Procedia
Social and
Behavioral
Sciences Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 00 (2014) 000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
AicQoL2014Kota Kinabalu
AMER International Conference on Quality of Life
The Pacific Sutera Hotel, Sutera Harbour, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
4-5 January 2014 “Quality of Life in the Built & Natural Environment”
Sustainable Responsive Design Approach in Modern Malaysian
Administrative Building – Perdana Putra and Parliament
Hazrina Haja Bava Mohidin *, Alice Sabrina Ismail
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia
Abstract
The main purpose of this paper is to elucidate on the study of state administrative building in Malaysia by
describing on the design built form. It also aimed to determine whether the building design complies with
sustainable design requirements. This paper hence focuses on the form and space design and refers to
sustainable design approaches as the main aspect of the study. This is vital because state administrative
buildings are often treated as the symbol of political power. Thus, it much emphasis on visual and
relational properties to represent the idea of dominance that overpowers the surrounding context. As a
result, the built form disregards the existing setting as well as factors relating to local identity, responsive
to climatic factors as well as receptive to aspects of social culture (Ismail 2008). To conduct this research,
using Yin’s (2003) method on multiple case study approach, Perdana Putra and Parliament Malaysia were
chosen as prominent case studies. Since this paper formulates new ways to describe on state
administrative building design, it uses interpretive paradigm and (semiotics) as the methodological
approach to study the relationship between building design and sustainable aspects. For data collection,
this study will adopt direct observation method. This paper is of value for practicing architects and society
as it offers new insights by formulating design approaches in designing the most appropriate
administrative building with sustainable design elements in the future and widening and strengthening the
understanding of sustainable design and public architecture in Malaysia.
© 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the
Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers, AMER (ABRA Malaysia).
Keywords: Administration architecture; form and space study; sustainability; Parliament Complex and Perdana Putra.
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +6019-2641987; fax: +607-5557411.
E-mail address: [email protected]; [email protected]
2 Hazrina Haja Bava Mohidin/ Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 01 (2014) 000–000
1. Introduction
Like any other forms of architecture, administrative building too carries a wide selection of vocabulary
especially from the aspect of design characteristics. This paper seeks to elucidate the built form
composition of the highest administrative architecture in Malaysia. This study is important because
present administrative architecture much portrays eclectic style that incorporates the Greek and Roman,
Persian and the Malay vernacular instead of referring to the local identity and values through design and
did not portray sustainable characteristics. This is essential because today’s society needs to understand
the value of the administrative architecture and how the building should represent the identity of the
country and the multiracial society as well as sensitive to sustainable issues. This study is of importance
for practicing architects and designers to understand that the present examples of administrative
architecture may not necessarily be the best example of administrative architecture to symbolize Malaysia
as a multiracial society and a democratic country. Published writings on the subject have been produced
by past architects and academicians like Lai Chee Kien (2007) , Izani et al (2009) ,Rasdi (2001), Ismail
(2008), Endut (2001), Vlatseas (2001), Kosman (2007), Nik Ibrahim (2007), Moser (2009), King (2008) ,
Johan Ariffini (2003) and Ho (2006). Their writing however touches on the historical development,
methods of preserving and conserving past administrative buildings, documentation of administrative
building in measured drawings as well as discussing on theory for designing administrative buildings in
urban cities. Much of their works nonetheless do not include any detailed analysis of the overall
administration building from the aspect of form design and spatial organization or discuss factors that
influenced its style and design and how they should portray the sustainable design approach. In sum, a
survey of the published sources reveals that there is a gap in the literature of the administrative building in
Malaysia. None of the works reviewed above include comprehensive documentation of comparative study
of the administration buildings, in particular, on the state government building in Western Malaysia built
after independence or explain the possible factors that influence the architectural style of the
administration buildings including design approaches on sustainable architecture. To address this gap and
to achieve the objective of the study, this paper focuses on documenting sustainable design characteristics
on administrative architecture to produce suitable guidelines in designing better administrative building
with consideration to sustainable characteristics in the future.
2. Definition of Sustainable Administrative Architecture
When explaining on administrative architecture in this study, it is important to conceptualize it as the
highest institution in the country and not merely referring it to administrative building at the lowest level
belonging to a small organization. An administrative architecture that belongs to the government is a
building that accommodates the work of administrators despite of their levels to perform all related
administrative activities. The building is also located in important areas as the capital or capitol and
houses the office of the government’s lawmakers (Vale, 2008). This administrative building were built
not only to symbolize the power and authority of the government but also to portray the identity of the
society at country, states, region, district and communal level to the outside world apart from serving as a
place to run the seat of the government (Markus, 1993; Vale, 2008; Roberts, 2009; De Rossi, 2011). At
country level, the most important type is the Prime Minister’s Office and the Parliament Complex (Vale,
2008). Since the focus of this paper is to highlight on the issue of sustainable design it is worthwhile to
define the meaning of sustainable architectural characteristics next. There are five fundamental principles
when describing sustainable building design for administrative building (WBDG 2013). First, optimize
site potential in which the location, orientation, and landscaping of the administrative building need to
start with proper site selection, including consideration of the reuse or rehabilitation of existing buildings.
Hazrina Haja Bava Mohidin/ Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 01 (2014) 000–000 3
Second, optimize energy use by finding ways to reduce energy load, increase efficiency, and maximize
the use of renewable energy sources within the building. This is vital as improving the energy
performance of existing buildings will increase the energy independence. Third, optimize building space
and material use. In this sense, the building should use materials that can minimize life-cycle
environmental impacts such as global warming, resource depletion, and human toxicity. Environmentally
preferable materials have a reduced effect on human health and the environment and contribute to
improved worker safety and health, reduced liabilities, reduced disposal costs, and achievement of
environmental goals. Fourth, enhance indoor environmental quality of a building through attributes such
as use of appropriate ventilation and moisture control, optimizes acoustics performance, suitable selection
of lighting and temperature control system as well as avoid the use of materials with high-VOC
emissions. This is because it has a significant impact on occupant health, comfort, and productivity. Fifth,
optimize operational and maintenance practices during the preliminary design phase till building
completion stage (WBDG 2013). However, for the benefit of this paper the focus and discussion will be
only on the first and third sustainable characteristics involving setting, spatial organization and form
design (façade and detailings, structural organization as well as usage of materials) to produce better
administrative building design in the future
3. Method of study
In trying to elucidate the sustainable approach of the two chosen case studies, the administrative
buildings acts as medium of communication, which includes the production and the study of meaning.
Therefore, what is needed in this study is a method that could give a robust meaning to the chosen case
studies. Due to this reason, semiotics is adopted as it has been dealing with how people convey meaning
with various form of agendas such as words, objects and many more (Leeds-Hurwitz, 2012). Semiotics,
being the most suitable method for this reason will use architectural elements; form and space that acts as
the basis of this study. By doing so, this research will undergo direct observation as its data collection
method and research strategy. While trying to observe these two buildings, Semiotics being the chosen
methodology will be explained in the following section.
3.1. Research methodology
Semiotics, in its most basic definition as termed by Cobley (2013) along with other notable scholars, is
the study of signs. The founder of semiotics; Ferdinand Saussure together with scholars such as Barthes,
Peirce, Gottdiener and Dougherty provide the lineage of today’s semiotics. Semiotics started with a
dyadic notion of the signifier and the signified by Saussure. Being in the literature field, his theory claims
that the signifier is the word or sound while the signified is the thought resulting from the word.
Saussure’s model of sign creates the basic understanding of how signs work, however, it focuses more on
the denotation rather than at the connotation. It lacks description of necessary contributing phenomena
namely, socio-cultural experience, and surrounding context. The theory of semiotic was later developed
by other scholar such as Rowland Barthes and claimed that semiotics exist in a triadic notion. He claimed
that the systems of signification (relationship between the signifier and signified) are multileveled
structures which not only contain denotative signs but also connotative signs when particular cultural
codes are ascribed to these signs (Barthes 1988). The first order of signification is that of denotation: at
this level there is a sign consisting of a signifier and a signified. Connotation is a second-order of
signification which uses the denotative sign (signifier and signified) as its signifier and attaches to it an
additional signified. This relationship can extend further as a sign may also have additional values. The
first (denotative) order (or level) of signification, therefore is seen as primarily representational and
relatively self-contained. The second (connotative) order of signification reflects 'expressive' values
4 Hazrina Haja Bava Mohidin/ Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 01 (2014) 000–000
which are attached to a sign. In the third (mythological or ideological) order of signification, the sign
reflects major culturally-variable concepts underpinning a particular worldview (Chandler 2007). In order
to understand further how socio-semiotics is applied in analyzing the built environment, the work by
Mark Gottdiener will be referred to next. This is because he explicitly focuses on the subject of socio-
semiotics and its application to analyze the phenomena of material culture. Gottdiener uses the
organization of signs for his research to understand how ideology articulates with material forms. By
understanding this, one will be able to decode and ‘read’ the meaning of the material culture, which in
this sense is architecture. Dougherty (2012) expressed that architecture can be fitted into the triadic notion
of understanding semiotics as it includes the relationship of the signifier and the signified in multilevel
structure. Therefore, for the benefit of this paper, Rowland Barthes and Bruce Travis Dougherty’s theory
of semiotics and socio-semiotics are adapted as both theories will help to describe and define the meaning
of administrative architecture as a meaningful ‘sign’.
Data collection, will involve direct observation of several chosen indicators which includes the analysis
of form and space, that will analyze on façade analysis, structural detailing and placement and setting, as
well as spatial organization analysis. Each of this indicators will be discussed in table 3.1.
3.2. Method of data collection
Direct observation enables diverseness and vastness of context. It is also intended to provide better
access to the subject matter. In this case, direct observations is beneficial to the study because
administrative buildings chosen for this study is restricted in its political nature since these buildings are
the most important political administrative buildings in Malaysia. Using two indicators established from
the literature review on administrative building, it is possible to adequately acknowledge the idea of
sustainable design of a building. Indicators as based on earlier theoretical framework will be highlighted
in the table below. These indicators are justified based on their appropriateness in defining the
administrative building to show responsiveness to sustainable design.
Table 3.1. Method of Data Collection
Building
Indicators
Theory To
Analyze
Indicators
Process
FORM
Façade Shatha (2004) and
Lara (2011)
layering theory to
analyse the
meaning and
composition of
architectural
elements on
building façade
-Use layering system is to identify elements of form with the following steps:
Layer 1: the main form
Layer 2: additional built form
Layer 3: basic primary elements
Layer 4: additional and secondary elements
Layer 5: constructive and decorative details
Layer 6: entire range of stylistic features
-Clarify the basic structure, to enhance the articulation of building façade focusing
on architectural morphological elements, identify additional elements juxtaposed and
within the façade as well as identify the facade geometrical organization.
Detailing,
structural
elements and
material usage
Rogers (2004)
Coulson and
Fuller (2009)
-Observe and identify architectural elements-portray the usage of natural materials
- Three building elements to be observed: Roof, Wall and Floor, and everything in
between.
Setting Ching (2010)
Conway and
Roenisch (2004)
proportion theory
Pooja et al (2012)
-Analysis of building placement and setting from blue print drawings and site
observation by identifying the leveling, orientation of the building and land contour,
contextual elements within the building setting and landscape. Also observe low
carbon activity; reducing motorized vehicle usage, promote walkability etc.
Hazrina Haja Bava Mohidin/ Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 01 (2014) 000–000 5
SPACE
Spatial
organization
Hillier (2007) &
Dovey (2008)
spatial syntax
theory
Meehan (1987)
-Analyse the floor plan by identifying the entry point and movement pattern within
the interior spaces referring to blue print drawings and direct observation
- Observation on interior sustainable qualities and its relationship with the exterior
spaces to create a low carbon environment which utilizes lower mechanical energy
consumption ( Ismail, 2008)
- promoting natural lighting and natural ventilation by passive design approach
(Rasdi, 2010)
4. Findings
4.1. Background study- Parliament Complex, Lake Perdana, Kuala Lumpur
During this early independent era, one of
the government main focuses was to
produce a complete and compact master
plan for the capital city. Prominent
buildings were built to portray the victory
of self-governance achievement to the
outside world. Among the many prominent
built forms is the Malayan Parliament
Complex presently known as Parliament building which sits majestically on a hill facing the Lake
Perdana, located in the central region of Kuala Lumpur.The Parliament Complex has a two part design;
the tower and the podium building. The Podium building act as the main component of the two providing
space for discussion and conference to take place. The podium building is three stories in height and was
connected to the tower building via two bridges as seen in figure 4.1 while the tower building is
composed of 18 stories office building. The whole composition of the podium building and the tower
building sits on a 16.2 acre land, surrounded by vast greeneries and natural habitat. The overall design
and construction was done by the Public Works Department and most of the ideas were initiated by the
architect; Sir Ivor Shipley and Tunku Abdul Rahman himself. Shipley proposed the building to be
constructed using new and advance technology in construction to speed up the process as the country was
in dire need to own a Parliament Complex of its own. It was noted by Kien (2007) and The New Straits
Times (1963) that Shipley tried to design the building in a functional and simplistic language. He also
incorporated appropriate design motifs as well as climatic adaptability features to further enhance the
functionality of the building. The next section will discusses on the modern administrative building to
represent Malaysia’s image in the late 20th
century.
4.2. Background study- Perdana Putra, Putrajaya
The city of Putrajaya embody elements that are rooted in the tradition and the culture of the people
even though it is projected in a contemporary outlook using advanced materials and technology, complete
with modern infrastructure and amenities. The most
prominent building located at the Putrajaya‘s Government
Precinct (Precinct 1) is the Prime Minister’s Office
Complex or also known as the Perdana Putra that houses
the prime minister’s office and acts as the main
administrative center. Built on a 5 acre land, the building
cost Rm270 million with only 10% imported materials
Fig. 4.1 (a) Parliament in the 1960’s (b) Parliament as seen today
Fig. 4.2 Perdana Putra
Hazrina Haja Bava Mohidin/ Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 01 (2014) 000–000 7
• Form- Structural and Detailing
There were special technologies applied during the
construction stage of the building as proposed by the architect of
the building. The building technology applied during that time
were grid system and modular system (Kien, 2007). This applied
techonology alone is a very distinctive approach in designing a
sustaible building. This is due to the reduced duration of
construction which therefore reduced manpower as well as cost
and construction essential. This include saving the cost of
bringing in constrction materials as most of the technologies
applied were built in-situ. They also used IBS during this period
of time to rapidly enhance the production of buildings (Din et
al, 2012). Materials that were used by PWD at that period of
time were mostly brought in from overseas as well as local
building material. Most of the interior elements such as
decorative features on doors, wimdows and wall panels that
incorporated wood carvings and motifs uses wood brought in
locally. So of which includes the carvings of talented artisans
around Malaysia (Kien,2007). This acknowledges the sustainable approach by which locally made
detailings were used throughout the building.
• Form- Placement and Setting
The Parliament Complex stood still on a sloppy hill at the
heart of Kuala Lumpur. Based on figure 4.6 below, it is evident
that the placement of Parliament Complex is easily accessed by
motorized vehicles. Although this is the case, the entire built up is
surrounded in a natural setting; maintained with greeneries
overlooking a lake. It is also built on North-West orientation
which makes the building naturally shaded away from direct
sunlight and glare. Based on observation of the form in its original
setting, the building is built on hilly and high level topography.
• Space
From the plan of the Parliament Complex it can be seen that there are two parts of the building; the
tower building and podium building. Based on the building program obtained from the parliamentary, the
cabinet meets on Monday to Thursday. This occurs at the podium building. Therefore, the podium
building will be fully operated four times a week. Based on this information, it is a known fact that,
Parliament complex is organized in a clustered manner. This results to a more energy efficient approach
since the spaces are segregated according to specific
functions. The spaces in the parliament are also
sustainably designed as most of these spaces are having
open planned design. This somehow reduces pocketed
spaces, hence reduces the mechanical system
Fig. 4.4 (a) Dewan Negara (b) Detailed Column
Fig. 4.5 (a) Water element (b) Skylight
Fig. 4.6 Site plan of Parliament
Fig. 4.7 (a) Double volumed spaces (b) Full height windows
8 Hazrina Haja Bava Mohidin/ Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 01 (2014) 000–000
throughout the building. There are also at certain part of the building designed with double volumes to
encourage better air flow as well as minimizing mechanical ventilation. The building tried to minimized
the usage of artificial lighting as the building is naturally and sufficiently lit during the day.
4.4. Architectural Analysis- Perdana Putra, Putrajaya
• Form- Façade
Based on the layering methods by Shatha (2004) and Lara (2011) below is table 4.2 showing the
façade layering of Perdana Putra which divides the exterior façade into three sections, the roof, wall and
base level, that are arranged in a hierarchical manner. The layering will emphasize on the production
façade of the administration building.
Table 4.2 Layering tabulation of Perdana Putra
Layer 1 main form with no hierarchy Layer 2 main and additional form
Layer 3 and Layer 4 basic building elements on form Layer 5 and Layer 6 Additional elements on form
It is seen as though the large green dome dominates the whole outlook of the building and the pitched
roof acts as supporting architectural element to the building. Most of the windows are full height
windows and are heavily decorated with stained glass and arches. The whole building could be seen as
having consistently arranged roman columns which gives a little recessed on the façade.
• Form- Structural and Detailing
Being a building of high prestige and
supremacy, Perdana Putra has structural
elements and detailing built in grandeur.
Most of the materials used for this purpose
is made out of stone. Materials were
obtained directly from Malaysia as 90% of
the building material were brought in
locally. This is true as 100% of the interior structural elements and detailing are made out of Malaysian
made materials (Perbandanan Purajaya, 2001). The dome is made out of green stone, which was also
locally obtained. It is also the intention of the patron and the architect to have a solid blend of the building
and the natural surrounding. The walls on the other hand is made of granite and stained glass on the
exterior of the building. Some parts of the building is decorated with locally obtained wrought iron motifs
too.
Fig. 4.8 (a) Stone granite (b) Dome made of green stone (c) Wrought
iron grill and detailing
10 Hazrina Haja Bava Mohidin/ Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 01 (2014) 000–000
Table 5.1 Tabulation of findings
Parliament Complex Features Perdana Putra
-variation of flat and pitched roof
-uniformity in façade design (used as
structure, aethetic as well as environmental
adaptation (shading) and maintainence.
Façade
-variation of domed and pitched roof
- large windows with no shading added
-large roman columns creates recessed on the
facade
- IBS construction using modular and grid
system
- Cast in-situ
- Minimize time, cost and labour
- mostly using concrete as the main
material
- imported and local materials
Structural &
Detailing
a. method of
construction
b. material
- a product of government information
transfer program
- using up to date construction methods
- using granite, wrought iron, glass and
stones
- materials are mostly obtained locally
- on a hill and sloppy, sits next to a lake
- easily accessed by motorized vehicles
- away from communal facilities
- North-West orientation
- Passive barier
Placement &
Setting
- on a hill, next to a lake
- many entry point but not easily accessed
- near to public facilities such as the mosque
- South-West orientation
- High fence, active barier
- Open planned
- Operates according to function of the
spaces
- Spaces are naturally lit
- Water feature and skylights
Spatial
organization
- Compartmentalized spaces
- Operates according to function of the
spaces
- Spaces are naturally lit
- Courtyards and water features
6. Conclusion
From the laid out research on the comparative study on two prominent administrative architecture; the
Parliament Complex and Perdana Putra, it can be said that they are clear differences and similarities that
could locate the idea of sustainable design approach embedded within these buildings. We started off by
getting to know the background information of each building so as to grasp a better understanding of the
building and later to link with the production of design. Each building portrays architectural elements
evident on their design approaches that could be the basic of understanding on how the study could
investigate the responsiveness towards the surrounding of the building. Therefore, by understanding this
value, we can conclude that the design of each building has their own special characteristics that build up
the identity of Malaysian administrative architecture after achieving independence and together they
render a unique composition of architectural styles creating broad variety architectural richness.
Nevertheless sensitiveness towards sustainable values are much vital as it will produce more robust and
long lasting building that can sustain throughout centuries.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the MOHE and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) for ERGS
grant ( vot: 4L041) that supported this research.
Hazrina Haja Bava Mohidin/ Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 01 (2014) 000–000 11
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