a viable solution tominimise losses of built structures.

Table 7.2: Setback DistancesName of the Village Set-Back Line - The Minimum Distance Available on Either Side

from the Edge of the New Carriageway (m)Left Right

Melthum 1.0 0.5Saikhamakawn 0.5 1.0Meiriat 1.0 1.0Kelsih 1.0 1.0Falkawn 1.0 1.0Muallungthu 0.5 1.0Tachhip I 1.0 1.0Aibawk 1.0 1.0Sateek 1.0 0.5Damdiai 1.0 1.0Lungsai 1.0 0.5Sumsuih 1.0 1.0Thiak 1.0 1.0Hmuifang 1.0 0.5Chamring 1.0 1.0Thenzawl 1.0 1.0Buangpui 1.0 1.0

Source: Engineering Drawings

Although, the number of project-displaced persons (losing residential/commercial property) has been revised from 140to 335, only 58 residential/commercial properties are being displaced.


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP. 7 -Social Impact Assessment

Realignments

Realignments have been worked out at several locations to improve the geometrics and tominimise the land acquisition requirements for the project. In case of each of these majorrealignments, an evaluation of the options of the various alternative realignments versusthe existing highway have been evaluated in terms of social, environmental andengineering concerns, to arrive at the most promising option. The list of realignmentsection is given in Table 1.3. All realignment sections are small, and none of them involveany additional impact/displacement of people (in fact, most of these realignments involvelesser resettlement/displacement).

7.2 ACQUISITION OF LAND & PROPERTIES

The project requires land for widening, strengthening, realignments and otherdevelopment of the project highway stretches, siting of construction sites and laborcamps etc. The project shall involve the acquisition of:

* Private properties, within the settlements, with a valid pass from the Village Council;* Agricultural properties, with or without permission from the Government;• Lands belonging to community organisations as NGOs;• Lands belonging to the governmental agencies/departments, and;• Free lands.

7.2.1 ESTIMATES OF LAND REQUIRED

The total land required for widening the project corridor is about 47.8ha. The distributionof such land is as follows:

Total Land Requirement: 477,899m2 (47.79ha)* Total Land Acquisition Requirement: 317,354.4m2 (31.74ha)

i Land with Private Ownership or Rights: 297,872.4m2 (29.79ha)• Community or NGOs' Land6: 19,482m2 (1.95ha)

* Land to be Transferred from other Agencies: 160,545m2 (16.05ha)* Free Land7: 128,835m2 (12.88ha)* Government Departments' Land: 31,71mM2 (3.17ha)

Village-wise details of land requirement are presented in Table 7.3.

The land acquisition plan for the project is given in Table 9.3, detailing the targets andschedules.

6 Non-Government Organizations include Churches, YMA, etc. community land belongs to the Village Councils.

7 Free land is land vested in the govemment, and not allotted to anybody, or for any designated purpose.


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP.: 7-Social Impact Assessment

Table 7.3: Land Requirement in the Project

Village | Homesteadl Agricultural Community | Free Lands Total(in

2) (in

2)~ ~~~~~ (inM2)

(m2) Land (m2) Lands (m2) _l_(m2) (m2)

MelthumSaikhamakawn - - -

Melriat 1677.20 1811.20 636 1 1500 5624.40

Kelsih 3819.00 1683.10 70 0 5572.10

Falkawn 1331.55 208.00 1686 0 3225.55

Muallungthu 2787.00 14265.00 578 1600 19230.00

Tachhip 225.00 20240.00 3410 0 23875.00

Aibawk 2979.10 0 1370 1500 5849.10

Sateek 1910.00 22370.00 0 3715 27995.00Damdiai / Lungsei 1099.00 29269.00 1200 15360 46928.00

Thiak 2545.00 17775.00 2075 16820 39215.00

Sumsuih 2470.00 10035.00 0 3800 16305.00

Hmuifang 1155.00 3790.00 5888 6125 16958.00

Chamring 1145.00 9600.00 960 2000 13705.00

Sialsuk 150.00 44760.00 0 51470 96380.00Sailam 0 44250.00 0 13790 58040.00

Thenzawl 3112.25 48425.00 1109 2000 54646.25

Buangpui 1511.00 1475.00 500 9155 12641.00

Total 27916.10 269956.30 19482.00 128835.00 446189.40

Source: Compiled from PIU Updated Survey of Social Impacts, Government of MizoramNote: In addition to the above estimate, a total of 3.171ha of land belonging to 23 differentgovernment establishments will be transferred to the project (this does not involve legal acquisition ofiandiproperties).

7.2.2 IMPACT ON PEOPLE DUE TO LAND ACQUISION

The project affects and displaces a number of properties, (residential, commercial andagricultural) within the 8m Corridor of Impact8. The overall impacts of the Project (bothPhases -I and II) are given in Table 7.4.

Table 7.4: Overall Impacts of the Project (Phases I & II)

Phase Severe Impact on Minor Impact on Total Impact on

Families Persons Families Persons Families Persons

Phase I 58 335 426 2452 484 2787

Phase II 1 156 820 618 2821 774 3641

Total 214 1155 1044 5273 1194 6428

Severe Impact includes displacement or direct loss of livelihood. Minor Impacts include partial loss ofproperties and indirect partial loss of livelihood.

The Phase II Estimates are based on initial social screening, and extrapolation from the Phase I Census and

The 8m corridor of impact has modified from location to location to absolutely minimise impacts on properties,particularly the residential and the commercial properties.



other surveys. It is expected that the actual impacts in Phase II will be substantially lower than the estimatespresented above (particularly, if the Lunglei and Ramlaiyui Bypasses are found viable and built.

There are 173 PAF residential/commercial properties affected by the project of which 58families are displaced in Phase-I of the Project. A total of 311 agriculture properties areaffected, but none of these are displaced due to the project. The list of affected anddisplaced families in every village is given in Table 7.5. As part of the project, no wideninghas been proposed for the initial 10km stretch9 of the corridor between Aizawl andMelriat.

Table 7.5: Project Affected and Project Displaced Families (Phase I)

Village Project Affected FamiliesfPersons Project Displaced Families/Persons

Residential/ Agricultural Residential/ AgriculturalCommercial Commercial

Families Persons Families Persons Families Persons Families Persons

Melthum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Saikhamakawn 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Meiriat 19 108 4 23 15 86 0 0

Kelsih 18 142 7 55 2 16 0 0

Falkawn 12 71 1 6 9 53 0 0

Muallungthu 29 180 16 99 9 56 0

Tachhip 17 36 209 1 6 0 O

Aibawk 23 120 0 0 6 31 0 0

Sateek 5 25 30 150 1 5 0 0

Maubang 6 37 17 104 2 12 0 0

Lungsei 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Thiak 9 34 20 76 1 4 0 0

Sumsuih 8 60 12 90 1 8 0 0

Hmuifang 5 17 6 20 5 17 0 0

Chamring 9 66 11 80 3 22 0 0

Sialsuk 1 6 46 267 | 0 0 0

Sailam 0 0 32 186 0 0 0 0

Thenzawl 16 83 70 364 | 1 5 0 | 0 _

Buangpui 10 71 3 21 2 14 0

Total 173 1037 311 | 1750 58 335 0 0

Source: Compiled from PIU Updated Survey of Social Impacts, Government of Mizoram

Impact on Residential/Commercial Properties

A total of 58 structures are to be displaced due to the project. Most of these areresidential structures with valid Residential passes from the Village Councils. These

Primanly due to the proposed Aizawl Bypass alignment, which joins at kmB.0 of the Project Corridor. There is aformation width of 8m available in the uninhabited stretches and a width of 6.5m in the settlements of Melthum. It hasbeen proposed that there shall be no widening in this stretch and the improvements, as part of the project shall belimited to resurfacing and maintenance.


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP. 7 - Social Impact Assessment

displaced structures have their land holdings extending beyond their structure, whichenables them to relocate within their plot'0 . By the construction materials, the structuresto be impacted can be categorised broadly into four types:

* Permanent with roofs, walls, floors of cement concrete/mortar* Semi-permanent having roofs of tin/corrugated iron sheets, walls of asbestos corrugated

sheet and concrete floors, with concrete pole supporting structures* Temporary (Assam type) with roofs of tin/corrugated iron sheet, walls of asbestos

corrugated sheet / timber and wooden floors, with poles of timber supporting the structure

* Others: Boundary walls, fences; etc.

Details of loss (homestead land) for these displaced structures are provided in Table 7.6.

Table 7.6: Loss of Assets for the Project Displaced Families (Phase I)

Village Residential Commercial Mixed Residentiall TotalProperties Properties Commercial

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Areaof PDF Lost (m2 ) of PDF Lost (mi) of PDF Lost (m2) of PDF Lost (m2 )

Melriat 13* 1045.70 1 35.00 1 40.00 15 1120.70

Kelsih 2 217.50 2 217.50

Falkawn 9 1062.15 . 9 1062.15

Muallungthu 7 462.00 2 124.00 9 586

Tachhip 1_

Aibawk 2 127.5 2 43.7 2 142.90 6 314.10

Sateek 1 200.00 - - - 1 200.00

Maubang 1 1 160.00 2 320.00

Thiak 1 ~~~~450.00 1 450.00

Sumsuih 1 750.00 - - - - 1 750.00

Hmuifang 5- 200.00 I 5 200.00

Chamring 3 400.00 - 3 400.00

| Thenzawl 1 30.00 l 1 30.00

Buangpui 2 | 376.00 l 2 376.00

Total 49 5480.85 4 238.70 5 | 306.90 58 6026.45__

Source: Compiled from PIU Updated Survey of Social Impacts, Government of Mizoram.

* Includes one tenant family residing in the YMA property.

Is a tenant family residing in a property owned by the Tachhip Village Farming Co-operative Soceity.

-Ilncludes 3 tenant families residing in properties (a) owned by the F&C Department, (b) owned by VillageCouncil, and (c) the Anganwadi.

Note: The above estimate of loss is of the homestead land. The structures roughly occupy half of the plot areafor the larger buildings, and about 70% of the plots area. All except 1 mixed residential? commercial property(at Aibawk) are single-storey structures. Each of these buildings has been measured to estimate thereplacement cost (see budget for replacement of building structures).

The project envisages the acquisition of up to a maximum 3m strip of land in settlements

and up to 5m in the rural stretches. Though the structures are partially affected, the

' Though these properties are not displaced from their original place of shelter/business to a new location, there is aphysical relocation of the properties within or outside (adjacent to, as far as practicable) the same plot.


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 7 -Social Impact Assessment

entire structure needs to be dismantled, as the structures impacted are mostly woodenstructures.

Also certain structures have been identified, which though will not be impacted due to theproposed widening, will certainly be vulnerable in terms of their structural stability, asvertical cuts are being proposed at the base of these structures. These structures havealso been categorised as project displaced.

As per the proposed alignment a total of 173 residential land parcels/ structures areidentified as project affected properties. These include, in addition to the properties thatare to be displaced, the following:

* Vacant residential plots within the villages* Properties on the upper reaches of the hill, whose property boundaries extend upto the

highway'1 .

The identified project affected structures include 9 commercial structures (4 of which areisolated commercial establishments, and 5 are mixed residential/commercial structures),which are to be displaced due to the project. These are grocery shops and restaurants,mostly operated within the residential structure. As these structures are not to berelocated to a new location, and the structures can be shifted back within their own lands,there is no major impact envisaged on the present business activities. Therefore, the lossof income due to the displacement of commercial structures will be small and temporary.

7.2.3 IMPACT ON AGRICULTURAL PROPERTIES

A total of 311 agricultural properties are to be impacted. None of these properties are tobe displaced, and a strip varying from 3 to 5m need to be acquired for the project. Basedon the census survey carried out for each of these agricultural properties, it was foundthat many of these properties do not have permission from the government, and arecarrying out agricultural activities with agricultural passes from the village councils'2 .

7.2.4 PROJECT AFFECTED COMMUNiTY RESOURCES

In the settlement stretches, there are several common property resources in form of busshelters, community buildings, schools, play grounds, parks, hand pumps, water taps andpublic urinals that exist within the existing formation of the highway. Though all themembers of the community use these common properties, the ownership is with theNGOs (including Christian Missionaries) or government authorities/departments. Anywidening along this route shall impact these. As part of the design preparation, thoughcare has been taken to minimise impact on these resources, wherever it was of greatvalue to the community, the avoiding of many of these was not possible. The commonproperty resources to be impacted due to the project are presented in the table below.

i' The widening is mostiy carried out towards the hillside, which necessitates the acquisition of these lands.The Lushai Hills District (House Sites) Act of 1953, enacted to provide for the allotment of sites for residential ornon-agricultural uses, empowers the Village councls as competent authorities to allot sites within its jurisdiction forresidential and other non-agncultural purposes. The VCs are not competent to allot agricultural passes.



The project impacts 3 schools, 1 anganwadi13, and 6 properties owned by NGOs and

cooperative societies. Apart from these, 7 parks 3 playgrounds as well as a farm are

impacted/ affected.

Potable water supply exists in all villages mainly in the form of hand pumps, but not all

are in working condition. At 6 locations the hand pumps are located with in the COI. Apart

from the hand pumps as water source the village administration has provided water taps

in the residential areas. The geometric improvements and widening affects water taps at

3 locations. Most villages also have water supply from springs and streams on the hills. In

the absence of any piped water supply system, the Public Health Engineering (PHE)

Department has supplied water storage drums free of cost where piped water supply has

not reached. The water from the roof during rains is collected in drums and kept in front

or at the backyard of the house.

Apart from the water drums, pigsty is another feature present in almost every household,

and is normally located in the front of the property, along the road.

The water drums / pigsty of the 58 structures which are to be displaced will need to be

shifted. Apart from this, there are several structures, whose water drum/pigsty only have

to be shifted, as they have been placed very close to the road. The common property

resources to be impacted due to the project are presented in Table 7.7.

Table 7.7: Community Resources affected by the projectVillage School/ Property (NGOs | Play Park! Urinal Bus Hand Water

Anganwadi* Co-Op Society) ground Farm shelter Pump Tap

Melriat 1 1 1 - __1 2

Kelsih - 1 -

Falkawn 1* 1 - - - 2

Tachhip - 2 { 1 1 -

Aibawk 1 2 - 2

Sateek -- 2 -

Lungsai 1 - 1 I 1

Thiak 2

Hmuifang . 2 5

Chamring - I -

Thenzawl 1 2 - 3

Buangpui - - - -

Total 4 6 3 7 2 2 6 8

7.2.5 CULTURAL PROPERTIES IMPACTED

There are no major protected or archaeological monuments to be directly impacted due tothe project. However, there are several structures as graves located within the formation

width for the road apart from which there are lands belonging to church etc that will be

impacted. There are 12 such cultural properties are located with in the COI. These include

13 Day-care centre for pre-school children.


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&ZPDP: 7 -Social Impact Assessment

compound walls, quarters, farms and other buildings of the churches. Apart from thosestructures that are directly impacted, there was a request from a Church Authority inHmuifang, that their structure is to be located away from the highway, which has beenaccepted and alternative relocation site has been identified (see Table 7.8).

Table 7.8: Cultural Properties to be ImpactedSNo Village Churches Church Properties

1 Melthum2 Saikhamakawn3 Melriat 14 Kelsih5 Falkawn 16 Muallungthu 17 Tachhip 18 Aibawk 29 Sateek _

10 Damdiai11 Lungsai 112 Thiak 113 Sumsuih _

14 Hmuifang 115 Chamring - 216 Sialsuk17 Sailam18 Thenzawl 119 Buangpui -

Total 11

7.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF PROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS

This section discusses the socio-economic profile of the project-affected persons along thecorridor. These have been based on the findings of the sample survey that has beencarried out for a Col of 8m.

A total of 401 Families'4 (located within the corridor of impact of in 15 village settlementsabutting the project road) with residential/commercial structures likely to be impacted dueto the project were surveyed. The distribution of the surveyed population is given in Table7.9.

The detailed results of the surveyed population by category of likely loss are given in theAnnexure 7 in Volume II of this Report.

14 The sample of 401 families surveyed covered only those families who were likely to lose residental/commercialproperty. No family likely to lose agncultural property was covered in the socio-economic baseiine survey(charactenstics of these families are anticipated to be similar to the other families surveyed). Also, retrievable data isavailable for 343 of the 401 families within the 12m Corndor of Impact (again, characteristics of the 58 families areexpected to be similar to the 343 families, for whom survey data was analysed). Therefore, the socio-economic profileof all the project-affected families has been worked out on the sample of 343 families. The NGO procured forimplementing the R&IPDP would undertake a final field verification of all the PAPs (induding the PDPs), durtng whichthe socio-economic profile all 484 project-affected families (which consists of 173 families affected by impact onresidential/commercial properties, and 311 families affected by impact on agnicultural land) would also be updated.


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 7 - Scial Impact Assessment

Table 7.9: Distribution of the Surveyed Population

Name of Village Persons Surveyed Families Surveyed

Melthum 275 47

Melriat 275 53

Kelsih 86 12

Falkawn 383 71

Muallungthu 265 47

Tachhip 0 0

Aibawk 306 64

Sateek 114 25

Damdiai 39 7

Thenzawl 187 39

Buangpui 45 7

Lungsai 38 6

Sumsuih 34 5

Thiak 31 9

Hmuifang 12 4

Chamring 33 5

Total 2123 401


The profile of the PAPs, as based on the socio-economic surveys carried out along theproject-corridor are presented in the following sections.

7.3.1 FAMILY SIZE AND STRUCTURE

As per the census, the average size of the PAFs is 5.3. The family structure ispredominantly nuclear. There are very few joint and extended families amongst the PAPs.Only a few of the PAFs are headed by women.

7.3.2 LITERACY

The educational profile of the PAPs surveyed revealed a close to 100% literacy rate, withonly one individual found illiterate. There are 10.6 % of the PAPs who are just literate'5 .Only 9 .0% of the PAPs have attained graduation and only 3 persons have undergonetechnical /Professional education, which is less then 0.25 percent of the PAPs. Seventy-three per cent of the PAPs have attained secondary to intermediate level education. Thedetails are given in Table 7.10.

'5 This category includes people who though have not undergone formal schooling, are just literate through the variouseducation campaigns and adult education programmes by the Govemment and NGOs.


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP. 7 -Social Impact Assessment

7.3.3 OCCUPATION

Most of the people involved in primary sector work as cultivators and agriculturelabourers, with majority of the PAPs involved in agriculture 6, especially as jhumcultivators. The extent of involvement in secondary and tertiary sector activities is verylimited. The involvement of PAPs in commercial activities is restricted to minor businesses,like running grocery shops or tea stalls. There are 11 unemployed PAPs who are in theworking age group (between 21 years and 60 years).

Gender analysis for the project-affected population shows that women are equitablyengaged in income earning activities. The occupational structure shown in Table 7.11mainly reveals that agriculture and allied activities (349 persons) is prominent, followed byemployment in the government sector (90 persons).

7.3.4 INCOME

Main source of income for the PAPs is from cultivation (4 8%) followed by that fromgovernment service (15%). About one-third of the PAF (114 families) have income morethan the average annual family income (Rs 54,894) of all the PAFs. Women's earnings aremainly from cultivation (36%) and allied activities such as poultry, dairy, rearing goatsand pigs, business/trade, and service. Most women are employed in cultivation, trade orservice for more than 100-200 days per year.

The socio-economic surveys reveal that about one-third of the PAFs (110 families) haveincome below poverty level (of Rs 20,000 per annum). Amongst the PAFs below povertylevel, 46 families are women headed households.

Those families having income below poverty level are engaged in primary sector activitiesas marginal farmers, agriculture labourers, poultry and animal rearing etc. Those who areabove average PAF annual income are engaged in non-agriculture activity or have morethen one source of income.

7.3.5 SKILLS

The primary surveys revealed that the level of skills among the PAPs is low. It is importantto note here that appropriate measures are to be devised and diversified skill identificationand upgrading have to be conducted for the PAPs. Considerable number of householdsrear pigs and are involved in poultry activities. There were few cases of people with otherskills like carpentry, tailoring, handicraft, masonry and car /jeep/tractor mechanics.

16 Rice is cultivated in river flowing areas and the agrculture produce is mainly for self-consumption. Fruits such asbanana, oranges, pineapple, are grown in addibon to coffee, ginger, and turmerc.


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP. ;7 - Social Impact Assessment

Table 7.10: Educational Profile of Affected Population

Name of Village Illiterate Just Literate Primary Middle Secondary Intermediate Graduate Post Graduate ITI Engineer Others

__ M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F

Saikhamakawn 2 3 4 9 14 10 34 29 13 9 3 7 3 6 2 1 1

Melthum 5 1 S 2 16 11 38 31 6 8 2 3 3 2 1 1

Melriat 5 13 10 8 13 9 21 15 1 5 2 1 5 5 0

Kelsih 0 0 0 2 2 2 4 10 2 1 0 0 0 0 0

Falkawn 1 2 7 0 28 29 53 34 5 3 4 2 5 1 0

Muallungthu 1 6 5 6 8 18 10 28 26 6 7 0 0 3 3

Tachhip 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -

Aibawk 5 6 2 10 24 23 29 45 7 9 2 2 5 1 0

Sateek 1 5 2 3 5 10 11 12 2 2 3 3 0 3 0

Damdiai 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Thenzawl 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -_

Buangpui 2 1 0 1 9 11 7 4 0 1 1 1 0 0 0

Lungsai 0 0 4 3 4 4 3 9 2 0 1 0 2 2 0 .__

Sumsuih 3 0 2 2 5 3 4 7 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

Thiak 1 0 5 3 8 5 4 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

Hmuifang 1 0 0 1 3 4 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0

Chamring 2 1 1 1 2 5 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

Total 27 41 48 51 142 142 232 232 69 46 26 19 24 23 6 0 0 1 0 1 0


Revised by Lea Associates 7-14 Oclober 2001


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 7 - Social Impact Assessnient

Table 7.11: Occupational Structure of Adults of the affected population

Name of Village Agriculture Agricultural Allied Agri Forest Lab Govt. Ser Pvt. Ser HH ind Commerce Professional Shop Owners Helping hand inLabour sho s

_ M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M FSaikhamakawn 11 7 1 0 12 8 4 2 2 2 1 2 1 4 6 1 1

Melthum 15 13 2 4 11 3 3 2 1 1 1Melriat 13 9 3 2 2 4 2 1 8 1 2 1 1Kelsih 6 1 0 0 1 4 0 2 .

Falkawn 27 17 7 9 1 12 4 4 1 3 2 5 1Muallungthu 20 11 1 0 4 3 1 1 2 3Tachhip 0 1 3 2 0Aibawk 12 14 3 3 2 12 3 7 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 6 2 1

Sateek 18 18 2 3 0 3Damdiai 1 0 0 0 1 1

Thenzawl 3 1 0 0 - 0Buangpui 8 3 4 0 - 0 1Lungsai 6 8 0 0 1 1 1Thiak 8 3 1 0 2Sumsuih 6 5 0 1 1 1H-muifang 2 2 2 2 0 _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Chamring 7 2 4 2 1 0Total 163 115 33 28 3 7 3 S 64 26 21 4 7 2 7 9 7 3 10 16 3 4


wvised by Lea Associates 7-15 October 2001riginal Document by ICT. CES, LBII)

MIzoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 7 - Social Impact Assessment

The project will benefit the community through generation of direct and indirectemployment. This could be at the road site with contractors, minor repair or maintenanceworks with the PWD. This could be obtained with the help of the VCs and NGOs like YMA.Afforestation programs taken on by PWD with the help of the Forest Department can alsobenefit the villagers in procuring employment during the period to generate employmentopportunity. Unskilled and semi-skilled workers from the local community will be engagedconstruction activities. The unemployed PAPs and those who are engaged in agricultureactivates having education level above high school level can be assisted with technicaltraining to start their own business.

The details of the income generating programmes for the PAPs are presented as aseparate Chapter in this report.

7.3.6 WOMEN & GENDER ISSUES

It is expected that women will experience socio-economic impacts in infrastructuredevelopment projects. Women as a vulnerable group, women-headed households,livelihood and training for women are important issues that need to be addressed. With asex ratio of 926 females to 1000 males, the population of women among the affected anddisplaced population in the project area is high.

The socio-economic analysis reveals that many of the women headed PAFs are in belowpoverty lelvel. Though many of the women PAPs participate in income generatingactivities, they are restricted from higher income activities, in a number of ways. Analysisof surveyed PAPs work schedules showed that women were on an average working forbetween 14 -16 hours a day.

Women are gainfully employed in residential shops and hotels. Alternate land allotted forthe displaced would be away from the roadside in case of houses on the valley side. Thewomen, in such cases would face a setback in their business. And it may take quite sometime to recover from the losses incurred. Appropriate measures would be required toavoid or minimize the impact on this category of women operated businesses.

An majority of women revealed (during the survey) that they had decision making powerson issues related to financial matters, health, property, purchase of assets and children'seducation.

Involvement of women, even beyond the scope of the relocation is foreseen in theproject, especially during the construction and operation stages. Special significance towomen issues is required from the implementer's side during construction. Participation ofwomen has been envisaged specifically in the following areas in various stage of theproject implementation:

* In the pre-planning and planning stages participation from women will be sought throughallowing them taking part in the consultation process. For this, the local level agencies ofimplementation, i.e. the NGOs have an important role to play.

* Each field team of the NGO will include at least one women investigator/facilitator.


Mlzoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP. 7 - Social Impact Assessment

Compensation for land and assets lost being same for all the affected or displaced families,special care would be taken by the NGOs for women group while implementing the processof acquisition and compensation.

• It is imperative that the project implementation unit ensures that the women are consultedand invited to participate in group-based activities, to gain access and control over theresource as part of the R&IPDP.

* The NGOs will make sure that women are actually taking part in issuance of identity cards,opening accounts in the bank, receiving compensation amounts by cheques in their nameor not, etc. This will further widen the perspective of participation by the women in theproject implementation.

* Under entitlement framework there is a number of provisions kept for compensation andassistances towards the losses incurred upon the impacted women headed households bythe project. On the other, some provisions, mostly those of the assistances, have beencreated towards reducing the probable hardship to be experienced by them in the processside by side creating scope for their sustainable socio-economic development.

* Assistances would be provided to women as a vulnerable group in creating alternativelivelihood for them to ensure their sustainable socio-economic upliftment.

. The implementing agencies would provide trainings for upgrading the skill in thealternative livelihoods and assist throughout till the beneficiaries start up with productionand business.

• To improve the economic status of women a self-help groups should be initiated in each ofthe villages affected by the project. These groups can then be linked to specialdevelopment schemes of the Government, like DWCRA and with financial institutions likeNABARD and Co-op Banking societies. Various development programmes availed by thegovernment are detailed in Chapter 5 (Poverty).

, During monitoring and evaluation, there would be scope for women's participation.Monitoring of project inputs concerning benefit to women would involve their participationthat will make the process more transparent to them.

* Women would be encourage to evaluate the project outputs from their point of view andtheir useful suggestions would be noted for taking necessary actions for furthermodifications in the project creating better and congenial situation for increasingparticipation from women.

7.3.7 HEALTH

No outbreak of epidemic / serious diseases have been registered in the recent past.Malaria, dysentery, heart or liver ailments were not reported during consultations with thepeople. ICDS, Health sub-centers are functional. The existing medical facilities andavailable infrastructure are inadequate to serve the large population, but newinfrastructure facilities are under construction (such as the medical centre at Falkawn) orare being planned. For serious cases, people go to district hospitals at Lunglei / Aizawlrather than the PHC where often medicines are not available. In addition, the issue ofHIV/AIDS was seen to be a prominent feature of the project area that has to be tackledwith the project. This issue of spread of AIDS is being addressed in Chapter 6 of thisReport.

7.3.8 TEMPORARY IMPACTS

Some temporary impacts are envisaged during the construction stage of the project.These temporary impacts could be of various kinds. They may be related to the work-


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&ZrPDP: 7 - Social Impact Assessment

zone disturbances or closure of the road traffic during construction period, or to thelocation of the construction camps, the hot mix plants, the dumping sites, etc. Therelevant mitigation measures have been detailed in the Environment Management Plan(EMP).

Even in the maintenance contracts, a few temporary impacts are expected to occur.These temporary impacts have been addressed through the Environmental and SocialManagement Plan (ESMP) for the maintenance contracts.

In most cases, the labourers will come from outside (as employees of the contractors)and will stay in the camps throughout the period of construction. To meet the basicnecessities of these people, recommendations for adequate provisions have been made inthe EMP/ESMP. The provision enlisted gave special emphasis on the women and thechildren of the construction workers.

The impact of a substantial migrant population, in any area entails its own specialconcerns. However, some components of project planning address the critical issues, suchas the location of the construction camps away from the host population; or, provision offacilities and supplies (especially fuel) to the construction camps, so that conflict with thehost population does not arise.

Issues in relation to the spread of HIV due to the establishment of the migrant labourersnear the settlements have been discussed in Chapter 6 of this Report.

7.4 PRELIMINARY SCREENING OF THE PHASE II PROJECT

Bongpui-Lunglei Section

The total length of this road is 71km. There are 14 villages17 and 1 town (Lunglei) fallingalong the Phase II Project Road. The width of the carriageway in this section variesbetween 3 and 5m. The stretch has a number of sharp bends and curves.

The people expected the project to have an impact on their daily life such as loss ofhouse, land, commercial structures, relocation and noise and dust pollution. These werethe major adverse issues that the respondents were concerned about. However, therespondents also envisaged positive impacts from this project, like the increase in theeconomic activity and employment opportunities in the region. Based on the discussionswith the people during the survey, trucking stations were suggested at Haulawng andPukpui. Regarding relocation, the people would like to shift to places nearby to theirexisting settlement. Considering the scale of resettlements issues, it could be furthersuggested that the possibilities for bypasses at Lunglei and Ramlaitui be explored duringpreparation of Phase-II designs.

' The villages abutting the Phase 1I project roads are: (i) Buangpui, (ii) Kanghmum South, (iii) Ramlaitui, (iv) Sekhum, (v)Mualthum North, (vi) Saichoo hamlet of Haulawng, (vii) Haulawng (main), (viii) Mausen hamlet of Mausen (formerlyknown as Arbai), (ix) Mausen (main), (x) Pukpui, (xi) Zotlang, (xii) Serkawn, (xiii) Zohnuai, and (xiv) Kikawn.


(Original Document by lCT, CES, LBII)

Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 7- Social Impact Assessment

Aizawl Bypass

Apart from this road the Aizawl Bypass will also be constructed in Phase II. This bypasswill enable the through traffic to Lunglei, presently moving on NH54, to use the projectroad without entering Aizawl City. The length of this bypass is 16km. The settlementsalong the proposed bypass are very few. There are about 10 houses and some temporarysheds of the Border Road Organization. There are two quarry sites along this bypass, oneis at the kmp3, and the second is near the end of the bypass.

The bypass passes through the hilly terrain, forest and agricultural lands. The alignmentwill acquire not only agricultural land, but also the government and forestland.

The people who were contacted during the preliminary survey had not been averse to theproject, they are willing to provide the land and allow their structures to be shifted for theproject. One of the quarry operators contacted opined that this bypass was very muchrequired and would also help in increasing the development activities, which is limited tothe city of Aizawl. Further, the PWD will take up the shifting the BRO camp from itscurrent place, or shift the required area structures only.

Estimated Impacts

The impacts along the Phase II would be on about 40 utilities. About 40ha of land wouldalso be required for Phase-II. About 775 families would be affected by the project(including an estimated 300 residential/commercial properties), of which about 150families would be displaced (these are all higher-side estimates, and are likely to bereduced and absolutely minimised during design of Phase-II Project).


CHAPTER 8

COMMUNITY CONSULTATION

Public participation and community consultation has been taken up as an integral part ofsocial and environmental assessment process of the Project. Carried out at various stagesof the project preparation, public participation has been viewed as a continuous two wayprocess, involving promotion of public understanding of the processes and mechanismsthrough which developmental problems and needs are investigated and solved.Consultation was used as a tool to inform and educate stakeholders about the proposedaction both before and after the development decisions were made. It assisted inidentification of the problems associated with the project as well as the needs of thepopulation likely to be impacted. This participatory process helped in reducing the publicresistance to change and enabled the participation of the local people in the decisionmaking process.

The involvement of the various stakeholders ensured that the affected population andother stakeholders are informed, consulted and are allowed to participate at variousstages of project preparation.

8.1 OBJECTIVES

Community consultations in the project was undertaken with objectives, which may begrouped into (a) information sharing; (b) appraisal and assessment of the communityneeds, and (c) development of specific design solutions. These objectives are listedbelow:

Information-Sharing

. To promote public awareness about the proposed project especially amongst thepotentially impacted communities/individuals.

* To educate the potentially impacted communities/individuals about the proposed course ofaction and the project alternatives.

* To explain the project related terms and definitions for easier understanding of the project,the policy and the R&IPDP.

* To explain to the community the importance of their role in supporting/facilitating theimplementation of the R&IPDP in the project.

* To introduce and explain the roles of the Resettlement and Rehabilitation Officers of thePIU, and other officers of the PWD to the PAPs and the affected communities (fordeveloping a mutually supportive working relationship).


Mlzoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&JPDP: 8 - Community Consultation

Appraisal & AssessmentTo inform Project Affected Persons (PAPs) about the entitlement framework andResettlement Action Plan (R&IPDP), and to settle their problems with mutual consent andto assist them during relocation and resettlement.

* Deduce information from the local people about their socio-economic status and theresources they depend upon for their livelihood.

* Collect peoples' perceptions about the project and how the negative effects of the projectshould be mitigated.

* Devising Specific solutions

* To solicit the views of affected communities/individuals on environmental and socialproblems.

* Receive suggestions from the villagers/PAPs with regard to the preferences and optionsabout the project in general, avoidance measures, mitigation/compensation measures, andbenefits being provided, in particular.

* To ensure lessening of public resistance to change by providing them a platform in thedecision making process.

8.2 COMMUNITY CONSULTATION PROCESS

The consultation process established for the project has employed a range of formal andinformal consultation tools including, in depth interview with key informants, villagemeetings, workshops and even door-to-door personal contacts. Such consultation sessionshave been carried out at all stages of the project preparation and will be continued duringthe implementation, which will subsequently be monitored during the operation of theproject. The consultation programme has been conducted at several levels, such as:

* Heads of the households likely to be impacted;* Members of the households likely to be impacted;* Clusters of PAPs;* Villagers;

Village Council Presidents;* Local voluntary organisations, and CBOs/NGOs;* Government agencies and departments;* Other project-stakeholders', such as women, prominent persons from the villages (such as

teachers, health workers, doctors).

In order to solicit the views of the project affected persons and other stakeholders aboutthe project and its impact on them public information and consultation (PIC) meetingswere conducted at different stages of project-preparation during 1999-2001. Thefollowing section describes the methods used in the consultation programme during theproject preparation stage.

All persons consulted at the household and the village levels, and a vast majority of the other stakeholdersconsulted belong to the tribal populace. Therefore, no separate consultation was required for tribalpopulation, as is customary in projects in other states/regions.


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPOP: 8 - Community Consultation

The methods used in community consultations varied given the stages of project-preparation, levels of consultation, target groups consulted, etc. In general thecommunity consultations included the steps described in the following sub-sections.

8.2.1 STATE LEVEL CONSULTATIONS

State level consultations were held through a Stakeholders Workshop (The Road Show) atAizawl in July 1999. This workshop was attended by the prominent personalities from thestate, including the Chief Minister of the state. The other participants included thefollowing:

* The PAPs* The NGOs* The PWD Officials* The Project Co-ordinating Consultants, and* The Officials from the Revenue Department.

The objectives of this workshop were the following:

To build awareness about the project among the people, district level administration, andthe NGOs.

* To benefit from the suggestions and the ideas of the participants in the Workshop.

To ensure that the project is implemented with the support of the various stakeholders.

8.2.2 HOUSEHOLD AND VILLAGE LEVEL CONSULTATIONS

Efforts had been made to contact each and every PAP while conducting the census andthe baseline socio-economic survey, which was conducted door-to-door. At the villagelevel, PAPs and local government leaders (the Village Council Leaders), the local voluntaryorganisations (including the "Young Mizo Associations') had been consulted. Thecommunity at large was consulted through the village meetings. Techniques likeparticipatory rural appraisal (PRA), formal questionnaire-based interviews, personalinterviews, and other consultative and assessment techniques had been deployed. Most ofthe village meetings were conducted in the form of group discussions, based on an open-ended schedule. The minutes of the village meetings had been recorded/documented.

The main objective of the household/village level community consultation was to generatefeedback to minimise negative impact inflicted upon the local communities by the project,and to spread awareness regarding the project. During the consultations, efforts werealso made to:

* Understand views of people affected with reference to the environmental impacts of theroad;

* Identify and assess all major environmental and social characteristics of the village toenabie effective planning and implementation;

* Resolve issues relating to impacts on community property; and,* To establish an understanding for identification of overall development goals and benefits

of the project.


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 8 - Community Consultation

A 1000/% sample was taken up for individual household consultation (door-to-door personalinterviews). The household level consultations were carried out with the help of achecklist prepared and circulated in advance to the various groups through the VillageCouncil Presidents'. The consultations broadly discussed various issues related tominimising social impacts, project road design, resettlement and rehabilitation policy andthe resettlement action plan. The details of these issues discussed with the public aregiven in the checklist enclosed in Annexure 2.3 in Volume II of this report.

Village meetings or the Public Information and Consultations (PIC) sessions wereconducted at 7 locations on the project-stretch. However, such meetings (which oftentook the form of multiple 'group discussions') covered 100% of the villages (by invitingpeople from the respective cluster of villages to attend) The locations where suchmeetings/PIC were conducted are presented in the following table.

Table 0-1: Location of Public Information and Consultations (PIC) sessions

Date Village Partidcating villages Participants ParticipantsMale Female

23.08.99 Melriat Melriat, Hualngohmun, VCP/PAPs/Other Villagers 97 13Kelsih

23.08.99 Aibawk Aibawk, Tachhip, PAPs/Other villagers 67 4Sateek, Damdiai

24.08.99 Sialsuk Sialsuk Samlukhai PAPs/Other villagers 102 2025.08.99 Thenzawl Thenzawl PAPs/Other villagers/PHC, 87 2

I _________ ___________ _ _________________ Doctor/Health officer14.04.2000 Falkawn Falkawn PAPs/Other villagers 10 714.04.2000 Thiak Thiak PAPs/Other villagers 4 215.04.2000 Hmuifang Hmuifang PAPs/Other villagers 7 314.03.2001 Melriat Meiriat PAPs/Other villagers 8 614.03.2001 Muallungthu Muallungthu VCP/PAPs/Other 6 7

Villagers/Women HealthWorkers

14.03.2001 Aibawk Aibawk PAPs/Other villagers 10 415.03.2001 Buangpui Buangpui PAPs/Other villagers/Male 10 4

Health workers

The following steps were generally adopted for conducting the village level meetings:

* Dissemination of information through public address system2 and requesting villagers toattend the public consultation meeting.

* Conducting a public meeting fulfilling all the objectives as given in sub-section 8.2 above.* Conveying information (related to the scope, purpose, design of the project, and impacts

of the project) during the social surveys to the community and the likely PAPs.* Gathering information related to the opinions and preferences of the community and the

likely PAPs.* Recording the perceptions of the people on various issues related to Resettlement &

Rehabilitation* Involvement of the community and the likely PAPs in the decision making process.

2 Each village in Mizoram has a 'public address system'.

Revised by Lea Associates 84 October 2001(Original Document by ICT, CES, LBII)

AS S 5 AM

576 A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

3" ka~~~~

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*1'1'. I e I u

)\Q14.- F n ( 00\)f A } F .

(~ ~ L <KW > 3 1

Ah 7 Z ~Meith -zo xSaik9 kw

°- 2 ; ' KelLh(km 12 30)~~Meiriat (km 10.40) **\

Muallungth (km 16.50) tFa1kawn (km 14.00) **

Tachhip (km 20.40)- ! * g Aibaw (km 27.00) **

. , _' d fSateek (km 28.50) ugeDam iai (km 34.40)

; / legsa (km 36.00) \ I

S suih (km 47.

Hmuifang ( 52.00) **

Chamring (>i 54.50)/ J / . Chhingchhip

Sials

Chhiahtlang

<'J + ~~~~~~~~~Serchhip4/ uagui (km 98., *

** Location of Public Consultations Held* Location of Villages

Location of Villages and Places of Public Consultations Conducted


8.3 KEY OUTCOMES FROM CONSULTATION

The detailed records of the discussions and the responses of the communities during thePIC programs are given in Annexure 8.1 in Volume II of this report. Further, photographicdocumentation during the PIC meetings is given as Annexure 8.2 in the same volume.The state-level stakeholders' workshop had been video graphed.

8.3.1 LOCAL LEVEL CONSULTATIONS

From all consultation sessions (household, village and state levels) it was found that theparticipants were aware of the project. They also made several recommendations aboutthe plan and design of the project. The various issues and suggestions that emergedduring public consultations are:

* In most of the villages, the communities were in favour of developing the road alongexisting alignment through the village. Conversely, people were not in favour of bypasses.(This is related to the fact that the village settlement pattern in Mizoram, otherwise adifficult terrain, was entirely dependent on the roads and the road-form.)

* People living on the valley side of the road were concerned about the difficulty to movetheir properties away from the road (as the valleys were very steep), and had suggestedcutting the hillside for widening the road.

* The communities were of the view that they should be consulted at various stages of theproject, from preparation to project implementation.

* People expressed concern about safety of the local inhabitants (as the residential and/orcommercial properties in the villages are located very close to the road, and the roadway isnot very wide).

* The likely PAPs were concerned about the compensation payment, particularly regardingthe procedure of disbursement.T rhe people believed that widening of the road will lead to development of the area andgenerate local/regional business opportunities, as the traffic will increase.

* With better communication links, people felt that skilled labour and better materials wouldbe available to the remote villages (which are not very well connected now).Consultation helped in convincing all the communities for their positive participation duringproject implementation.

The principal issues raised during the various stages of community consultation(particularly pertaining to compensation, land acquisition, resettlement and rehabilitation)and the perceptions about the project are summarised in Table 8.2.

8.3.2 SPECIAL CONSULTATION WITH HEALTH DEPARTMENT

A primary health sub-centre is located at Falkawn village (serves both Muallungthu andFalkawn villages). The female health worker of this sub-centre is from Muallungthu andthe male health worker is based at Falkawn. A referral hospital is under construction atFalkawn.

General diseases that are reported are malaria, dysentery, diahorrea, and bronchitisamong children. This sub-centre has mother and child care facilities. For treating majorailments, people have to go to the hospital at Aizawl (such trips would reduce once thereferral hospital at Falkawn is operationalised). Supply of medicines to this sub-centre is



in once a quarter (the frequency is inadequate for the large number of patients this sub-centre serves). There is emergency services or facility (the nearest place for availing suchfacility is Aizawl, which due to the poor road condition, is more than 90 minutes away,and serves little purpose in case of emergency). The health department officials wereunequivocal that the project will benefit the sub-centre and the hospital (by allowingspecialist doctors from Aizawl to visit these facilities as a result of reduced travel time, andby increasing the frequency of medical supplies) and the community as a whole (byincreasing the service areas of the medical facilities, by reducing travel time, by makingaccess to medical shops easier).

Table 8.2: Principal Issues, Opinions & Perceptions of the Communities

SI. No. Issue Perceptions, Opinions & Suggestions

1 Perceptions about the The general view was that the project is beneficial to the communities, andProject is a necessity for the vast majority of them.

2 Compensation People were not aware of the nature of compensation and how it will bedecided.

Public property (if any) affected should be compensated appropriately inconsultation and co-ordination with the concerned agency (village groups,local government bodies, the church, the NGOs, and the govemmentdepartments). Location of the public facility will be discussed with the eldersin the affected villages before relocation.

3 Land Acquisition Compensation has to be on par with the prevalent market rates for the landand the structures (on the land) that is being acquired for the project. Thedistance of alternate site (or structure) should not be large (and shouldnever be more than about a kilometre from the existing settlement).

Land should be taken into possession of the project authorities only afterallowing the cultivators to harvest the standing crop.

4 Resettlement and Building structures lying outside the proposed corridor of impact (particularlyRehabilitation on the hillside) would be affected during and after construction. People

recommended construction of retaining walls to protect these buildings, orsupport/assistance to be provided to the PAPs to construct it on their own.

People were of the opinion that disturbance to the building structures shouldbe avoided as much as possible. If large-scale impacts on buildingstructures are unavoidable, then a bypass should be provided.

5 Construction waste Dumping of earth/soil residue should be done at a sites designated by thedisposal respective village representatives. If crop or land is damaged due to waste

disposal, the affected persons should be compensated fully.

6 Power supply to the Delay in providing adequate power/electricity connection to the buildingrehabilitated/ structures, which are relocated or rehabilitated, was a big concern. To avoidrelocated buildings any inconvenience to the PAPs the concerned departments of the state

govemment should work in close co-ordination.

7 Natural Resources Bamboo and other trees, proposed to be cut in the project, should becompensated appropriately. (This issue has been addressed in theEnvironment Assessment Report).

8.3.3 SPECIFIC DESIGN ISSUES

During community consultations, suggestions and recommendations were received fromthe participants about certain design solution (specific to locations). Type of benefits thatthe people would like to accrue to the village from this project and suggestions for the

Revised by Lea Associates 8-6 October 2001(Orginal Document by ICT, CES, LBII)


various camp sites, etc., required during the construction stage of the project were as

follows:

* South of the village of Muallungthu, vacant land (devoid of any individual/communityresource) is available for disposal of construction waste. The village does not have aplayground. People suggested that this parcel of land could be redeveloped as aplayground once disposal of construction waste is complete. (In the construction period thelevelled disposal area could be used as a labourers' camp).

* In case of emergency the nearest medical centre is at Aizawl (at a distance of 10km), thusthe people of Muallungthu wished that they could be provided with an ambulance by theproject. (However, the project officials explained that this is beyond the direct possibilitiesfrom the project, but the PIU would seek the help of the Department of Health forproviding such services, if possible. Also, the new referral hospital at Falkawn would be aoperational facility in very near future, it was pointed out.)

* Villagers wished that some drinking water facility be provided in the villages under thisproject. (It was explained that this is beyond the mandate of the PWD to provide directly;and that a scheme for providing drinking water to villages like Aibawk, Sateek, Damdiai,Lungsai, Thiak and Sumsuih is currently under construction by the Water SupplyDepartment.)

* Villagers (at Melrat, Kelsih, Falkawn, Muallungthu, Tachip, Aibawk and Damdiai) wereconcerned about the loss of access and closure of the road during the entire constructionperiod. It was suggested that the impact due to closure of road (work zone impacts) couldbe avoided by keeping the road open during two time-slots a day (7.00-9.00 hours and1600-1800 hours. People opined that the work-trips, which is the only significant inter-village trips performed by villagers, are mostly restricted during such hours. During the restof the day, work zone closure would not significantly reduce access. (The trafficmanagement plan for the construction period would take this into account.)

* There is an old access road in Muallungthu village, which if maintained under this projectwould help the villagers. (The PWD would maintain this road, separately as a routinework.)

These suggestions and the feasible solutions have been incorporated in the designs andcontracts of the project (as per indicated in parenthesis along the issues described

above).

The meetings also revealed the relatively more successful and effective rural development

programs existing and operational in the project region. Among the many

programmes/schemes, people perceived the following to be more beneficial:

* IRDP - Integrated Rural development Programme-targeted towards the youth and forseveral other village welfare components.

* SGSY - Financial help is extended to the villages for digging tube-wells, construction ofcommunity/individual urinals, playgrounds, lined drain, etc., under this programme.

* IAY - Indira Awas Yojana - houses for the poor

8.3.4 VIEWS ON RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION

Responses on the structured questionnaire (circulated for census the likely PAPs) indicatethat the likely PAPs would like to be relocated /shifted within their own individual villages.Of the total sample households3, 79.5% wanted to be relocated within their own villages.

3 A sample of 44, of a likely population of 67 (this sample is based on the elicited responses)



Only about 20/o of the households did not have any reservations regarding the place ofrelocation. However, about 18%/o households could not decide their relocation options atthe time of the survey, and have indicated that they would form an opinion beforeimplementation of the project starts.

Regarding rehabilitation measures majority of the surveyed households in this stretchindicated preferences for both house sites and constructed houses.

The Resettlement measures were discussed with the likely PAPs. Sixty-one per cent of thelikely PAPs had clear opinions on the rehabilitation options, while 39% had no clearpreference or were unable to articulate their options. The preferences for rehabilitationare given in Table 8.3.

Interestingly, of the likely PAPs4 who had clear opinions on the preferred resettlementoptions, 170/o wanted no assistance or compensation, 220/o wanted only replacementvalue for the structure, while another 29% wanted only shifting assistance. Eitherresidential plot or constructed house was preferred by about 15% each. Such preferencefor (a) no assistance or compensation, and (b) only replacement value for structurescould be explained by the absence of formal ownership rights on property in the villages.Most of the properties are built on land leased by the Village Councils, who are thedeemed owners of the land. Land is generally freely available (by allotment from theVillage Council), and therefore it is the building structure, which is important for the likelyPAPs.

The high preference for "only shifting allowance" could be explained by the fact that agood number of residential buildings likely to be impacted are relatively lightweightconstruction (with Bamboo and/or timber as the major building material for floors andwalls, and corrugated iron sheets as the roofing material). These buildings can be easilydismantled and subsequently re-constructed using the same material, without verysignificant damage or debris. The shifting allowance is deemed to take care of thedamage or loss of building materials.

Among the households likely to lose commercial properties, 50% want constructed houseas a replacement. This is because there is no essential difference between the residentialor commercial building structures. In fact, most of the roadside businesses (mostly pettyshops) are home-based operations (part or full of the family room is used as the shop).

4 All of them are losing residential or/and commercial properties.



Table 8.3: Owners Preference for Rehabilitation

Type of Residential Constructed Oxpenly Reply meS elf Others TotalImpacted Plt Hue Expenses Value Rlcto

Residential 3 6 9 9 7 1 35

Commercial 3 - 3 - - - 6Total 6 6 12 9 7 1 41

Source: Primary Survey (ICT et al.)

8.3.5 PERCEIVED IMPACTS

The overall opinion, among the villagers in general and the PAPs in particular, was thatthe project is very beneficial to all of them. The people welcomed the idea of roadimprovement and expressed willingness to support the project activities in allpossible/feasible ways. However, the people were able to identify and distinguish severalbeneficial aspects of the project, as well as some potential risks. These are described inthe following sub-sections.

Perceived Positive Impacts

The communities opined that,

- The project would accelerate development of trade and commerce, which in turn wouldlead to an overall increase in the standard of living in the villages.The project would enable the people to save time, money and fuel.

* Travelling to places like Lunglei and Aizawl for medical treatment would be easier.- PAPs would be able to sell agricultural produces more profitably as improved road

condition will enable access to a wider market area. More villages would be able to sellperishable goods to the urban centres (which is difficult now due to the long travel time).

* More individual households would be able to open small roadside businesses (such asprovision shops, 'vehicle repairing' shops, restaurants) either as an alternative source ofincome, or to augment their income.Influx of tourists and visitors would help the local entrepreneurs.

* Value of land will increase after the project is operationalised.* Communication with other villages and urban areas will be improved or facilitated.

* Perceived Negative Impacts

The following risks could be associated with the project, in the perception of the

communities, unless adequate mitigation/management actions are taken:

* There were apprehensive about just and timely payment of compensation by thegovernment. (People were assured by the PIU that all possible, and feasible actions wouldbe taken up to ensure that such issues do not arise in the project. People were alsoexplained about the possible disbursement of "assistance" over and above the legallymandated "compensation".)

* There were apprehensive about timely completion of, and quality control in the project.(The implementation schedule and arrangements, including the procurement of supervisionconsultants and technical auditors were explained to the people.)

* Dust, rubbles from demolished (or cut) hillside, and those from dismantling of buildingstructures worried the community. Without proper precaution, the houses and gardens (or



orchards) on the valley side would be impacted due to dust, debris or construction wastes.Noise pollution was also an issue (particularly on the stretch between Damdiai and Sialsukvillages).

* There were fear of an increase in landslides due to cutting of hillside slopes and the trees.* A few likely PAPs had expressed their displeasure for relocation; a few other households

were not too keen to be rehabilitated in a remoter place in the village, away from the road.* The project might increase the chances of vehicular accidents (due to current and potential

induced overcrowding) since heavy vehicles would be plying on these roads, and traffic ingeneral would increase after the project is completed. (The people were informed aboutthe different safety measures that are being taken in the project.)

8.3.6 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT NEEDS

The communities also indicated the following felt needs, which are associated with the

current poor road conditions in and around the villages:

* Augmentation of telecommunication network in the villages (particularly in Thiak, Samsuih,Hmuifang and Chamring).

* Ambulance service to transport patients requiring immediate attention to the districthospitals.

* Betterment and construction of the internal and the access roads in the villages (includingsurfacing of the earthen roads, which become unusable during rains; and, construction andupgrading of approach roads joining the highway).

8.3.7 SUGGESTIONS SPECIFIC TO COMPENSATION

All villagers being displaced unanimously wanted cash compensation at current market

prices. However many people had no idea about the rates at all.

Village Councils/Village Council President were recommended to be involved in

disbursement of compensation money since they enjoyed the trust of the people.

Most of the PAPs had no objection to being displaced provided they were adequately

compensated for their losses i.e. money to build a new house and live as they did prior todisplacement.

Most of those who would get displaced wanted relocation sites to be within the village

boundary and in the vicinity of the present settlement.

8.4 PLAN FOR CONTINUED PARTICIPATION

The following set of activities is required for proper implementation of the R&IPDP. Thesewill help the process of resettlement and rehabilitation to be effective, and will ensure

time-bound achievements.

8.4.1 INFORMATION DISCLOSURE

The R&IPDP will be disclosed at several locations, for the benefit of the interested

community, and the stakeholders. There are following components of disclosure of project

information.


Alizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP. S - Community Consultation

Public Disclosure of the R&IPDP Report

The R&IPDP has been disclosed and shall be kept for public reference at the State PublicLibrary, Aizawl and with the Village Council Presidents of the affected villages along theproject road. All these places will be open to the public without any restrictionwhatsoever on access. It is proposed that the copy of the R&IPDP report should beplaced in the reference section of the libraries and at the residence of the Village CouncilPresident in the village. Further, as only one copy of the R&IPDP will be made availablethe project affected people can only refer at the place of availability and return to therespective authorities and not taken from the library or the Village Council President'sresidence.

The report shall also be available at the World Bank Info Shop at Washington DC, as perthe World Bank disclosure policy. In addition to this, the copy of the report shall beavailable with the PWD headquarters at Aizawl and the PIU office at Aizawl. The reportfrom these places will be available to the public on request for reference.

PWD project implementation unit office will provide actual information on policies andother rehabilitation action plan to the people, in a regular basis. For this, the followingactions are proposed:

* The NGOs involved in implementation of the R&IPDP will organise public meetings, and willappraise the communities about the progress in the implementation of R&R works.

* There will be grievance redressal committees (GRCs) for the district through which theproject road passes. The PAPs representatives will be associated with the committee.

* The resettlement sites, and other amenities and facilities to be made available to the PAPswill be made in consultation with the communities.

* The NGOs will organise public meetings to inform the community about the payment andassistance paid to the community. Regular update of the progress of resettlementcomponent of the project (summary version of the report submitted by the NGO) will beplaced for public display at PIU office.All monitoring and evaluation reports of the R&R components of the project will bedisclosed in the same manner as suggested in this R&IPDP report.

8.4.2 CONTINUED CONSULTATION

To implement the R&IPDP in an appropriate manner, it is essential to provide forparticipation of communities and affected persons in the process. Stakeholders'participation throughout the stages of project implementation and early operation will beintegrated in the project.

Table 8.4 provides the mechanism for continued community participation in the project,detailing the different stages of participation, and the roles of the stakeholders.


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP. 8 - Community Consultation

Table 8.4: Mechanisms for Continued Participation in the Project

Project Stage PAPs and their NGOs Local Officials (in HostRepresentatives Project and Host Areas) Community

Identification * Receive information on * Design and carry * Assist in census and . Improveproject impacts out information socio-economic survey information and

. Participate the in and suggestion . Assist NGO in inputs to designcoordination committee . Assist in census information of income

and socio- dissemination restoration* Participate in census economic survey *Priiaei n programsl surveys in a Participate in arrange Public . Identify existing

•Participate incoordiniateion arrngesubaicn right andconsultations to develop coordination Consultations incomeIR programs committee .Arrange PAP transport to restoration

. Keep records of . Participate in site schemesconsultations consultations *Help to document * Discuss areas

* Choose resettlement . Representation on consultations of possiblealternatives or housing grievance tribunal . Support the village conflict withschemes . Facilitate PAP councils work in PAPs

|- Inputs of design of inter-group implementationresettlement locations meetngs * Examine feasibility of IR

. Participate in grievance programs and discusstribunal with PAPs

Implemen- . Monitor provision of . Provide ongoing . Process IR proposals . Assist PAPs intation entitlements information for * Participate in grievance use of new

* Labor and other inputs at PAPs and hosts redresssal productionl site . Provide support in Provide assistancesystems

- Management of site and group under local schemes . Form jointproject input management management

. Management of common * Monitor implementation groups forproperty resources provision and commiUtee resources

. Management of implementation of . Process documents forcommunity development IR programs welfare and socio-funds . Members of economic services

. Member of implementation (raton card, BPL card)implementation committeecommittee

Monitoring * Participate in grievance . Provide * Ongoing interaction with . Provide inputsand tribunal information to PAPs to identify to monitoringEvaluation project staff on problems in IR programs and evaluation

. Report to project on IR prjcstfon polminRpogas ndeluinvulnerable groups . Participants of R&Rschemes Patcpnsin

.Reports on service . Act as extemal correctional strategiesquality at site monitors forquality at site project


CHAPTER 9

LAND ACQUISITION & LAND RELATED LAWS

9.1 LAND SETTLEMENT SYSTEM IN MIZORAM

The land settlement system and the legislation governing the land and revenueadministration are typical to the state of Mizoram. Mizoram, till 1972, was a district of thestate of Assam (Lushai Hills District). In purusance of the Sixth Schedule of the IndianConstitution, the erstwhile Lushai Hills District Council or the Mizo District Council passedcertain acts, which specially applied to the District. In accordance with this legislation, theExecutive Committee of the defunct Mizo District Council was the Chief Controlling Authorityover the land, wherein the CEM was entrusted to carry out all allotment of land for anypurpose.

'..And whereas, by cdause (a) of sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 3 of the SixthSchedule to the Constitution of India, the District Council for an autonomousdistrict is empowered to make law with respect to the allotment, occupation oruse or setting apart of land, other than any land which is a reserved forest, forthe purpose of agriculture or grazing or for residential or other non-agriculturalpurposes likely to promote the interests of the inhabitants of any village or town.'

With the dissolution of the erstwhile District Council and the elevation of the District to thestatus of a Union Territory, and the Union Territory to an independent state, byappropriate adaptation, these powers were vested with the Administrator or the Governorof the State. The districts of the state have been sub-divided into blocks, which furtherhave been demarcated into villages. Typically, a Village in the state of Mizoram includes:

. The village area demarcated with defined boundaries for the purpose of residentialdevelopment and the land area within this jurisdiction earmarked for non-agriculturalactivities, residential, business and any other non-agricultural purposes with definedboundaries.

* The rest of the land (outside the settlement area) prescribed for agriculture.

The various legislation, which provide for the land settlement system in the state ofMizoram are as follows:

* The Liushai Hill Districts (House Site) Act 1953;* The Mizo District (Land & Revenue) Acts, 1956;* The Mizo District (land & Revenue) Rules, 1967;* The Mizo District (Agricultural Land) Act, 1963;* The Mizo District (Agricultural Land) Rules, 1971, and;* The Mizo District (Transfer of Land) Acts, 1963.

The discussion on the features of each of these legislative provisions and theirapplicability to the present project are presented in section 9.2.

Revised by Lea Associates 9-1 October 2001(Original Document by ICT, CES, LBii)

Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 9 - Land Acquisition & Land Related Laws

9.1.1 ALLOTMENT OF LAND

In accordance to the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India, the District Council isempowered to make law for the allotment, transfer and setting apart of land withinMizoram. With the dissolution of the district council and the formation of the State, thesepowers are vested with the Administrator or Governor of the state through the RevenueDepartment.

Further to this, in accordance to the Lushai Hills District (House Sites) Act, 1953, theVillage Councils, constituted for each of the villages in the state of Mizoram has beenvested all powers for the allotment of land for non-agricultural uses within the respectivevillage boundaries. The allotment of land can either be:

* Temporary Allotment* Permanent Allotment

For the allotment of the agricultural land, the Administrator (Governor) of Mizoram, or theofficers authorised by it (the Revenue Department) have been vested the powers for theallotment of land for agricultural purposes.

For allotment of land an individual has to make an application to the Executive Member inCharge or the officer appointed or authorized stating the periodicity of allotment(Temporary allotment/ Permanent Allotment). Applications from the villages should besubmitted through the Village Council President along with his recommendations.

For temporary allotment of agricultural land, the Executive Member shall verify the land ina prescribed schedule. For Permanent allotment of agricultural land, the VC shall causethe land to be verified, surveyed measured and demarcated. He shall also prepare asketch map of the piece of land showing its current land use. A boundary description ofthe land shall also be prepared and submitted. The survey shall also whether the land isfree and available for patta and also free from all encumbrances.

In case of Temporary Allotment on completion of the verification and making of furtherinvestigation as may be necessary the Executive Member or the designated Officer shallgrant or reject an Application. However in case of allotment of land under permanentallotment the land shall be allotted or rejected after receiving the report of the verificationand the surveys and other investigations as may be necessary.

9.1.2 LAND OWNERSHIP

The land settlement system in Mizoram permits the following three categories oftitleholders:

* Settlement Holder4

These are titleholders who have heritable and transferable rights over the land.Settlement holder means persons other than a pass holder, who has enitered into anengagement with the Adminimstrator, to pay land revenue and is deemed to have theacquired the status of a Settlement holder under section 7 of the Mizo District (Land &


Mlzoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 9 - Land Acquisition & Land Related La ws

Revenue) Act. The settlement holder shall have heritable and transferable right of use on

or of sub-letting in his land.

These lands can be acquired for public purposes after payment of suitable compensation

for the land-acquired u/s 4 of the Mizoram District (Agricultural Land) Acts, 1963.

Periodic Patta Holders

The periodic patta authorises a person to use a parcel of land for a definite period of time.

These include persons who have not acquired Patta holder's rights u/s 7 of the Mizoram

District (Agricultural Land) Acts, 1963. With this licence, the heritable and transferableright of use on or of subletting in his land subject to conditions in the Act. The land under

Periodic Patta can be acquired for public purposes without compensation before the expiry

of the period of allotment.

Pass/ Permit holders

This pass authorizes a person to use a piece of land but doesn't give them right of an

owner. A pass holder shall have no right in the soil beyond a right of user for the period

for which it is given and shall have no right or transfer, or of inheritance beyond theperiod of the pass or of the subletting.

9.1.3 CONVERSION OF PASS OR PERMITrTO PERIODIC PATTA

The Executive Committee shall from time to time issue notices for the conversion of passor permit previously granted by authority to Periodic Patta or Patta for a whole district ora circle. On issuance of such notices the pass or Permit holder shall submit an applicationin writing to the Executive Member or the designated Officer along with the pass or permit

stating clearly whether the application is for conversion to a Periodic Patta or a Patta.Applications from the village should be sent through the Village Council Presidents alongwith his recommendations.

On receipt of such applications the Executive Member or the designated officer shall verify

and survey the land and award the patta on payment of the specified fees.

9.1.4 TRANSFER OF LAND

To transfer the land partly or wholly the periodic patta holder shall have to apply for thesame u/s7 of the Mizoram District (Transfer of Land) Acts, 1963 to the Secretary of the

department along with the prescribed fees. If nothing is found against such transfer ofland as per the terms and conditions of the patta such transfer shall be effected in the

Register of Land Records and Patta documents on payment of the prescribed fees.

9.1.5 NOTIFICATION FOR RESERVE LAND

According to a notification of the Government of Mizoram dated 215' June 1982 the

government has declared 5 meters in horizontal measurement on both sides from the


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R8IPDP. 9 - Land Acquisition & Land Related Laws

edge of all motorable roads other than National Highway, footpaths as reserve land.These lands should not be included for area recommended for allotment for sites forhouse, shop and stalls. For allotment of land adjoining any departmental land a " NoObjection " certificate has to be obtained from the all such departments concerned.

9.1.6 RULES FOR APPEAL AGAINST AN ORDER

Appeals against any action under the Mizoram, District (Land & Revenue) Act 1956 andMizoram District (Agricultural Land) Acts 1963 shall be made to the Chief ExecutiveMember within 60 days from the date of the order. The Chief Executive Member shalldispose off the matter after giving a hearing to al the parties and witnesses concerned.This however shall not debar any person from bringing a suit against such decision in acompetent court of law. A village council court shall not be considered as a competentcourt for the purpose except in case of the Lushai Hills (House Site) Act 1953, where theorder of the Administrator of the Village Council shall be considered as a decree of acompetent civil court.

9.2 LEGISLATION - LAND AND REVENUE ADMINISTRATION IN MIZORAM

Though all land acquisition is based on the Land Acquisition Act of 1894 the salientfeatures and provisions of the state legislations applicable to the project are presented inthe following sections:

9.2.1 THE LUSHAI HILL DIsTRIcrs (HOUSE SITE) AcT 1953

This legislation was enacted to provide for the allotment of sites for residential or othernon-agricultural purposes in the state of Mizoram.

i The administrator or any other person or body authorised in that behalf by theadministrators shall allot sites for residential and other non-agricultural purposes in Aizawl,Lunglei, Demagiri, Sairang, Kolasib, Dhampai and Vanlaiphai and also sites for shops, stallsand other business purposes.

* Apart from the urban areas specified, for other areas of the state, the Village council shallbe competent enough to allot sites within its jurisdiction for residential and other non-agricultural purposes with the exception of commercial establishments.

* In cases of protected areas, the allotment of village sites shall be done by the villagecouncil only with the prior approval of the administrator.

* On the allotment of the residential site, the allottee shall be given a patta as documentaryevidence.

9.2.2 THE MIzo DISTRICT (AGRICULTURAL LAND) ACT, 1963

The Mizo District (Agricultural land) Act, was passed by the Mizo District council forproviding for the control over the agricultural land in the Mizo district. The act shall applyto all lands within Mizoram except,

* Land included in the state forest reservea The soil of all Government and Public roads



* All lands in the station reserves of Aizawl, Lunglei, Sairang, Demagiri, Champhai or anyother areas notified.

* The Administrator or the officiers authorised by it, in writing shall have the power to allotany vacant land for the purpose of agriculture activities.

* The allotment shall be in a patta form

* No person shall occupy and taken possession of any land for agricultural activities unlessallotted and patta obtained in accordance with the provisions of this act.

9.2.3 THE MIzo DISTRICT (LAND & REVENUE) ACTS, 1956

This legislation was passed by the Mizo Council, 1956, and was enacted to provide for the

recognition of rights on land and assessment of revenue on such land by the district

council.

* This legislation elaborates the rights of the pass-holders over the lands allotted, settlementholders' right over land, the power of the administrator over vacant land, etc.

* Works out the methodology for recording and demarcation of land, and the certificate ofpossession and assessment.

* Details the procedure for the transfer of ownership of land

* Fixes the rate of revenue for the land and the payment of the land revenue.

9.3 LAND REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PROJECT

The existing formation width on an average throughout the 100 Kms of the Phase I is

about 5.0m. To accommodate the designed formation width of 7.1 m on straights and 8.0

m on curves (as required for the upgradation of project priority road P1A) there will be

land acquisition involved. The land requisition for Phase-I of the Project given in Table

9.1. (Land requirement for the Phase-II of the Project is about 40ha, a large part of which

would need to be acquired.)

Table 9.1: Land Requirements of the Project for Phase I

Transaction Requirement Land Use/Utilization Aria

Residential 25,388.9 2.54

Commercial 1,105.8 0.11

Mixed Residential & Commercial 1,421.5 0.14

Land to be Acquired Agricultural (Jhum & Plantation) 269,956.3 30.00

Sub-Total: Land with Private Ownership or Rights 297,872.4 29.79

Community Land (Village Council or NGOs) 19,482.0 1.95

Sub-Total: Land Acquisition Requirement 317,354.4 31.74

Free Land (Land Vested in the Government) 128,835.0 12.88

Government Departments' Land 31,710.0 3.17Land to be Transferred Forest Land

Sub-Total: Land Transfer Requirement 160,545.0 16.05

Grand Total Land Requirement 477,899.0 47.79

Source: PWD, Govt of Mizoram Update of Land Acquisition Requirement


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&JPDP. 9 - Land Acquisition & Land Related Laws

The details of the land to be acquired from the private; government, Village Councils (orNGOs) are given in Table 9.2. This land area is 31.7ha. Further details for the private,NGO lands, the VC lands (and the Government lands) is provided in Annexures 7.1 of thisReport.

Table 9.2: Details of Land Acquisition - Category Wise Holding

village Homestead/ Agricultural Community Total; (m2) Land (m2) Lands (mi2) (m2)

Melriat 1677.20 1811.20 636.00 4124.40

Kelsih 3819.00 1683.10 70.00 5572.10

Falkawn 1331.55 208.00 1686.00 3225.55

Muallungthu 2787.00 14265.00 578.00 17630.00

Tachhip 225.00 20240.00 3410.00 23875.00

Aibawk 2979.10 - 1370.00 4349.10

Sateek 1910.00 22370.00 - 24280.00

Damdiai / Lungsei 1099.00 29269.00 1200.00 31568.00

Thiak 2545.00 17775.00 2075.00 22395.00

Sumsuih 2470.00 10035.00 - 12505.00

Hmuifang 1155.00 3790.00 5888.00 10833.00

Chamring 1145.00 9600.00 960.00 11705.00

Sialsuk 150.00 44760.00 - 44910.00

Sailam - 44250.00 - 44250.00

Thenzawl 3112.25 48425.00 1109.00 52646.25

Buangpui 1511.00 1475.00 500.00 3486.00

Total 27916.10 269956.30 19482.00 317354.40

Source: PWD, Govt of Mizoram Update of Land Acquisition Requirement

9.4 LAND ACQUISITION PROCEDURE

The Revenue/Special Land Acquisition Officer deputed with the PWD for this project inparticular initiates the land acquisition, guided by the Land Acquisition (LA) Act of 1894,Amended in 1984. He is responsible for acquiring all land required for this project andprovide for transfer of the land ownership to the PWD free of all encumbrances. Thegeneral procedures for land acquisition and the steps involved are given here under. Theproject involves the acquisition of:

• Private land holdings - Residential / commercial/agricultural land parcels / sites* Encroachments within the PWD land

* Jhum areas (land belonging to the VC and temporary allotment for jhum cultivation)• Free lands

* Land belonging to church

* Land/Structures of Non-Governmental Organisations (such as YMA, MHIP)* Land belonging to the Village Councils* Lands/Structures belonging to various Government Departments* Common property resources as hand pumps, bus shelters etc.



Mlzoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP. 9 - Land Acquisition & Land Related Laws

The land acquisition for the project is being carried by the PIU through the Special LAOappointed for the project. The procedure to be adopted for the acquisition of the landrequired for the project is discussed in the following sections.

9.4.1 AcQUISITIoN OF PRIVATE LANDS

The acquisition of private lands is to be carried out in accordance to the R&R Policy and inaccordance to the provisions of the LA Act, 1894, the procedure for which is outlinedbelow:

Section 3A* Schedule 1

Requires preparation of a list of affected villages indicating the District or RevenueCircle applicable.

* Schedule 2

Requires information to be provided in the following format.S.No VC Pass no Type of land Extent of land to Revenue

be acquired CirclelDistrict

Private Government

* Schedule 3

Requires information to be provided in the following format.S.No VC Pass No Village Direction Type of land Extent Name of Revenue

Private Govt of loss pass Circle_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~holder _ _

At the outset the notification as per the LA Act, Section 4A, is given with the purposedefined for the land acquisition. After the notification is provided, the people whose landis to be acquired are allowed for a minimum of 30 days to file any objections against LandAcquisition Notification. If any objections are filed, then there is a public hearing wherethe PWD, the concerned Revenue officials and the local administration organize and solveany of the petitions that has been filed against the acquisition in any section of the projectroad. After this the acquisition is carried out and possession taken.

There are 2 structures, encroaching onto the PWD land. In accordance to the R&R Policythat has been approved for the project, the legal status of the PAP is not binding in thedecision of the extent and amount of compensation. Therefore, the compensation shall bepaid as that for the legal titleholders.



A total of 58 structures are to be displaced due to the project. However, most of them arefound to have sufficient land behind their existing structures on the valley side. As wasevident from the continued consultation with these people, most of them were willing toshift back within the same plot. For properties that do not have sufficient land, alternativeresettlement sites have been identified, in consultation with the respective villagecouncils.

9.4.2 FREE LANDS, JHUM AREAS & VILLAGE COUNCIL LANDS

Apart from the private properties, the project shall involve the acquisition of Jhum landsand Free lands. For the acquisition of the these lands, arrangements have been workedout with the state revenue department, wherein the compensation shall be made to therespective village councils and the money shall be used for the benefit of the villages.

The areas that are used for jhum cultivation are plots of agricultural lands belonging tothe VC and are allotted temporarily for jhum every year on a rotation basis. The jhumcultivators shall be given advance notice for harvest of standing crops, or paid thecompensation for the standing crops, in accordance to the replacement value worked outfor the project.

Subsequent to the notices that have been issued to the Revenue Department and theVillage Councils, the PIU has received No-objection certificates from each of the villagecouncils to the Revenue Department and the PIU that they are willing to donate the lands(including jhum lands, free lands and the lands belonging to the village councils) to theproject.

As has been agreed upon in the R&R policy for the project, all common propertyresources including handpumps, community buildings, play grounds etc shall be relocatedat suitable locations in accordance to the needs of the community.

9.4.3 LAND BELONGING TO THE CHURCHES

The project impacts at several locations, lands belonging to churches. At these locations,there have been extensive consultations with the church authorities, regarding the landacquisition. At most of the locations, the church authorities have agreed upon for the landacquisition at the market value. At Hmuifang, though the church building is not directlyimpacted due to the project, there was a strong representation from the churchauthorities to shift the church to a quieter zone. The PIU has taken up the identification ofa suitable land parcel for siting the church in consultation with the Village Council.

9.4.4 LAND/STRUCTURES OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS (YMA, MHIP)

Consultations have been held with the various non-governmental organisations as theYMA,MHIP etc whose lands are being impacted. The various NGOs have agreed to donatetheir lands to the project.


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP. 9 - Land Acquisition & Land Related Laws

9.4.5 LANDS/STRUCTURES BELONGING TO VARIOUS GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS

The project requires the acquisition of lands belonging to various governmentdepartments including the F&C, Animal Husbandry, Health departments etc. The individualgovernment departments have been contacted, and consent obtained for transfer of landat replacement value.

9.5 LAND ACQUISITION PLAN

The action plan for Land acquisition for the phases I and II of the project is given in Table9.3. The table provides the tentative target dates in relation to the activities involved forland acquisition.

Table 9.3: Land Acquisition Plan

SI. No. Particulars Timeline.______ . ____________________________ Phase I I Phase III Land Acquisition Requirement (ha) 43.13 hal 60.0 ha2 Appointment of Competent Authority 6.4.2000 6.4.20003 Issue of Section 5.9.2000 5.4.2002

3A(l) Notification4 Issue of Section 3C Notification 5.10.200C 5.5.20025 Issue of Section 3D(1) Notification 25.10.2000 25.5.20026 Issue of Section 4 Notification 28.11.2000 25.6.20027 |Issue of Section 6 Notification 20.6.2001 30.10.20028 IDeclaration of Award 15.1.2002 15.12.2002


CHAPTER 10

INCOME RESTORATION

The main occupation of the people in Mizoram is agriculture. Further, they depend moreon their natural surroundings for subsistence. This dependence on natural resourcesrequires for adoption of such schemes, which could be easily comprehended and practicedto reap economic benefits. The Government of Mizoram realising the need for designingalternatives for traditional jhum (shifting cultivation) land use systems, has worked outthe strategies and proposal for raising financial support for integrated developmentprogrammes' aimed at reducing jhum cultivation, and to provide a firm foundation forlocal resource based, less exploitative production systems, which give the producersgreater economic opportunity.

10.1 INCOME GENERATION IN MIZORAM

The general schemes that could be suggested to be taken up for improvement in theeconomic status of the people and add on to livelihood of the region are, dairying2 ,piggery, poultry and horticulture. Especially, piggery which is gaining importance inMizoram due to the thrust of the Rural Development Agency to promote this as a incomesource. With support already from the government through its existing programs,integration of such schemes for this project would facilitate to improve income levels ofthe project affected persons. The piggery and poultry as income generating sources inalso discussed briefly in Annexure 10.1 (A) in Volume II of this Report.

10.1.1 INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

The MS Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSRF) has prepared an IntegratedSustainable Development Programme for Mizoram State in October 1998. The key

Integrated Sustainable Development Programme for the State of Mizoram recommended by the M.S.Swaminathan Research Foundation, 1998. The State Government is pursuing the programme for obtaininginstitutional finance from various donor agencies. There is every possibility of taking up these schemes inthe year 2000.

2 Dairying as seen in Gujarat, Maharastra and Andhra Pradesh, has proved to be very successful incomegenerating sources. These states have also promoted women dairy cooperatives, which helpempowerment of women to a large extent. One can also notice the transition of economic power anddecision-making in the family shifting to the women in these states. Annexure 10.(B) gives brief on DairyDevelopment through village cooperatives as a income generating source.


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 10 - Income Restoration

components of sustainable long-term economy in Mizoram's marginal mountainenvironments are:

* Special efforts to introduce new, environmentally sound crops and trees to hilly areas* Aggressive promotion of new appropriate crop and tree possibilities. The crops for Mizoram

include tea, coffee, rubber, pineapple, orange and other citrus fruits, passion fruit, arecanut, and coconut, betelvine, spices, tung and orchids.

* Development of agro-forestry system which mixes production capabilities of traditionalsystem and which can produce higher economic returns. The trees include teak, rung,gamari, etc., with existing pulses and cereals.

• Development of supplementary environmentally sound micro-enterprises to agriculturalactivities like apiary and pisciculture.

* An integrated local enterprise policy, which encourages development of small enterpriseswithin existing production systems.

• Specific support for small enterprises and new cropping strategies during the initial phase.* A marketing infrastructure, which supports local production systems.* Financial system, which provides modest levels of credit for small enterprise and self-help

groups.* Training and extension by government or non-governmental organisations in support of

small-scale enterprises and appropriate technological innovation.i Government policy for aggressive promotion of regional growth centres to encourage local

production and marketing.

The most feasible proposal with tangible benefits considered in the economic evaluationof the project3 includes cultivation of tea, coffee, rubber and tung plantations, horticultureproduce and fruit processing. The cultivation can provide assured income from the land,and supply firewood through pruning and shade lopping. It will also generate employment

for most part of the year and act as a fillip for the economic uplift and better livingstandards for the rural farmers. Further, it will promote soil conservation and help inmaintaining ecological equilibrium. That apart, the programme included orchid cultivationscheme yielding a net profit of Rs.308,000 for cultivating a unit of 1000 plants of

Cymbidium hybrid Orchid cut flowers by the farmers and schemes for development ofhuman resources and agro-forestry centres.

The report has laid emphasis on improving infrastructure, providing linkages from village

to regional and national road network. This is considered essential for meeting the

marketing needs to the rural produce, providing greater economic opportunities to rural

people, balanced economic development of different economic sectors and regions, for

increasing equity and rural sustainability. The project roads in the area in fact, form anintegral part of development programme for the rural economy.

3 The Integrated Development Programme Report has given the economic analysis for these activities basedon the phased planting operation. The net profit accruing after meeting all expenditure, from thepreparation of land to establishment of nurseries, raising the crops, plucking, processing, grading, packingand marketing of the produce are termed as net value added. Precisely "Net Value Added" (NVA) isconsidered based on the annual stream of expenditure and income for each of the above activities.



10.2 LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION IN THE PROJECT

The basic objective of the R&IPDP is to restore and improve the economic livelihood andstandard of living of the PAPs. To restore and ameliorate the economic conditions of thePAPs, certain schemes have to be incorporated in the R&IPDP, by which jobs, skills,training and credit can be made available to the affected people.

Restoration to pre-project levels of income is an important part of rehabilitatingindividuals. To achieve this objective, preparation of an income restoration plan underthe R&IPDP was conceptualised as an economic development plan. Specific IR schemeswill be designed in consultation with affected persons and explicit approval of the IRschemes will be obtained from the PAPs.

The basic information on IR activities of PAPs has been drawn from the census, socio-economic surveys and public consultations conducted for the project. The informationcollected on various features of economic activities of the PAPs included:

* Land-based economic activities;* Non-land based economic activities; and,* Total income of PAPs from various sources.

This information has been the basis of the IR strategies. The strategies and planning willbe worked out as per this information at the time of implementation of the project by theSocial Cell of the PIU and the Non-Government Organization (NGO) appointed for thispurpose.

10.2.1 LIVELIHOOD OF AFFECTED FAMILIES

The project has taken a number of measures towards resettlement and rehabilitation ofthe project affected and displaced families including the women headed households, thescheduled castes, the scheduled tribes and the poor (BPL) getting affected by it. Theconsiderations therein have been compiled as follows:

* All the affected families are going to be compensated and/or assisted irrespective of theirownership status. Thus it implies that, whether they do or do not possess legal title of thelands/assets, whether they are tenants or encroachers or squatters, they will be paid withthe compensation and/or assistance amounts.

* Assistances for all project affected families as transitional allowances, additional grant forseverance of land, residual plots, expenses on fees, taxes, etc. and alternative economicrehabilitation support and training for up-gradation of the skills etc.

* In case of loss of non-agricultural private property, option for residential/commercial plotat resettlement site will be provided free of cost to all project affected families if so optedby them apart from all other considerations like compensation at replacement value,transitional allowance, shifting allowance, rental allowance for disruption caused to BPLtenants, compensation for advance rental deposit, right to salvage materials from thedemolished site, etc.

. There is a provision for additional support to the vulnerable people, in the form ofadditional training for those affected by the loss of livelihood / primary source of income.The training will include starting of a suitable production or service activity. Economicrehabilitation support and training and in case the money not spent for the trainingprogramme, the equivalent amount is to be paid as per EP's choice.



All project-affected families will be entitled to an economic Rehabilitation Grant to enablethem to increase their earning capacity. This will primary be non-cash assistance, spenttowards imparting training sought by the entitled persons, and towards non-cashassistance to start alternative income-generating activities (but includes subsidy in buyingimplements, equipment, etc.).All families losing sources of livelihood are entitled to productive asset grant. This grant isexpected to be spent towards training and other support to re-establish livelihood. Forproductive asset grant for commercial families, only the displaced families will beconsidered.

Apart from the abovementioned specific considerations, the vulnerable persons are alsogoing to avail of provisions/assistances generally meant for all affected persons, in thecase of loss of common property resources. Loss of access to firewood will becompensated by involving the communities in a social forestry scheme, in co-ordinationwith the Department of Forests, wherever possible. Loss of trees will be replaced bycompensatory afforestation. There is a consideration of creation of employmentopportunities in the project, if possible. They can take part in consultation for conservingcultural properties. Moreover, they can enjoy adequate safety measures, particularlymeant for pedestrians and children, landscaping of community common areas, improveddrainage, roadside rest areas etc. that will come up in integration with the highwayproject.

The details of the eligible families for the income restoration are provided in Annexure10.2 in Volume II of this report.

10.2.2 INCOME RESTORATION PROGRAMS

The project will assist PAPs in liaison with NGOs to encourage PAPs to enlist themselveswith the village committees to work in the road construction services. Further certainincome restoration programs had been suggested to provide for options to the PAPs forimproving their standard of living. Basically there are two types of income restorationprograms, namely, the short-term income restoration programs and the long term incomerestoration programs. These have been detailed below. In addition to these a few incomerestoration programs have been suggested which would be relevant in Mizoram.

* Short-term IR Activities

These activities are intended to restore the income of the PAPs before and afterrelocation. These activities will emphasize on payment of adequate compensation beforerelocation, transit allowances and providing welfare-based grants and allowances. Thesewould include:

*One time relocation allowance. Transportation free to resettlement areas (sites if any or the choice of the PAP) or

assistance for transport*Subsidized or free items in the form of material or household items as per need and

vulnerability of the PAP. Transitional allowances or ex-gratia grants until income is generated, with special

allowances to the vulnerable communities or groups as identified during various surveys


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP. 10 -Income Restoration

Promoting employment opportunities the PAPs with better access to the opportunitiesduring construction, operation and maintenance phases

Long-term IR Activities

PAPs will participate in developing a range of feasible long-term IR options. Long-term

options are affected by the scale of resettlement which may affect the feasibility of

various non-land based and land-based IR options. These options will not be project or

government financed.

The PIU will coordinate with the departments of tribal welfare, social welfare and the

district administration to assure access to all existing government schemes (for the

identified PAPs for income restoration).

Mechanisms to dovetail existing government poverty alleviation programs will be designed

in consultation with the community and the officials of the district administration and the

district level rural development department.

Impact Categories and IR Schemes

Project induced displacement may lead to loss of (or diminishing) income for the PAPs.The main categories of impacts envisaged as a result of the land and property acquisition

are:

* Loss of commercial establishments (permanent/ temporary)

: Loss of livelihood

* Loss of residential structures (permanent/ temporary)

- Approaches to Income Restoration

The following would be tried to restore the income of the project-affected persons:

* Land for land approach* Employment based rehabilitation* Self employment

10.2.3 ISSUES IN APPROPRIATE IR ACTIVMES

Limited Income Opportunities

The limitations of having an appropriate income restoration program in Mizoram could be

the shrinking opportunities for jobs, the lack of skill and entrepreneurship and the

increasing competition for the limited jobs.

A case for Land-for-Land Compensation

Cash based compensation has been synonymous with resettlement and rehabilitation.

This has always been seen as the best option to solve any problems of the PAPs. This

helps in clearing the project road of any encumbrances quickly. Experiences in other R&R

projects have, however, revealed long-standing negative impacts on the PAPs who are

compensated in cash. The PAPs' economic and social condition deteriorates as they



squander the cash received and become worse off. The better option is land for landrather than cash for land compensation.

The state of Mizoram has land availability in abundance and it is appropriate to adopt theapproach for providing land-based compensation. Further, as the government owns theland, it is easy to transfer user rights of land from government to the private individuals.The requirement for a linear project, especially road development, is very meagre andacquiring about 2m strip of land horizontally on either side of the road is not a problem (ifcompensated by providing on the rear side of the plot, which is also very feasible).

For future expansion, it would be better to provide now, if required, by just demarcatingthe stretch of land horizontally as road reserve land and utilize it for future roadimprovement. It is only appropriate to either allow harvesting of the standing crop orcompensate for the standing crop at the time of implementation.

The project involves acquiring linear strips of land. The impacts on agriculture are notexpected to be significant. There could be limited impact on the homestead/house gardenplantations. Mitigation measures to address the relatively minor impacts anticipated havebeen planned and will be implemented

The compensation received may be deposited in blocked bank accounts. The accruinginterest would supplement the PAPs income and money released on purchase ofsupplement land or some productive asset. This will discourage misuse of thecompensation money for consumption expenditure by vulnerable PAPs.

Loss of commercial structure (permanent/4: This is a more complex problem as it not onlyinvolves compensating and resettling the structure lost, it also has the complementaryissue of retaining the present customer base which has to be looked into before planninganything for the PAPs. Mitigation proposed in the R&IPDP is reconstruction of thedemolished commercial structure in the adjacent area so that the present customer baseis retained or provides appropriate cash compensation.

The more practical approach would be to let the PAPs arrange their own replacementstructures. The compensation money can be deposited in blocked bank accounts and tobe released only for construction or buying of the replaced structure. Since theconstruction will involve phased activities, the money should be released in installmentscoinciding with pre-determined stages in construction.

4 The primary survey revealed that there are about 173 project-affected residential and commercial familiesdue to the implementation of this project. From amongst these families, 9 families will be loosing theirlivelihood source. The general activities followed by these families are petty businesses in the form ofgrocery shops and teashops.



10.2.4ALTERNATIVES FOR INCOME RESTORATION

Loss of Temporary Commercial Space

This problem will be addressed carefully as it often involves vulnerable sections of thePAPs whose income is less than Rs.2000 per month, scheduled population, womenheaded households, unwed mother households. They need to be assisted in identifyingspace in adjacent areas for continuing their trade. The new locations will be identified bythe PIU through the local administration and village councils and obtain the alternativespace.

Alternative Individual IR Schemes

The R&R Officer along with the PIU and the identified NGO will consider the resource baseof the PAPs and their socio-economic characteristics and preferences to tailor individualincome restoration schemes as appropriate. The factors that will be considered are:

* Education level of PAPs* Skill possession* Likely economic activities in the post-displacement period* Extent of land purchased* Suitability of economic activity to supplement the income* Market potential and marketing facilities* Employment opportunities in the region

Although it is widely recognized that the best option is to allow the PAPs to continue theirformer occupations, circumstances may not permit this option and PAPs may elect tochange activities. A list of possible income restoration options that will be explored inconsultation with PAPs and considered in the light of local condition and opportunities isprovided below.

Non-Land based IR Activities

Income generation activities can be related to various categories/areas of interest. In thestate of Mizoram, the survey indicated that, poultry, tailoring, carpentry; driving, bamboocraft, basket weaving and knitting can be areas of income generation. The potential forelectric wiring and repair, electric motor winding, auto mechanic, radio/TV mechanic,grocery stores, hotels, etc., is high. There is also scope for unskilled labour employment inthe project during implementation.

In order to have an improved economic source of livelihood, it is necessary to providetraining to the PAPs in the above categories of skills and make arrangements for marketlinkages for sustainable development and constant source of income. Training could bearranged locally by grouping PAPs residing within a distance of 10-20km in one village andutilize the community hall facility through the Village Council President. Skilled trainerscould be transported to these locations for providing training. This could be organized asper skills at every location. For instance, bamboo craft and basket weaving could be


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP. 10 - Income Restoration

trained at most of the villages as this is common in the region due to abundance ofbamboo growth (organized and wild growth).

Credit facilities should be arranged through financial institutions to establish the businessand arrange for market linkages for the sustenance of the business activity. The skillsshould be provided in a manner that there are not too many people gaining the same skillin one village. Thus organizing the skills as per demand and location would help in along-term sustenance.

The arrangement for the training will have to be provided under the project cost. Theitems for costing would be:

* The rental cost for the venue of training* Resource material for the training* Equipment required for the training* Stipend for the trainees* Salary for the trainers* Transportation facility for the trainers and the trainees to and fro from the training center

The marketing would include individual groups and cooperative marketing strategies. Forskills like auto mechanic, radio/TV mechanic, welding, electric wiring and repair, motorwinding, hotels, etc., activities can be carried out individually or by a group of 2/3persons. Grocer stores, weaving, tailoring, bamboo craft making and poultry, can besuccessful through the cooperative system by organizing the PAPs together to carryoutthe activity.

The identification of trainers for various activities will be done at the time ofimplementation of the R&IPDP and would be conducted with the help of the variousgovernment agencies and under various schemes being implemented in the state.

Self-employment schemes also need to be looked into in order to improve economicstandards and allow for sustainable development of the PAPs. The total financialassistance per PAP is Rs.5000/- for the self-employment or income generating schemes.The illustrative list of schemes is given below:

* For establishing provision shops or make improvements to existing ones* For establishing tailoring shops or make improvements to existing ones* For establishing stationary shops or make improvements to existing ones* Assistance for land development for agriculture purpose.

10.2.5 SUCCESS OF INCOME GENERATING SCHEMES (IGS)

The success of the various income generation schemes shall depend on the followingfactors:

Involvement of the PAPs during identification, planning and implementation of IGS is veryessential. The social surveys have definitely revealed certain areas of IGS and thepossibilities in that direction, but the program should be open to change as the PAPs havea tendency to change their opinion with time on the available option. This would help ingetting support for better implementation of the project.


(Original Document by [CT, CES, LBII)


Involvement of government agencies, NGOs and other external agencies for planning andimplementation provides additional credibility, technical and administrative support andconfidence among the PAPs towards the success of the IGS. It also helps in puttingconfidence among the PAPs about the market linkages and support in that direction.

* Even though the education level and awareness among the PAPs is high, the PAPs opinedthat individual schemes were better and in only certain uses like grocer items and craftmaking cooperation would work and these item could have subsidized prices withgovernment support.Another major potential for a self-employment scheme is providing for PCOs. The lack ofPCOs along this stretch is very surprising. The State of Mizoram has a bad telephonenetwork system some places do not have a telephone facility at all.

* There are certain areas where recurring employment potential is available with the project;some of these are grass cutting and bamboo cutting along the roadside to help bettervisibility to vehicles, employment in maintenance work, etc. These works could beawarded to the local populace and mostly to the PAPs or their family members and supportthe economic level of the family.

10.3 INCOME RESTORATION PLAN

The suggestive income restoration plan is provided in Table 10.1.

Table 10.1: Income Restoration Plan

Si. No. Particulars Details

1 Number of Displaced Families otal 58

Residential 52

Commercial 6

Residential + Commercial 4

Target date for identification of _ 3 30.9.2001Alternate land identification .. ,,

arget date for completion of land ° 28.2.2002ransfer/procurement oCD

I c_arget date for identification of 0 ' 1.1.2002

raining skills _o

5 Target date for identification of ' c 1.1.2002training organizations : E

6 lTarget date for initiation and start o E _ 1.2.2002 onwardsl training for PAPs o c

1, ~~~~~~~~~~~cX7 Target date for distribution of i E 1.2.2002 onwards

ncome generating support X CD

E|

10.4 MONITORING OF IR SCHEMES

Monitoring of IR schemes will be carried out along with the monitoring of other

components of the R&IPDP by an outside agency contracted for the purpose. The contract


Mlzoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&ZPDP. 10 -Income Restoration

will provide for regular (every six months) monitoring of IR of PAPs. The monitoring willbe carried out based on economic indicators.

The IR schemes will be internally monitored by the NGO. The Social Cell will form a teamcomprising its representatives, representatives of the affected villages, educated youthand representatives of beneficiary PAPs. This team will supplement the externalmonitoring and submit reports every six months. The PIU will compile reports submittedby the external agency and the NGO to gain insight on the actual success rate of IRschemes and make corrective judgments where indicated.


CHAPTER 11

INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM & SCHEDULE

For the effective implementation of the R&R component there is a need to have therequired institutional capacity and arrangement in place. This chapter details the staffingneeds, plan for recruitment and training of the personnel at different levels and thecapacity building for the implementation of the R&IPDP. All this will be coordinated withthe project implementation schedule to ensure that skilled staff will be available toimplement the R&IPDP without causing any delay to the civil works. The responsibilitiesinclude the planning, implementation and monitoring of R&R related program and landacquisition. The implementation of the R&R component would be the responsibility of thePIU.

The PIU needs to focus on the following important activities:

- Establishment of a resettlement cell within the PIU* Initiate the process, orientation and training programs for the R&IPDP implementersi Appoint identified NGOs with experience in social development and R&R related work as

partners in R&IPDP implementation. These NGOs will be engaged to support the districtlevel committee and the PWD personnel in implementation

11.1 OVERALL COORDINATION OF R&R

The PIU will coordinate the resettlement process with other project components anddepartments. The specific issues in R&R and the delivery of entitlements will beimplemented and managed by the R&R cell.

The R&R cell will be responsible to:

* Establish operational links within PWD and the other agencies of Government involved inthis project in R&IPDP implementation

* Bridge the gap between the project authorities and the PAPs and the PAGs* Provide the means and mechanisms for coordinating the delivery of the compensation and

assistance to entitled persons* Contribute social development perspectives and inputs to the project by working closely

with the project planners, contractors and construction supervision consultants for effectiveimplementation

* Bridge the link between the project with state Government agencies, provide liaison withPWD field units and impacted communities, establish district level committee's tocoordinate social development and resettlement operations on the field, mobilize assistingNGO partners and support the organization of Community Based Organizations (CBOs)representing PAPsEngage required training services, oversee a grievance redressal process, actively monitorR&IPDP implementation, and cooperate with planned project evaluations


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP. 11 - Institutional Mechanism & Schedule

The important links to be established by the Social Cell responsible for the R&Rimplementation are:

* Coordination with the Government Agencies* NGO Partnerships* Role of CBOs* District Level Committees* Village Level Committees

11.1.1 COORDINATION WITH THE GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

The social cell will be responsible for representing the social impacts and resettlementcomponents of the project, disseminating the information available in this regard to thepublic and providing additional opportunities for public comment. The land acquisitionunit will ensure that the compensation process is prompt and efficient to avoid projectdelays. Under the project's resettlement policy, PAPs will be suitably compensated byproductive asset assistance to reach replacement cost of the land or other asset taken.

Entitlements for income restoration of PAGs will be the project authority's responsibility.Entitlements will comprise of services and benefits normally provided by otherdevelopment programs. Government poverty alleviation programs and housing schemeswill be tapped to replace housing and restore lost livelihood. The social cell will establishliaison with these programs at the state and the district levels to facilitate PAP access andtake advantage of services and programs already in place. Where feasible, it will negotiatecost-sharing arrangements.

Restoration of community assets such as schools will require coordination with EducationDepartment in district offices. Government programs and schemes for the upliftment ofscheduled tribes will be linked with the project. A variety of state and central Governmentprograms addressing women's needs may be associated with other group entitlements.

11.1.2 NGO PARTNERSHIPS

The PIU will engage the services of NGOs with experience in social development and witha track record in R&R to partner R&IPDP implementation at the district level and workclosely with the District Level Resettlement Committees (DLC) and the Village LevelCommittees. To assure effective internal coordination and maximize transfer of skills, PIUstaff will work closely with the NGOs.

NGO partnership will provide the social cell with the grass-root skills and capacity for fieldactivities that are required. This will enhance the PAP counseling, encourage productiveutilization of compensation and rehabilitation grants, facilitate PAP access to financialassistance under various subsidy-related development programs, and increase the socialacceptability and effectiveness of training programs organized for PAPs, thereby electingparticipation in self employment schemes or income generating schemes. The key tasksthat will be carried out by the NGO partnership have been detailed in the R&IPDP. NGO


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 11 - Institutional Mechanism & Schedule

services will be required over the entire project period as mentioned in the R&Rcomponent and the project budget.

11.1.3 ROLE OF COMMUNITy-BASED ORGANIZATIONS

In coordination with the NGOs the project will promote the formation of the community-based organizations (CBOs) representing PAPs and PAGs as far as possible. Theseorganizations will be involved to the maximum extent possible in local aspects ofresettlement planning, implementation and monitoring. Their representation will providean important link between local communities and the project that will facilitate thedevelopment of micro-level plans for R&R. This will assist project authorities in makingarrangements for the smooth relocation of PAPs and their businesses. These groups willalso be involved in participatory monitoring of R&IPDP implementation.

11.1.4 DISTRICT-LEVEL COMMITrEE (DLCs)

R&IPDP implementation will be mediated through the DLC, established at the districtlevel. A Deputy Commissioner of the district will head the DLC. These committees willprovide coordinating nodes for land acquisition and compensation, relocation andresettlement, distribution of project provided assistance, and PAP access to mostGovernment programs in the entitlement package. The social cell will service DLC withfield staff allocated to the construction contracts

This District level committee is not a permanent body. This committee will meet once amonth to announce the replacement value and facilitate the implementation of theR&IPDP. The committee will comprise of the District Magistrate or Official deputed by theadministration, Land Acquisition Officer of the Revenue Department, Special LandAcquisition Officer of the PIU, Resettlement and Rehabilitation Manager, representativesof non-Government organization and representative of the project affected people.

11.1.5 VILLAGE LEVEL COMMITTEES

A special committee for each affected village to determine replacement value of lands andstructures as a result of acquisition of private properties is formed with the ProjectDirector as the Chairman and the Special land Acquisition Officer as the Member-Secretary. The following members shall constitute the committee in each of the 18villages along the project route.

Nodal Officer, R& D Cell, E&F Department or his representative.District Agriculture Officer 'W', Aizawl District, Agriculture and Minor Irrigation Departmentor his representative.Divisional Horticulture Officer, Aizawl, Horticulture Department or his representative.President, Mizoram Truck Owners Association or his representative.VCP and Secretary of concerned villages.Representatives of Project Affected Persons of concerned villages (not more than two).Representatives of YMA of concerned villages (not more than two).


Mlzoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP. 11 - Institutional Mechanism & Schedule

11.2 SOCIAL CELL - STRUCTURE AND STAFFING

The social cell established within the PIU to implement and manage the R&IPDP will bestructured to provide coordination, technical support and services at several levels ofproject implementation. The organizational structure and staffing is showndiagrammatically in Figure 11.1 and the staffing responsibilities of the social cell aredetailed in the Table 11.1.

Table 11.1: Responsibilities of Social Cell

Grade Responsibilities

Project Director 1. Overall responsible for land possession transfer and R&R activities in the field

2. Make budgetary provisions for land possession, transfer and R&R activities3. Liaison with district administration for support for land ownership transfer and

implementation of R&IPDP

4. Participate in the district level committee

Special Land 1I.Coordinate the implementation of R&R activities with Corporate and field staff.Acquisition 2. Consolidate the micro R&R plans prepared by the PIU on physical and financialOfficer needs on monthly basis.

(Should be at least 3. Organizing training for the PIU and NGOs for capacity building to implementof the rank of an R&IPDPExecutiveEngineer) 4. Prepare monthly progress report

5. Monitor the progress on R&IPDP and land possession transfer

6. Preparing terms of reference and facilitating the appointment of external agency forMonitoring & Evaluation (M&E)

7. Develop terms of reference for any studies identified to enhance the implementationof R&R and facilitate the appointment of the consultant and coordinate the studies.

R&R Manager 1. Coordinate with district administration and NGOs responsible for land acquisition(Should be at least and R&Rof the rank of an 2. Translation of R&R policy in the local languageAssistant Engineer) 3. Prepare pamphlets on the policy

4. Printing of the policy and Identity Cards for the PAPs (Annexure 7.1 1)

5.Ensure that the contractor has paid the mutually agreed amount to the people for theland taken over for the project6. Prepare land ownership transfer and acquisition plans and submit them to thedistrict administration for acquisition/transfer of ownership

7. Participate in the allotment of residential, commercial and agricultural plots

8.Liaison with district administration for dovetailing Governments income generatingand developmental programs for the PAPs

9. Coordinate with the NGOs appointed for the implementation of the R&IPDP10. Ensure the inclusion of those PAPs who may have not been covered during thecensus survey

11. Facilitate the opening of joint accounts in local banks to transfer assistance forR&R for Project Affected Families (PAFs). And organize the disbursement of chequesfor assistance and compensation in the affected area in public

12. Monitor physical and financial progress on land ownership transfer/acquisition andR&R activities

13. Participate in regular meetings

14. Organize by-monthly meetings with the NGOs to review the progress on R&R

NGO & CBO 1. Coordinate with the R&R Officer to implement R&R activities(Community 2. Verification of the PAFs listed out in the R&IPDP



Grade ResponsibilitiesBased 3. Identify those PAPs who may be not covered during the census surveyOrganization) 4. Issue identity cards to the PAFs

5. Develop rapport with the PAPs6. Participate with the R&R Officer to undertake public information campaign at thecommencement of the project7. Distribute the R&R policy to the PAPs8. Assist the PAPs in receiving compensation9. Facilitate the opening of joint accounts10. General awareness about the alternate economic livelihood and enable the PAFsto make their choice11. Prepare micro-plans for R&R

12. Enable the PAFs to identify the alternate sites for agriculture, residential andcommercial plots13. Participate in the consultations on allotment of shops and residential plots

14. Ensure that the PAPs have received their entitlements15. Ensure the preparation of rehabilitation sites

16. Participate in the meetings organized by the PIU

17. Submit monthly progress reports

18. Identify training needs of the PAPs for income generating activities

19. Participate in the disbursement of cheques for the assistance at public places

District Level 1. Meet regularly to review the progress of land ownership transfer/acquisitionCommittees 2. Facilitate the implementation of Government programs in the project affected areas

Village Level 1. Decide on the replacement value of lands and structures as a result of acquisition ofCommittees private properties

11.2.1 TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING

To enhance capabilities, the Social Cell staff would require training to learn techniques in

conducting participatory rural appraisal for conducting census and socio-economic

surveys, dissemination of information, community consultation and progress monitoringand evaluation.

11.2.2 IMPLEMENTATION RESPONSIBIL.

It is the responsibility of the PWD to ensure that the R&IPDP is successfully implementedin a manner as suggested in the implementation schedule (see Table 14.1). The

implementation schedule proposed will be updated from time to time, as per the

requirement.

11.3 INITIATION ACTIVITIES

In accordance with the project implementation schedule the Government of Mizoram and

the PWD will require initiating and carrying out the following activities on a priority basis.

* Provide orientation and awareness building for the PWD and other key implementers toprepare them for their roles in the implementation to assure timely preparedness.

* Establish the Social Cell within the PIU and creating required positions in the PWD to staffthe Social Cell.



* Mobilize the task force to activate the land acquisition process at the earliest for timelyimplementation of the R&R activities.

* Conduct training and orientation for the PIU and the Social Cell staff. The training moduleswould include project resettlement and rehabilitation responsibilities under the GOM andWorld Bank policies; project induced displacement, project R&R goals and objectives andbasic provisions of the project R&IPDP. The training and orientation will also includeseminars/workshops and initial field exposure to the PWD and the PIU staff.

* Employ the services of a Social Scientist to provide technical support in the R&IPDPimplementation. He/she should be experienced in preparing R&R policies, R&IPDP andR&IPDP implementation of other road projects.

* Initiate NGO identification and contracting procedures. The NGO will be selected inconsultation with the Social Scientist, the Representatives of the PAPs and the PCC.

Figure 11.1: Organisational Structure of the Social Cell of the PIU

PWD CORPORATE OFFICE

Engineer-in-Chief

PIU (Project Director)

|S-pecial Land Ac-quisition oW _,

. NGO Representatives Resettlement & Rehabilitation

. CBO Representatives __- _-_-Manager

*PAP Representatives

* Deputy CommissionerDistrict Level committee ______Add. Dy. Commissioner

* Revenue Dept. Officials

. NGO Representatives

. PAP Representatives

. Nodal Officer, R& D Cell, E&Village Level Committees ----- ____-_____-_- Department.

. District Agriculture Officer* Divisional Horticultur

Officer,. President, Mizoram Truc

Owners Association.* VCP and Secretary of villagesa Representatives of PAPs

* Representatives of YMA


MIZORAM STATE ROADS PROJECTNG'O Consultancy Services for Assistance in Implementation of

Resettlement & Indigenous People's Development Plan (R&IPDP) - Phase I Roads

TERMS OF REFERENCE

1 PROJECT BACKGROUND

The Government of Mizoram is seeking a World Bank loan (WB Loan no. 4114 IN) available with theGovernment of India, for upgradation and maintenance of the state road network. The project envisagesmajor augmentation of capacity and structural quality of the road network in the state of Mizoram. Theproject preparation activities including the project planning and design is being carried out by the PWD,Government of Mizoram (PWD), through project co-ordinating consultants (PCC).

A Strategic Options Study (SOS), covering 3,534 km of the state road network, was conducted duringOctober 1998-January 1999 For the roads so identified, Feasibility Studies, including engineering analy-sis and design, social and environmental screening and economic evaluation were carried out (com-pleted in January 2000). Based on the findings of these studies and discussions between the PWD andthe World Bank, corridors have been identified as candidates for (a) improvementlupgradation and (b)major maintenance works. The corridors that have been identified for improvement in two phases of theproject are listed in Table 1.1. Improvements to these roads consist mainly of, strengthening, widening,and minor realignments.

Table 1.1: Work ProgrammeProject Phase Corridor Length (kin)

Improvement/ Upgradation Corridors IPhase I Aizawl -Thenzawl- Buangpui (P1-A) 98.7

Phase I S3uangpui - Lunglei (P1-B) 71.0iAizawl Bypass i 6.0

Total 185.7

There are 18 villages falling along the project road Aizawl and Buangpui via Hmuifang measuring 98.7kms under Phase - I. The available formation in most cases is less than the 7.1m required for accom-modating the intermediate lane cross-section suggested, which calls in for an acquisition of private landand properties. Apart from the acquisition of private land and properties, the project will also involve theacquisition of land belonging to several community organisations and governmental departments. Ac-quisition of land may cause social disruption and economic loss for project affected persons (PAPs) andtheir families. It is therefore important that disturbances and losses of PAPs due to project are minimisedthrough proper planning.

It is against this background that PWD has carried out a social assessment of Project Affected Persons(PAPs) on the project road under Phase-1 and prepared a Resettlement & Indigenous People's Devel-opment Plan (R&IPDP). The titleholders of various types of properties were identified in the social as-sessment and a detailed Action Plan was prepared for the resettlement and rehabilitation. The R&R pol-

ToR for NGO Consultancy Services - 1 - Government of MizoramPublic Works Department

icy containing entitlement packages for various categories of PAPs was prepared and approved by theGovernment of Mizoram. To keep the negative impacts to a minimum, various measures were under-taken such as redesigning of project roads and avoidance of common properties. These measures haveconsiderably reduced the number of affected families. The total number of affected families is 484. TheR&IPDP prepared fully complies with the requirements of the Government of India and the World Bank.Successful implementation of the R&IPDP is an important part of the overall project.

The MPWD requires NGOs to assist with the implementation of the R&IPDP.

MPWD now invites the services of eligible NGOs under quality based lump sum contracts.

The distribution of families affected and displaced is as below:

Village Project Affected Families/Persons Project Displaced FamilieslPersonsResidential/ Agricultural Residential/ AgriculturalCommercialI Commercial

Families IPersons Families Persons Families Persons Families PersonsMeltnum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Saikhamakawn 0 0 0 00 1 0 00 °Melriat 19 I 108 23 15 i 86 0 0Kelsih 18 142 7 55 2 i 16 0 0Falkawn 12 71 1 6 9 i 53 0 0Muallungthu 29 1lo0 16 99 9 56 0 0Tachhip 3 17 36 209 1 6 0 0Aibawk E 23 i120 6 : 31 0 0Sateek 5 25 30 150 1 5 0 0Maubang 6 37 17 104 2 12 0 0Lungsei j O I O O O I OThiak 9 j 34 20 76 1 i 4 0 0Sumsuih 8 60 12 90 1 8 0 0Hmuifang i 5 1 17 6 20 5 17

| hamring 9 i 66 11 80 3 22 0

Sialsuk 1 6 46 ! 267 0 . 00 0Sailam 0 0 32 186 0 0 01| lThenzawl 16 83 70 364 1 5 0 I oBuangpu: 10 71 3 21 2 14 0 0

Total 173 1037 311 1750 58 335 | 0 1 0

2 OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the NGO consultancy are to facilitate the resettlement process on Phase I of theMizoram State Roads Project by:

1. Educating the PAPs on their rights, entitlements and obligations under the R&IPDP.2. Ensuring that PAPs obtain their full entitlements under the R&IPDP. Where options are available,

the NGO shall provide advice to PAPs on the relative benefits of each option.3. Assisting PAPs in the redressal of grievances through the system implemented as part of the

R&IPDP.4. Collect data and to submit progress reports on a monthly basis as well as quarterly basis (5 copies

each) to allow PWD to monitor and evaluate the implementation of the R&IPDP.


5. To provide support and information to PAPs for income restoration.6. To assist the PAPs for relocation and rehabilitation.

3 TASKS OF THE NGO

The NGO will work as a link between the project represented by the Special Land Acquisition Officer(SLAO), the R&R Manager, and the affected community. The NGO will be responsible for assisting thePAPs during the resettlement and rehabilitation process and shall ensure that all of the provisions of theR&R Policy and the R&IPDP with regard to the well being of the PAPs are implemented.

The NGO shall play a role of secondary stakeholder in implementation of the R&IPDP and in mitigatingthe adverse effects of the Project. The NGO shall remain responsible for the development of a compre-hensive livelihood system to facilitate the PAPs to take advantages of the options available (as per theR&IPDP).

Specifically, the selected NGO will:

1. Develop rapport between the PAPs and the project authorities particulariy the SLAO. This will beachieved through regular meeting with both the SLAO and the PAPs. Meetings with the SLAOwill be held at least fortnightly and meetings with PAPs will be held at least monthly. All meetingsand decisions taken are to be documented.

2. Assist the SLAO to undertake a public information campaign at the commencement of the projectto inform the affected communities of:

(i) the need for land acquisition involved in Phase-I roads

(ii) the need for displacement

(iii) the likely consequences of the project on the communities economic livelihood

(iv) identifying PAPs and verifying on the basis of the census survey carried out and facilitatingthe distribution of the identity cards

(v) the R&R policy and entitlement packages

3. Assist PAPs in getting the compensation for their land and properties acquired for the project4. Ensure in coordination with the Village Council in the transfer of alternate land to PAPs.

For the calculation of market value/replacement value, village committees have been set up. TheNGO shall represent the entitled persons (EPs) in the committee to ensure that a fair assess-ment takes place.

6. Ensure benefits due to the PAPs under R&R policy and R&IPDP are provided to the PAPs. Fromthe policy and the R&IPDP, the NGO will verify the entitlements of each PAP (being made by theSLAO). If there is a discrepancy, between the two, the NGO will be responsible for assisting thePAP in coming to some agreement with the SLAO and, if necessary, pursuing the matter throughthe grievance redressal mechanism.

7. Help project authorities in making arrangements for the smooth relocation of the PAPs and theirbusiness. This will involve close consultation with the PAPs.

8. Ensure proper utilization by the PAPs of various grants available under the R&R package. TheNGO will be responsible for advising the PAPs on how best use any cash that may be providedunder the R&IPDP. Emphasis should be placed on using such funds in sustainable way.


9. Assist PAPs in getting benefits from various government development programs particularly forhouse construction. There are a number of government housing and training programs for liveli-hood programs that can be used by PAPs. The NGOs will investigate the availability of places inthese programs and shall inform the PAPs of the opportunities that exist and their relative merits.The NGO will co-ordinate the training programs for sustainable livelihood and assist in develop-ing the required skills for livelihood rehabilitation. The NGO shall co-ordinate with the VillageCouncils, government departments and other organisations as YMA, MHIP etc., working in thearea to ensure that all the options available to the PAP are known and can be communicated tothem.

1a. Develop micro level plans for resettlement and rehabilitation (R&R) in consultation with the PAPsand the SLAO. A plan shall be prepared and agreed for each PAP and will include such thing as:

(a) list of options open to and the choices made by the PAP. The NGOs will assist them inmaking their choices

(b) a list of benefits due to the PAP(c) arrangements for shifting(d) proposed utilization of any grant moneys due to the PAP(e) involvement of PAP in existing government development programs(f) update information available of PAPs and collect information of PAPs coming in the project

due to any changes. PWD will be monitoring the implementation of the R&IPDP and willrequire data from the NGO to monitor input, output and impact indicators.

(g) any other responsibility as may be assigned by the SLAO for the welfare of the affectedcommunity.

11. To ensure that all common property resources and utilities likely to be impacted due to the pro-ject are replaced prior to the commencement of the construction on that particular sub-section ofthe road.

12. To ensure that the social impacts as the disruption of access and pedestrian safety during con-struction and adequately addressed.

13. To identify and provide for special management measures on a case-to-case basis for additionalstructures to be impacted/displaced. These would include properties on the hillside, which mightget impacted due to the proposed cutting.

14. Create awareness among road users, the community in the roadside settlements and especiallyin and around the construction camps regarding HIV/AIDS/STDs.

15. Create awareness among the local population in the built up areas regarding the CommunityRoad Safety during construction through local consultationslcampaigns/ workshops.

16. Also monitor the ban on use of child labour by the contractors of any civil works and related ac-tivities and will create awareness regarding the ill effects of child labour.

4. RESPONSIBILITIES OF IMPLEMENTATION

Responsibilities of Implementation of the R&IPDP will include:

Identification and Verification

The NGO shall undertake a survey of the project affected area and shail update the information on theEligible PAPs and project-affected families (PAFs). The NGO shall verify the information already avail-able on the individual losses of the PAPs collected by the PWD. The NGO shall establish rapport withPAPs, consult and provide information about the respective entitlements as proposed under theR&IPDP, and distribute Identity Cards to the eligible PAPs. An identity card should include a photograph


of the PAP, the extent of loss suffered due to the project, and the choice of the PAP with regard to themode of compensation and assistance (if applies, as per the R&IPDP).

The NGO shall prepare a list of the project-displaced persons/families (PDPs/PDFs) for relocation,enlisting the losses and the entitlements as per the R&IPDP, after verification. It shall also prepare a listof the project-affected persons/families (PAPs/PAFs) enlisting the losses and the entitlements as per theR&IPDP, after verification.

During the verification of the eligible PAPs/PAFs, the NGO shall ensure that each of the PAPs are con-tacted and consulted either in groups or individually. The NGO shall specially ensure consultation withthe women from the PAP families especially women headed households.

Participatory methods should be applied in assessing the needs of the PAPs. The methods of contactmay include (i) village level meetings; (ii) gender participation through group interactions; (iii) individualmeetings and interactions.

Post Design Consultation

NGO contracted shall also be responsible for post design consultation with the community for disclosureof designs for specific measures at individual level.

Counselling the Entitled Persons

The counselling shall include the following activities by the NGO: -

* The NGO shall explain to the PAPs the need for land acquisition, the provisions of the policy and theentitlements under the R&IPDP.

* Distribution of the R&R Policy and the translated version of the policy (in Mizo,) for each and everyPAP to make them understand the entitlements in correct perspectives.

* The NGO shall disseminate information to the PAPs on the possible consequences of the project onthe communities' livelihood systems and the options available.l The NGO shall initiate micro-level plans for income restoration, in consultation with the PAPs.Women's perceptions are important to be incorporated in the development of these plans.

In all of these, the NGO shall consider women as a special focus group, and deal with them with careand sympathy.

Representing the EPs in Village Committees for Market Value Assessment

Village Committees have been established to evaluate the actual market value of the structures for eachof the 18 villages along the project route. The NGO shall represent the entitled persons (EPs) in thesecommittees to ensure that a fair assessment takes place. The project will assist the eligible PAPs/PAFsin getting the difference between the assessed market price and the compensation award as assistance.

Disbursing the Assistances

The NGO shall document the entitlement of each of the PAPs/PAFs on the basis of the R&IPDP andcompare it with the SLAO's data and Village committees market value assessment. In case of dis-

ToR for NGO Consuitancy Services - 5 - Government of MizoramPublic Works Department

crepancies, the NGO shall resolve it in consultation with the SLAO on the basis of the Policy guide-lines or take up the matter to the Grievance Redressal Committee.The NGO shall assist the project authorities in ensuring a smooth transition (during the part or fullrelocation of the PAPs/PAFs), helping the PAPS to take salvaged materials and shift with proper no-

tices. In close consultation with the PAPs, the NGO shall inform the SLAO about the shifting datesagreed with the PAPs in writing and the arrangements desired by the PAPs with respect to their enti-tlements.

* The NGO shall assist the PAPs in opening bank accounts, explaining the implications, the rules andthe obligations of a joint account', and how s/he can access the resources s/he is entitled to.

* The NGO shall ensure proper utilisation of the R&R budget available for each of the packages. TheNGOs shall ensure that the PAPs have found economic investment options and are able to restoreagainst the loss of land and other productive assets. The NGO shall identify means and advise theSLAO to disburse the entitlements to the eligible persons/families in a manner that is transparent,and shall report to the MPWD on the level of transparency achieved in the project.

Assistina the EPs and the SLAO Negotiate for the New Land for Resettlement

* Obtain the PAP's choice in terms of (i) shifting plan and arrangements; (ii) grant utilisation plan; (iii)community asset building plan and (iv) institutional arrangements in maintaining the assets.

* Ensuring the replacement of the land lost in terms of quality and quantity.* Assist Village Council Officials in negotiating and transfer of altemate land to the PAPs.

Accompanying and representing the EPs at the Grievance Committee Meetings

The NGO shall nominate a suitable person (from the staff of the NGO) to be a member of the GRC.The NGO shall make the PAP aware of the grievance redressal committees(GRC).The NGO shall train the PAPs on the procedure to file a grievance application and to confirm that astatement of claim from the concerned PAP accompanies each grievance application. The NGOshall help the PAPs in filling up the grievance application and also in clearing their doubts about theprocedure as well as the context of the GRC award.The NGO shall record the grievance and bring the same to the notice of the GRC within 7 (seven)days of receipt of the grievance from the PAPs. It shall also submit a draft resolution with respect tothe particular grievance of the PAP, suggesting multiple solutions, if possible, and deliberate on thesame in the GRC meeting through the NGO representative in the GRC.To accompany the PAPs to the GRC meeting on the decided date, help the PAP to express his/hergrievance in a formal manner if requested by the GRC and again inform the PAPs of the decisionstaken by the GRC within 3 days of receiving a decision from the GRC. (The timeframe for the GRCto take a decision is 15 days).

Assisting the eligible PAPs to take advantage of the existing Government Housing and EmploymentSchemes

With regard to the above, the NGO shall

It is proposed n the RAP that the R&R assistance from the project will be paid in the joint name of the spouses, as applicable,except in tne cases of the woman-headed households and the woman wage earners.


* Coordinate (and impart wherever required) the training and capacity building of the PAPs, for up-grading their skills for income restoration. This will include the training to be given by the NGO towomen Self-help-group members in accounting, record maintenance, skill acquisition in the chosenenterprise, and marketing, etc.

* Help the PAPs in realising and optimising the indigenous technology knowledge (ITK) through useof local resources.

* Define, evolve and explore alternative methods of livelihood using the local skill and resources.* Contact financial institutions of the area in accessing the credit required by the individual as well as

groups of PAPs and the women's groups from the PAFs. The NGO shall maintain a detailed recordof such facilitation, and plan for each PAF to repay the loan.

* Establish linkages with the Village Councils for ensuring that the PAPs are benefited from theschemes available and those they are entitled to. The NGO shall maintain a detailed record of suchfacilitation.

Inter-Agency Linkages for Income Restoration and other R&R Services

The NGO shall be responsible for establishing linkages with

Financial institutions for facilitating the PAPs to access credit;Government departments, district administration and Village Councils, etc. to ensure that the PAPsare included in the development schemes, as applicable;Training institutes for imparting skill and management training for enterprise creation and develop-ment.

Monitoring and Evaluation

The R&IPDP includes a provision for mid-term and post-project monitoring and evaluation by externalconsultants. The NGOs involved in the implementation of the R&IPDP will be required to supply all in-formation, documents to the extemal monitoring and evaluation consultants. To this end, the NGOs shallkeep proper documentation of their work and the R&R process involved in the project, and shall be re-sponsible for the upkeep and updating of such documents periodically and regularly. The documentationshall include photographs of the pre-intervention and the post-intervention scenario of all the properties,structures and assets affected by the project.

Recommending for the Improvement of R&R Services

* Recommend and suggest techniques and methods for improvement of services extended by theconcerned government departments and other agencies and committees in disbursementlextensionof R&R services in the project.

* Document implementation of the R&R process and services, including difficulties faced and corre-sponding sotutions.Discuss with the MPWD on contingency management and other improvement of R&R services,

within the project road.

Documenting of Tasks Carried Out by the NGO and Evaluation of the Achievements of R&IPDP

The NGO selected for the assignment shall be responsible to

Submit an inception report within three weeks; on signing up of the contract, including a work planfor the whole contract period, staffing and personnel deployment plan, and a withdrawal plan at the


end of the period of contract. The withdrawal plan shall be detailed and reflect how the assets cre-ated and transferred to the PAPs/PAFs, will be maintained.

* Prepare monthly progress reports to be submitted to the SLAO, with weekly progress and workcharts as against the scheduled timeframe for R&IPDP implementation.

* Prepare and submit quarterly reports on a regular basis, to the SLAO.*Submit a completion report at the end of the contract period.

Reporting in writing as well as photographs etc., taken during the assignment shall be submitted in sup-port of the reports. Accounts / reports both on expenditure on administration as well as training, andother heads shall be submitted with the quarterly and the completion reports.

In addition to the above, the NGOs shall

Prepare and submit separate descriptive reports on participatory micro-plans with full details of theParticipatory rapid Appraisal exercises conducted.

5. CONDITION OF SERVICES

The NGOs shall ensure that the R&IPDP is implemented in an effective and proper manner. The prmeresponsibility of the NGO shall be to ensure that each and every eligible PAPs receive appropriate andjustified entitlement and that, at the end of the project R&R services, the eligible PAPs have improved(or at least restored to) their previous standard of living.

Additionally the NGO shall help the MPWD in all other matters deemed to be required to implement theR&IPDP in its spirit and entirety.

All documents created, generated or collected during the period of contract, in carrying out the servicesunder this assignment will be the property of the MPWD. No information gathered or generated durngand in carrying out this assignment shall be disclosed by the NGOs without explicit permission of theMPWD.

6. TIMEFRAME FOR SERVICES

The NGOs will be contracted for a period of two years from the date of commencement, with a with-drawal methodology in built into the proposals from the NGOs. The acquisition and transfer of alternateland is expected to be completed by March 2002.

7. PAYMENT SCHEDULE

Si. No. Payment Schedule Percentage of theContract Value

After acceptance of letter of Award and Submission of Inception Report 5%

2 On completion of verification & consultation exercise and Submission of Updated dat 15%on PAPs and review of the same by client

3 On submission of micro level plans 15%4 Onsubstantial completion of Relocation Process 10/ I

4 On subcompletion of Relocation Process 10%

6 On compiebon of Rehabilitation Process 15%7 On suibmission of Final Completion Repon 30%


8. TEAM FOR THE ASSIGNMENT

The NGOs are free to recommend a team commensurate with the requirements of the project, subject tothe following conditions:

That the proposal should accompany a personnel deployment schedule, clearly indicating whetherthe deployment is home-office based or in the field.

* That the NGOs must propose at least one woman as part of the key personnel. The person-monthdeployment of the woman key personnel shall constitute at least 33% of the person-month deploy-ment of all key professionals in the assignment. The proposed woman key person shall be availableto work at site (project route) for at least 50% of the duration of the contract.

* That the NGOs will depute a 'technical/professional' team to work at the site, which will consist atleast 33% of women members. Junior support personnel and administrative staff will not be consid-ered as 'technicallprofessional' members.

9. DATA TO BE PROVIDED BY THE CLIENT

Client will provide to the Consultants (NGO) the copies of census data, R&IPDP, Land Acquisition Planetc. collected/prepared.

10. COMPOSITION OF REVIEW COMMITTEE TO MONITOR NGOS WORKS

A reviewing committee consisting of the following officers of the MPWD shall review the progress of thework and the reports to be submitted by the NGO: -

1. Project Director Chairman2. SLAO Member3. R&R Manager, PWD Member

ToR for NGO Consultancy Services - g - Government of MizoramPublic Works Department

CHAPTER 12

GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL MECHANISM

In the case of a project involving involuntary resettlement, the grievance redressalprocedure and appeal mechanism are an important aspect related to R&R of the PAPs.Experience shows that litigation causes unnecessary delay and cost overrun of theproject. Keeping in mind legal procedures involving such cases, the PWD has provision fora Grievance Redressal Mechanism, which will provide a forum to people to express theirdissatisfaction over compensation and R&R provisions. It does not imply that the affectedwill be debarred from moving the court on compensation, but all possible efforts would bemade by the PIU to reach a mutually beneficial out of the court settlement.

12.1 GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL COMMITTEE

According to the PWD R&R policy a Grievance Redressal Committee (GRC) will be formedat each District Head Quarter comprising of the following:

* Project Director, PWD* District Magistrate* Representatives from Village Councils, NGOs and PAPs.

12.2 GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL

The main objective is to provide a step-by-step process of registering and addressing thegrievances. It is expected that this mechanism will ensure redress to the aggrieved party.The PAPs will have access to the committee, which will function throughout the projectperiod. The procedure for Grievance Redressal is outlined in Figure 12.1.

12.3 RESPONSE TIME

The Grievance Redressal Cell (GRC) will hear grievances once in 15 days. Since the entireresettlement process has to be completed before the road construction work starts theGRC may meet more than once in every 15days depending upon the number of suchcases. The GRC will inform the concerned EPs of their decision within 15 days of thehearing of grievance.


Mlzoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP. 12 - Grievance Redressal Mechanism

-- Entitled Person

Grievanc e Redressal Regarding |GivneRedressal Regarding R&R |Land Acquisition |Provisionsl

Redress L.A. Officer R&R Officer NGOILeaders of the PAPs

IFr District Magistrate

Grievance RedressalCommittee

Redress I

Redress

Figure 12.1: Grievance Redressal Mechanism in the Project

Revised by Lea Associates 12-2 OctobeT 2001(Original Document by ICT, CES, LBII)

CHAPTER 13

MONITORING & EVALUATION

The monitoring & evaluation (M&E) are critical activities in involuntary resettlement.Monitoring invoives periodic checking to ascertain whether activities are going accordingto the plans. It provides the necessary feedback for project management to keep theprogram on schedule. By contrast evaluation is essentially a summing up, the end of theprojects assessment of whether those activities actually achieved there intended ends.

This chapter addresses the M&E procedure to be followed after the implementation of theR&IPDP. It contains elements of both compliance monitoring to ascertain whether theactions called for by the R&IPDP have indeed been carried out, and success orperformance monitoring to determine whether these actions have achieved theirobjectives. In both cases, the purpose is to provide regular, rapid and reliable feedbackto the PWD headquarters, so that they may initiate any required remedial actions. Theproposed monitoring program fro R&IPDP has both internal and external components.

13.1 MONITORING PROJECT OBJECTIVES

A list of impact performance indicators will be developed, which will be used to monitorproject objectives. These indicators will form the basis for monitoring and evaluation ofthe implementation of the R&IPDP. The socio-economic survey undertaken during theproject preparation will provide benchmarks for comparison on the socio-economic statusof the PAPs in the post project period.

It will provide information about whether the project objectives are being achieved. A keyobjective of the project is the restoration and improvement of affected people's incomeand quality of life.

13.2 TYPE OF MONITORING AND SCHEDULE

The set of indicators for both internal and the external monitoring which will be usedduring the life of the project, will include:

* Input indicators* Output indicators* Outcome indicators• Impact indicators

Monitoring the inputs and the outputs will be carried out by the PWD as part of theinternal monitoring. These are built in the design of the project and the reportingrequirement as part of the Quarterly Project Monitoring Reports.


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 13 - Monltornng & Evaluation

The impact and the outcome monitoring are, in effect, measuring the qualitative impact ofthe project and how the project has changed the lives of the people qualitatively. Theimpact indicators relate to the overall project objectives as per the R&R policy. Thequalitative outcome and impact of the project will be monitored by an external agencythrough annual, mid-term and end-of-project monitoring.

The progress and effectiveness of R&IPDP will be monitored in terms of the progressmade in respect of the following:

* Physical Progress

* Financial Progress

* Social Development

* Participation

The method of measuring the indicators under different heads, facilitating input andoutput monitoring is detailed in Table 13.1.

The logical framework of indicators is provided in Annexure 13.1 in Volume II of thisReport.

13.3 MONITORING PROJECT INPUT AND OUTPUT

Impact indicators relate to overall project objectives as stated in the R&R policy. An

external agency will be contracted to evaluate R&R activities on basis in the prescribed

monitoring as per Tables 13.1 through 13.4, which will be further developed during the

course of implementation of the R&IPDP. The reports will compare the progress of the

project to targets set up at the commencement of the project. The R&R officer at the

corporate office will consolidate the monthly reports. A tentative monitoring schedule is

provided in Table 14.1.

Table 13.1: Monitoring Framework for Financial Progress

No. Indicators for Financial Progress Methodology Output

1 Amount disbursed for land compensation Structured Schedule Compensation

2 Amount Disbursed for structure compensation Structured Schedule Compensation

3 Amount disbursed for productive asset grant Structured Schedule Assistance(Agriculture)__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

4 Amount disbursed for productive asset grant Structured Scheduie Assistance_ (business) SrcueShdle AsItac

5 Amount disbursed for house construction grant Structured Schedule Assistance

6 Amount disbursed for transitional assistance Structured Schedule Assistance

7 Amount disbursed for Rehabilitation grant Structured schedule Assistance

8 Amount disbursed for rent Structured schedule Assistance

9 Amount disbursed for shifting assistance Structured schedule Assistance

10 Amount disbursed for assistance to tenants Structured schedule Magnitude of tenants

11 Amount disbursed for community infrastructure Core Rapid Appraisal Community Welfare

12 Amount disbursed for extension of income Structured schedule Income Restoration


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 13 - Momntoring & Evaluation

No. Indicators for Financial Progress Methodology Outputrestoration programs

13 Amount paid towards training and capacity building StructuTed schedules and Coordination

14 Fees paid to M&E agency Structured Schedule Monitoring Costs

15 Fees paid to NGO's for implementation Core rapid appraisal Implementation Costs

Table 13.2: Monitoring Framework for Physical Progress

No. Indicators for Physical Progress Methodology Output

1 Total land acquired Structured schedule Compensation

2 No of EPs whose land was acquired Structured schedule Compensation

3 No of EPs whose Residential Structures was Structured schedule Compensation +affected Assistance

4 No of PAFs residential structures acquired and Structured schedule Compensation +demolished Assistance

5 No of EPs commercial structures acquired and Structured scheduie Compensation+

6 dofEPsrcivdpo dutveasesrnt Snutrdecedld reassilitationNo of EPs received productive asset grant Structured schedule Economic

6 (agriculture) Srcueshdlerehabilitation

7 No of Eps received productive asset grant Srcueshdle Economic(business) rehabilitation

8 No of EPs received house construction grant Structured schedule Shelter

j9 No of EPs received transitional allowance Structured schedule rehabilitation

10 | No of EPs received economic rehabilitation Structured schedule Economic1 N Structured schedule Rehabilitation

12 No of EP s received shifting allowances Structured schedule Relocation

12 No of EPs received rental allowance Structured schedule Relocation

Table 13.3: Monitoring Framework for Social Development

No. Indicators for Social Development Methodology Output

1 Consumption pattern Structured schedule Economic well being

2 Occupation pattern Structured schedule available

3 Status of health Structured schedule Improved health

4 No of Eps brought above Poverty Line Structured schedule Poverty Alleviation

5 Literacy Structured schedule Access to education

6 Time disposition of women Structured schedule Increased productivity

|7 Decision making by women Structured schedule Improved status

8 Dnnking water Structured schedule Basic needs met

|9 Schools Structured schedule Increase facilities

10 I Health center Structured schedule Increase facilities

11 Community infrastructure Structured schedule Community development


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 13 - Monitoring & Evaluation

Table 13.4: Monitoring Framework For Participation

No. Indicators for Social Development Methodology Output

1- No of meetings for dissemination of R&R Structured schedule Awareness about the project

F2 No of meetings with EPs to finalize their Structured schedule Informed choice of selectionopinion on R&R

3 No of EPs approach the Grievance Structured schedule ParticipationRedressal Committee

No of EPs participated in District Level S s D4 Committees Structured schedule Decision making by EP

5 No of women gainfully employed Structured schedule Increased opportunities forwomen

6 No of EP s moved the court Structured schedule Implementation of the projectNo of ER s moved the court ~~~~~~within the time frame

Total area, no of structures and EPs saved Minimizing negative socialfrom negative impact during implementation Structured schedule impact

The Social Unit of the PIU will be responsible for monitoring the progress of all activitiesas per the plan. This progress will be reflected under the broad heads of physical,financial, social development and participation indicators, which are the quantitativeaspects of monitoring and should be followed up systematically. The reports on amonthly basis will reflect the qualitative aspects of the input and the output, carrying outa comparative analysis of the progress made from the previous time. The Social Unit willconsolidate the monthly reports submitted by the NGOs.

All reports will have to be compiled within fifteen days at the end of each month. Asample of the reporting formats for monitoring of activities related to the R&IPDP hasbeen prepared a provided in Table 13.5 to 13.9.

It will be the responsibility of the Social Unit to compile all of the reports so as to be ableto form an overview of the implementation of the R&IPDP. Where the Social Unitperceives emerging problems, it will have to issue instructions to the concerned NGO andthe GRC. The social unit will submit a copy of its monthly report separately for physicaland financial components to the PIU. The tentative time schedule for monitoring andevaluation is provided in Table 14.1.

13.4 EXTERNAL EVALUATION

An outside agency, a consultancy organization or an NGO with prior experience inresettlement and rehabilitation or in carrying out other social development activities willbe engaged to carry out the evaluation and reporting o the implementation of theR&IPDP. This agency will be independent of the project.

This external evaluating agency will conduct an evaluation at least thrice during the life ofthe project. The first will be an annual evaluation and shall take place after the project-displaced families have been displaced from the corridor of impact. Any problemsencountered will be assessed and necessary changes will be recommended to the PWD


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&ZPDP: 13 - Monitoring & Evaluation

for consideration. This is to ensure that these issues do not linger throughout the life ofthe project. The other evaluation will be standard mid-term and at the end of the project.

It is suggested that the external evaluation should be based on a recognized samplingmethod to select the items or the performance indicators to be monitored and the EPswithin the project contract packages.

13.5 REPORTING

The external evaluation agency is expected to submit three evaluation reports to thePWD. The report should contain all the data collected as well as critical analysis of thesame. It is expected from the agency to come out with a comparative analysis withreference to pre-project and post-project status in the socio-economic conditions of thePAPs.

The external evaluation agency is expected to prepare reports of evolutionary form andcontent. The evaluation should not be limited to only pre-project and post-project status.It must also include comparison between the findings of the previous reports and presentreport. In the process of such comparison if the external evaluation agency findschanges, it will be necessary on the part of the agency to explain the reasons thereof. Ifthe external evaluation agency finds shortcomings in the existing plan of action, theagency should include their recommendations with the implementation details andprocedures.

The RRSC after receiving report from external evaluation agency would review the samewithin 15 days. Within a week thereafter, the Social Unit will submit a report to the PIUwith consolidated recommendations from the evaluation reports. The PIU is authorized,and will initiate the necessary contingency management or corrective actions, if required,and if so recommended. The PIU will seek guidance from the PWD headquarters,specially the social unit the PWD headquarters regarding the actions on the evaluation,and will submit a action taken report to the PWD headquarters within 15 days ofreceiving the report from the Social Unit. The action taken report will be updated by thePIU at intervals of 3 months (such updating will correspond to the quarterly reports onoverall progress monitoring of the project.


CHAPTER 14

IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISM & SCHEDULE

The implementation of the R&R component of the project will be coordinated withcompletion of the project-preparation, and the schedule of construction works. This wouldhave contractual implications during procurement and construction.

As a guiding principle, no construction will begin in a road stretch where relocation isincomplete1. Handing over the site (or the COI) free of encumbrances to the Contractor isotherwise also a must, to avoid contractual difficulties. The contract documents of theproject therefore include the provision of handing over the project site in "sections", atdifferent points of time within the construction period. This arrangement will assist incompleting relocation activities before start of construction in any of the road sections.

14.1 MAJOR STAGES OF IMPLEMENTATION

Overall, implementation of the R&IPDP will consist of the following:

Resettlement component for the affected/displaced titleholders. This would include* Issue of legal notifications, and completion of other necessary processes under

the relevant land appropriation rules; taking physical possession of the land(including property) to be acquired after completing the processes necessaryto acquire land (including property, if any).l Verification of the entitled persons, and final estimation of their level and typeof loss;

* Preparation for relocation of the entitled persons; and,* Relocation and resettlement of the entitled persons.

Resettlement component for the affected/displaced non-titleholders (however, it may benoted that none of the affected/displaced family/household is a non-titleholder).

* Livelihood restoration of all affected/displaced persons.

The schedule of implementation for the major R&R tasks is shown in Figure 14.1. Thisschedule will be continuously monitored and updated as the project progresses. As part ofthe monitoring, a simple summary R&R implementation plan will be prepared by the PIU.

Note that completion of relocation does not mean completion of the resettlement programme. Forexplanation, see sub-section 14.5 of this Report.


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 14 - Implementation Mechanism & Schedule

14.2 IMPLEMENTATION MEASURES

Implementation of the R&IPDP in this project would consist of certain pre-implementationmeasures, as well as the R&R implementation measures described in the following sub-sections.

14.2.1 PRE-IMPLEMENTATION MEASURES

The activities involved before actual start of relocation and/or resettlement are as follows:

Procuring an NGO

The PIU (or the Social Cell of the PIU) will procure an NGO for the implementation of theR&IPDP. The procurement will be completed in accordance based on the applicationsreceived from the pre-selected NGOs (applications to be received in a given format forcomparative assessment), and the TOR for NGOs (see Annexure 10.3). After selection ofthe NGO, the PIU and the Social Cell should coordinate all the activities involved in theR&IPDP implementation with the contracted NGO. The NGO will be appointed for theentire construction period.

The general terms of reference for the NGO includes the following (see Annexure 10.3 fordetails):

* Counseling the entitled persons;n Disbursing the assistance (to be paid by the project);

. Accompanying and representing the entitled persons at the Grievance RedressalCommittee meetings;

* Representing the entitled persons in the Market Value Assessment Committee;* Assisting the entitled persons and the Social Cell of the PIU in identifying and negotiating

for the new lands for resettlement;* Assisting the eligible PAPs to take advantage of the existing government housing and

employment generation programmes;* Inter-agency liaison for income restoration and other R&R services;• Assisting in monitoring and evaluation of the R&R component of the project (including

recommending measures to improve the R&R services); and,• Documentation of the tasks carried out by the NGO (including evaluation of the

achievements and implementation of the R&IPDP).

* Appointment of Staff at the Corporate Office

The required staff suggested as part of the institutional capacity building plan has beenalready appointed, and is in place.

* District and Village Level Committees

The following committees have been proposed to be set-up for implementing the R&IPDP:

* The Grievance Redressal Committees (at the district level), and* The Market Value Assessment Committees (for every project village).


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP. 14 - Implementation Mechanism & Schedule

These committees will be set-up before implementation of the project starts, to speed upthe process of R&IPDP implementation (this is an important parameter to ensure that theadministrative hiccups for R&IPDP implementation can be smoothened and the civil workscan start on time).

Training the SLAO, R&R Manager & the NGO

The training for the SLAO, R&R manager, the NGO and the other officials related to theproject (within and outside the PIU) in resettlement and rehabilitation will be crucial inensuring effective implementation. Moreover such training is required to facilitate thegovernment officials and the NGO to address the problems of the PAPs in a moreresponsible and appropriate manner.

Distribution of the R&R Policy (printed in local language)

Preparation of pamphlets on R&R policy in local language (i.e., Mizo), distribution to theEPs and building awareness about the project amongst the PAPs, would be undertaken.

This is required for spreading awareness of the project and of what the Government hasdevised for the benefit of the people. The policy has been prepared in consultation andinputs from the PAPs, and information regarding such earlier consultation and thecontinuing consultation process in the project will be an important component ofawareness building. The awareness campaign will help the PAPs to learn about theirrights, and examine whether the compensation/mitigation prepared for them is inaccordance with the policy and the norm of the Government (or about whether they arebeing mislead and kept misinformed) with regard to resettlement.

14.2.2 R&R IMPLEMENTATION MEASURES

* The Cut-off Dates for Entitlement

This would involve identification of the cut-off date as per the census surveys conductedby the Project and/or legal notification for the required land acquisition to the PAPsthroughout the project.

Verification of Entitled Persons & Estimation of their Type & Level of Losses

This requires to be conducted as a updating activity to identify any EPs that might havebeen left out during the Census conducted by the PCC team and refresh the list of EPs,their type of losses and the cost involved in full-fledged resettlement as per the Project'sEntitlement Policy.

* Preparation of EPs for Relocation

The plans of relocation and entitlements will be discussed with the identified EPs toprepare them for the subsequent resettlement.

Revised by Lea Associates 14-3 October 2001(Originai Document by ICT, CES, LBII)


Relocation and Resettlement of EPs

This will involve the following:

Putting in place actual relocation of the EPs. Ensuring that the EPs have started the activity desired by the project for income

generation, or building their structures, etc., at the new place of settlement.

This would help in the long run as it is required to monitor and evaluate the quality of lifeof the EPs after and during the defined implementation period.

14.3 GENERAL ACTIVITIES

These activities would include the following:

Verification of the EPs and Updating the Census Database

The data collected during the census conducted by the PCC needs to be verified andupdated before implementation. This will provide the final list of EPs and a verificationregarding the actual loses incurred due to the Project, which in turn, would provide theactual estimate of each of the resettlement measures that need to be undertaken.

* Distribution of Identity Cards

The identity card with the photograph is an essential documented proof for the EPs,particularly as many of the EPs do not have formally established legal rights on theproperty (such as the tenants in Melriat, Aibawk and Steek). The identity cards will also bea proof of the (jointly) measured extent of losses, and the choice (among applicable R&Ralternatives) by the EPs.

opening of Joint Bank Accounts

After the updating of the list of EPs, joint bank accounts will be opened (for depositing inall cash compensation and all cash assistances to be given to the EPs). The accounts willbe opened in the names of the EPs and a representative of the NGO responsible forimplementing the R&IPDP. This would require liaison with the regional banks and ruralbank branches nearby. This would avoid any misappropriation of the cash to bedistributed. A further benefit of such joint account is that the NGO can monitor that themoney is being spent by the EPs for the desired purposes (such as for incomeregenerating activities).

Monitoring Physical and Financial Progress

Periodic monitoring of the physical and the financial progress of the implementation of theR&IPDP is an important activity. This would help in not only appropriate implementation,but would also avoid any delays in the implementation.



Monthly Progress Reports

Based on the progress of the implementation a monthly report will be prepared. This will

facilitate (a) reviewing the project and making necessary amendments in the R&R

requirements, and (b) financial allocation required for the project at the appropriate

times.

14.4 LAND ACQUISITION

The following activities will be required for acquisition of the land by PWD for the project.

* Preparing land plans for acquisition with details about the total holding and the areaaffected.

* Appointment of the competent authority.* Issue of notices as legally required, to the current owners holding or cultivating the land.* Announcement of compensation/assistance as per requirement.* Issue of cheques in public places prior to taking possessions.* PAPs allowed salvaging the material from the demolished structures.

For further details, refer Chapter 9 of this Report.

14.5 RELOCATION

For relocation of the PDPs, the following provisions will apply in the Project:

* Civil works will begin after people have been relocated, for all particular road segments.. Verification of the displaced population and properties - agriculture, residential and

commercial, will be complete before relocation.

Other activities required in the project before relocating any individual or family wouldconsist of the following:

* Identification of alternate plots in consultation with the people.* Development of the relocation sites with basic infrastructural facilities (where required).* Disbursement of shifting allowance and rental allowances.* Setting up of temporary residential camps, if need be.* Announcement and disbursement of the replacement of the property affected of EPs and

payment through cheques (at least the assistance parts of the payment from the project)at a public meeting.

If relocation encompasses the following processes, relocation may slowly proceed without

inappropriate delay or large time-gaps.

Allotment of plots to EPs through public consultations.Construction of residence and shops at the resettlement sites by the PAPs or the PIU asdesired by the PAPs (if required).Building / Relocating the community facilities in consultation with the community.Enhancement of the existing facilities identified in the R&IPDP and any other during thecourse of implementation by the community.

Completion of relocation will include consultation by NGO, final survey of assets impacted,

agreement on (all) entitlements, distribution of photo-identity cards specifying the



entitlements and choices of the PAPs with respect to each of the entitlements, relocationof each of the displaced person to a permanent/temporary site/building, payment ofrelocation/shifting allowance, etc., as per the entitlement framework. Note thatcompletion of relocation does not mean completion of the resettlement programme. Finalpayment of assistance and/or compensation, final resettlement to a permanentsite/building, livelihood restoration programme, etc., may still remain unfinished.

14.6 REHABILITATION

Rehabilitation of the EPs in the project will constitute the following.

* Verification of EPs entitled to transitional allowance, productive asset grant and economicrehabilitation grant.

* Providing information to EPs to make informed choice about the IG program.* Training for upgradation of skills for IG programs.* Payment of the assistance to synchronize with the release of compensation paid to EPs.

* Income generating activity for each EP to be planned by the EPs in consultation with theNGOs.


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP. 14 - IMp/e`77ea7tatio7 Mechanism & Schedule

l able 11.1 IlIlplemIcnIalio.i Schedule for RAP

I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I 511191 ~~ ~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I I-1I' l-tl-2'i-l'o-4K~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- ---=-X -- - -1 - - - -

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_Revise0d by Le_a As~sociate~s ___14-7 October 2001(Original Document by ICT, CES, LBII)

CHAPTER 15

RESETTLEMENT & REHABILITATION BUDGET

The R&R budget is an outlay of expenditure under different categories. The budget isprepared on the basis of information collected during the socio-economic survey and thecensus survey of the PAPs'. The costs calculated may need upward revision in the budget,due to the inflation rates varying. Also, there can be a variation in the replacement value,in accordance to the recommendations of the special committees that have beenconstituted for each affected village to determine the replacement value of lands andstructures. These will then reflect on the budget. Hence, a degree of flexibility would needto be in built into the preparation of the budget so that each and every PAP receivesis/her due share.

The budget is sub-divided into several components and sub-components, under differentheads. The components and sub-components and their detail explanations are givenbelow.

15.1 UNIT COSTS

15.1.1 VALUE OF LAND

After extensive survey of the PAPs and verification of local market rates from local peopleand revenue officials, it was observed that at most of the settlements apart from Aizawl,Aibawk, and Falkawn, there were not many land transactions between private owners.This was largely due to the availability of lands for residential purposes with the VillageCouncils. The value of lands has been worked out on the basis of the revised classificationof land and land revenue as per the notification of the Revenue Department, 19982.Accordingly the land values have been worked out, in consultation with the various VillageCouncils, Revenue Department and the PAPs. A land value of Rs.110,000/ hectare has

1 While all the care is taken to account for each of the components in the budget, there may be certaincases of PAPs whose names were included later than the survey or they may be disputed cases, theexpenditure on such PAPs will have to be included later.

2 In accordance to these rules, the land within the village boundary has been divided into three grades forvillages and small settlements and four grades for large urban areas, as follows:

Grade I: Land within the core area of the settlement;Grade II: Land away from the corridor and situated in the outskirts of the settlement;Grade III: Land outside the settlement limits but within the village boundaries, generally notoccupied for residential uses.


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 15 - Resettlement & Rehabilitation Budget

been worked out for the agricultural lands and Rs.3,30,000/- for residential andcommercial lands.

15.1.2 REPLACEMENT VALUE OF STRUCTURES

The Replacement value of the structures has been worked out in accordance to the ratesspecified in the Schedule of Rates (SOR) for Mizoram, 2000. After the identification of theproperties likely to be impacted and displaced due to the project, the measurement of theindividual structures including an assessment of the specification and type of thesestructures has been carried out. This exercise has been worked out by the Special LAO,PIU along with the Village council President, Representatives of NGOs as the YMA andMHIP, and the affected persons.

Measurements were done of the main structure, the type of construction and materials.The measurement included those of the extent of shifting required of the water drumsand pig sty within the residential land.

15.1.3 TRANSmONAL ALLOWANCE

Transitional allowance for 9 months will be given to those whose livelihood will beaffected. For those households who will be partially affected, a transitional allowance for 3months will be given. A lumpsum of Rs.1,000/- per month has been worked out.

15.1.4 ECONOMIC REHABILITATION GRANT

The objective of the R&R policy is to provide support to the vulnerable families so thatthey are able to restore their livelihood above the poverty level. Therefore, an additionalgrant of Rs.5,000/- per family will be provided as an Economic Rehabilitation Grant.

15.1.5 SHIFTING ALLOWANCE

All the displaced will require assistance to shift their belongings and salvaged material forwhich an amount of Rs.1, 000/family is allocated.

15.1.6 RENTAL ALLOWANCE

PDFs will further require assistance in case they are unable to build their houses andshops after the project has taken possession of their property or after demolishing theirstructures. To meet the transit accommodation, Rs.500/family/month for 6 months isconsidered.

In case of tenants, a rental allowance of Rs.500 per household shall be provided for sixmonths.



15.1.7 STANDING CROPS AND TREES

The valuation of the standing crops and trees have been carried out in accordance to the

Government of Mizoram, Revenue Department Notification dated 18th July 1991, which

has fixed rates for the valuation of crops and plants that are acquired or damaged for

public purposes.

The inventorisation of the standing crops and trees to be impacted have been carried out

by the SLAO, PIU who has undertaken a joint verification of the individual residential and

agricultural properties to be impacted, along with the village council President,

Representative of the NGOs as the YMA and MHIP and the affected people.

15.1.8 RESETTLEMENT SrTES

The Entitlement Framework included the provision of resettlement sites complete with

infrastructure and amenities. As is evident from the social surveys that have been carried

out, most of the 58 households that are to be displaced have adequate land available for

shifting, where they can reconstruct their structure, once their structure is impacted.

However, there are 8 families that do not have an alternate land for shifting. As part ofthe project preparation, the village councils of these villages have been contacted so as to

identify alternative land parcels for relocating these families. These lands will be allottedwithin the existing village boundaries. Therefore there is no need for the identification of

separate resettlement sites and development of infrastructure.

15.1.9 INSTITUTIONAL COSTS

Non-Government Organization (NGO) cost has been calculated for the first 3 Years © Rs.

800,000 as lump sum for the whole Phase-I Project.

The fees of the Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) agency have been provided for a period

of 3 years as Rs 1,000,000.

A lump sum of Rs.1,500,000 has been provided for in the budget for carrying out other

additional studies on the impact on poverty and impact on women etc.

15.2 BUDGET

The total budget for implementing the R&R component in Phase-I of the Project is

Rs.29.77 million, of which the World Bank will finance Rs.14.72 million, and the remaining

amount of Rs.15.06 million will be borne by the Government of Mizoram (see Table 15.1)

The estimated budget for Phase-II of the project is Rs. 48.10 million, of which the WB willfinance Rs. 20.82 million, and the remaining Rs. 27.28 million will be financed by the

Government of Mizoram (see Table 15.1). The Phase-II estimate is based on extrapolated

data from Phase-I, and will be updated during preparation of Phase-II of the project.


Mlzoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP: 15 - Resettlement & Rehabilitation Budget

Table 15-1 Consolidated RAP Budget- Phase I & II, MSRP

(INR in million)

Budget Component Phase I Phase II

GoM WB GoM WB

Acquisition of Agricultural Land 1.95 3.04 2.21 4.00

Acquisition of Residential and Commercial Land 7.23 6.05 19.40 10.48

Acquistion of public lands 1.84 0.88

Assistance towards Loss of Livelihood 2.84 0.61 3.44 1.83

Assistance for Encroachers and Squatters -

Common property resources 0.75 0.90 -

Institutional Capacity Building and Implementation 0.45 3.52 0.45 3.52

Other provisions including measures as HIV/AIDS - 1.5 1

Total 15.06 14.72 27.28 20.82

The details of the R&IPDP budgets for the Phases I and II are presented in Tables 15-2

and 15-3.

15.2.1 FUNDING

The budget for Resettlement and Rehabilitation would be a part of the overall project cost

and would be provided as loan assistance to the Government of Mizoram by the WorldBank.

15.2.2 DISBURSEMENT OF ASSISTANCE

A joint account will be opened in the local Bank. The signatories will be entitled persons(EP), Special Land Acquisition Officer (SLAO) and representative of the NGO. All the

assistance will be given through cheques. Apart from shifting and rental allowance, theothers will be deposited in the joint accounts.

The amount will be withdrawn against the purchase of productive assets. In case of

structures, the withdrawal will be in three instalments against the progress of

construction, i.e., for (a) foundation, (b) walls, and (c) roof.

15.2.3 COMPENSATION

The district administration, the R&R Officer and representatives of the NGO will be

present for the purpose of distribution of cheques. As per the law the owner will receive

cheques in the meetings.


Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP. 15 - Resettlement & Rehabilitation Budget

Table 15.2: R&IPDP Budget -Phase I

Type Unit of Financed by Assistance byCategory of Entitle. Entitlement Details Quanti4 Rate Unit GoAd W9b

Loss moent

Compensation as per LAA

Compensabow tor and 1 1 10OD0 00 ha 1 650

Solatllum @30% 1 __________t 0 050Compensallon as per _

LAA/NHA Interest on all of above at 12% 0248

c Assistance

D-D-lerence f Ac,tul Market Value and Compensabon as received or PAG sq.m 0 00

n no Transitonal Allowaunce fa t'orn9 months if the residual Land is not vtable 40 98000 00 amnly 0 36

ru E Rs 1000, for 3 months if the residual and is viabie 271 31000 00 family 0 81

Asssdavce toiards seVerance of bnd (TAddbonal 10% of toe amount paid for

compensaulonrllI fC 5/atium sqinm 0000 000

Aosislunce lowards Ta.ee/Fees/OPening of Bank Accounts 311 1.000 00| No 0 311

Altemat,ve Economic Rehabilitation Grant 311 0.000 00 fmil 1 56

Sub-Total Acquisitlon of Agricultural Land 1.947 3.04

Compensabon as per LAA

Compensaton for Residencwal and commercial and 330.000 00 ha 0 921

Compensaton as pert LAA So/at.m @30X 0.276

interest on at of above at 12% 0.387

Assistance for Residencral and commercial sitsctore 2.78 SOR 2000 ha 5 330 448

A at replacement valuec ix °~~~ Assistance to stnuctunes_

Compensation for Pro sty&vaierdrsms 100.00 500.00 Nos 0 050

ro : E Transitional Allowance i for 9 monthsf tdhe residual land is not orable 8 9.000 00 amily 0 07

c' Rs 10001- for 3 months d the residual land ns oable 185 3,000.00 tmdy 00

oArssistance

Z Rental Alolsance tor 6 months @ Rs 500/month St 3,00 famdiy 0 174

Slihing Alowance - o.mpsum ot Rs 1000 8 1t0)0 0 family 0 058

1t the PAP s a tenant Rental Allomanre (6rsonths) n Shithng Ato"rance 7 4,000 0 famity 0 030

Assistance ioisads Ta,es and Fees and Opening of Bank Accounts 173 1.000 0 family 0 170

Aitemrtre Econol,c Rehathiitalion Grant 17 8.000 0t tmiiy 0 865

House consgrrcllon Giant Sf S.000 00 lmily 0 29

S.b-Total Acquisition of Residential and Cornmercial Land 7.226 f.052

Acquistion ot insiltulional and government lands


CDO Co,pensation tot Land acq.-rvd 1 94 110,000 00 ha 0 213

0Gcorensotlon ior Land acquvedo 113 1100 D00 o ha 1 252

Co,ovensal on lot tanr acq,,led 3 17 110.000 00 ha 0 349

SIb-otal Acquis,lan of P.bilo Lands 1.14

Assistance to Vulnerable Groups

G 8 p C _ rM- .nomm -ag sfor6inonths Rs 100Iday lotS6 58 1560000 peson 0 5O0rs (01 movrths9

o .. £ > § S v > | Towaros value of s -anvny p OtOy 1 94

.d T_ To_ards replacement of tnex yeas seeds 311 1 000 00 tars | 0 31



Typo Unit I Financed by Assist..ce bYCategory of j Entnile, Entillemenl Details Quantity Rat. Unil GoM WBY

Loss ment

c ~ c m _ Fwit Tree No 0 00

_ .

c > 5 r £ _ s Assistance to,,ards voca0ntal training tor I yr 5 2,500.0 tamily 0 15

c O Sc E s P > t n Assistance tomards starling a lelihood 5 2500.00 family 0 1 5

nE c SE c

p IE

C5>, a ~ 4 Sub-Total Additional Assistance C Vutlnrabt Groups 2.843 0ti1

c r .o Componsatton fOr loss of community resources and enhancement of common property resources

a nu o E , -rQ 0 Village{councD Lums village 075 000

, E I|_ _ _ _ _ _ _i3 | Sub-Total Loss o1 common pmoperty resources and *nhancement of common propertis 0 750 0.000

institutional Capacity Building and Implementation

Training o0 PWD andNGOs 5.001 25,00000 D 13

r r Taimng ol the PAPs s81 1.S00 -J lamily 0 09

Strengthernng of Social cell. Corporate Otfice ana0< r PIU (Comouters. Softiares Pnnt,ng etc.) 0 000_0 50

Impact on poyerty 3 Lump sum years 0 50

r tmpacl on women 3 Lump sum yearn 0.50

cia £ NGO Assistance for RAP lmplementabon and Sie Lumpsum years 0 0cPaticpatory Ptanning 3 Lump sum_yeans_0_8o Perodic Monitong by PWO 3 Lump sum yearn 0 050

S _ Impacts durng constructoon Lump sum 0.200MbE Consultants Lump sum years ' 00

= c o Govt schemes for PAPsGovernment schemes for PAPs 0 200

Sub-Total Institutional Capacity Building and Implementation 0.450 3.515

Other Activities including pronisions on HIVIAIDS, Income restoration etc 1.500

TOTAL (Rupees in Million) 15.030 14.716


Mlzoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP.: 15 - Resettlement & Rehabilitation Budget

Table 15.3: R&lPDPBudget -Phase II

Type Unit of FinancedCategoy Loss Entitle. Entitlement Details Quanity Rate Unit GoM WB


Com ensalon for and 17 l 110000 | ha 1 870

Solatum n309_ _ 0 056Compensallon as per - I

LAA NNA nilerest on all of abo0e at 125,6 0 2f1

< 5 c Assistance

n Diference of 'Actual Manret Value and Compensation as received or PAG ha 0 00

-n - mnslicral Alowance @ months if the residual land is nol viable 67 9.000 00 family 0 6Co n v O~~~~~~s 10CC,-

r_. z I Rs 1 OCO c lor 3 mdnths if the residual land s viable 333 3,000 00 family l OC

Assilance to,ards severance of land (Additional 105 of the amount paid fcrr colo.ensatior t0°. solahuLlm sq m 0 000 0 Cc

Assistance Icrualds Taesv'FeesiOpering of Bank Accounts 400 1000 No 0 4

Alternatiue Economic Rehatililalon Grant 400 S0000 00 family 2 00

Sub-Totalt Acquisition of Agricultural Land 2.207 4.00

Corpnensation as per LAA

Compensation for Residencial and commercial land 330,000.00 ha 7.92024

Compensation as per LAA Solatium r30% 2.376

Interest on all of above at 12% 3 326

C t 5 5 Assistance 10 structures Assistance for Residencial and commercial structure 0 26 SOR 2000 5 330 4 45As0 tnc osrutrsat replacement value

ra r n Compensation for pig sty&water dnms 100 500 No 0 05

rE Transitional Allowance $ tory months if the residual land is not stable 75 9 000 00 famly 0 68

c uRs 1000/- for 3 monihsid the residual land is vtable 545 3,000 00 family 1.64

AssIstance

Renlal Allowance tor 6 months @ Rs 500rmofnth 75 300 family 0 225

Spitimg Allowance- lumpsum of Rs 1000 75 1 000 0 family 0 075f

If the PAP isa lenant Rental Allowance (6months) o Shifting Allo,vance 25 4.000 01 family 0100

Assistance towards Taxes and Fees and Opening of Bank Accounts 620 1D 0000 family 0 620

Altemalnve Economic Rehaoblation Grant 620 5 0000 family 3 100

Sub-Total: Acquisitlon of Residential and CommercIal Land 19.402 10.4f0

Acquistion of Institutlonal and gonenmenet lands


O Compensalon or land acquired 2 110000 ha 0220

D~~~~~~ 2 110000l z

0. rc u compeinsalion for land acqured 6 110000 ha 0 660

Govt Compensation for land acqu red 2 5 110000 0 275

Sub-totalt Acquistlon of Public Lands 10.88 |

Assistance to Vulnerable Groups

st = m in c E Minimum wages for 6 months @ Rs t00lday for66 -, n6 = 0 Onh 60 15,600 Our person 06940

o o.| > S - s | Towards value of standing crop f Lump sum 2 S00 1 SO

J0 { I L Z X 5 Towards replacement of next years seeds |34 1 '000 ° 0° family 0 03


(Original Document by ICT, CES. LBII)

Mizoram State Roads Project - Phase I R&IPDP. 15 - Resettlement & Rehabilitation Budget

Type | Unit ofFinCatefTory of Entile enfitlernct DetIls Oantity Rat Unit inancod by Assistance by

of EiiIEtt..lDtil$Qatt a. Ui GoM COLoss ment

E E c Fruit Tree No. 0 00

C G v c _ _ c Assistance lowards vocatlonal training for 1 yr 60 2.500 00 family 0 IS

6 e 9 c e o rc - rc vS Assistance towards starting a lelihood 60 2500.0 family 0 1

> g . u Sub-Total. AdditiDnal Assistance for Vulnerable Groups 3.4t0 1.83

o* Compionsation for l1os of community r-soures and enhancement of common property resources

o :

dE ° E t ° u IVillage council Lump-sum 000*~ ye E e *councaa

(2 2

Sub-Total Loss of common property resources and enhancement of common propertles 0.900 0.000

Institutional Capacity Bul ding and lmplementaUon

Tra-mng of PWO andNGOs 5,0 25.000 00 0 125

0* r Training of the PAPs S 1 500 0 family 0 09

Strengthening of Social cell, Corporate Office and<s 5 r PIU (Computers, Sohtwares Pnnting etc.) 0 000 0 00

irE r 5 Impact on poverty Lump sum years 0.B0

i E Impact on women Lump sum years 0 60

E E*0* NGO Assislance for RAP lmplementalion and SileO- vi 'E Pamspavory Planning~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~ Lump sum years 0 90

0* ~~~~~~~~~~~~~Participatory Planning _ _ _ _ _ ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Penodic Monilonng by PWD Lump sum years 0 00

S Impacts dunng construction Lump sum 0.200M&E Consultants Lump suo. years 1.20

7* Govt schemes for PAPsa PAPs lGovemment schemes for PAPs |Lumpsum 0200

_________ Sub-Total Institutional Capacity Building and Implementation 0.450 3.515

Other Activities Including provisions on HIV/AIDS, income restoration etc 1.000

TOTAL (Rupees in Million) 27.279 20.824


Government of Mizoram - World Bank Documents

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