GEOPHYSICS TRAINING WORKSHOP Earth Resistivity and Electromagnetics

FIJI GEOPHYSICS TRAINING WORKSHOP Earth Resistivity and Electromagnetics

(11 – 13 MARCH, 2009)

Linda Yuen and Peter Sinclair

Pacific HYCOS Project Officer and Project Advisor

SOPAC Miscellaneous Report 690 August 2009

Pacific HYCOS Project August 2009 Earth Resistivity and Electromagnetics, Nukulau, Fiji

SOPAC Miscellaneous Report 690 – Yuen & Sinclair 2

DISCLAIMER

This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European

Union.



CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................................5

2. VENUE AND DATES ..................................................................................................................................5

3. TRAINERS ..................................................................................................................................................5

4. TRAINEES...................................................................................................................................................6

5. SCOPE .....................................................................................................................................................6

5.1 FUNDAMENTAL ELECTRICAL CONCEPTS................................................................................................6 5.2 DESIGNING A FIELD SURVEY .................................................................................................................9 5.3 FIELD PROCEDURES AND QUALITY CONTROL .......................................................................................10 5.4 WEATHER CONDITIONS TO NOTE .......................................................................................................10

6. NUKULAU SURVEY 12/03/09 ..................................................................................................................10

6.1 SUPERSTING ANALYSIS .....................................................................................................................11 6.2 EM-34 DATA.....................................................................................................................................12

6.2.1 At 20 m spacing......................................................................................................................12 6.2.2 At 10 m spacing......................................................................................................................13

6.3 BOREHOLE SALINITY PROFILING..............................................................................................................14

7. DATA INTERPRETATION ........................................................................................................................15

8. COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUS INVESTIGATION...............................................................................16

9. REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................................17

10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................................................................................17

ANNEXES

1 WORKSHOP SCHEDULE ...................................................................................................................18

2 SITE MAPS ..........................................................................................................................................19

3 WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS.............................................................................................................20

4 SPECIFICATIONS OF EQUIPMENT...................................................................................................22

EM-34 GROUND CONDUCTIVITY METER ........................................................................................22 SUPERSTING EARTH RESISTIVITY & IP IMAGING SYSTEM ..........................................................23

5 POWERPOINT PRESENTATION........................................................................................................25



LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS EU-WF European Union Water Facility

AGI Advanced Geoscience Inc. (USA)

CSC Commonwealth Science Council

EES Earth and Environmental Science Division (USP)

GPS Global Positioning System

HYCOS Pacific Hydrological Cycle Observing System

LCD Liquid crystal display

MNREM Ministry of Natural Resources, Environment and Meteorology (Samoa)

MRD Mineral Resources Department (Fiji)

SOPAC Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission

USP University of the South Pacific



1. INTRODUCTION In early 2009, SOPAC, through the support of the European Union Water Facility (EU-WF) funded Pacific Hydrological Cycle Observing System or Pacific HYCOS Project, purchased earth resistivity equipment “SuperSting” from Advanced Geosciences Inc (AGI) and the associated EarthImager software to assist countries with ongoing assessment of groundwater resources. A 3-day geo-resistivity training workshop was held at SOPAC from 11 – 13 March, 2009 to introduce participants to groundwater geophysical investigation techniques and equipment, in particular the “SuperSting” system. A geophysicist from AGI, USA was engaged to conduct the training. Case studies were also provided to exemplify the application of equipment in different environments. Part of the training included a full-day field trip out to Nukulau Island, a sand cay located just offshore from Laucala Bay, Suva. Due to the island's accessibility, it is often used as a training site for hydrogeological studies by agencies such as SOPAC, Fiji's Mineral Resources Department (MRD) and the University of the South Pacific (USP). The main equipment demonstrated included the SuperSting R1/IP Single Channel Memory Earth Resistivity Meter and the EM-34 Ground Conductivity Meter. The SuperSting system is able to provide accurate imaging of the resistivity or electrical properties of earth materials providing insight into water table depths as well as water quality, being used widely in groundwater exploration. Data collected from the field practical were analysed using the EarthImager 2D and 3D software. Twelve trainees from Samoa’s Water Resources and Meteorology Divisions, Fiji’s MRD, USP’s Earth and Environmental Science Division (EES) as well as SOPAC staff participated. The Samoan trainees were invited to participate in order enhance their skills in engagement of suitable techniques and equipment needs under Samoa’s current drilling and groundwater monitoring programme. This specialised equipment will assist the Pacific HYCOS Project and its member countries in carrying out groundwater investigation surveys.

2. VENUE AND DATES The 3-day workshop was held in Suva, Fiji from 11 – 13 March, 2009. The theory component was given at the SOPAC Conference Room while the practical session involved a day trip out to Nukulau Island, a sand cay located just offshore from Laucala Bay, Suva. The workshop schedule can be found in Annex 1. Nukulau Island is classified as a sand cay and is about 0.5 km long and 0.2 km wide (Maps can be found under Annex 2). The island's proximity and accessibility has made it a preferred site for hydrogeological studies undertaken by various agencies including SOPAC, Fiji Mineral Resources Department and the University of the South Pacific. The first hydrogeological study on Nukulau was undertaken in 1984 by the Commonwealth Science Council (CSC) Workshop on Water resources of Small Islands (Prasad, 1985).

3. TRAINERS The supplier (AGI, USA) of the SuperSting system provided, as part of the purchase of the equipment, the services of Dr Brad Carr, a geophysicist, to conduct a 3-day training workshop on the background and operation of the equipment.



4. TRAINEES Invitations were sent out locally to Fiji’s Mineral Resources Department, the University of the South Pacific and other SOPAC technical programmes. A special invitation was also extended to Samoa’s Water Resources and Meteorology Divisions (both within the Ministry of Natural Resources, Environment and Meteorology (MNREM)) as it was seen as a timely opportunity for both agencies to benefit from this training with skills that could be acquired and applied to Samoa’s drilling and groundwater monitoring programme. Three participants from Samoa, two from MRD, one from USP and six from SOPAC made up the twelve participants that attended the training. A list of participants is included as Annex 3.

5. SCOPE The main purpose of the training was to introduce participants to the general background of resistivity and the functions and operation of the SuperSting System. The trainer first provided presentations on basic concepts and principles in geo-resistivity and the advantages of using resistivity for groundwater investigation studies over other geophysical methods. The presentations also covered the design; preparation and planning for field surveys such as the use of different electrode array under different ground conditions and quality control in the field, as well as maintenance of the equipment. A brief overview of the SuperSting System was given including the principles behind how it works and what functions are available. Prior to the field trip, the functions of the associated AGI EarthImager 1D, 2D, and 3D software were demonstrated using simulated data as part of the theory session. Included in the purchase of the SuperSting system, AGI will be providing online resources and support available through the AGI website (www.agiusa.com). Access to this is restricted to licensed users, however, can be made available upon request to Pacific HYCOS Project at SOPAC. During the field exercise on Nukulau Island, the EM-34 Ground Conductivity Meter, in addition to the SuperSting System was demonstrated. Participants were taken through basic field techniques and good practices in setting up, operating and packing up both systems. Specifications for both sets of equipment are provided under Annex 4. While on the island, 2 boreholes were located and basic measurements such as water level and conductivity were conducted on one of them. On the final day of the training, demonstration data collected using both sets of equipment were analysed using the EarthImager 1D, 2D and 3D softwares as well as Microsoft Excel. This section provides a brief review on the components covered during the 3-day training.

5.1 Fundamental Electrical Concepts - Resistance is a characteristic of a certain path of an electrical current and should not be

confused with resistivity. - Resistivity is a measure of how difficult it is to make an electrical current flow through of a

certain material. - Conductivity is a measure of how easy it is to make an electrical current flow through of a

certain material.

http://www.agiusa.com/



Electrical Units and Relationships: Resistance follows Ohm’s Law and is calculated with the equation: R = V/I Conductivity is the reciprocal of resistivity ie. σ = 1/ρ Resistance is measured in Ohm (Ω) Resistivity is measured is Ohmmeter (Ωm) Conductivity is measured in mho/m Resistivity of soil and rock is affected by:

1) Moisture content. 2) Dissolved electrolytes. 3) Porosity. 4) Temperature of pore water. 5) Resistivity of minerals.

Types of arrays that can be used to measure resistivity: A

Wenner – current and potential electrodes are placed at equal distances from each other. Poor lateral resolution but strong signal.

B

Schlumberger – half the distance between the 2 potential electrodes must be at least 5 times greater than the distance between the 2 current electrodes.

IVaa

Δ= πρ 2

IV

a

as

aΔ⎟

⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ −

=4

22

πρ



C

Dipole-dipole – best resolution but poor signal to noise ratio. The best way to ensure an acceptable signal to noise ratio is to maintain n <= 8. This array is excellent for multi-channel instruments.

D

Pole-dipole, AB > (5*AM) for less than 5% error. Stronger signal than that of dipole-dipole, good resolution, but difficult handling of the infinity electrode in the field. The inverted resistivity image may be asymmetric.

E

Pole-pole, AB > (20*AM) and MN > (20*AM) for less than 5% error. Very strong signal, good resolution, but difficult handling of two infinity electrodes. A large MN may pick up plenty of cultural, SP and telluric noise. Suitable for 3D arrays.

Types of Electrical Resistivity & IP Surveys

1D Resistivity/ IP Sounding or Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) 1D assumes that the earth is layered. Arrays commonly used include Schumberger and Wenner.

IVna

Δ= πρ 2

IVanna

Δ+= )1(2πρ

( )( )IVannna

Δ++= 21πρ



2D Resistivity/ IP Imaging Data is collected along a straight line along the surface of the ground and it is assumed that any material on the 2D section has an infinite length in the direction perpendicular to the section and that any cross section parallel to it would look the same.

3D Resistivity/ IP Imaging Data is collected on the ground surface in a rectangular grid or in 3 or more boreholes lying on different planes. It is possible to combine the 2 layouts. Also possible to combine several parallel 2D data sets to form a 3D one.

Time for a survey

5.2 Designing a field survey 1) Depth penetration is typically 15 – 20% of the total spread length (Schlumberger, dipole -

dipole). Therefore if requested depth of investigation is 40 m, estimate spread length to 40/0.15 = 267 m (Schlumberger and dipole-dipole).

2) Next decide electrode spacing. As a rule of thumb you can not see any objects smaller than half the electrode spacing.

3) Select electrode array type. 4) Prepare and load command files. 5) Electrode preparation, instrument care – metal stakes should only be 3 to 4 cm above ground,

cable should be coiled and uncoiled carefully to avoid tangling.

djura

Highlight



Demonstration of stake layout Proper handling of cables 5.3 Field procedures and quality control

• Avoid having metallic objects in the immediate vicinity of the survey layout as this could

cause interference with the signals. Take note of fixed metallic objects such as fences etc as they would show up on the image as anomalies.

• Contact resistance test. • Default instrument settings for a reasonably good data recording under most field situations. • Two measurements for each reading with deviation calculated. • The measurement automatically discarded if the deviation is above a preset threshold

value. • If the deviation is above an operator pre-set value, the instrument will repeat and try again.

Number of repeats is programmable. • Fast download to a lap-top computer with filter for “bad data”. • Quick check of field data, using the EarthImager for inversion in the field. • After completion of survey, follow the cable to remove stakes first and then remove the

cable after.

5.4 Weather Conditions to Note

a) Rain – rain will not damage the equipment and electrodes, however, they cannot be submerged in water. Rain percolated into the ground will create “noise” in the results and therefore survey should be conducted at least a day or so after any heavy rain.

b) Blazing sun – the liquid crystal display (LCD) panel may darken in the sun; however, there is an LCD contrast key on the keyboard that can compensate this.

c) Thunderstorms – surveys should not be conducted during thunderstorms and if already in the middle of a survey, it should be interrupted and equipment removed from the field.

6. NUKULAU SURVEY 12/03/09 SuperSting resistivity survey was setup across the island as indicated in Map 2 of Annex 3. A3 m spacing was used between the electrodes and 56 electrodes were placed, which provided a cross section of the island. A dipole-dipole array type was used which was hoped to provide good resolution. On hindsight, it was thought that a Schlumberger array would have been more useful in this situation.



The installation of the survey line commenced at 9:40 am and the survey was commenced at 10:45 am. The survey ran for approximately 3 hours, during which time monitoring bores were located and EM34 equipment demonstrated. Station Latitude Longitude 00 S 180 10’ 23.5” E 1780 30’ 53.4” 24 S 180 10’ 25.8” E 1780 30’ 54.3” 36 S 180 10’ 26.3” E 1780 30’ 54.8” 42 S 180 10’ 26.9” E 1780 30’ 55.4” 56 S 180 10’ 28.3” E 1780 30’ 55.5”

6.1 SuperSting Analysis The screenshots below show the raw data file and image in EarthImager 2D. Note that the EarthImager software packages (1D, 2D and 3D) are protected and therefore need a USB hardware key (dongle) to allow it to run. The results from the survey using the EarthImager 2D are displayed with:

• Measured apparent resistivity pseudosection; • calculated apparent resistivity psuedosection; • inverted resistivity section.

Raw data file viewed in plan text format.



The third image shows the results after inversion.

6.2 EM-34 Data The tables and respective graphs, generated with MS Excel, below show results of the demonstration using the EM-34.

6.2.1 At 20 m spacing Spacing 20 m Readings Start Location RX station

Reading distance

Horizontal dipole mS/ m

Vertical dipole mS/ m Latitude Longitude

0 10 95.2 97.3 14:08 S180 10" 23.9' E1780 30" 53.7' 20 30 71.1 66.7 40 50 66.4 60.6 60 70 59.8 57.8 80 90 60.5 66.7

100 110 68.1 45.7 120 130 65.4 48.8 140 150 53.2 62.2 14:24



EM 34- 20m spacing

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160Distance (m)

Con

duct

ivity

(mS/

m)

Horizontal dipole mS/m Vertical dipole mS/m

6.2.2 At 10 m spacing Spacing

10 m

Readings Start Location RX station

Reading distance

Horizontal dipole mS/m

Vertical dipole mS/m Latitude Longitude

0 5 47.8 81.3 14:38 S180 10" 23.9' E1780 30" 53.7' 10 15 29.9 8.5 20 25 29.1 40.8 30 35 26.5 36.4 40 45 26.8 37.7 50 55 27.4 36.1 60 65 25.6 36.9 70 75 22.6 33.3 80 85 21.9 28.9 90 95 24.1 32.7

100 105 29.9 35.9 110 115 35.6 36.4 120 125 35.5 37.6 130 135 27.1 30.6 140 145 20.5 24.9 150 155 18 23.9 160 165 19.1 25.4 170 175 27.6 41.2 180 185 63.9 62.2 190 195 132.3 0.5 15:03 180 10" 29.5' 1780 30" 55.6'



EM 34 - 10m spacing

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 50 100 150 200 250Distance (m)

Con

duct

ivity

(mS/

m)

Horizontal dipole mS/m Vertical dipole mS/m

6.3 Borehole Salinity Profiling Two monitoring boreholes were located on the island. The GPS locations were taken for both of them and basic water quality parameters such as water level, temperature and conductivity were conducted on one of them (Nuk_2 or BH87/13). Borehole Latitude Longitude

Nuk_1 (BH87/15) S 180 10’ 23.9” E 1780 30’ 54.7” Nuk_2 (BH87/13) S 180 10’ 25.6” E 1780 30’ 54.9”



Salinity profile for Salinity for Nuk_2 (BH87/13)

Depth to Water (m) 2.01 Total Depth (m) 21.59 EC (uS/ cm) 3206 Temp (°C) 27.0 Depth (m) EC (uS/ cm) Temp (°C) 3.00 12.9 26.7 4.00 15.4 26.6 5.00 15.1 26.6 6.00 15.1 26.6 7.00 15.4 26.6 8.00 15.1 26.6 9.00 14.6 26.6 10.00 15.1 26.6 11.00 15.1 26.6 12.00 15.1 26.6 13.00 15.1 26.6 14.00 15.3 26.6 15.00 15.1 26.6 16.00 15.6 26.6 17.00 15.7 26.6 18.00 15.7 26.6 19.00 15.2 26.6 20.00 15.4 26.6 21.00 15.3 26.6

7. DATA INTERPRETATION The data and analyses from the resistivity survey, borehole salinity profiling and the EM-34 were reviewed. Resistivity data obtained using the dipole-dipole array did not clearly reveal any freshwater lens. Neither was this apparent from the results of both the EM-34 survey and the salinity profiling of Nuk_2 (BH87/13). It is interpreted that the freshwater lens at the time of the survey was very thin and that there is likely to have been a great deal of mixing of fresh and seawater as indicated in the salinity profile of the borehole. In hindsight, it was considered by the trainer that a Schlumberger array may have been a better choice. Unfortunately, this array was not run on the day due to time constraints. An anomaly was identified in the resistivity profile in the area below Electrode 42, some 126 m along the survey line and indicated to be at a depth of approximately 10 m. This also correlated with an anomaly picked up during the EM-34 survey at approximately the same location. The anomaly has slightly higher resistivity and it is unclear what this represents, however it could possibly relate to an artificial feature such as a concrete foundation or structure. It is thought that re-running the survey towards the centre of the island where the lens may be thicker or not as well mixed, and using a Schlumberger array, might improve the definition. It would also be interesting to undertake the same survey line with different array types, including the Schlumberger, to determine which arrays will be of more benefit in this situation.



8. COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUS INVESTIGATION One of the first geophysical studies on Nukulau was conducted in 1984 for the Commonwealth Science Council (CSC) Workshop on Water Resources of Small Islands. A report summarising the findings were written by V. Prasad (1985) where the study identified 3 layers/ zones – the surface layer, a high resistivity zone and the saline zone at the deepest. It was also interpreted that the freshwater zone was masked by the highly resistive second layer. The result from that investigation is included here as comparison to the outcome of the demonstration surveys conducted during this training. Methods

- Offset-Wenner - Schlumberger

Equipment

- ABEM Terrameter SAS 300

Resistivity (ohm-m) Thickness (m) Description

150 – 300 0.2 – 0.5 Superficial layer, shallow rooted vegetation, decaying organic matter.

500 – 1200 1.0 – 2.0 Dry, washed, unconsolidated material.

40 – 50 5 – 10 Freshwater zone.

2 Base layer Saline zone.

(Table from Prasad, 1985)



9. REFERENCES 1. Booth, S. K., 1989, Note BP47/6: Notes to accompany the fieldtrip to Nukulau on 29th June

1989, Fiji Mineral Resources Department. 2. Carr, B. J., 2009, Presentation: Resistivity and induced polarization, Advanced Geosciences,

Inc. 3. Gale, I. N. & Booth, S. K., 1993, MRD Hydrogeological Report 2: Hydrogeology of Fiji, Fiji

Mineral Resources Department. 4. Prasad, V., 1985, Preliminary Report on Geophysical Work on Nukulau Island, Fiji Mineral

Resources Department. 5. SOPAC, 2005, Final report on groundwater investigations: Makuluva Island, SE Viti Levu 12th

– 19th April 2005.

10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT SOPAC would like to acknowledge the University of the South Pacific’s School of Islands and Oceans for making a boat available to transport participants to and from the demonstration site. We would also like to thank the Mineral Resources Department for arranging with the Department of Lands for permission to access to Nukulau Island for the day.



ANNEX 1 WORKSHOP SCHEDULE

FIJI GEO-RESISTIVITY TRAINING – PROGRAMME (11 to 13 March 2009)

DAY 1 – WEDNESDAY 11/03/09 Objective: Introduction to equipment and process and preparation for Nukulau field demonstration.

0800 – 1300 Resistivity Imaging (theory and practice) with case studies. LUNCH

1400 – 1700 Discussion on use of equipment & software for field data collection, equipment transportation & maintenance.

DAY 2 – THURSDAY 12/03/09

DAY TRIP TO NUKULAU ISLAND

0800 – 1700

Bus departs SOPAC by 0800 to USP jetty and return by 1700. Please be at SOPAC by 0745 and if going straight to USP, be at the jetty by 0800 (Packed lunches, bottled water and refreshments will be brought along).

DAY 3 – FRIDAY 13/03/09

Objective – Analysis of Nukulau demonstration data. 0800 – 1300 Discussion and processing of data with the EarthImager software.

LUNCH

1400 – 1700 General discussions (methodology, equipment, acquisition, survey planning, etc.) and question/ answer period.



ANNEX 2 SITE MAPS

Map 1 – Location of Nukulau Island from the USP jetty.

Map 2 – Location of the SuperSting array (yellow line) for the geo-resistivity study and location of the 2 boreholes (green markers).



ANNEX 3 WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS NAME PHONE ADDRESS E-MAIL TRAINER

BRAD CARR

PHONE: +1 (512) 335-3338 x1023 FAX: +1 (512) 258-9958

ADVANCED GEOSCIENCES, INC. 2121 GEOSCIENCE DR. AUSTIN, TX 78726 USA.

[email protected]

TRAINEES MNRE – SAMOA

AMATAGA PENAIA

PHONE: +685 23800 FAX: +685 23176

WATER RESOURCES DIVISION MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT, DEVELOPMENT BANK OF SAMOA BUILDING, SAVALALO, APIA, SAMOA.

[email protected]

LAMEKO ASORA

PHONE: +685 23800 FAX:

WATER RESOURCES DIVISION MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT, DEVELOPMENT BANK OF SAMOA BUILDING, SAVALALO, APIA, SAMOA.

[email protected]

LAMEKO TALIA

PHONE: +685 23732/ 20856/ 20996 FAX: +685 20857

GEOLOGY SECTION, METEOROLOGY DIVISION MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT, PO BOX 3020 APIA SAMOA

[email protected]

MRD – FIJI

JONATI RAILALA

PHONE: +679 3381611 FAX: +679 3370039

GROUNDWATER UNIT MINERAL RESOURCE DEPARTMENT, MEAD ROAD, SUVA, FIJI

[email protected]

MALAKAI TADULALA

PHONE: +679 3381611 x458 FAX: +679 3370039

GROUNDWATER UNIT MINERAL RESOURCE DEPARTMENT, MEAD ROAD, SUVA, FIJI

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]











USP

PARSHU RAM

PHONE: +679 3232697 FAX:

DIVISION OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES, SCHOOL OF ISLANDS AND OCEAN, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTH PACIFIC, PRIVATE MAIL BAG, USP LAUCALA CAMPUS, SUVA FIJI

[email protected]

SOPAC

AKUILA TAWAKE

PHONE: +679 3381377 FAX: +679 3370040

OCEAN AND ISLANDS PROGRAMME, SOPAC MEAD ROAD, SUVA

[email protected]

AVITESH RAM

PHONE: +679 3381377 FAX: +679 3370040


[email protected]

MALELI TURAGABECI

PHONE: +679 3381377 FAX: +679 3370040


[email protected]

ROBERT SMITH

PHONE: +679 3381377 FAX: +679 3370040


[email protected]

PETER SINCLAIR

PHONE: +679 3381377 FAX: +679 3370040

COMMUNITY LIFELINES PROGRAMME, SOPAC, MEAD ROAD, SUVA

[email protected]

LINDA YUEN PHONE: +679 3381377 FAX: +679 3370040

COMMUNITY LIFELINES PROGRAMME, SOPAC, MEAD ROAD, SUVA

[email protected]










ANNEX 4 SPECIFICATIONS OF EQUIPMENT EM-34 GROUND CONDUCTIVITY METER

Main components of the EM-34 system

- EM 34-3 Ground Conductivity Meter (Variable depth of exploration, to 60 m) Accessories - Real-time (RT) modification for digital output signal (includes cable and DAT software) - DAS70-CX Data Acquisition System (Allegro CX field computer with 2X input connections,

including battery charger and cables) - IX1D v3 Inversion software for FEM data - Custom watertight shipping case Manufacturer: Geonics Ltd, Canada. Website: http://www.geonics.com/html/em34-3.html Approximate cost of system: USD 40,000.00

http://www.geonics.com/html/em34-3.html



SUPERSTING EARTH RESISTIVITY & IP IMAGING SYSTEM

SuperSting setup in the field.

Cable layout in the field.



- SuperSting R1/IP+56 memory earth resistivity/ IP meter w/ 56 electrode switch box built-in, comprising items. o SuperSting R1/IP+56 instrument console. o Power supply for office use. o AC power cable. o Cable for communication SuperSting/ Windows based computer. o Cable for loading firmware into the SuperSting. o Resistance test box. o Main battery cable, with boost battery take-out. o Booster battery cable. o Jumper cable, 2 meter, used to connect the Swift cable to the SuperSting or to connect

the test box to the SuperSting. o Kit of fuses. o Allen wrench 9/64”. o SuperSting Administrator utility software. o SuperSting Instruction manual. o USB-Serial adapter — Keyspan USA-19HS.

- Passive electrical resistivity imaging cable with 14 take-outs at 6.25 m spacing and 3.5 mlead-in and tail. Total of 56 electrodes (land cable only).

- 18 inch Stainless steel stake with stainless steel spring. - Heavy duty carrying case for shipping the SuperSting, protects the SuperSting during

transportation. - Carry harness for the SuperSting, protects the instrument against dirt and scratches during

measurement. - Field box for shipping Passive Electrode cables. - Field box for electrodes stakes. - AGI 2D & 3D EarthImager™ software, resistivity inversion, with one hardware key for USB

port dongle. - 3-day Training on-site by AGI personnel. Manufacturer: Advanced Geoscience, Inc (AGI), USA Website: http://www.agiusa.com/supersting-r1.shtml Approximate cost of system: USD 47,000.00 Additional equipment that may be required for use in the field

• Hammer(s) for driving electrode pegs. • Bush knife for site clearing. • 2 X deep cycle marine batteries (and battery charger for extended surveys). • Note book and or field sheets for recording survey details. • GPS for location of surveys. • Laptop computer for processing of data in the field. • Small tool kit, including pliers, multi meters, screw drivers, electrical tape. • Water container to improve contact resistance of electrodes. • 2 X 100 m measuring tapes. • Compass. • Site plan and background information on ground conditions including geology,

groundwater studies, borehole locations and construction, previous geophysical surveys. • Personal safety equipment including, hat, sunscreen, rain gear, water, gloves, sunglasses

etc.

http://www.agiusa.com/supersting-r1.shtml



ANNEX 5 POWERPOINT PRESENTATION

GEOPHYSICS TRAINING WORKSHOP Earth Resistivity and Electromagnetics

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