goverment buildings and sustainable design

Procedia

Social and

Behavioral

Sciences Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 00 (2014) 000–000

www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

AicQoL2014Kota Kinabalu

AMER International Conference on Quality of Life

The Pacific Sutera Hotel, Sutera Harbour, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

4-5 January 2014 “Quality of Life in the Built & Natural Environment”

Sustainable Responsive Design Approach in Modern Malaysian

Administrative Building – Perdana Putra and Parliament

Hazrina Haja Bava Mohidin *, Alice Sabrina Ismail

Department of Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia

Abstract

The main purpose of this paper is to elucidate on the study of state administrative building in Malaysia by

describing on the design built form. It also aimed to determine whether the building design complies with

sustainable design requirements. This paper hence focuses on the form and space design and refers to

sustainable design approaches as the main aspect of the study. This is vital because state administrative

buildings are often treated as the symbol of political power. Thus, it much emphasis on visual and

relational properties to represent the idea of dominance that overpowers the surrounding context. As a

result, the built form disregards the existing setting as well as factors relating to local identity, responsive

to climatic factors as well as receptive to aspects of social culture (Ismail 2008). To conduct this research,

using Yin’s (2003) method on multiple case study approach, Perdana Putra and Parliament Malaysia were

chosen as prominent case studies. Since this paper formulates new ways to describe on state

administrative building design, it uses interpretive paradigm and (semiotics) as the methodological

approach to study the relationship between building design and sustainable aspects. For data collection,

this study will adopt direct observation method. This paper is of value for practicing architects and society

as it offers new insights by formulating design approaches in designing the most appropriate

administrative building with sustainable design elements in the future and widening and strengthening the

understanding of sustainable design and public architecture in Malaysia.

© 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the

Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers, AMER (ABRA Malaysia).

Keywords: Administration architecture; form and space study; sustainability; Parliament Complex and Perdana Putra.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +6019-2641987; fax: +607-5557411.

E-mail address: [email protected]; [email protected]

2 Hazrina Haja Bava Mohidin/ Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 01 (2014) 000–000

1. Introduction

Like any other forms of architecture, administrative building too carries a wide selection of vocabulary

especially from the aspect of design characteristics. This paper seeks to elucidate the built form

composition of the highest administrative architecture in Malaysia. This study is important because

present administrative architecture much portrays eclectic style that incorporates the Greek and Roman,

Persian and the Malay vernacular instead of referring to the local identity and values through design and

did not portray sustainable characteristics. This is essential because today’s society needs to understand

the value of the administrative architecture and how the building should represent the identity of the

country and the multiracial society as well as sensitive to sustainable issues. This study is of importance

for practicing architects and designers to understand that the present examples of administrative

architecture may not necessarily be the best example of administrative architecture to symbolize Malaysia

as a multiracial society and a democratic country. Published writings on the subject have been produced

by past architects and academicians like Lai Chee Kien (2007) , Izani et al (2009) ,Rasdi (2001), Ismail

(2008), Endut (2001), Vlatseas (2001), Kosman (2007), Nik Ibrahim (2007), Moser (2009), King (2008) ,

Johan Ariffini (2003) and Ho (2006). Their writing however touches on the historical development,

methods of preserving and conserving past administrative buildings, documentation of administrative

building in measured drawings as well as discussing on theory for designing administrative buildings in

urban cities. Much of their works nonetheless do not include any detailed analysis of the overall

administration building from the aspect of form design and spatial organization or discuss factors that

influenced its style and design and how they should portray the sustainable design approach. In sum, a

survey of the published sources reveals that there is a gap in the literature of the administrative building in

Malaysia. None of the works reviewed above include comprehensive documentation of comparative study

of the administration buildings, in particular, on the state government building in Western Malaysia built

after independence or explain the possible factors that influence the architectural style of the

administration buildings including design approaches on sustainable architecture. To address this gap and

to achieve the objective of the study, this paper focuses on documenting sustainable design characteristics

on administrative architecture to produce suitable guidelines in designing better administrative building

with consideration to sustainable characteristics in the future.

2. Definition of Sustainable Administrative Architecture

When explaining on administrative architecture in this study, it is important to conceptualize it as the

highest institution in the country and not merely referring it to administrative building at the lowest level

belonging to a small organization. An administrative architecture that belongs to the government is a

building that accommodates the work of administrators despite of their levels to perform all related

administrative activities. The building is also located in important areas as the capital or capitol and

houses the office of the government’s lawmakers (Vale, 2008). This administrative building were built

not only to symbolize the power and authority of the government but also to portray the identity of the

society at country, states, region, district and communal level to the outside world apart from serving as a

place to run the seat of the government (Markus, 1993; Vale, 2008; Roberts, 2009; De Rossi, 2011). At

country level, the most important type is the Prime Minister’s Office and the Parliament Complex (Vale,

2008). Since the focus of this paper is to highlight on the issue of sustainable design it is worthwhile to

define the meaning of sustainable architectural characteristics next. There are five fundamental principles

when describing sustainable building design for administrative building (WBDG 2013). First, optimize

site potential in which the location, orientation, and landscaping of the administrative building need to

start with proper site selection, including consideration of the reuse or rehabilitation of existing buildings.

Hazrina Haja Bava Mohidin/ Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 01 (2014) 000–000 3

Second, optimize energy use by finding ways to reduce energy load, increase efficiency, and maximize

the use of renewable energy sources within the building. This is vital as improving the energy

performance of existing buildings will increase the energy independence. Third, optimize building space

and material use. In this sense, the building should use materials that can minimize life-cycle

environmental impacts such as global warming, resource depletion, and human toxicity. Environmentally

preferable materials have a reduced effect on human health and the environment and contribute to

improved worker safety and health, reduced liabilities, reduced disposal costs, and achievement of

environmental goals. Fourth, enhance indoor environmental quality of a building through attributes such

as use of appropriate ventilation and moisture control, optimizes acoustics performance, suitable selection

of lighting and temperature control system as well as avoid the use of materials with high-VOC

emissions. This is because it has a significant impact on occupant health, comfort, and productivity. Fifth,

optimize operational and maintenance practices during the preliminary design phase till building

completion stage (WBDG 2013). However, for the benefit of this paper the focus and discussion will be

only on the first and third sustainable characteristics involving setting, spatial organization and form

design (façade and detailings, structural organization as well as usage of materials) to produce better

administrative building design in the future

3. Method of study

In trying to elucidate the sustainable approach of the two chosen case studies, the administrative

buildings acts as medium of communication, which includes the production and the study of meaning.

Therefore, what is needed in this study is a method that could give a robust meaning to the chosen case

studies. Due to this reason, semiotics is adopted as it has been dealing with how people convey meaning

with various form of agendas such as words, objects and many more (Leeds-Hurwitz, 2012). Semiotics,

being the most suitable method for this reason will use architectural elements; form and space that acts as

the basis of this study. By doing so, this research will undergo direct observation as its data collection

method and research strategy. While trying to observe these two buildings, Semiotics being the chosen

methodology will be explained in the following section.

3.1. Research methodology

Semiotics, in its most basic definition as termed by Cobley (2013) along with other notable scholars, is

the study of signs. The founder of semiotics; Ferdinand Saussure together with scholars such as Barthes,

Peirce, Gottdiener and Dougherty provide the lineage of today’s semiotics. Semiotics started with a

dyadic notion of the signifier and the signified by Saussure. Being in the literature field, his theory claims

that the signifier is the word or sound while the signified is the thought resulting from the word.

Saussure’s model of sign creates the basic understanding of how signs work, however, it focuses more on

the denotation rather than at the connotation. It lacks description of necessary contributing phenomena

namely, socio-cultural experience, and surrounding context. The theory of semiotic was later developed

by other scholar such as Rowland Barthes and claimed that semiotics exist in a triadic notion. He claimed

that the systems of signification (relationship between the signifier and signified) are multileveled

structures which not only contain denotative signs but also connotative signs when particular cultural

codes are ascribed to these signs (Barthes 1988). The first order of signification is that of denotation: at

this level there is a sign consisting of a signifier and a signified. Connotation is a second-order of

signification which uses the denotative sign (signifier and signified) as its signifier and attaches to it an

additional signified. This relationship can extend further as a sign may also have additional values. The

first (denotative) order (or level) of signification, therefore is seen as primarily representational and

relatively self-contained. The second (connotative) order of signification reflects 'expressive' values


which are attached to a sign. In the third (mythological or ideological) order of signification, the sign

reflects major culturally-variable concepts underpinning a particular worldview (Chandler 2007). In order

to understand further how socio-semiotics is applied in analyzing the built environment, the work by

Mark Gottdiener will be referred to next. This is because he explicitly focuses on the subject of socio-

semiotics and its application to analyze the phenomena of material culture. Gottdiener uses the

organization of signs for his research to understand how ideology articulates with material forms. By

understanding this, one will be able to decode and ‘read’ the meaning of the material culture, which in

this sense is architecture. Dougherty (2012) expressed that architecture can be fitted into the triadic notion

of understanding semiotics as it includes the relationship of the signifier and the signified in multilevel

structure. Therefore, for the benefit of this paper, Rowland Barthes and Bruce Travis Dougherty’s theory

of semiotics and socio-semiotics are adapted as both theories will help to describe and define the meaning

of administrative architecture as a meaningful ‘sign’.

Data collection, will involve direct observation of several chosen indicators which includes the analysis

of form and space, that will analyze on façade analysis, structural detailing and placement and setting, as

well as spatial organization analysis. Each of this indicators will be discussed in table 3.1.

3.2. Method of data collection

Direct observation enables diverseness and vastness of context. It is also intended to provide better

access to the subject matter. In this case, direct observations is beneficial to the study because

administrative buildings chosen for this study is restricted in its political nature since these buildings are

the most important political administrative buildings in Malaysia. Using two indicators established from

the literature review on administrative building, it is possible to adequately acknowledge the idea of

sustainable design of a building. Indicators as based on earlier theoretical framework will be highlighted

in the table below. These indicators are justified based on their appropriateness in defining the

administrative building to show responsiveness to sustainable design.

Table 3.1. Method of Data Collection

Building

Indicators

Theory To

Analyze

Indicators

Process

FORM

Façade Shatha (2004) and

Lara (2011)

layering theory to

analyse the

meaning and

composition of

architectural

elements on

building façade

-Use layering system is to identify elements of form with the following steps:

Layer 1: the main form

Layer 2: additional built form

Layer 3: basic primary elements

Layer 4: additional and secondary elements

Layer 5: constructive and decorative details

Layer 6: entire range of stylistic features

-Clarify the basic structure, to enhance the articulation of building façade focusing

on architectural morphological elements, identify additional elements juxtaposed and

within the façade as well as identify the facade geometrical organization.

Detailing,

structural

elements and

material usage

Rogers (2004)

Coulson and

Fuller (2009)

-Observe and identify architectural elements-portray the usage of natural materials

- Three building elements to be observed: Roof, Wall and Floor, and everything in

between.

Setting Ching (2010)

Conway and

Roenisch (2004)

proportion theory

Pooja et al (2012)

-Analysis of building placement and setting from blue print drawings and site

observation by identifying the leveling, orientation of the building and land contour,

contextual elements within the building setting and landscape. Also observe low

carbon activity; reducing motorized vehicle usage, promote walkability etc.


SPACE

Spatial

organization

Hillier (2007) &

Dovey (2008)

spatial syntax

theory

Meehan (1987)

-Analyse the floor plan by identifying the entry point and movement pattern within

the interior spaces referring to blue print drawings and direct observation

- Observation on interior sustainable qualities and its relationship with the exterior

spaces to create a low carbon environment which utilizes lower mechanical energy

consumption ( Ismail, 2008)

- promoting natural lighting and natural ventilation by passive design approach

(Rasdi, 2010)

4. Findings

4.1. Background study- Parliament Complex, Lake Perdana, Kuala Lumpur

During this early independent era, one of

the government main focuses was to

produce a complete and compact master

plan for the capital city. Prominent

buildings were built to portray the victory

of self-governance achievement to the

outside world. Among the many prominent

built forms is the Malayan Parliament

Complex presently known as Parliament building which sits majestically on a hill facing the Lake

Perdana, located in the central region of Kuala Lumpur.The Parliament Complex has a two part design;

the tower and the podium building. The Podium building act as the main component of the two providing

space for discussion and conference to take place. The podium building is three stories in height and was

connected to the tower building via two bridges as seen in figure 4.1 while the tower building is

composed of 18 stories office building. The whole composition of the podium building and the tower

building sits on a 16.2 acre land, surrounded by vast greeneries and natural habitat. The overall design

and construction was done by the Public Works Department and most of the ideas were initiated by the

architect; Sir Ivor Shipley and Tunku Abdul Rahman himself. Shipley proposed the building to be

constructed using new and advance technology in construction to speed up the process as the country was

in dire need to own a Parliament Complex of its own. It was noted by Kien (2007) and The New Straits

Times (1963) that Shipley tried to design the building in a functional and simplistic language. He also

incorporated appropriate design motifs as well as climatic adaptability features to further enhance the

functionality of the building. The next section will discusses on the modern administrative building to

represent Malaysia’s image in the late 20th

century.

4.2. Background study- Perdana Putra, Putrajaya

The city of Putrajaya embody elements that are rooted in the tradition and the culture of the people

even though it is projected in a contemporary outlook using advanced materials and technology, complete

with modern infrastructure and amenities. The most

prominent building located at the Putrajaya‘s Government

Precinct (Precinct 1) is the Prime Minister’s Office

Complex or also known as the Perdana Putra that houses

the prime minister’s office and acts as the main

administrative center. Built on a 5 acre land, the building

cost Rm270 million with only 10% imported materials

Fig. 4.1 (a) Parliament in the 1960’s (b) Parliament as seen today

Fig. 4.2 Perdana Putra


• Form- Structural and Detailing

There were special technologies applied during the

construction stage of the building as proposed by the architect of

the building. The building technology applied during that time

were grid system and modular system (Kien, 2007). This applied

techonology alone is a very distinctive approach in designing a

sustaible building. This is due to the reduced duration of

construction which therefore reduced manpower as well as cost

and construction essential. This include saving the cost of

bringing in constrction materials as most of the technologies

applied were built in-situ. They also used IBS during this period

of time to rapidly enhance the production of buildings (Din et

al, 2012). Materials that were used by PWD at that period of

time were mostly brought in from overseas as well as local

building material. Most of the interior elements such as

decorative features on doors, wimdows and wall panels that

incorporated wood carvings and motifs uses wood brought in

locally. So of which includes the carvings of talented artisans

around Malaysia (Kien,2007). This acknowledges the sustainable approach by which locally made

detailings were used throughout the building.

• Form- Placement and Setting

The Parliament Complex stood still on a sloppy hill at the

heart of Kuala Lumpur. Based on figure 4.6 below, it is evident

that the placement of Parliament Complex is easily accessed by

motorized vehicles. Although this is the case, the entire built up is

surrounded in a natural setting; maintained with greeneries

overlooking a lake. It is also built on North-West orientation

which makes the building naturally shaded away from direct

sunlight and glare. Based on observation of the form in its original

setting, the building is built on hilly and high level topography.

• Space

From the plan of the Parliament Complex it can be seen that there are two parts of the building; the

tower building and podium building. Based on the building program obtained from the parliamentary, the

cabinet meets on Monday to Thursday. This occurs at the podium building. Therefore, the podium

building will be fully operated four times a week. Based on this information, it is a known fact that,

Parliament complex is organized in a clustered manner. This results to a more energy efficient approach

since the spaces are segregated according to specific

functions. The spaces in the parliament are also

sustainably designed as most of these spaces are having

open planned design. This somehow reduces pocketed

spaces, hence reduces the mechanical system

Fig. 4.4 (a) Dewan Negara (b) Detailed Column

Fig. 4.5 (a) Water element (b) Skylight

Fig. 4.6 Site plan of Parliament

Fig. 4.7 (a) Double volumed spaces (b) Full height windows


throughout the building. There are also at certain part of the building designed with double volumes to

encourage better air flow as well as minimizing mechanical ventilation. The building tried to minimized

the usage of artificial lighting as the building is naturally and sufficiently lit during the day.

4.4. Architectural Analysis- Perdana Putra, Putrajaya

• Form- Façade

Based on the layering methods by Shatha (2004) and Lara (2011) below is table 4.2 showing the

façade layering of Perdana Putra which divides the exterior façade into three sections, the roof, wall and

base level, that are arranged in a hierarchical manner. The layering will emphasize on the production

façade of the administration building.

Table 4.2 Layering tabulation of Perdana Putra

Layer 1 main form with no hierarchy Layer 2 main and additional form

Layer 3 and Layer 4 basic building elements on form Layer 5 and Layer 6 Additional elements on form

It is seen as though the large green dome dominates the whole outlook of the building and the pitched

roof acts as supporting architectural element to the building. Most of the windows are full height

windows and are heavily decorated with stained glass and arches. The whole building could be seen as

having consistently arranged roman columns which gives a little recessed on the façade.

• Form- Structural and Detailing

Being a building of high prestige and

supremacy, Perdana Putra has structural

elements and detailing built in grandeur.

Most of the materials used for this purpose

is made out of stone. Materials were

obtained directly from Malaysia as 90% of

the building material were brought in

locally. This is true as 100% of the interior structural elements and detailing are made out of Malaysian

made materials (Perbandanan Purajaya, 2001). The dome is made out of green stone, which was also

locally obtained. It is also the intention of the patron and the architect to have a solid blend of the building

and the natural surrounding. The walls on the other hand is made of granite and stained glass on the

exterior of the building. Some parts of the building is decorated with locally obtained wrought iron motifs

too.

Fig. 4.8 (a) Stone granite (b) Dome made of green stone (c) Wrought

iron grill and detailing


Table 5.1 Tabulation of findings

Parliament Complex Features Perdana Putra

-variation of flat and pitched roof

-uniformity in façade design (used as

structure, aethetic as well as environmental

adaptation (shading) and maintainence.

Façade

-variation of domed and pitched roof

- large windows with no shading added

-large roman columns creates recessed on the

facade

- IBS construction using modular and grid

system

- Cast in-situ

- Minimize time, cost and labour

- mostly using concrete as the main

material

- imported and local materials

Structural &

Detailing

a. method of

construction

b. material

- a product of government information

transfer program

- using up to date construction methods

- using granite, wrought iron, glass and

stones

- materials are mostly obtained locally

- on a hill and sloppy, sits next to a lake

- easily accessed by motorized vehicles

- away from communal facilities

- North-West orientation

- Passive barier

Placement &

Setting

- on a hill, next to a lake

- many entry point but not easily accessed

- near to public facilities such as the mosque

- South-West orientation

- High fence, active barier

- Open planned

- Operates according to function of the

spaces

- Spaces are naturally lit

- Water feature and skylights

Spatial

organization

- Compartmentalized spaces

- Operates according to function of the

spaces

- Spaces are naturally lit

- Courtyards and water features

6. Conclusion

From the laid out research on the comparative study on two prominent administrative architecture; the

Parliament Complex and Perdana Putra, it can be said that they are clear differences and similarities that

could locate the idea of sustainable design approach embedded within these buildings. We started off by

getting to know the background information of each building so as to grasp a better understanding of the

building and later to link with the production of design. Each building portrays architectural elements

evident on their design approaches that could be the basic of understanding on how the study could

investigate the responsiveness towards the surrounding of the building. Therefore, by understanding this

value, we can conclude that the design of each building has their own special characteristics that build up

the identity of Malaysian administrative architecture after achieving independence and together they

render a unique composition of architectural styles creating broad variety architectural richness.

Nevertheless sensitiveness towards sustainable values are much vital as it will produce more robust and

long lasting building that can sustain throughout centuries.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the MOHE and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) for ERGS

grant ( vot: 4L041) that supported this research.


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