federal republic of nigeria - adamawa state government

FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA

ADAMAWA STATE GOVERNMENT RURAL ACCESS & MOBILITY PROJECT (RAMP II)

DETAILED ENGINEERING, SAFEGUARDS STUDIES AND PREPARATION OF BIDDING DOCUMENTS

FOR PRIORITIZED ROADS IN ADAMAWA STATE (RAMP II)

PREPARED BY

YAROSON PARTNERSHIP LIMITED, NIGERIA

CLIENT

National Coordinator

Federal Project Management Unit

Rural Access & Mobility Project (RAMP)

Federal Ministry of Agriculture & Rural

Development

NAIC House, Plot 590, Zone AO

Along Airport Road, Central Area

Abuja - Nigeria.

JUNE, 2012

CONSULTANTS YAROSON PARTNERSHIP LIMITED

Halford Pavey House

IB Aliyu Turaki Road,

P. O. Box 843, Kaduna, Nigeria.

Email: [email protected]

AND Plot 576 Mobolaji Crescent

Gudu - Abuja, Nigeria.

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd.

Rural Access and Mobility Project/Federal Project Management Unit (RAMP-FPMU) Detailed Engineering, Safeguards Studies and Preparation of Bidding Documents for Prioritized Roads in Adamawa State (RAMP II) Enviromental and Social Impact Assessment Report

i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Content Page

Table of contents

List of Tables

List of Figures and Plates

List of Appendices

List of Acronyms

i

iv

v

vi

vi

Executive Summary vii

1.0 PROJECT BACKGROUND AND DESCRIPTION

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Project Background

1.3 Project objective

1.4 Existing Condition of the Roads

1.5 The Scope of Work (ToR)

1.6 The Study Approach and Methodology

1.7 Interactive Discussions and Consultations

1

1

1

1

1

4

4

9

2.0 POLICY, LEGAL ADMINSTRATIVE & INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Relevant Regulatory Instruments

2.2.1 World Bank Operational Policies

2.2.2 Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) Acts

2.3 Safeguard Policies that Apply to the RAMPII Adamawa Project

12

12

12

12

13

14

3.0 DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT

3.1 Project activities

3.1.1 Project Design

3.1.2 Design Criteria and Standards

3.1.3 Geometric Design Standards

3.1.4 Pavement Structure

3.1.5 Culvert Types

3.1.6 Construction Materials

3.2 Safeguard Sustainability Issues

15

16

16

17

17

17

17

17

19



ii

Content Page

4.0 BASELINE CONDITIONS

4.1 Physical Conditions

4.2 Biodiversity

4.2.1 Species Diversities

4.3 Settlement pattern

4.4 Population and Demographic characteristics

4.5 Ethnic Composition

4.6 Soil Types

4.7 Air Quality

4.8 Noise Pollution

21

21

21

21

21

21

22

23

26

26

5.0 SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS

5.1 Impact Identification and Analyses

5.2 Nature of impacts

5.3 Analyses of project alternatives

27

27

27

34

6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL/SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS MITIGATION

MEASURES

6.1 Summary of Negative Impacts and Mitigation Measures by Activity

6.2 Integrating Impact Mitigation into Bidding and Contract Document

6.2.1 General Clauses

36

36

37

38

7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT

FRAMEWORK

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Key Stakeholders

7.3 Key Actions and Responsibilities

7.4 Monitoring

7.4.1 Environmental and Socio-Economic Compliance Monitoring

7.5 Waste /Environmental Management

7.6 Measures for Strengthing Institutional and Organisational Capacity

7.7 Capacity of CBOs and local institutions

7.8 Perception of the proposed road project

42

42

42

42

42

42

46

54

55

8.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

8.1 Summary

8.2 Conclusion

56

57

58



iii

LIST OF TABLES

Content Page

Table1.1 Summary of Roads Selected for Upgrading in Adamawa State,

RAMP 2

Table 1.2

Table 2.1

Consultations at Various Critical Communities along the Road

Routes.

Triggered safeguard policies

9

14

Table 3.1 Summary of the Road Project Activities 15

Table 3.2 Road Construction Materials and their Sources 18

Table 3.3 Sustainability of Roads 20

Table 4.1 Census Population Figures for Adamawa State RAPM Communities

(2006) 23

Table 4.2 Soil Fertility Tests Results from Project Area 24

Table 4.3 Summary of Baseline Environmental Conditions for Adamawa State 25

Table 5.1 Summary of potential negative impacts and mitigations 28

Table 5.2 Site - specific negative environmental impacts with mitigation 29

Table 5.3 Site - specific negative socio-economic impacts with mitigation 30

Table 5.4 (a)

Table 5.4 (b)

Table 5.4 (c)

Table 5.4 (d)

Some Regulatory Standards for Air Quality

Guidelines Governing Exposures to Noise

Water Quality Standards (National Waters)

Noise Levels Construction Equipment are likely to Generate during

Construction

32

33

Table 6.1

Table 6.2

Potential Negative Impacts of the RAMPII Adamawa Project and

Mitigations

Summary of Mitigation Implementation by Road Cluster

36

39

Table 7.1 Responsibilities of Key Stakeholders 43

Table 7.2 Project Monitoring Indicators 47

Table 7.3 Environmental/ Socioeconomic Management Plan (ESMP),

Mitigation Measures with Responsibilities and Cost 49



iv

LIST OF FIGURES AND PLATES

Content Page

Fig. 2.1 Adamawa State Showing the 21 LGAs 3

Plate 1 Exsisting road ravaged by erosion in Zah area, Michika LGA 2

Plate 2 Consultations with community women (Kebali) 8

Plate 3 Consultations with community members (Kebali) 8

Plate 4 Consultations with community women (Yanga) 8

Plate 5 Consultations with community members (Yanga) 8

Plate 5 PAP at Dubwangun along the road 10

Plate 6 Cross section of Consultees at Dubwangun 10

Plate 7 Consulation at the chief’s palaces at Bille 10

Plate 8 Consultation at village square in Bille 10

Plate 9 Proposed new alignment at Kodomun 10

Plate 10 Cross-Section of consultees at kodomun (Chief in the background) 10

Plate 11 Some chiefs at palace in Borrong during consultation 11

Plate 12 Consultees outside the palace at Borrong 11

Plate 13 Road route terminating at palace in Borrong.(proposed by the chiefs) 11



v

LIST OF APPENDICES

Content

Appendix 1: Photographs of Adamawa RAMP Roads Conditions

Appendix 2: List of Economic and Medicinal Plant in Project Areas

Appendix 3: List of Community Members Consulted Along the Roads

Appendix 4: List of Women Groups Consulted in the Communities

Appendix 5: Minutes of Meetings for the Discussion of ARAP in project area

LIST OF ACRONYMS

Content

EIA- Environmental Impact Assessment

PPP- Public- Private-Partnership

EMP- Environmental Monitoring Plan

ES- Environmental Setting

LFN- Law of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

FGN- Federal Government of Nigeria

FMWHUD- Federal Ministry of Works, Housing and Urban development

FEPA- Federal Environmental Protection Agency

SEPA- State Environmental Protection Authority

UNCED- United Nations Conference on Environmental Developments

WSSD- Water Supply and Sanitation Development

MDG- Millennium Development Goals

HIV- Human Immuno-deficiency Virus

AIDS- Acquired Immuno- Deficiency Syndrome

LGA- Local Government Area

LGC- Local Government Council



i

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

The World Bank requires that an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) be

carried out on projects proposed for Bank financing. The exercise ensures that projects are

both socially and environmentally feasible and sustainable. The ESIA enables sound decision

making.

This executive summary presents the key findings of the assessment together with the

recommended actions.

Section One describes the background of the project paying particular attention to the road

conditions, locations and lengths

In section two, the Policy, Legal, Administrative and Institutional Framework of the World

Bank and the Federal Republic of Nigeria for development projectsare reviewed; while

section three is a summary of project description together with the design concept and

envisaged project activities.

Section four describes the baseline conditions of the entire project area detailing both

environmental and scio-economic conditions.

In section five, a summary of the project potential impacts are listed together with a

discussion of project alternatives. Environmental and Socio-economic mitigation measures

are in section six and section seven contains the environmental and socio-economic

monitoring framework (ESMF).

A. Environmental Issues

1. Positive Environmental Impacts

a) Improvement in Visual Impact of the Road: The road improvement would bring

about an increase in passing and stopping sight distance. There would be an

overall improvement in the visual quality and aesthetics of the roads. This impact

would have local appeal, long term in duration is irreversible in nature and would

be spread across the entire project area.

b) Aquatic Ecosystem Modification: The construction of the roads would increase

sediment loads and transportation into streams and rivers. Also, the volumes of

surface run off from the roads would increase. These two factors would together

lead to aggradations of the rivers/streams and cause increased flooding during

the rainy season. Wider flood plains would be created and would signal the

beginning of fresh areas of vegetative succession and new habitats. An

improvement in the riparian ecosystem may occur. This impact would be felt at

project locations like Labondo-Borrong road which lies roughly along the flood

plains of the Benue river; Jambutu-Bogare and Gyawama –Lamurde roads.

c) Ground Water Recharge: Increased flood plains acreage from flooding, would

lead to improved groundwater recharge potentials of the area. This impact would

be felt in low lying areas, along Gwakrah-Borrong road.



ii

d) Reduction in Solid wastes along the Roads: Many of the roads pass through built

up and habited areas. There are many squatter traders along such places. As a

result, the road/route is littered with wastes. Many of the built-up areas would be

by passed during construction. Therefore, the roads would not be subjected to

litter left behind by the traders especially at Bomari, Goron, Borrong, Bille,

Kodomun and Pudde.

2. Negative Environmental Impacts

a) Obstruction of Migration and Grazing Routes: The roads cut across some routes

used by migrating and grazing animals;and would constitute a barrier to

migrating and grazing animals. Migrating animals in search of watering and

breeding grounds and sanctuaries would be handicapped. Biodiversity loss could

be caused. Cattle cross the roads frequently in parts of Gerei, Demsa, Numan and

Lamrude LGAs.

Mitigation: Transhumance and migratory routes crossing the roads should be

protected by providing crossings with adequately secured entrances and exits.

Tunnels and culverts could be created for use by wildlife, especially close to forest

reserves.

b) Increased Air Pollution: During the construction stage, air pollution will be due

mainly to dust particles. During the operational phase, the increase in vehicular

traffic on the roads would result in increased emissions of carbon monoxide,

hydrocarbon particulates, dust, lead and some carbon dioxide into the

atmosphere. Air pollution will be high especially during the dry season. Despite

the likelihood of atmospheric dispersion reducing the impact of the air pollutants,

the pollutants would build up to significant levels. All the roads would experience

this impact.

Heat fluxes

Also, vehicular traffic along the roads is expected to result in increased heat

fluxes which could affect the transpiration of plants in the narrow strip bordering

the roads. Therefore there may be poor performance of crops in adjacent farms.

No significant macro-climate modification is expected on the short run.

Mitigation: planting and maintaining a hedge of forest trees at intervals along the

edge of the road will assist in the sequestration of carbon dioxide and in noise

attenuation. Watering the road surface regularly during the construction and

operation phases would help control dust particularly in the dry season.

c) Noise Pollution: During the construction stage, movement of heavy plants and

machineries would generate more than average amounts of noise to the workers

and the environment. During the operational phase, high vehicular traffic would

contribute significantly to noise levels. The escalated noise levels could scare

away wild life like birds etc apart from the effects on humans.

Mitigation: The workers should be supplied with and made to use protective

gadgets like masks, ear plugs and muffs. It may also be necessary to insulate some

of the machines and equipment so that they do not produce higher than normal



iii

levels of noise, Screening with a reasonable width of hedge row of plants or

suitable economic trees and animal friendly shrubs along both sides of the roads

will assist in attenuating the noise.

d) Erosion: The construction of a road increases the run-off and hence reduces

infiltration of rain water into the ground. Given the often torrential nature of rains

in the region, soils are very easily eroded especially at the slopes.

Mitigation: Avoid creating or leaving steep slopes on the sides of the road and

where the road has to pass at the base of broken hills. Plant grass and a screen of

trees which will aid infiltration of rain water and delay the delivery of storm water

into drainage channels. This will significantly dissipate the erosive energy of the

runoffs.

e) Ecosystem Disruption: During the construction of the access and feeder roads,

some sensitive ecological areas (protected forested areas, forest reserves and

areas of marginal stability especially along slopes) could be traversed. This would

lead to a disruption of the eco-system resulting in environmental degradation and

possibly biodiversity loss.

Mitigation

During the construction phase of the project ensure that only methods that would

involve the cutting of a minimum number of trees and other vegetation are used.

Also, remedial action to forestall erosion should be put in place.

B. Socio-Economic Impacts

1. Positive Impacts

a. Easier Movement of Goods and Services: The improved access would not only

make for the easy movement of people within the area and beyond but also

adequately and efficiently enable the distribution of factors of production

including manpower. This positive impact of regional spread is long term in

nature but is reversible, if there is no sustainability factor built in.

b. Reduction in Cost of Operation and Maintenance of Vehicles: Improved road

surfacing and prompt repairs of failures on the road will significantly reduce the

wear and tear of vehicles. Similarly, the reduction in the average travel time will

result in reduced cost of operating vehicles. This is a significant beneficial impact

of local importance that is long term but reversible in nature.

c. Employment Generation: During the construction phase of the project a large

numbers of unskilled and a smaller but significant number of skilled labour would

be required. New jobs would be created both for skilled and unskilled workers

during the construction phase. This is a long term positive impact that is localized

at first but which will later turn regional in coverage. This impact is reversible in

nature and is expected to bring about significant benefits to the employees and

shareholders of companies engaged in the construction work.



iv

d. Contribution to Agriculture: The road would facilitate the movement of

agricultural produce to markets. Farmer would be encouraged to increase their

productivity

e. Gender Empowerment through Provision of Access: Construction of the road will

further improve access to factors of production and market facilities. The case in

point here is the access to markets for the female gender group to enable them sell

their wares (fruits and vegetables), to sustain and empower them. It is possible

for the government to assist these women by training them in fruit and vegetable

processing skills so that they can diversify their businesses. With soft loans the

women could crate viable small and medium scale enterprises and participate in

training that could enhance their productivity.

2. Adverse Socio-Economic Impacts of the Proposed Road Renovation Project General

a) Displacement of people: The roads’ right of way is encroached upon in some

locations. Although there are no resettlements or relocation of persons. As a

result some livelihoods would be affected.(e.g hawkers and other livelihoods

encroaching on the road) particularly at Goron, Bille, Kodomun and Pudde.

- Mitigation: Where commercial activities are responsible for encroachment on

the roads, lay bys of adequate sizes should be created at such locations. (e.g

Borrong, Goron etc). Also consider changing the road alignment.

3. Other Socio-Economic Impacts

a. Accidents: Pedestrians, cyclists and other road users are vulnerable to accidents.

During the operational phase, accidents could become common because of fast

moving vehicles and if the roads are encroached upon by squatter traders

Mitigation: Road markings and signs should be provided to warn of danger

requiring a reduction in speed. The, education of road users to appreciate road

markings and signs is usually also helpful in preventing accidents. The

Community members should be enlightenend about the dangers of encroaching on

the roads. Install speed checks in inhabited areas. Ensure fuctional clinics and

health centres are built. Sensitize drivers about road safety measures/signs

b. Security Risk: Improved mobility will enable persons of dubious character ease of

mobility from far and near. Thus, the security risk in the area traversed by the

road will increase. This is a local adverse impact of short duration that is

reversible in nature.

Mitigation: Provide surveillance by members of the communities to complement

the efforts of State and Local Government Area security personnel. Establish

police posts.

c. Spread of Diseases: Improved access will result in increased interactions among

people. These interactions are avenues for the transmission of diseases especially

sexually transmitted diseases. Other diseases which may not be indigenous to the

region may be introduced and transmitted in this manner. This impact is local in



v

coverage but could be regional as the diseases spread. They are reversible in

nature.

Mitigation: Public enlightenment about the various ways of contracting and

preventing diseases (HIV/AIDS) will go a long way to help in the fight against

the spread of diseases. Establishment of adequately manned and equipped

hospitals will provide the much needed medical attention to victims of such

diseases. The health centres will also assist in the treatment of accident victims

along the road route.

Table of Activity: Potentials Impacts of Rural Roads Construction in Adamawa State

Project phase Proposed activities Potential Impacts

Mobilization

Identification and demarcation of

Right of Way (RoW), workers,

campsite, burrow pits areas, quarry

sites, access roads, stone crushing

areas and materials storage yards.

Site clearing within the RoW, workers

campsite, burrow pits, quarry sites

and access roads.

Opening of burrow pits, quarry sites

and access roads.

Transportation of equipment (bull

dozers, caterpillars, heavy duty

vehicles, stone crushers, etc), and

construction materials (e.g. stone

aggregates, sand, cement, gravel, etc)

to the site

Removal of vegetation cover, loss of

biodiversity through ecological

disruption, erosion, water pollution,

air pollution, noise pollution.

Increased incidence of respiratory

disorders, loss of fertile top soils.

Employment.

Noise pollution, Air pollution,

disruption of movement of local

community

Employment opportunities

Construction Earth movements, excavations and

stockpiling of excavated materials.

Road cutting, filling-in, and surfacing.

Operation of burrow pits, quarry sites

and cement batch plant.

Stockpiling of construction materials

such as sand, stone aggregates,

cement, etc.

Installation of culverts and bridge

structures

Creation of roadside drains and storm

water drainages and access roads.

Transportation of construction

materials such as sand, cement, stone

aggregate and soils.

Noise pollution, Air pollution,

visibility loss, loss of top soil and

vegetation, tree felling and climate

concerns, loss of endangered

species, biodiversity loss, changes

visual quality, water quality

deterioration, altered river flows,

diversion of traffic. Accidents,

Obstruction of migratory and

grazing animals, erosion,

employment potential

Demobilization

Demolition of workers and

Contractor’s camp site

Closure and restoration of burrow

pits and quarry sites

Noise/Air pollution, Accidents,

Regained fertility, Restored visual

quality, Reclaim land for other

development, land use restored.



vi

Rehabilitation / restoration of access

roads.

Closure and restoration of materials

storage yards and stone crusher sites.

Dismantling / demolition of cement

and stone crushers.

Operational

Completion of project, leading to all

associated positive benefits of

increased access.

Improved access, faster movement

of goods and services, cultural and

social linkage with neighbours,

Regional integration and harmony,

increased accident rates, population

increase, incidents of some diseases

(STDs), increased noise levels,

increase air pollution (earth roads)

alteration of stream/river

hydraulics, water pollution from

runoffs

Some capacity building needs were identified for redress so as to strengthen the rather weak

capacity of the rural people and insitutions as detailed below.

Capacity Building (Training) Budget

S/N S/N Capacity

Needs Participant Subject

Resource

Persons

Cost per

Participant

($)

Duration

1. Dry season

farming.

Farmers

Near

waterways

Irrigated

Agriculture

Extension worker

from ministry of

Agriculture,

Upper Benue

RBDA

1,000.00

incuding

transport

accommodati

on and

honorarium

for resource

person

1 week

2. Farming System Other

Farmers

Intercropping/

mixed

cultivation

Extension worker

from ministry of

Agriculture,

Upper Benue

RBDA

1,000.00

Ditto

1 week

3. Skills

Acquisition

(a)

Women as

well as some

young men

Dressmaking

Hairdressing

National

Directorate of

Employment,

NGO/CBOs

24,000.00

6 months



vii

S/N S/N Capacity


Resource

Persons

Cost per

Participant

($)

Duration

(b) Youths Road

maintenance

State/LGA

Department of

works,

contractors

4,000.00 4 weeks

(c) Community

members

(youths)

Environmental

Sanitation

Practices

State/LGA

Ministry of

Health/Environm

ent

Consultant

1,000.00 1 week

4. Training

a.

Community

members,

contractors

staff etc.

Malaria/HIV-

AIDS

Awareness

campaigns

Consultant

Ministry of

Health

1,500.00 for

each

Campaign

4,500.00 for

three.

Two or

Thrice

during

project

constructi

on phase

(Day)

b.

c.

LGA Staff

SPIU Staff

Training in

RAMP

Operation and

managment

FPMU

Consultants

Needs

Assessment

first

1 week

d. LG Council

Staff

SPIU Staff

Institutional

Strentheing

Consultant

FPMU

Needs

Assessment

first

Progressi

ve

5. Construction

and maintenace

of equipment.

LG Council

Staff

SPIU Staff

Road

Maintennance

equipment

training/aquist

ion

Manufacturers

Representative

Needs

Assessment

first

2 weeks

for

training

6. Honorarium, Transport, Accommodation, Feeding for 20 resource

person

20,000.00

Total per participant $55,500.00



viii

Budget Summary (13 Roads)

S/N Budget Item Cost ($)(Estimated)

1. Compensation

a. Trees

b. Lands

c. Fencing

31,500.00

9,000.00

8,700.00

2. Capacity Building

a. Training

b. Institutional Strengthening

35,000.00/yr

Needs to be assessed

3. ESMP 448,631.25

Total 532,831.25

*This budget excludes the cost of institutional strengthening.

Public consultations:

Public conslutations were held (during the field visits), at Dubwangun, Bille, Kodomun and

Borrong where road re-alignment is being proposed. The summaries are presented in the

table below.

Consultations were held at many other locations regarding livelihoods, community socio-

economic lives and the perception of the people about the project.

Generally the idea of the roads projects was well received and the community members

everywhere visited were very enthusiastic and anxious to have the project commence.

Sumarry of Consultations at Locations with Challenges

Location Attendance(NO)

Concerns Expressed by Stakeholders Remark

Male Female

Dubwangun

Lamurde

LGA

32 7 Would compensation be paid for any

property removed?

Would it be paid before construction work

starts?

What will happen to the water pipe in the

ground along the road?

Yes

Before

It will be relocated

Bille

Lamurde

LGA

59 52 Issue of conpensation for economic trees

along the new road alignment

Would contractor employ local people?

Why is the bank not refurbishing the road

from Mararaba to Bille instead of Bille to

Mayo Belwa

Will be paid

As much as

possible

That is already

been repaired



ix

Kodomun

Demsa LGA

16 15 Will contractor employ local People

What type of road is to be constructed?

How are community members going to

feed the contractors workforce?

Yes

Earth road

Prepare the food

for workers to

purchase

Borrong

Gerei LGA

40 6 When will work commence? Will it be this

year?

How would the marshy portion of the road

constructed?

Some people have stockpiles of

construction materials. Will the

contractor patronise us?

The chifewould prefer the road terminate

at the palace, deviating from proposed

alignment.

Definitely not

during the rainy

season

There would be

culverts

If the materials

meet the required

standards

There are some

challenges along

that route.



1

1.0 PROJECT BACKGROUND AND DESCRIPTION

1.1 Introduction

The Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, has received credit

from the World Bank (WB), and the French Development Agency, to support and

finance its policy on Rural Access and Mobility Projects (RAMP). The RAMP is

aimed at improving and enhancing accessibility and mobility in rural areas

towards effective regional integration and poverty alleviation. Adamawa State is

one of the states of the federation designated to benefit from RAMP projects.

1.2 Project Location

Adamawa State was created in 1991 out of the former Gongola State. The state is

located between latitude 70 28 and 10

0 15 and longitude 11

0 30 and 13

0 45, and

occupies about 36,917 square kilometres. It is bordered by Borno to the northwest,

Gombe to the west and Taraba to the southwest. Its eastern border also forms the

Nigerian eastern border with Cameroon. The capital Yola is both the seat of

administration and the traditional council.

1.3 Project objective

The objective of RAMP II is to improve the transportation system in rural areas.

The long-term objective is to improve the welfare and economy of the local

people in the project area and contribute to poverty alleviation. The capacity of

relevant government agencies to manage rural transport infrastructure would be

enhanced. About 201.4 km of rural roads are to be rehabilitated.

1.4 Existing Condition of the Roads

Nearly all the selected roads have less than 6 m pavement width and are without

shoulders or drainages. The surfaces are rough throughout, with either boulder

outcrops or sandy surfaces. On level lands, the roads have been deeply incised,

due to sheet wash; while on gently sloping terrain, they are straddled by rills and

gullies. (plate 1). Traffic on the roads varies considerably, from very low to low,

in most cases.

A few of the roads have old and deeply weathered or eroded box culverts. A

number of such culverts have indeed become obstacles on the roads themselves.

The 201.4 km of roads identified for rehabilitation are detailed in Table 1.1 and

presented in fig 1.1.



2

Plate 1: Exsisting road ravaged by erosion in Zah area, Michika LGA

Table1.1: Summary of Roads Selected for Upgrading in Adamawa State, RAMP

Road segment name Road length

(Km) LGA

Relative position in

Adamawa

Jambutu - Ngolomba - Bagare 7.5 Yola North Central

Njoboli - Njoboliyo - Rugange 9.3 Yola South Central

Kwanawaya - Namtari 4.1 Yola North Central

Labondo - Gwakrah - Koh - Goron - Borrong 35.5 Gerei Central

Kaya - Kuda - Bitiku - Yingu 17.5 Madagali Northern

Shuwa - Pallam 8.5 Madagali Northern

Midlo - Muduvu - Yibango - Masawa - Kambano -

Madagali 15 Madagali Northern

Bazza - Betso - Mangoro - Kalikasa - Zah 24.4 Michika Northern

Main Road - Koe - Koppa 7.8 Madagali Northern

New Demsa - Old Demsa - Kadomun - Kwaine 26.8 Demsa Southern

Kpasham - Kebali - Yanga 15 Numan/Demsa Southern

Bille - Gumari - W/Hamawa - W/Bobbo -

Gadamayo - Belwa 15.5 Lamurde Southern

Gyawana - Hadiyo - Lamurde 13 Lamurde Southern

TOTAL 201.4



3

Fig. 1.1 Adamawa State Showing the 21 LGAs



4

1.5 The Scope of Work (ToR)

The scope of this ESIA study is specifically based on the ToR provided by the

client. The ToR requires the standard preparation of an ESIA for the road project,

and entails the following;

Consultation with relevant Government agencies and affected local

community members.

The establishment of an environmental and social baseline information for the

project area and description of the proposed road works.

The assessment and quantification of the potential environmental and socio-

economic impacts resulting from the road development, especially within the

zone of influence of the project.

The development of Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)

detailing actions and responsibilities for impacts mitigation and monitoring.

Prepare environmental monitoring plan to reflect the management measures in

the EMP; specifying indicators to be observed or measured, frequency of

observations, and identity of monitors.

1.6 The Study Approach and Methodology

The approach methodology employed in this study comprised reconnaissance

survey, desktop review and detail field work.

i. Reconnaissance survey and consultation with relevant stakeholders

There were preliminary trips to the project area for consultation with relevant

stakeholders of the project, including SPIU, Director of State Ministry of

Rural Development, some local communities of project area, and relevant

institutions in project Local Government Area. It also included a drive through

all roads to be upgraded. Representatives of both the project committee (state

official) and the host communities provided the much needed guided tour at

this phase.

The objectives of the preliminary consultation with the relevant stakeholders

and survey of all proposed road projects are to:

a) determine the nature of the assignment;

b) secure and analyze available baseline information on the environment of

the study area, including available topographical maps, air photographs

and satellite imagery;

c) promote understanding of the intended project activities and to identify

and mobilize potential actors and partners in the process.



5

The consultation and reconnaissance survey was undertaken between 19 –26th

of February 2012.

ii. Screening Process in the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of

the 201.4 km Rural Feeder Roads Improvement in RAMP - II project in

Adamawa State.

A preliminary reconnaissance visit to the roads chosen for improvement under

RAMP II was undertaken in the last week of February 2012. This Initial

Environmental Evaluation (IEE) of the project is as required by the EIA Act

(1992). A preliminary determination of the expected impacts of the project on

the environment was carried out. Also, this visit enabled the collection of

information about the relevant stakeholders, the sources and distribution of the

construction materials, available local skills, and community perception of the

project.

Though rural roads do not fall within the mandatory list of projects requiring

EIA under the EIA Act of 1992, the terrain traversed by most of the roads is

mainly the flood plains of the River Benue and other major drainage rivers of

the state, which are sensitive ecological zones that are transit regions between

permanent wetlands (with high biodiversity) and terrestrial ecosystems. The

areas to be served by the project are agriculturally active with production of

arable crops like maize, rice, beans, guinea corn and vegetables. There are

some small holder irrigation schemes providing dry season farming. Animal

husbandry is common, among the Bachamas and Fulanis alike. There are

many tribes, which have diverse cultural and religious characteristics.

Women engage in early marriages and education does not usually exceed the

secondary school level.

In view of these initial findings which were considered to be likely to produce

significant impacts, it was considered necessary for a detailed Environmental

and Social Impact Assessment to be undertaken, categorizing the project as a

category A project.

iii. Scoping Process in the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the

201.4 km Rural Feeder Roads Improvement under the RAMP –II project in

Adamawa State.

Scoping was undertaken under the requirement of the Nigerian EIA Act

(1992) and the World Bank Operational Policy (OP 4.01) 2007. The scope of

the improvement of the rural roads calls for a comprehensive environmental

assessment which considers both likely physical, biological, aquatic, terrestrial



6

and the socio- economic impacts on the environment and beneficiaries. This

would enable only important issues to be considered highlighted and

identified, so as to ensure that time and coverage of the ESIA are properly

deployed.

Some of the scoping had been carried out by the proponent of the project in

the broad context of the classification; and the criteria used for selection of

roads. A review meeting held in the second week of March, 2012 at the

FPMU. The review highlighted parts of the terms of reference including the

issue of Gender Relations in the communities served by the roads. It was

agreed that the lengths of the roads should correspond with the initial

submission of the State Governor. Where the road route crosses

developments, it was also resolved that RAP/ARAP should apply and where

displacements arise, compensation was to be proposed for involuntary

resettlement. Thus the screening carried out in the project aided in the scoping

which covered these vital areas.

The environmental/social impact assessment is to highlight the burden borne

by women in the rural communities where the roads traverse. The

communities are to have all year round motorable roads that will grant them

access to markets, health centres, farms and food processing centres among

others. Family harvest can be sold at higher prices instead of the present

practice of hurried sale after harvest at lower market prices. Higher

income/revenue would accrue to the people and there would be improved

access to credit facilities. This would stimulate improved standards of living

and family harmony.

This and other aspects were adequately covered in the Environmental/Social

Impact Assessment. It was only in about five instances (at Dubwangun, Bille,

Borrong, Kodomun and Midlo) that the roads’ corridor traverse built up areas

or markets. Adequate compensation has been proposed as appropriate; and an

ARAP has been prepared as required.

iv. Desk review

The desk review involved preparation of environmental impact identification

checklists, acquisition and review of engineer’s reports and drawings,

background project documents, reports maps, plans and other relevant

documents. The information from previous documents would help to

supplement primary data obtained from the fieldwork.



7

v. Detailed field work

The survey was executed by means of a 4WD Vehicle and on foot whenever

necessary. The survey incorporated both visual and empirical field

assessment/measurement of environmental baseline conditions along the road

corridor. The consultants also interviewed the local people encountered along

the route and in the settlements nearby, using an Environmental Impact

Identification (EII) Checklist. Such interviews helped to confirm the local

place names and to establish the presence or not of any important features of

ecological, biological, physical, social, economic, cultural, historic and / or

archaeological significance. The survey also obtained photographs for

illustration, whenever necessary. Issues that were not resolved, and which

were listed and prioritized in the reconnaissance phase, were further

deliberated on during this phase. The names of the people consulted and some

issues raised during the survey are shown in APPENDIX 3.

For purposes of the baseline assessment and impact identification during the

field survey, the route corridors were into two:

a. The direct impact zone - Comprising 50m to the left and right hand side of

the existing road. The assumption was that the Contractor’s activities,

including stockpiling of soils, temporary storage of construction materials,

and movement of equipment and/or machinery, and possible contractor’s

campsite would not exceed this distance.

b. The zone of influence - This includes the wider geographical areas along

the route alignment. The zone of influence was taken as an arbitrary area

roughly 2 km on either side of the route alignment.

vi. Identification, assessment and analysis of Impacts

Impacts were assessed and analysed using a rapid assessment approach, which

was informed by using an Impact Identification checklist. The generic criteria

and systematic approach used to identify, describe and assess impacts include the

following:



8

Magnitude of impact (high, medium, low)

Direction of impact (positive, negative, no change)

Duration (months, years, decade, permanent)

Scope (local, regional)

Intensity (nil, low, medium, high)

Probability (improbable, probable, highly probable, definite)

Significance (not significant, significant, Impact not immediately known)

1.7 Interactive Discussions and Consultations

During the detailed field visits, consultants held consultations with community

members along each road not only to intimate them of the project but also to find

out their feelings and disposition to the project.

Along each road, consultations were also held with women groups about their

socio-economic lives and their empowerment requirements. (e.g. at Bazza-

Kalikassa road, Gyawanna - Lamurde) see plate 2-14)

Plate 2: Consultations with community members (Kebali Numa) Plate 3: Consultations with community members (Kebali Numa)

Plate 4: Consultations with community members Plate 5: Consultations with community members (Yanga)



9

Table 1.2 shows some of the concerns expressed by some consultees at some of the

communities.

Table 1.2: Consultations at Various Critical Communities along the Road Routes

Location Attendance(NO)

Concerns Expressed by Stakeholders Remark

Male Female

Dubwangun

Lamurde

LGA

32 7 Would compensation be paid for any

property removed?

Would it be paid before construction work

starts?

What will happen to the water pipe in the

ground along the road?

Yes

Before

It will be relocated

Bille

Lamurde

LGA

59 52 Issue of compensation for economic trees

along the new road alignment

Would contractor employ local people?

Why is the bank not refurbishing the road

from Mararaba to Bille instead of Bille to

Mayo Belwa

Will be paid

As much as

possible

That is already

been repaired

Kodomun

Demsa LGA

16 15 Will contractor employ local People

What type of road is to be constructed?

How are community members going to feed

the contractors workforce?

Yes

Earth road

Prepare the food

for workers to

purchase

Borrong

Gerei LGA

40 6 When will work commence? Will it be this

year?

How would the marshy portion of the road

constructed?

Some people have stockpiles of construction

materials. Will the contractor patronise us?

The chife would prefer the road terminate at

the palace, deviating from proposed

alignment.

Definitely not

during the rainy

season

There would be

culverts

If the materials

meet the required

standards

There are some

challenges along

that route.



10

Plate 6: PAP at Dubwangun along the road Plate 7: Cross section of Consultees at Dubwangun

Plate 8: Consulation at the chief’s palaces at Bille Plate 9: Consultation at village square in Bille

Plate 10: Proposed new alignment at Kodomun Plate 11: Cross-Section of consultees at Kodomun

(Chief in the background)



11

Plate 12: Some chiefs at palace in Borrong during consultation Plate 13: Consultees outside the palace at Borrong.

Plate 14: Road route terminating at palace in Borrong.(proposed by the chiefs)

A multi-disciplinary team of scientists and environmental professionals was involved in the

study (Appendix 4). An interactive approach among the team members and other project

professionals was adopted with team meeting to discuss the progress of investigations and

analyses and to facilitate integration of data. The team utilized the Charette-style approach to

data gathering, analysis, and presentation in which team members conducted the field survey

together, to determine the critical elements for analysis. The ESIA study was carried out

between March 8 and 14 2012.

This document is structured as follows:

Chapter One: Project Background and Description

Chapter Two: Policy, Legal, Administrative and Institutional Framework

Chapter Three: Description of Project

Chapter Four: Description of Baseline Conditions

Chapter Five: Summary of Potential Impacts

Chapter Six: Environmental / Socio-economic Impacts Mitigation Measures

Chapter Seven: Environmental and Socio-economic Management Plan

Chapter Eight: Summary and Conclusion



12

2.0 POLICY, LEGAL ADMINSTRATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Introduction

The existing policies, land laws and regulations regarding development projects

with potential impacts on the environment in Nigeria are consistent with the

World Bank Operational Guidelines in which the environment is considered to be

a pertinent issue. The Nigerian Development vision, for example, recognizes and

stresses the need for striking a balance between development pursuits, cultural

considerations and basic needs on one hand and the preservation of the natural

environment for the current and future generations on the other hand. The

National Policy on Environment is an important national document that

summarizes the country’s position on environmental issues, and is relevant for the

road sector. The power to regulate all environmental issues in Nigeria is vested in

the Federal Ministry of Environment and its agencies which, before now, was the

Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) established by Act 88 of 1988.

Some policies, legal and institutional framework that are relevant to the project

implementation are reviewed below.

2.2 Relevant Regulatory Instruments

Some relevant instruments for environmental regulation and protection in Nigeria

include:

World Bank Policies and Guidelines

Current Federal, state and Local Government Acts, rules, regulations and

standards of the Country

International treaties and agreements especially those that have been

domesticated.

2.2.2 World Bank Operational Policies

The Bank’s environmental and social guidelines are geared mainly to

ensuring sustainable poverty reduction. The policies have (as their main

objective) the prevention and mitigation of undue hardships to persons and

their environments as a result of development projects. Hence OP 4.01

relates specifically to the requirement to prepare an Environmental

Assessment for development projects including roads. Operational Policy

OP4.12 deals with involuntary resettlement. Others guidelines for other

specific projects include:

OP4.04 for the Conservation of Natural Habitats

OP4.09 for Pest Management



13

OP4.11 for Safeguarding Cultural Property

OP4.36 for Forestry Protection

OP4.37 for the Safety of Dams

2.2.2 Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) Acts

Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) Act- Cap - Retained

as Cap F10 LFN 2004

This Act was enacted to give functions and powers to FEPA for the

effective implementation of its functions, which is basically the

protection and development of the environment, biodiversity

conservation and sustainable development of Nigeria natural resources.

Environmental Impact Assessment Act - (No.86 of 1990) Retained as

Cap E12 LFN 2004

This Act was enacted to set out the general principles, procedures and

methods to enable the prior consideration of environmental impacts of

certain public or private projects. The law aims at promoting the

implementation of appropriate policy in all Federal lands; States and

Local Government Areas.

Harmful Waste (Special Criminal Provision, etc) Act - (No 42 of 1988)

Retained as Cap H1 LFN 2004

This law was enacted to prohibit the carrying, depositing and dumping

of harmful waste on any land, territorial waters and other related

matters.

Endangered Species (Control of International Trade and Traffic) Act -

Retained as Cap E9 LFN 2004

Enacted to provide for the conservation and management of Nigeria’s

wild life and the protection of her endangered species.

Water Resources Act - Retained as Cap W2 LFN 2004

The Act was enacted to promote the optimum planning, development

and use of the Nigeria’s Water Resources and other matters connected

therewith.

National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement

Agency Act

The Act establishes the Enforcement Agency for the effective

enforcement of Standards, Regulations and all National and

International Agreements, Treaties, Conventions and Protocols on

environment to which Nigeria is a signatory.



14

National Policy on Environment and National Agenda 21

This statement of environmental policy establishes priorities and gives

expression to national goals and aspirations. It provides a statutory

foundation for which decision-makers may refer to for guidance in

making decisions in respect of sustainable development, whenever

environmental values are in conflict with other values or whenever

transboundary issues are involved.

2.2.3 Environmental laws of Adamawa State

States in Nigeria have set up their individual Ministries of Environment

and Environmental Protection Authorities (SEPA). They regulate protect

and manage the environment using Acts, edicts and laws as enforcement

tools. The functions of the SEPA include the following:

Enforcement of all legislations, policies etc

Co-ordination and supervision of Environmental Assessment reports

Regulation of development impacts issues on the ecosystem

Supervision of the preservation, conservation, and restoration activities

of biodiversity

Co-ordination of the protection of Air, Water, land, forest and Wildlife

resources

Co-ordination and supervision of Pollution Control, and State

Environmental health

In carrying out these functions, SEPA is expected to collaborate with other

agencies like FMENV, WB, AFDB, FMOH, UNDP, UNICEF etc.

2.3 Safeguard Policies that Apply to the RAMPII Adamawa Project

The following World Bank safeguard policies are relevant to this project and help

to manage the concerns in the project. Adequate consultations are indicated.

Table 2.1: Triggered safeguard policies

Policy Yes No Useful for the reason that Activity for Redress

Environmental and

socio-economic

Impact

Assessment(OP4.12)

Yes

The road construction would result in

some site specific negative impacts

like noise and air pollution due to

dust, erosion, health concerns, safety

issues etc.

These concerns have

been adequately

addressed in the

ESMF provided in

section seven.

Involuntary

Resettlement

(OP4.12) No

Road re-alignment has been proposed

at four locations (Dubwangun, Bille,

Kodomun and Borrong). Some trees

would have to be felled and at

Consultations have

been held. No re-

settlement of persons

is necessary but



15

Dubwangun, the fence of a

compound is affected and a portion

of the compound would be acquired

to achieve the desired road width.

compensation

commensurate with

property values

would be paid.



16

3.0 DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT

3.1 Project activities

The proposed road project involves the upgrading of 13 stretches of feeder roads

within eight LGAs in the state. In all, the roads total some 201.4km. All are

existing roads and follow existing tracks for the greater parts of their lengths,

except where some minor realignment would be necessary. The specific roadway

segments and their administrative locations are shown in Table 1.1

The roadways will be built to a standard feeder road cross-section 6-meter

formation width, supported with longitudinal drainage structures where required.

The exact design of the roadway cross-section will depend on conditions at any

given location.

As the pavement of all the roads alone is expected to be 6m wide, the widening of

the present width of most of the road and therefore, road route clearance will be

the primary activity during the construction phase. In most areas, this would

involve de-vegetation, layout of the roads and pavement construction and erection.

A summary of the project activities is presented in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1: Summary of the Road Project Activities

Project phase Proposed activities

Mobilization

Identification and demarcation of Right of Way (RoW), workers,

campsite, burrow pits areas, quarry sites, access roads, stone

crushing areas and materials storage yards.

Site clearing within the RoW, workers campsite, burrow pits,

quarry sites and access roads.

Opening of burrow pits, quarry sites and access roads.

Transportation of equipment (bull dozers, caterpillars, heavy duty

vehicles, stone crushers, etc), and construction materials (e.g. stone

aggregates, sand, cement, gravel, etc) to the site

Construction Earth movements, excavations and stockpiling of excavated

materials.

Road cutting, filling-in, and surfacing.

Operation of burrow pits, quarry sites and cement batch plant.

Stockpiling of construction materials such as sand, stone

aggregates, cement, etc.

Installation of culverts and bridge structures

Creation of roadside drains and storm water drainages and access

roads.



17

Transportation of construction materials such as sand, cement,

stone aggregate and soils.

Demobilization

Demolition of workers and Contractor’s camp site

Closure and restoration of burrow pits and quarry sites

Rehabilitation / restoration of access roads.

Closure and restoration of materials storage yards and stone

crusher sites.

Dismantling / demolition of cement and stone crushers.

Operational

Completion of project, leading to all associated positive benefits of

increased access.

3.1.1 Project Design

3.1.2 Design Criteria and Standards

The overall objective of selecting design criteria and standards is to allow

for the movement of the greatest number of vehicles possible at the highest

speed possible within the laws and with maximum comfort and safety.

The criteria and standards envisaged in this design are suitable and

commensurate with major controls to allow for future improvements with

minimum investment loss. The standards enumerated are constant with the

anticipated traffic volume, composition of traffic, design speed and access

control.

3.1.3 Geometric Design Standards

Design Speed min - 50Km/hr.

Optimum - 70Km/hr.

Traffic level - 50 ADT

Minimum Radius (Horizontal) min - 86 m

Opti - 203m

Carriageway Width - 6.0m (Each made up of 2-single lane

of 3.0m width)

Shoulder width - 1.0m (on each side of the road)

Carriageway Crossfall - 4.00%

Shoulder Crossfall - 5.00%

Maximum Degree of Curvature - 5 degrees

Maximum Super elevation - 8%

Coefficient of Side Friction - 0.12



18

Stopping Sight Distance - 65m (Minimum)

- 105m (Optimum)

Passing Sight Distance - 345m (Minimum)

- 485 (Optimum)

Maximum Gradient - 4.00%

Minimum Gradient - 0.50% (Desirable)

- 0.35% (Minimum)

Minimum K - Value for crest - 50m

Minimum K - Value for sag - 35m

Minimum Length of Vertical curve - 150m

V-Shape Earth Drainage - 0.5m x 0.5m on either side

Rectangular shaped - 225mm sandcrete block drain (0.5m

x 0.5m)

3.1.4 Pavement Structure

Base Course - 150mm Laterite (Min. CBR = 80%)

Sub base - 150mm Laterite (Min. CBR = 30%)

(Pavement designs will be carried out to determine the thickness of the

pavement materials to be used for the Proposed Carriageway).

3.1.5 Culvert Types

Box culvert 1 x 1m, 1.5 x 1.5m, 2.0 x 2.0m, 2.5 x 2.5m etc. pipe culverts,

drains, sizes 900mm, 1200mm, 1500mm,

3.1.6 Construction Materials

The details of the quantities / amount of materials required for the road

construction can be found in the Tender Documents. Table 3.2 summaries

the materials required for the road project and their sources.



19

Table 3.2: Road Construction Materials and their Sources

Materials Sources Remark

Gravel and fill materials - pits.

From burrows

All fill materials will be

transported by trucks to

the designated fill areas.

Burrow pits will be

identified based on

proximity to project,

material type required,

type of approval from

authorities.

Crushed aggregates and surface

dressing chips:

Stones chipping and

boulders will be obtained

from closest site.

These will be transported

by trucks to the

designated needed areas.

However, this material

may not be required

Sharp sand:

River channel in the

vicinity

It is anticipated fine

materials from crushed

stones (stone dust) could

be used.

Construction Water: The water for construction

will be obtained from

existing nearby seasonal

rivers and streams, during

rainy season. However,

during dry seasons, it may

be necessary to drill

boreholes.

Construction Equipment

Bulldozer 250 - 350 HP

Front End Loader 2.0 - 3.0 m³

Motor Grader 140 - 185 HP

Excavator 1.0 - 1.5 m³

Grid Roller (Sheep foot roller) 10 -

13.5 tonnes

Vibratory Roller (static and

It is expected contractor

would prepare all

equipment required for the

project.



20

Materials Sources Remark

dynamic) 120 kN/m with @ 25 Hz

Steel Wheel Roller 8 - 10 tonnes

Tandem Roller 10 - 12 tonnes

Pneumatic Roller 10 - 16 tonnes

Water Bowser 12,000 - 14,000

litres

Tipper Trucks 10 - 15 m³

Self-propelled Chip Spreader 3 - 6

tonnes

Concrete Mixer 0.5 - 0.75 m³

Concrete Truck Mixer 6 m³

Diesel Generators 15-20 kVA

Air compressor and Wagon drill 5

000 l/min

All essential supporting units, such

as welding machines, water pumps,

mobile workshop, tyre repair shops,

Supervision vehicles, Service

trucks, Low bed trailer units, etc.

3.2 Safeguard Sustainability Issues

In order that the road is sustainably used, some measures are here recommended

for implementation during construction. The verges of the road should be planted

with grass to help check erosion from that source.

Suitable trees and/ or shrubs should be planted perhaps 2-3 meters away from the

roads carriageway to help check erosion, noise attenuation during the operational

phase. The trees would enhance carbon sequestration help check air pollution and

serve as an effective wind breaker reducing wind erosion.

It is expected that the contractors would employ some local labour for the

construction of the roads. During that period, sensitization and mobilisation of the

local youth should be carried out about ownership and the responsibility of

operating and maintaining the roads after construction.

The water sources in many of the communities (wells and boreholes with hand

pumps), are located close to the roads. Wastewater from the water points is

allowed to flow without proper channelling. When the roads are constructed,

deliberate attempts should be made to channel the wastewaters away from the



21

roads into properly constructed soakaways or into household gardens where

vegetables can be grown.

Table 3.3: Sustainability of Roads

S/N Activity Extent Cost $

1. Grass planting on verge of

roads

Wherever there is erosion potential(up to a

total of 200km)

312,500.00

2. Tree planting Where road passes through communities

(40% of total road length) 3m apart (i.e.,

between trees)

106,250.00

3. Dust Control During construction and dry seasons of

maintenance phase

100,000.00

4. Provision of soakaway pits to

channel wastewater away from

roads

At locations where wells and handpump

boreholes are located close to the roads

(20-30 locations)

2,000.00



22

4.0 BASELINE CONDITIONS

A. Environmental Conditions

4.1 Physical Conditions

Adamawa State has typical Savanna features. To the north it is typically Sudan

while the southern parts experience northern Guinea Savanna. The baseline

environmental and socio-economic conditions of the state are summarized in table

4.3.

4.2 Biodiversity

4.2.1 Species Diversities

The northern part of Adamawa State has the sub-sudan vegetation type

marked by short grasses interspersed with short trees, while in the southern

part, the northern Guinea savannah vegetation exists. The identification of

the flora was carried out physically on sites while fauna/fishery inventories

were accomplished by additional complimentary interviews of the local

inhabitants for those fauna and fish species known to be available but

immediately out of sight during the survey.

4.2.1.1 Flora:

The floral species in the two ecological zones differ primarily only in

terms of density and height.

Appendix 2 shows the results of the inventory of the floral species along

the respective road routes

4.2.1.2 Fauna

The wildlife species of the rout corridors were equally numerous. They

include:

Mammals: Monkeys, Wildcats, Hare, Antelopes, Pig, Buffalos,

Hippopotamus

Birds: Doves, Cattle egret, Hawks, Bush fowls, Guinea fowls

Rodents: Grass-cutters, Rats, Giant rats, Squirrels

Reptiles: Crocodile, Snakes (of several varieties), Cobra, Vipers

Fish: tilapia, catfish

Local inhabitants acknowledged that there are several more species, which

in recent times have virtually become extinct or rare, due to hunting and

perhaps habitat loss. Such species include hyena and lion.

4.3 Settlement Pattern

The settlement patterns along the road corridors are largely nucleated, showing a

strangely ribbon appearance along the road alignments, possibly for easy access to

road transportation. In some cases the road alignment is encroached upon by



23

structures like buildings, perimeter fences, trees, etc (see Table 3.1). Several small

pastoral Fulani or semi-settled Fulani camps have also sprung up on the routes.

Typical settlements are composed of concentrated clusters of residential dwellings

with the remaining areas being either farms or long-standing fallows. Information

obtained shows that there is a steady emigration from villages to rapidly growing

trading centers of the LGA and State capital. The pull factor of these two areas is

probably employment opportunities (mainly in the informal sector) associated

with urbanization.

4.4 Population and Demographic characteristics

By the 2006 Census the eight LGAs of Adamawa State where the RAMP is being

implemented have populations shown in table 3.2. The table show that Yola north

has the highest population of 199,674 while Lamurde has the least with 111,254.

The difference in the population in males and females is small with the males

generally being more in numbers. However, in Lamurde, Demsa, and Madagali

LGAs, the female populations are marginally higher.

4.5 Ethnic Composition

The state has a diverse ethnic composition (almost 60). The ethnic groups of the

route corridors vary considerably. Among them are Mbula-Bwazza, Marghi,

Longuda, Kpasham, Ga'anda, Fulfulde, Fali, Gudu, Dadiya, Dera, Bile, Bali,

Lamang, Kamwe, Mangi, Higgi, Bwaiye, Chambe, Mbaula, Kiba, and Fulani,who

live in segmented large and small communities, speaking languages based on their

ethnic group. Although the various ethnic groups have their distinct languages and

dialects, Hausa and Fulfulde are widely spoken. While most communities are

mixed with respect to religion, the Christians predominate in most of them.



24

Table 4.1: Census Population Figures for Adamawa State RAMP II Communities

(2006).

S/No LGA Males Females Total

1. Gerei 66,906 62949 129855

2. Demsa 89,511 88,896 178,407

3. Numan 47,512 44,037 91,594

4. Lamurde 56,495 54,759 111,254

5. Yola South 99,814 96,383 196,197

6. Yola North 108,379 91,295 199,674

7. Madagali 67,134 68,008 135,142

8. Michika 155,238 75,036 230,274

4.6 Soil Types

Soil samples were taken from the roads to determine their nutrient levels. Result

(Table 4.2) shows, generally, that all the farms on all the roads are low in

phosphorus (P). However, Jambutu - Bogare Rd, Kpashem - Yanga Rd, Kaya-

Yinagu-S/Gari Rd and Midlo - Madagali Rd have high levels of organic matter,

while the rest have low to medium levels of organic matter. Their textural class is

shown on the table.

On the varying percentages of clay, silt and sand, reconditioning or amendment of

the soil is generally advised. These measures include planting of tress and cover

crops; and incorporation of farm residues into the soil.

All the roads have high Nitrogen (N). This could be attributed to the farming

system and management being practiced.

Soil samples from all the routes have moderate - low Potassium (K). Burning of

farm wastes in the farm should be encouraged to boost their potassium content.

Better crop performance could be achieved if a combination of organic residues

and fertilizers is incorporated into the soil. Organic matter management is

important for the sustainable fertility and productivity of the soils. Table 4.2

shows results of soil fertility tests conducted on samples collected from along the

various roads.

While table 4.3 is a summary of the general baseline conditions of the area.



25

Table 4.2: Soil Fertility Tests Results from Project Area

SITE/ROUTE Rout PH

H2O

N

%

P

ppm

K

% meq

Org.C

%

CLAY

%

SILT

%

SAND

% Textural class

Kwana waya - Namtari - Mange

Road

1

5.8 0.67 6.13 0.45 0.251 10 12 78 Sandy loam

Jambutu - Ngolomba Bogare Road 2 6.4 0.74 6.13 0.27 1.073 44 24 32 Clay

Njoboli- Rugange Road 3 6.3 0.70 7.88 0.25 0.771 26 34 40 Loam

Labondo - Borrong Road 4 5.6 0.60 7.00 1.18 0.335 12 10 78 Sandy loam

Gyawana - Larmude Road 5 7.4 0.77 6.13 0.24 0.788 42 30 28 Clay

Kpasham - Yanga Road 6 6.5 0.74 7.00 0.23 1.307 20 30 50 Loam

Bazza - Kasudi - Zah Road 7 6.0 0.88 7.88 0.34 0.838 8 24 68 Sandy loam

Kaya - Yinagu - S/Gari Road 8 6.2 0.74 6.13 0.23 1.458 30 44 26 Clay loam

Midlo - Madagali Road 9 6.1 .85 9.63 0.20 1.039 14 40 46 Loam

Laterite - - - - - 0.067 26 24 50 Sandy clay loam



26

Table 4.3: Summary of Baseline Environmental Conditions for Adamawa State

S/N Parameter Baseline conditions

1. Location 9o20’N;12

o30’E

2. Capital Yola

3. No of LGAs 21

4. Geo-political Zone North-Eastern

5. Boundaries Borno to the North-west, Gombe to the west, Taraba to the

South west, National Border with Cameroon to the east.

6. Land mass 36,917km2

7. Soil type Lateritic with areas of black cotton soil

8. Average Temperature Between 11oC and 33

oC between the seasons

9. Mean rainfall Rainfall is seasonal and precipitation varies from year to year.

Two distinct seasons- Rainy and Dry seasons. Rainy season

usually from April or June to October while dry season is

usually from November to March. State average rainfall is

between 759mm-1,1051mm North to South of the State.

10. Geology/Terrain Picturesque mountains an hills to the east where the Mandara

and Adamawa formations are to be found. The terrain is

mainly undulating with vast flood plains of big rivers like the

Benue, Gongola, yadsarem etc.

11. Vegetation The sub-Sudan type is predominant in the northern parts while

the northern Guinea savannah is found in the southern parts of

the state. The vegetation in the southern part is punctuated

with teak, tall grasses and trees.

12. Main Languages Hausa and Fufulde

13. Main Tribes Hausa, Fulani and Bachama

14. Population 2006 3,178,950: 1,607,270 males and 1,571,680 females

15. Population Density 68 persons per km2

16. Per capita income $1,417

17. GDP 4.6

18. Main Occupation Farming

19. Economy Farming

20. Settlement pattern Sparse with large masses of land dedicated to cattle rearing

21. Cultural Heritage Koma hills, Mandara Mountains, Lamurde Hot water springs,

a UNESCO, world Heritage Site, three sister rocks, Kiri dam,

Moddibo Adama tomb.



27

4.7 Air Quality

The country side type of air quality prevails in the road corridors. The quality is

generally good with no specific sources of gaseous or particulate emissions. In the

dry reason when the north-eastern harmattan winds are prevalent, some fine dust

particles could cause air pollution. The air quality would also be affected

negatively during construction and haulage activities, when dust would be raised.

4.8 Noise Pollution

The noise levels along the roads corridors are low because of the rural nature of

the roads alignments. The background noise limits of 55dBA between 0600 and

2200 hours set by the Ministry of Environment is not exceeded anywhere in the

project roads except at market places, on market days.



28

5.0 SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS

5.1 Impact Identification and Analyses

The methodology used for identifying the likely impacts of the Rural Feeder

Roads improvement Under RAMP in Adamawa State on the environment was the

Ad Hoc methodology, which is primarily an integrated multidisciplinary

approach, using the modified Leopold Matrix by Clarke et al (1976). The impact

significance and magnitude were quantitatively assessed, where possible, using

appropriate indicators and models. In instances where detailed background

information were not measurable; the expertise of the various consultants were

employed to determine the likely impacts of the project on the environment.

5.2 Nature of Impacts

This section assesses the nature of the impacts the upgrading of the roads is likely

to have on the local environment through which the roads traverse. Some of the

potential positive impacts of the project are listed below. The section also presents

the negative impacts by activity (Table 5.1). Table 5.2 is a summary of site-

specific negative environmental impacts, while Table 5.3 summarises the negative

socio-economic impacts, both with mitigation measures. The regulatory standards

for air pollution, noise exposure and water quality are in tables 5.4 (a-c), while

table 5.4 d is a summary of noise levels likely to emanate from road construction

equipment (muffled and unmuffled)

A. Potential Environmental Impacts

1) Positive Environmental Impacts

Improvement in the Visual Impact of the Road

Modification of the aquatic ecosystem: During the road construction

stage between Gwakrah and Borrong, for example, the various activities

will cause increased sediment loads in the streams and rivers crossed by

the roads. This could lead to the aggradations of the river channel and

cause an increase in the sedimentation of materials in the rivers especially

during the rainy season; creating wider flood plains thereby starting fresh

grounds for vegetative succession and the improvement of the riparian

ecosystem. This is an initial locally beneficial impact which would

gradually become regional, long term in nature but reversible.

Removal of wastes from the road

B Potential Positive Socio-Economic Impacts

Improved Access:

Savings in Travel time

Easier Movement of Goods and Services

Reduction in Cost of Operation and Maintenance of Vehicles

Employment Generation

Contribution to Agriculture

Women Empowerment through Provision of Access



29

Table 5.1: Summary of Potential Negative Impacts

Activity Negative impacts

Site Clearing Destruction of terrestrial ecosystem (felling trees and wild life

displacement)

Exposure of soil could start soil erosion/

Likely siltation of natural water bodies.

Use of Heavy

Construction

Equipment

Erosion could start because of tracks of equipment on road

surface and river banks.

Oil spills could pollute surface and ground water.

Excavation, Cutting

and Filling

Slope instability

Development of erosion or gullies, siltation

Exposure of people to slopes and falls

Blockage of waterway altering hydrology and degrading water

quality

Drainage

Construction

Cause erosion

Affect water quality and river hydrology

Traffic Hazards Increase vehicular speed could lead to increased incidence of

accidents

Road Works Risk of injury from machinery

Poorly operated burrow pits may lead to falls or even

drowning

Traffic Interruption Poorly planned detours may result in accidents

Involuntary

Resettlement

Demolition of houses

Loss of agricultural land

Loss of forestry lands and reserves

Excavation, Cutting May reveal archaeological or other valuable cultural resources

which could be damaged by construction equipment

Public Occupational

Health and Safety

Concerns

Road workers from elsewhere can spread communicable

diseases e.g STDs.

Injury at worksites

Exposure to noise and emissions

Accidents due to poor site management



30

Table 5.2: SITE - SPECIFIC NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS WITH MITIGATION

S/N Negative Impacts Mitigation Location

1. Increase Air pollution during construction

(dust) and operational phase (dust during

the dry season and vehicular emissions)

Plant carefully selected resistant trees and hedges along the

roads especially within the villages. The plants would

sequester carbon dioxide and attenuate noise.

Water the roads regularly during construction phase and in

dry season

Provide mask for workers’ used

This is relevant in all

locations

2. Noise pollution from construction

equipment and operational phase, due to

vehicular movement

Provide workers with protective gadgets (ear plugs, mask)

Regular maintenance of construction equipment in

accordance with handbook and manufacturers regulations

to the satisfaction of consultant.

Device mufflers for machines

Workers should not be exposed to noise for more than 8

hours a day

Relevant in all locations

3. Erosion Avoid creating or leaving steep slopes on sides of roads

and where roads pass the base of broken hills

Plant grass and trees in valuable areas

Storm water out fall should be far into the receiving stream

Burrow pits should be properly worked

Excavation spoils should be properly disposed to avoid

beginning erosion

Jambutu-Bogare Road

Njiboli-Njiboliyo-Rugange

Labondo-Gwakrah-Borrong

road

Bazza-Kalikana road

4. Surface water quality impairment Reduce disturbance of top soil and vegetation cover during

site preparation

Construct drainage out fall adequately

Divert river channel when constructing culvert

At locations with culverts.



31

A. TABLE 5.3: SITE –SPECIFIC NEGATIVE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS WITH MITIGATION

S/N Negative Impacts Mitigation Location

1. 1) Displacement of persons (squatter traders)

2) Destruction of compound fence to create

way for road. Some trees be felled

Provide temporary trading areas for traders during

road construction. Change road alignment away

from built-up areas.

Pay compensation for trees and fence; and for 60m2

of land

Bomari, Bille, Kodomum,

Borrong

Dubwangun

2. Security Risk due to influx of undesirable

elements into communities

Establish day and night surveillance by members of

the communities (youths)

Establish more police posts


3. Spread of communicable diseases due to

increased interaction between local population

and visitors, transit persons, workers etc.

Mount public enlightenment campaigns on

causation and prevention of diseases including

HIV/AIDS and Malaria or other diseases.


4. a) Accidents due to operation of construction

equipment

b) Accidents due to increased vehicular traffic

Ensure re-training of operating staff of machinery

Carry out regular safety drills

Regular maintenance of vehicles

Regular road safety drills for both community

members and drivers.

Install proper road safety signs

Install speed checks especially in the villages.


5. Obstruction of migrating wild-life and grazing Identify the routes and provide protected crossings Gwakrah, Koh, Goron



32

cattle with clearly identified entrances and exits.

6. During road operation and maintenance;

- Clearing of drainages could lead to erosion

and sediment transport.

Drainage clearance to be carried out with care not

to scrape the drains while removing accumulated

silt and other solid waste.

Everywhere there are

drainage structures

especially along

settlements.

- Clearing vegetation on road shoulders could

cause loss of construction materials on road

verges and start failure of carriageway

Vegetation control must not involve scrapping with

bulldozers or graders but should be carried out

manually with machetes

Along all the roads with

grassed shoulders.

Replacement of road cover (laterite or gravel)

could result in dust; and noise from compaction

equipment.

This activity would most likely take place in the dry

season. So, the road surface should be sprinkled

with water regularly to reduce dust, compaction

equipment should be adequately maintained

(muffled), to reduced noise. Compaction should

only be done during the day in order not to disrupt

peoples sleep at night. Camp clinic should be

stocked with drugs and remedies for respiratory

tract infections. Workers to put on protective

gadgets- mask and ear plugs.

Along the road routes

especially in settlement

areas.

Dust control through watering the carriageway

could lead to materials losses and could start

erosion.

Effort should be made not to over wet the roads

such that small puddles or rivulets are created. If

possible, an alternative dust control means can be

employed.

Along the road routes

especially adjacent to

settlements.



33

Table 5.4 (a): Some Regulatory Standards for Air Quality

Table 5.4(b): Guidelines Governing Exposures to Noise

S/No Pollutant Time Average Limits

1. Particulates (Dust) Average of Daily

Values

One-hourly Value

250mg/m3

600mg/ m3(Not to be

exceeded more than

once a year)

2. Sulphur Oxides (SOx) Daily Average of

hourly values

Hourly average

0.01ppm (26mg/ m3)

0.1ppm(260mg/ m3)

3. Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Daily Average of

hourly values

0.04ppm-0.06ppm

(75mg/ m3-113mg/

m3)

4. Hydrocarbon particulates Daily Average of 3-

hourly values

8 hourly average

10ppm (11.4mg/m3)

20ppm(22.8mg/m3)

S/No Daily Exposure

(Hr)

Permissible Exposure

Limit (dBA) Remarks

1. 8 90 Exposure to impulsive or impact noise

should not exceed 140dBA peak sound

pressure level.

2. 6 92

3. 4 95

4. 3 97

5. 2 100

6. 1.5 102

7. 1 105

8. 0.5 110

9. 0.25 or less 115



34

Table 5.4 (c): Water Quality Standards (National Waters)

Parameters Allowable Limits

BOD 5mg/L (10mg/L Max)

DO 5mg/L (2mg/L Mim)

Fluoride 1ppm

pH 6.8- 7.2

Colour 30NTU

Turbidity 20mg/L

Oil and Grease 0 mg/L

Lead < 0.1 mg/L

TDS 3000 ppm

NO3 1 ppm

SO4 1000 ppm

Fe 0.5 ppm

Mn 0.2 ppm

HCO3-

500 ppm

Cl- 1000 ppm

Table 5.4(d): Noise Levels Construction Equipment are likely to Generate during

Construction

Equipment Type Noise levels at 15m (dBA)

Without Muffling With Mufflers

Earth moving

Front loaders

Backhoes

Bulldozers

Tractors

Scrapers

Graders

Trucks

Pavers

79

85

80

80

88

85

91

89

75

75

75

75

80

75

75

80

Materials Handling

Concrete Mixers

Concrete Pumps

Cranco

85

82

83

75

75

75



35

Stationery

Pumps

Generators

Compressors

76

78

81

75

75

75

Impact

Pile Drivers

Jack Hammers

Pneumatic tools

101

88

86

95

75

80

Others

Saws

Vibrators

Asphalt Concrete Batch Plants

78

76

81

75

75

-

Source: USEPA (2001) Asphalt Drum Mixers Inc. (ADM) 1998

5.3 Analyses of Project Alternatives

Alternatives to these Rural Earth Road project include the following:

a. Construction of fully paved asphalt roads

b. Use of Rail transport

c. Do nothing (Zero option)

Alternative (a) Build Fully-Paved Asphaltic Roads

The construction of fully paved roads across the selected terrain would have been

a worthwhile venture in view of the importance of good road networks to the

agriculturally active communities. In view of the terrain being mostly lowland

areas adjoining major rivers, (Flood Plains), the cost of a project of such

dimension would be very high. The amount would hardly construct an

appreciable proportion of the roads of such importance. Hence the desired

objective would hardly be realized.

Also, the communities are expected to be involved in road maintenance and so, a

fully paved asphalt road network would require more sophisticated technology

that is far out of reach of the rural people. Therefore, a more stabilized earth road

would be appropriate as a community project that the community can use and

maintain.

Option (b)”: The Zero Option

The zero option implies that no action is taken to repair or strengthen the road

pavement; leaving the road as it currently is, with all its defects and inadequacies.

The road would therefore:



36

- Progressively deteriorate with time in terms of its pavement quality.

- The geometry, vertical and horizontal alignments of the road which are now

even sub-standard for the class of road, would not be improved despite of the

increased vehicular and other traffic in the stretch of road.

- The capacity of the road Section to handle increased traffic load would not only

remain inadequate but actually drop drastically.

- Road conflicts (accident) rate would rise progressively and could become

excessive. Road safety would be jeopardized.

- Development opportunities and benefits as detected elsewhere in this report

would be lost. The regional integration and trans-border socio-economic

activities may progress but only at a slow pace. The movement of goods and

services would gradually (at first) their rapidly (later), grind to a halt.

- Travel time would increase travel comfort would be sacrificed as would safety.

When compared with the alternatives, it is obvious that the road improvement project

has by far overwhelming advantages over the two alternatives discussed above.

Therefore, the lateritic roads project is the preferred development option based on the

analyses. The identified negative impacts have been presented together with

suggested mitigations. If these actions are taken together with the monitoring plan,

the road strengthening project would result in the achievement of the desired

objectives for embarking on the project.



37

6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL / SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS MITIGATION

MEASURES

6.1 Summary of Negative Impacts and Mitigation Measures by Activity

The following mitigation measures are intended for integration into the design

and procurement documents. The potential negative impacts of the RAMPII

Adamawa project requiring mitigation are shown in table 6.1

Table 6.1: Potential Negative Impacts of the RAMPII Adamawa Project and Mitigations

Activity Negative impact Mitigations

Site Clearing Destruction of terrestrial

ecosystem (felling trees and wild

life displacement)

Exposure of soil could start soil

erosion/

Likely siltation of natural water

bodies.

Transplant endangered species. Plant

grass and trees to replace felled trees.

Minimize destruction to ecosystem

Plant grass and trees. Install erosion

control devices

Provide silt traps

Use of

Heavy

Construction

Equipment

Erosion could start because of

tracks of equipment on road

surface and river banks.

Oil spills could pollute surface and

ground water.

Compact soil especially on road

shoulders and verges

Provide sumps to collect spill liquids.

Immediately remove spill materials

from road surface

Excavation,

Cutting and

Filling

Slope instability

Development of erosion or gullies,

siltation

Exposure of people to slopes and

falls

Blockage of waterway altering

hydrology and degrading water

quality

Compact slopes and plant grass

Provide silt traps

Provide adequate warning signs.

Provide alternative routes

Remove (promptly) any material

deposited on or near waterways.

Provide silt traps

Drainage

Construction

Cause erosion

Affect water quality and river

hydrology

Plant grass and trees

Provide proper drainage, silt traps

Traffic

Hazards

Increase vehicular speed could

lead to increased incidence of

accidents

Provide speed checks



38

Activity Negative impact Mitigations

Road Works Risk of injury from machinery

Poorly operated burrow pits may

lead to falls or even drowning

Give adequate training to Plant

Operators. Provide safety gear.

Restore spent burrow pits promptly

Traffic

Interruption

Poorly planned detours may result

in accidents

Provide adequate road warning signs.

Provide properly made detours and

restore road promptly

Involuntary

Resettlement

Demolition of houses

Loss of agricultural land

Loss of forestry lands and reserves

Carryout RAP or ARAP and pay

adequate compensation prior to

commencement of the project.

Excavation,

Cutting

May reveal archaeological or

other valuable cultural resources

which could be damaged by

construction equipment

Carry out due consultations and RAP

or ARAP. Restore all affected Cultural

and Archaeological resources

Public

Occupational

Health and

Safety

Concerns

Road workers from elsewhere can

spread communicable diseases e.g

STDs.

Injury at worksites

Exposure to noise and emissions

Accidents due to poor site

management

Mount health awareness campaigns

Provide First-Aid facilities, ambulance

and clinic. Provide safety gadgets

Employ safety /environmental officer

for proper site management.

In addition table 6.2 shows the site-specific potential negative impacts with

mitigation and estimated costs of the measures prescribed.

6.2 Integrating Impact Mitigation into Bidding and Contract Document

In order to effectively manage the identified potential negative impacts, the best

approach is to incorporate clauses in the contract and bidding documents. The

rigorous enforcement of these clauses would ensure the effective mitigation of the

potential negative impacts. The clauses are categorized into “General, Environmental

and Socio-economic clauses and clearly define the contractor’s responsibilities. Only

the general clauses are presented below but the environmental and socio-economic

clauses are in Appendix 6.



39

6.2.1 General Clauses

Clause 1: Contractor shall familiarize himself with all National and local laws

and edicts relevant to his activities during the construction phase.

Clause 2: Throughout the implementation phase of the project, the contractor

shall ensure the protection of the environment at all times, to avoid any damage or

create any nuisance to property (public and private) and to persons as a result of

pollution, noise or other causes arising from or as a consequence of his operations

or activities.



40

Table 6.2: Summary of Mitigation Implementation by Road Cluster

Road cluster Nature of Impact Mitigation Action Cost ($) Responsibility

A. Northern

1. 1. Kaya-kuda-yinagu

Slope instability, spoil disposal,

dust and noise, health concerns,

road safety concerns

Compact slopes and plant grass, identify

appropriate spoil disposal sites, plant trees along

road. Use speed checks especially in communities,

establish local community policing, mount health

campaigns, wet road periodically

Include

in BEME

Contractor

2. Shuwa-Pallam Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto

3. Midlo-Mudwu-Madagali Ditto.

Plus water management

Ditto. Provide appropriate water discharge

facilities at stream crossing.

Ditto Contractor and

Consultant

4. Bazza-Kalikasa Ditto

Erosion

Ditto Ditto Ditto

5. Main road-Koe-Koppa Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto

B. Central

1. Jambutu-Bogare

Slope instability, flooding at

Ngolomba all through to

behind FGGC. Spoil disposal,

dust and noise, health and

safety issues

Ditto

Provide appropriate drainage design

Ditto Implementation

document

2.Njoboli-Njoboliyo-

Rugange


burrow pits, dust and noise,

health and safety concerns.

Erosion

Plant grass, identify spoil disposal sites, restore

spent burrow pits, wet road periodically, establish

community policing, mount health campaigns.

Ditto Contractor

SPIU

Consultants



41


5 Kwana waya-Manga Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto

6 Labondo-Gwakrah-Koh

Goron-Borrong

Slope instability, obstruction of

cattle routes, flooding

especially at Koh and

Gwakrah, dust and noise,

erosion, health and safety

concerns, road is encroached at

Goron and Borrong

Compact slope, plant grass and trees, provide

water, drainage structures, especially at Koh,

Goron and Gwakrah, establish community police

and mount health campaigns. Realign road from

built up areas.

Include

in BEME

Contractor

Consultant

SPIU

C. Southern

1. New Demsa-Old Demsa-

Kodomun-Kwaine


land use, dust and noise, water

management, health and safety

concerns, road encroached,

squatter traders along existing

road.

Compact slopes and plant grass and trees, wet road

periodically, provide proper drainage system, re-

align road away from built-up area from CH 11+

450 to CH 13+150 to avoid graveyard, pay

compensation for about 20 juvenile Dum palms

Include

in BEME

Contractor

Consultant

SPIU

2. Kpasham-Kebali-Yanga Slope stability, dust and noise;

spoil disposal, health and safety

issues.

Compact slopes, plant grass and trees, identify

proper spoil disposal sites, establish community

police, mount health campaigns.

Ditto Ditto

3. Bille –Gumari-M-Belwa Slope instability, dust and

noise, erosion, spoil disposal,

road is encroached, burrow

pits.

Compact slopes, plant grass and trees, identify

spoil disposal sites, restore burrow pits, wet road

periodically, provide appropriate drainage. Re-

align road and pay compensation for about 20

trees.

Ditto Ditto



42


4. Gyawana-Dubwangun-

Hadiyo-Lamurde

Slope instability, water

management, dust and noise,

road is encroached at

Dubwangun, some trees to be

felled and some land acquired,

water pipeline near road

pavement, health and safety

issues.

Stabilize road, plant trees, provide proper

drainage, wet road periodically, and pay

compensation for 36 trees and 60m2 of lands.

Assist household with new fence. Community

police and health campaigns

Ditto Contractor

Consultant

SPIU



43

7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT PLAN

7.1 Introduction

This environmental and socio-economic management plan would act as an

abridged operational manual for the project with respect to environmental and

socio-economic issues during implementation and operation. In practical terms, it

details how the mitigation measures proposed should be carried out; and the

responsibilities and frequencies of the actions.

7.2 Key Stakeholders

The key stakeholders in the environmental and socio-economic management plan

are: The Federal Ministry of Agriculture (FPMU), the Federal Ministry of

Environment (FMEnv.), Adamawa State Government (SPIU). The design

engineers (YPL), Contractors, Local Government Area Councils and the

beneficiary communities. A summary of the roles of the key stakeholders is

presented in table 7.1.

7.3 Actions and Responsibilities

A number of possible negative impacts were identified during the ESIA.

Mitigation measures to minimize or eliminate the impacts have been proposed

with details of the actions, responsibilities and estimated costs. The

responsibilities of the key stakeholders are in table 7.1. Table 7.2 contains the

monitoring indicators and table 7.3 a summary of the environmental and socio-

economic management plan (ESMP).

7.4 Monitoring

7.4.1 Environmental and Socio-Economic Compliance Monitoring

The implementation of the various measures for the mitigation of the potential

negative impacts of the roads requires the input of a well-funded

environmental monitoring programme. The scheme would aim at the

collection of information or data that would enable the assessment of the status

of the concerned environmental/socio-economic parameter, and to take prompt

action, if need be, towards forestalling the occurrence, or to reduce to the

barest minimum, its negative impact or regularity. Monitoring also enables a

co-ordinated scheduling of activities between all project stakeholders. Table

7.2 lists some of the important monitoring indicators while table 7.3 deals with

the details of the parameters to be monitored.



44

Table 7.1: Responsibilities of Key Stakeholders

SN Stakeholder Responsibilities Project Phase

1. FGN Overall control and policy formulation for project

funding guarantees

Receive and consider regular project progress

and project performance report.

Project

Preparation

Project execution

2. FMEnV Issue the necessary environmental permits,

provide monitoring framework, enforce

regulations

Preparation

Execution

Demobilization

3. FPMU Co-ordinate all RAMP II projects, engage project

consultants, monitor project execution, co-

ordinate maintenance activities

Preparation

Execution

Demobilization

4. SPIU Identify roads, co-ordinate resettlement

activities/compensations. Co-ordinate local level

road maintenance

Preparation

Execution

Demobilization

5. Consultant

(Design

Engineers)

a. Design for erosion control, water management and

other negative impacts.

Project Design

b. Incorporate suitable clauses committing contractor to

execute his task with due diligence applying

environment friendly methods. The document should

include necessary monitoring and enforcement clauses

consistent with best practices.

Preparation of

Contract

Document

Phase

c. Supervise contractors performance and ensure that

regulations and instructions are enforced with respect

to socio-economic and environmental provision in the

contract document

d. Liaise with local health, traffic and educational

authorities to plan agreed awareness campaign

Implementation

Phase



45


6. Contractor a. Ensure that all management staff including foremen,

safety officer and site managers are conversant with

environmental and socio-cultural issues of the

RAMPII

b. Make sure that all staff above are informed about and

fully understand environment-friendly construction

methods relating to environmental sustainability

c. Establish, operate and maintain construction

Mobilisation

Phase

Camps and rehabilitate campsite after project

d. Prepare and submit burrow pit management plans for

approval by relevant authorities and consultant in good

time before exploitation commences.

e. Prepare, establish and submit to consultant, waste

management plan for all categories of wastes

f. Acquaint himself with all the relevant environmental

legislation and regulations in Nigeria and Adamawa

State.

g. Ensure that all socio-economic and environmental

requirements of the project are satisfied.

h. Utilize only environment friendly methods and

equipment in the project

i. Take responsibility for the occupational health and

safety of all persons at the worksites at all times.

j. Inform consultant of any negative (unforeseen)

impacts arising from the project.

k. Provide safety around and through all work sites for

all kinds of traffic. For this purpose, provide

acceptable Traffic management Plan (TMP) to the

consultant

l. Provide and implement erosion prevention measures

e.g. grass and tree planting in exposed areas.

m. Provide appropriate storage for fuels, oils and

lubricants and wastes to prevent both water and land

pollution

n. Provide potable water to any community whose water

Project

Execution

Phase



46


source is made unwholesome by project activities till

water quality is restored.

o. Ensure that no unmarked tree is felled or else face

fines to be deducted from next payment due. Felled

trees remain the property of the FGN.

p. Manage all wastes from all construction activities in a

manner consistent with best practices.

q. Eliminate all breeding sites of disease vectors arising

from project activities.

r. Ensure that all project areas are properly cleaned and

restored.

Demobilisation

7. World

Bank and

FDA

Quality control of project

Fund mobilization efficiency and effectiveness

Ensure timely execution of project

Throughout the

project

8. NGOs’

CBOs’

Work with community members throughout the

project.

Drive community policing

Be involved in the maintenance activities,

participate in Health awareness campaigns

Throughout the

project

9. Community

Members

a. Express any concerns about the project both in the

preliminary design and at any other phase of the

project including those not originally envisaged.

b. Be prepared to participate fully in road maintainace

activities.

c. Be prepared to participate in community policing.

d. Be prepared to participate in road construction work.

e. Be prepared to participate in health awareness

campaigns.

Throughout

Project Phase

7.5 Waste /Environmental Management

The contractor should employ an Environmental/Safety Officer for the project, to

be responsible for all safety and waste management issues, including fire risk.

Wastes are expected to be generated during project execution in the form of

spillages emissions from plant operation and excavations, bush clearing etc,

during site development for establishing camp sites. Also, wastes (both liquid and

solid), would be generated at the camps- in the form of wastewater and garbage.



47

The wastes should be categorized into: gaseous, liquid and Solid Wastes.

Gaseous emissions include sulphur, nitrogen and carbon oxides from burning

fossil fuels. The quantities of these gases are not expected to be significant.

Liquid wastes – spilled fuels, lubricants and wastewater. The oily wastes (Diesel

oil, gasoline and engine oil) are to be confined to the fuel depot. Spillages should

be washed into a concrete sump from where they can be collected and taken for

proper disposal (Refinery). Domestic wastewaters should be channelled into

soakaways and septic tanks at the yards (camp sites).

The solid wastes should be segregated into garbage, plastic, paper, metallic wastes

etc.

- The garbage should be composted (i.e. buried)

- The plastics e.g. bottles and bags, could be re-used for storage thereby

minimizing the waste. Those that cannot be re-used should be collected and

stored in tied bags to be sent for recycling in plastic factories.

- Metallic wastes should be collected and stored for recycling (sold to

scavengers)

The client should have a social monitoring plan (SMP). The company does not

need to have a separate unit for SMP but officers should work in collaboration

with the client.

A monitoring plan should be produced by the contractor and his company

should be ready to comply with the directives. Table 7.2 shows the monitoring

indicators of the project

Health Care facilities

A few health care facilities (clinics, maternities) exist in some of the road

corridors e.g., Bazza to Kalikasa road. The effectiveness of the health care

facilities can be monitored by evaluating the

- The number of patients (cases) attended to on a periodic e.g quarterly

basis; particularly road accident victims.

- The disease pattern over the entire area over time (say quarterly)

- Successful birth rate figures over time (say quarterly)

- Maternal mortality rate over time in the area (also quarterly)

- Child mortality rate over time (quarterly) in the area

- Disease surveillance in the area (if any)

- The level of sanitation, health and hygiene practices in the area

- Successes of immunization programmes

- The efficiency of ambulatory services between the PHCs and the General

Hospital



48

These indices are to be computed for the road corridor and compared with

those before the rehabilitation, to indicate if the road rehabilitation has

impacted in any way on the health life of the communities.

The responsibility for monitoring is vested in the contractor who should

produce his scheduling plan to the consultant.

Table 7.2: Project Monitoring Indicators

S/No Item Monitoring

frequency

Method of

Sampling Monitoring indicators

1. Improved access Quarterly Grab Traffic count

2. Crime Rate Monthly,

Quarterly

and Yearly

Records of all

reported crimes kept

Numbers of different crimes

reported.

3. Accidents Once a

month

Grab 24 hour sample

and collate

Numbers of accidents

reported as number of

fatalities, injuries,

hospitalized

4. Road Sign

Awareness

Quarterly Analysis of accident

records and driver

assessment

Number of accidents due to

road sign violations

5. Health Care

facilities

Quarterly Analyses of Health

records

Number of patients treated at

clinics, live birth rate figures

of maternal mortality rates

child mortality rates. Success

rates of immunization,

number of ambulance

services carried out.

7. Soil quality

Near Solid waste

Dumps in camp site

Intervals at road

axis

Ecological

Preservation in

burrow pit areas

During Dry

and rainy

season

ditto

Grab/Visual

observation

Visual

Soil moisture, salinity, So4,

NO3 PO4, hydrocarbons and

photographs

Photographs



49

S/No Item Monitoring

frequency

Method of

Sampling Monitoring indicators

8. Air Quality

Ambient air quality

within operations

area (asphalt plant,

quarry sites etc)

around the

construction

equipment and

diesel generating

set locations

Once a

month

Grab (24Hrs hourly)

sample

SOx, NOx, CO,CO2 NHx

Particulates

9. Noise level

Plant boundaries

(asphalt plant,

quarry sites etc)

Around

Construction

equipment and

diesel generating

sets

Once a

month

Grab (24Hrs hourly)

samples

Noise levels (dBA)

10. Water Quality

Testing

Once a

month

Grab sample for PO4

,SO4, NO3, oil and

Grease

Compare with water quality

standards.

11. Disposal areas

(waste dump and

oil sumps)

Once a

month

Visual observation

Grab Samples

Photographs and

Video

Hydrocarbon, Oil and grease

photographs and video

recordings



50

Table 7.3: Environmental/ Socioeconomic Management Plan (ESMP), Mitigation Measures with Responsibilities and Cost

S/N Project Impact Source of Impact Mitigation Measures

Mitigation compliance

index

(frequency)

Approximate

Mitigation

cost/year (N)

Responsibility

A

Ecology

Loss of Habitat

and Biodiversity

Airborne and

Noise Pollution

Soil erosion and

change in

drainage patterns

Sand mining

Transportation

Site Preparation,

removal of trees and

shrubs

Increased traffic from

heavy equipment.

Removal of vegetation

cover and deposition

on drainage channels

Working of burrow

pits

Increased water

depth, could affect

channel characteristics

Spillage at fuel

Transplant endangered species.

Plant 4 new tress for everyone

felled

- Sprinkle water over scraped

road surface. Maintain

equipment, plant trees/shrubs

Provide Personal protective

equipment for the workforce.

(ear muffs nose masks, gloves,

helmets, boots, etc.)

Clear natural drainage and create

new ones to ensure free flow of

runoff.

Restore burrow pits by replacing

top soil

Monitor sand source

Provide lined sumps to collect

All endangered species

are transplanted and/or

rehabilitated. New trees

planted(Bi-monthly)

- Reduction in dust and

noise levels

- protective equipment are

seen to be used

(Always)

Free flow of water in

drains.(Weekly)

Original land forms

restored (Afterwards)

Measure depth of water at

sand source.

(Twice a year)

80,000.00

300,000.00

23,400,000.00

(i.e for 13 roads)

@ 1,800,000.00

(per road)

1,000.00

200,000.00

Contractor.

Contractor,

communities,

SPIU, LGAs

Department of

works, RAMP,

Consultant

RAMP, SPIU,

Contrac0tor,

Consultant,

SEPA.

RAMP, SPIU,

Consultant,

SEPA.

Contractor



51

S/N Project Impact Source of Impact Mitigation Measures

Mitigation compliance

index

(frequency)

Approximate

Mitigation

cost/year (N)

Responsibility

and storage of

construction

materials

Disposal of

construction

Debris

Soil and water

pollution due to

Solid waste and

liquid waste

generated

Effect of concrete

curing water on

the environment

dumps, improper

storage of chemicals

and explosives

Removal of road

surfacing and culverts

Wastes generated

from restaurant, clinic

and living quarters

Construction of

prefabricated concrete

structures

waste fuel lubricants and

solvents for easy removal for

final disposal- Ensure proper

storage of solvents and

explosives with appropriate

warning signs

Reuse debris as base material for

new roads or for filling potholes

Segregate wastes at the point of

generation. Provide septic tank

and soak away for liquid waste.

Compost organic waste.

Recycles and reuse others where

possible.

Check soil Quality

Ensure proper channelling into

drainage pits

Regular evacuation of the

sumps.(Monthly)

Regular inspection of

explosive and chemical

stores. (Quarterly)

No construction debris left

unattended. (Always)

The environment is clean

and free from waste and

garbage.

(Daily)

Soil not contaminated

with oil and

grease.(Quarterly)

Water quality test results

comply with standards.

No accumulation of

curing water(Monthly)

120,000.00

BEME

100,000.00

200,000.00

500,000.00

Contractor

Contractor

Contractor

Contractor



52

Table 5.1: Cont’d.

S/N Project Impact Source of Impact Mitigation Measures Mitigation compliance index

Approximate

Mitigation Cost

(Contractor)

N

Responsibility

B Socio-economic

impacts

Land use

Employment and

income

Transportation

Social stratification

due to improved

income.

Reduction in farming

activities due to

unskilled labour

mobility

Difficulties in going

to work

Monetized housing policy

for both senior and junior

staff.

- Provide appropriate

transport for movement

of work force to and

from work locations

- Management staff are

housed in Camps

- Housing allowance is paid

to each class of workers.

(During execution)

- Senior and Junior staff are

employed.

- Unskilled labour is

engaged from the

community. (During

execution)

- Adequate transportation is

provided

(During execution)

25,000,000.00

For

construction,

furnishing and

maintaining at

least 5 (No)

houses

BEME

BEME

BEME

Contractor,

Contractor

Contractor



53


Approximate

Mitigation Cost

(Contractor)

N

Responsibility

Community

development

- Population

dynamics

- Public health

- Increase in vices

Employ local labour

Provide amenities

Equip Site clinic with

drugs and a site nurse

Provide police posts

Organize surveillance

- Most Communities along

the road axis are provided

with amenities (electricity,

boreholes etc).

- Health is taken care of by

a staff Nurse already

employed. (During

execution)

BEME

BEME

Contractor

C Construction

Hazards

Hold - ups

Accidents

Prefabricated

concrete structures

- Diversions

- Slippery surfaces

- Heavy construction

equipment on roads

- Provide adequate warning

signs (Bend, Slow Down,

Men at Work, Diversion,

Heavy Equipment

Crossing, etc)

Adequate warning signs have

been deployed including

human traffic control in day

time periods (As required)

Part of Contract

Sum

Contractor

D Restoration of

Burrow pits

Source of construction

materials

Should be filled back

with removed top soil and

construction wastes

Burrow pits are restored.

(soon after work)

Part of Contract

Sum

Contractor

E Solid waste

management (local

population to be

educated and

encouraged)

- Debris from

construction

activities

- Sorting of solid

waste

- Debris should be used for

construction of houses

- Components such as

bottles, metals and,

plastics can be resold

Environment is free of solid

waste (daily)

1,500,000.00 for

design, building

and operation of

composting

plant.

Contractor



54


Approximate

Mitigation Cost

(Contractor)

N

Responsibility

- Garbage from

restaurants and

living quarters

- Composted waste can be

used as manure as well as

generate gas for domestic

use

F Health Challenges - Increased STDs

- Unwanted

pregnancies

- Provide health awareness

campaigns

- Distribute condoms

HIV and malaria awareness

campaign put in place

Keep records of condom

distribution. (At least 3 times

per cluster, i.e 9 campaignes)

9,000,000.00 for

campaign of 3

clusters (i.e.

1,000,000.00 per

campaign)

Contractor, SPIU,

Consultant.

G Fire Safety and

Emergency

Management

- Mal-functioning of

electrical equipment

- Conduct fire and

emergency training and

drills

- Install fire fighting

equipment

Fire and emergency training

and drills conducted

Fire fighting equipment

installed. Health and Safety

Records (At least 5 times a

year)

2,500,000.00

(i.e. 500,000.00

per training for

honorarium,

transport,

accommodation

of resource per

son and

refreshment at

training

Contractor

Grand Summary in Naira 62,901,000.00



55

7.6 Measures for Strengthing Institutional and Organisational Capacity

Capacity Building

There are many capacity gaps in the project area both in terms of farming and

other livelihoods; training needs, institutional strengthening and

facilities/infrastructural development. A summary of the capacity needs are in

table 7.4

Table 7.4: Capacity Building (Training) Needs

S/N S/N Capacity


Resource

Persons

Cost per

Participant

($)

Duration

1. Dry season

farming

Farmers

Near

waterways

Irrigated

Agriculture

Extension

worker from

ministry of

Agriculture,

Upper Benue

RBDA

1,000.00

including

transport

accommodatio

n and

honorarium

for resource

person

1 week

2. Farming

System

Other

Farmers

Intercropping/

mixed

cultivation

Extension

worker from

ministry of

Agriculture,

Upper Benue

RBDA

1,000.00

Ditto

1 week

3. Skills

Acquisition

(a)

Women as

well as some

young men

Dressmaking

Hairdressing

National

Directorate of

Employment,

NGO/CBOs

24,000.00

6 months

(b) Youths Road

maintenance

State/LGA

Department of

works,

contractors

4,000.00 4 weeks

(c ) Community

members

(youths)

Environmental

Sanitation

Practices

State/LGA

Ministry of

Health/Environ

ment

Consultant

1,000.00 1 week



56

S/N S/N Capacity


Resource

Persons

Cost per

Participant

($)

Duration

4. Training

a

Community

members,

contractors

staff etc.

Malaria/HIV-

AIDS

Awareness

campaigns

Consultant

Ministry of

Health

1,500.00 for

each

Campaign

4,500.00 for

three.

Two or

Thrice

during

project

construction

phase (Day)

b.

c.

LGA Staff

SPIU Staff

Training in

RAMP

Operation and

management

FPMU

Consultants

Needs

Assessment

first

1 week

d. LG Council

Staff

SPIU Staff

Institutional

Strengthening

Consultant

FPMU

Needs

Assessment

first

Progressive

5. Construction

and

maintenance

of equipment.

LG Council

Staff

SPIU Staff

Road

Maintenance

equipment

training/acqui

sition

Manufacturer’s

Representative

Needs

Assessment

first

2 weeks for

training

6. Honorarium, Transport, Accommodation, Feeding for 20

resource person

20,000.00

Total per participant $55,500.00

7.7 Capacity of CBOs and local institutions

In nearly all the communities along all route corridors, there are varieties of

CBOs. These associations are mostly on gender- and agro - lines, and border on

improved livelihood of members and general community development. In nearly

all communities, however, such associations are generally very weak. The

officials of most of the associations lacked the minimum skills and capacities to

reach out to other relevant organizations and government institutions at state and

national levels. On the other hand, the capacity of government sponsored local

institutions in few of the communities is also very weak. The Local Government

Council, which is the nearest government to the community, lacks the adequate

capacity in terms of manpower and financial resources to perform the roles

expected of it (i.e. improvement of the socio-economic life of members of the

community). It is also evident that the Local Government Council expends most

of its resources on urban and semi-urban areas within its jurisdiction. This leaves

out rural communities in the present study area at a disadvantage. The



57

community/social development units in the Local Government Councils need

upgrading.

7.8 Perception of the proposed road project

Overall, the awareness and reception of the proposed road is excellent in the

respective communities. All the residents of the communities visited expressed

joy at the proposed project. Their expectation is that it will promote development

in the region by way of job creation, infrastructural development, in particular,

housing, healthcare, better schools, portable water and electricity supply, and most

probably promote tourism. From the consultations held with the community

members along the roads, the following are the appreciations noted by the

stakeholders.

Increased road strength and capacity

All year access would be provided

Improved drainage and reduced flooding

Reduction cost of transportation

Increased travel comfort

Reduced vehicle operating cost and travel time

Attraction of investment and businesses

Increased revenue of local people from businesses

Increased employment during construction and road maintenance phases

Enhance regional integration and harmony

Improved living standards

Nevertheless, the stakeholders expressed some concerns regarding the following

issues:

Timelines and adequacy of their compensation packages where applicable

Increased atmospheric dust and noise during construction

Provision of adequate road signs and other architecture to reduce

pedestrian- vehicular conflicts

Pedestrian safety in the settlement areas along roads corridor

Pedestrian and travellers safety with respect to vehicular speed

Proper location and rehabilitation of burrow pits and quarries

Public awareness and education about the project especially the road

maintenance activities.



58

8.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

8.1 Summary

After the Environmental and Socio-Economic Impact Assessment exercise for

Adamawa State RAMP II Project, the key issues identified are summarized as

follows;

In the recent past (10 years) a good number of changes have taken place in the

country to strengthens the National policy and the legislative framework for

managing the country’s’ resources as defined in the National Policy on

Environment (Agenda 21) of 1999. Considerable progress has been made in

establishing the policy and legal framework for environmental concerns, but the

institutional capacities of the enforcing agencies are still being developed

(NESREA). The overall responsibility for implementing the various

environmental legislations is vested in the Federal and States Ministries of

Environment through their different agencies.

Some key pieces of legislation to facilitate environmental management in Nigeria

are; the Environmental Impact Assessment ACT (2004); Harmful Waste (special

criminal provision etc) ACT (2004); Water Resources ACT (2004) and the

National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency

(NESREA) ACT 2010, to mention a few.

During the ESIA field survey, it became obvious that the internal capacity for the

environmental and social management of the road sector needs to be strengthened.

The consultants and contractors and other sector players need to acquire self-

regulatory roles regarding environmental impact management.

When the list of roads was given, no road map was supplied. Some names of the

villages along the routes were wrongly spelt and distances were inaccurate in

some cases.

There is really no major significant negative impact anticipated to be associated

with the project as the predicted potential negative impacts are predominantly

direct and short term. If the mitigation measures proposed are implemented, such

impacts would be greatly minimized or even eliminated.

Some factors interact to give rise to environmental impacts on road projects. For

instance, erosion on roads arises from the interaction between design,

construction, surrounding land use and soil type. As such the definition of



59

quantifiable evaluation criteria to enable the assessment of impact trends is

difficult. Therefore, one usually resorts to taking a qualitative approach derived

from information about the area and references of other activities.

The nature of the RAMP II project in Adamawa State is such that virtually all the

construction work would be on the existing roads alignment and so, would avoid

or considerably reduce the intensity of the adverse impacts, usually experienced in

new roads construction. Good management, good engineering design and good

construction and supervision would ensure the effective mitigation of the impacts.

There would be no direct impacts on sensitive environments like habitats,

sanctuaries, cultural heritage or archaeological finds as a result of this project.

One family at Dubwangun would be affected through the acquisition of about

60m2 of their land and the removal of a fence of trees surrounding their

compound. This is to allow for a widening of the road adjacent to the compound.

This family will suffer only a very marginal discomfort and an ARAP has been

prepared for it.

One important problem militating against effective environmental management of

road projects is the general lack of awareness of field engineers, contractors and

many stakeholders, about environmental issues and concerns. It is very unlikely

that any real support to address this can be provided in the short term.

As much as possible, the World Bank requirements stipulating the involvement of

the beneficiaries in project cycles have been highlighted as a strong tool for

environmental management and sustainability of the project.

8.2 Conclusion

This ESIA report has considered the environmental and socio-economic

implications of executing the RAMP II project in Adamawa State, in consonance

with the ToR.

There is generally a heightened awareness among members of the public who

show concern and expect high quality services. Therefore, it is important that

efforts are made to address the relevant environmental and social issues identified.

With respect to RAMP II in Adamawa State, the contractor and the supervising

institutions must show a high level of commitment to the effective implementation

of the mitigation measures. Invariably, a systematic programme of capacity

building for manpower development is essential.



60

After examining all the components of the RAMP in Adamawa State, it may be

concluded that the project is feasible and viable. Compared with the alternatives

which analyses have been documented in Chapter 4, the rural road project is

capable of boosting agricultural productivity, improved livelihoods, economic

empowerment, socio-cultural harmony and integration in the project areas.

However, the realization of these noble objectives is firmly rooted in the political

will, commitment and determination of all stakeholders to vigorously implement

all the safeguards and mitigations recommended to address the negative

environmental and socio-economic impacts identified. The ESMP prescribed has

adequately specified the tasks and responsibilities of the various stakeholders

whose compliance would greatly enhance the sustainability of the project.

Disclosures:

The ESIA ARAP and ESMP documents would be disclosed by the FPMU who

would make copies available to all their State Project Implementation Units, their

websites, and to PAPs. Copies would also be sent to the State and Federal

Ministries of Environment for public display on their notice board; and to the 8

Local Government Area councils where the project is domiciled. Efforts would

also be made to display the documents at strategic public places in the project area

for the benefit of stakeholders. When the FPMU has done this, the World Bank,

the French Development Agency would then disclose them electronically in their

websites.



61

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An analysis of Cities and Villages with Populations of 2,500-15,000. Center for

community economic Development, University of Winsconsin-Extention.

Trusty, W. 1999, Land Use Planning, Design Review: Essential Components for

Maintaining Countryside Character. Prepared for the Planning Committee and Town

Board of Lyons, Walworth County.January 6, Urban Land Institute, Development

Impact Assessment. Chapter 6, Social Impact Analysis.



64

Wood, C. M. and Lee N. (1984): Methods of EIA in Project Appraisals

Department of Town and Country Planning, University of Manchester, Manchester,

England

World Business Council for Sustainable Development (2005) Environmental and

Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Guidelines.



APPENDICES



APPENDIX ‘I’

Site Photographs of Adamawa RAMP II Road Conditions



Fig. 1: Exsisting road ravaged by erosion2: Erosion ravaged

landscape, Zah area, Michika LGA

Fig. 2: Highly dissected terrain at foot hill of the Eastern

Piedmont mountain ranges, Zar area Michika LGA



Fig. 3: Upland hill ranges of the Eastern Piedmont Mountain at the

background, Zah area Michika LGA

Fig. 4: Outliers of mesas and buttes Zah area Michika LGA



Fig. 5: Typical scenery over the Benue River trough showing gullying, in Kebali, Demsa LGA



Fig. 6: Children scooping out water from river bed in the dry season

Fig. 7: Federal rural water supply Project in Njoboliyo, Yola South LGA



Fig. 8: Water vendor at suburb location, Kwanawaya, Yola South LGA

Fig. 9: Terrace cropping, at Zah area in Michika LGA



Fig. 10: Terrace cropping, in Zah area Michika LGA

Fig. 11: Uncultivated alluvial soils –Mbemun (Larmude LGA)



Fig. 12: Typical park land vegetation close to settlement

Fig. 13: Compound vegetation, Bitiku, Madagali LGA



Fig. 14: Scrub land

Fig. 15: Dum pam forest at Kodomun, Demsa LGA



Fig. 16: Riparian forest- Kebali, Numan LGA

Fig. 17: Fuelwood merchant heading to town- picture taken at Goron



Fig. 18: Savanna sugar company plantation at Mbemun, Lamude LGA

Fig. 19: Irrigation cropping along floodplain over highland area sefa, Michika LGA



Fig. 20: Quarying for brick block moulding, Lawe, Demsa LGA

Fig. 21a: Typical scenery during the soccio -economic survey of

communities along the road corridors -Kebali Numan.



21b .

21c .



Fig. 21d: Yanga, Demsa LGA

Fig. 21e: Yanga, Demsa LGA



Fig. 21f: Partial encroachment spot on the road at Dubwangun, Larmude LGA

Fig. 21g:: Segement of encroachment at Kodomun, Demsa LGA



Fig. 22a: Typical village compound on the Benue flood plains, Kebali, Numan LGA

Fig. 22b: Typical compound over the foothill, Sefa area Michika LGA



Fig. 22c: Typical compound over the foothill, Zah area Michika LGA

Fig. 23a: Typical market under tree at village square, Goron, Gerei LGA



Fig. 23b: Market at village square

Fig. 24a: Village mechanic at Njoboliyo



Fig. 24b: Village kiosks

Fig. 24c: Tailoring services under NDE programme, Sefa, Michika LGA



APPENDIX ‘II’

List of Economic and Medicin al Plant in the Project Areas



LIST OF PLANT ALONG KWANAN WAYA-NAMTARI ROAD (YOLA SOUTH L.G.A)

S/N BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY COMMON NAME HAUSA NAME ETHNO-BOTANY

1. Azadirachta Indica Meliaceae Neem Dogon yaro Insecticide

2. Tamarindus indica Leguminosae:C Tamarind Tsamiya Laxative

3. Hyphaene thebiaca Palmae Dum palm Goriba Leaves (Jaundice)

4. Annogeissus leiocarpus Combretaccea African Birch Marke LVS (cough)

5. Guiera senegalensis Combretaceae Senegals guiera Sabara Anti diarrhoeal

6. Borassus aethiopum Palmae Fan palm Giginya Root (sore Throat)

7. Combretum molle Combretaceae Combretum Gogen damo Bark (injuries)

8. Daniellia oliverii Leguminosae:C Balsam tree Kadaura Bark (Menstrual disorder)

9. Adansonia digitata Bombacaceae Baobab Kuka LVS (Asthma)

10. Khaya senegalensis Meliaceae Mahogany Madaci Bark (malaria Fever)

11. Acacia polyacantha Leguminosae:M Flat spine gum Arabic Kumbar shaho Root (snake bite)

12. Teminallia avvicennoide Combretaceae Terminacia Baushe Anti bacterial

13. Wissadula amplisima Malvaceae Wissa leave

14. Dichrostachys cinerea Leguminosae:M Double flower

Marabou thorn Dundu Root (diuretic)



15. Waltheria indica Sterculiaceae Indian waltheria Hankufa Adrenalin sufressor

16. Lannea acida Anacardiaceae Lannea plum Faru Venereal diseases

17. Adansonia digitata Bombacaceae Baobab Kuka Lvs. (Asthma)

18. Phoenix dactylifera Palmae Dabino Lvs. (Mat weaving)

19. Musa sapientum Musaceae Banana Ayaba

20. Eucalyptus citriodora Myrtaceae Eucalyptus

Lemon scented gum Turare Bronchitis

21. Entada Africana Leguminosae:M African entada Tawasja Root (syphilis)

22. Dichrostachys cinerea Leguminosae:M Double flower Dundu Dieuretic, Measles

23. Ziziphus mucrunata Rhamnaceae Jujube Magaryar kuka Gonococcal Infection

24. Feretia apodanthera Rubiaceae Lallen jiba Syphilis and Gonorhea (root)

25. Saba florida Sapotaceae Ciwo Root (analgesic)

26. Eragorastis ligulata Poaceae Wiry love grass Komayya Love remote

27. Leptadenia hastata Asclepiadaceae Ya diya Condiments

28. Ficus platyphylla Moraceae Flake rubber tree Gamji Stem (convulsion)

29. Detarium microcarpum Leguminosae:M Tallow tree Taura Root (diarrhea)



LIST OF PLANTS ALONG JIMETA BYE-PASS - JAMBUTU- BOGGARE ROAD (YOLA NORTH L.G.A)

S/N BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY COMMON

NAME HAUSA NAME NOTE ETHNO-BOTANY

1. Ficus polita Moraceae Shiny leaved

fig Durumi Shade

2. Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Mango Magoro Fuel wood, shade

3. Polyalthia longifolia Annonaceae Masquerade Machikule Wind breaker

4. Tamarindus indica Leguminosae: C Tamarind Tsamiya Source of vitamin c

5. Urelytrum gigenteum Poaceae Giant

urelytrum Jema Preservation of water

6. Acacia senegalensis Leguminosae:M Fodder tree Kumba shaho Medicinal

7. Cissus quadrangularis Vitaceae 4angled steam Daddori

8. Boscia senegalensis Capparidaceae Anza Root (sexual impotence)

9. Moringa oleifera Moringaceae Horse raddish Zogale Hypertension

10. Phoenix dactylifera Palmae Phoenix Dabino Mat making

11. Newbouldia laevis Bignoniaceae Tree of life Aduruku Breast cancer (Lvs.)

12. Achyranthes aspera Amaranthaceae Prickly chaff

flower

Kaimin

kadangare Aid walking in children



LIST OF PLANTS ALONG MILDO - KAMBURO - MADAGALI ROAD (MADAGALI L.G.A)


1. Parkinsonia aculeata Leguminosae:C Jerusalem thorn Aljannatu Seeds (tuberculosis)

2. Acacia nilotica Leguminosae:M Fodder tree Gawo Tannin

3. Hypaene thebiaca Palmae Dum palm Goriba Dizziness (fruit)

4. Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Mango Mangoro Stem (piles)

5. Balanites aegyptiaca Balanitaceae Desert date Aduwa Piles

6. Sclerocarya birrea Anacardiaceae Plum Danya Bark (anti venom)

7. Ipomoea fistulosa Convolvulaceae Carnea weed - Keep off snakes

8. Combretum racemosum Combretaceae Red flowered combretum Bauli Apiculture

9. Adansonia digitata Bombacaceae Baobab Kuka Lvs (Asthma)

10. Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Neem Darbejiya Insecticide

11. Ficus ingens Moraceae Fig tree Kawuri Piles

12. Jatropha curcas Euphorbiaceae Purgin nut Bini da zugu Insecticide (seeds)

13. Tamarindus indica Leguminosae:C Tamarind Tsamiya Laxative

14. Ficus platyphylla Moraceae Fig tree Gamji Piles



15. Vitex doniana Ebenaceae Balack plum Dinya Diarrhoea

16. Acacia polyacantha Leguminosae:M Thorny fodder Dakwara Root( Snake bite)

17. Sclerocarya birrea Anacardiaceae plum Danya Astringent

18. Commiphora kerstingii Burseraceae African myrrh Arrow poison

19. Eucalyptus citriodora Myrtaceae Lemon scented gum Turare Bronchodilator

20. Parkia biglobosa Leguminosae: M Locust bean Dorawa Stem (piles)

21. Annogeissus leiocarpus Combretaceae African birch Marke Cough

22. Lannea acida Anacardiaceae Plum Faru Fruit (Scurvy)

23. Butyrospermum

paradoxum Sapotaceae Shear butter Kadanya Bush lamp oil

24. Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae Castor oil Zurman Oil

25. Sterculia setigera Sterculiaceae Karaya gum Kukuki Bark (vomiting)

26. Terminalia macroptera Combretaceae Canni Baushe Lvs (Gastritis)

27. Newbouldia laevis Bignoniaceae Fertility tree Aduruku



LIST OF PLANTS ALONG SHUWA - PALLAM ROAD (MADAGALI L.G.A)


1. Ficus polita Moraceae Shiny leaved fig. Durumi Shade

2. Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Mango Magoro Fuel wood, shade

3. Polyalthia longifolia Annonaceae Masquerade Machikule Wind braker

4. Tamarindus indica Leguminosae: C Tamarind Tsamiya Source of vitamin C

5. Urelytrum giganteum Poaceae Giant urelytrum Jema Preservation of water

6. Acacia senegalensis Leguminosae: M Fodder tree Kumba shaho Sore throat



LIST OF PLANTS ALONG KOE TO KOPPA ROAD (MADAGALI L.GA)


1. Cissus quadrangularis Vitaceae 4 angled stem Daddori

2. Boscia senegalensis Capparidaceae Anza Sexual impotence

3. Moringa oleifera Moringaceae Horse raddish Zogale Diabetes

4. Phoenix dactylifera Arecaceae Phoenix Dabino Craft (Lvs)

5. Newbouldia laevis Bignoniaceae Fertility tree Aduruku Lvs (Breast cancer)

6. Achyranthes aspera Amaranthaceae Kaimin kadangare Aid walking

7. Balanites aegyptiaca Balanitaceae Desert date Aduwa Piles (fruit)

8. Ziziphus mucrunata Rhamnaceae Jujube Magaryar kura Bark (Urethritis)

9. Butyrospermum

paradoxum Sapotaceae Shear butter Kadanya Bush Lamp Oil



LIST OF PLANTS ALONG KAYA-SABON GARI ROAD (MADAGALI LGA).


1. Vitellaria paradoxum Sapotceae Shear butter Kadanya Oil bush lamp

2. Danielia oliverii Fabaceae:C Balsam tree Maje Tooth ache

3. Piliostigma thonningii Fabaceae:C Camels foot Kalgo Snake bite

4. Parinari macrophylla Chrysoba lanaceae Ginger bread plum Rura Seed (antihelminthic)

5. Citrus sinensis Rutaceae Sweet orange Lemu Cough

6. Elaise geneensis Arecaceae Palm oil Kwakwan manja Root (syphilis)

7. Lannea acida Anacardiaceae Bunch plum Faru Fruit (rickets)

8. Strychnos spinosus Loganiaceae Monkey ball tree Kokiya Panacea

9. Pterocarpus

erinacceaus Fabaceae: P Senegal rose wood tree Madobiya (leave Ashes) mental illness

10. Musa sapientum Musaceae Banana Ayaba Fever

11. Ficus thonningii Fabaceae: C Camels foot Kalgo Snake bite

12. Annogeisus leiocarpus Combretaceae African birch Marke Cough

13. Anacardium occidentale Anacardiaceae Cashew Yazawa Fungicides

14. Calotropis procera Ascleipiadaceae Sodom apple tamfafiya Lvs (piles)



LIST OF PLANTS NJOBOLI - RUGANGE ROAD (YOLA SOUTH L.G.A.)


1. Cordia Africana Boraginaceae Sebesten plum Alilliba Lvs (leprosy)

2. Leptadenia hastata Ascleipiadaceae Crown sthrub Yadiya

3. Acacia albida Leguminosae:M Apple ring Gawo Root (pneumonia)

4. Euphorbia deightonii Cactaceae Cactus Kerana Fencing

5. Ficus sycomorus Moraceae Fig tree Baure Bark (purgative)

6. Ficus platyphylla Moraceae Fig tree Gamji

7. Prosopis Africana Leguminosae:M Iron wood Kirya Root (Lvs. Fatique)

8. Ficus ingens Moraceae Fig tree Kawuri Root (Neurlgia)

9. Spondias cytherea Anacardiaceae Plum Maleruwa Resinos gum

10. Pandiaka heudollottii Amaranthaceae Sessile weed Witch craft

11. Agave sisalana Agavaceae Sisal hemp Zabuwa Blood tonic

12. Cassia sinqueana Leguminosae:C Yellow flowered senna Runhu Leaves (post-natal care)

13. Indigofera arrecta Leguminosae:P Indigo weed Baba Dye source

14. Mimosa pigra Leguminosae:M Sensitive plant Gumbi Root ashes (T.B)



15. Coldenia procumbens Boraginaceae

16. Cardiospermum

halicavum Sapindaceae Frogs bladder Hantar kwado

17. Ficus iteophylla Moraceae

18. Sclerocarya birrea Anacardiaceae Nunu danya Bark (Anti venom)

19. Piliostigma thonningii Leguminosae:C Camel’s foot Kalgo Snake bite

20. Carrisa edulis Apocynaceae Natal plum Cizaki

21. Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Mango Mangoro (Stem) Piles

22. Psidium guaja Myrtaceae Guava Gwaiba Lvs (Anti diarrhoea)



LIST OF PLANTS ALONG LABONDO TO BORRONG ROAD (GEREI LGA)

S/N BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY COMMON

NAME HAUSA NAME NOTE ETHNO-BOTANY

1. Adasonia digitata Bambacaceae Baobab Kuka Asthma

2. Hypheaene thebiaca Palmae Dum palm Goriba Fruit (dizziness)

3. Spondias mombin Anacardiaceae Hog Plum Tsadar masar Bark (Emetic)



LIST OF PLANTS IN MICHIKA L.G.A

BAZZA TO KALIKASA


1. Khaya senegalensis Meliaceae Mahogany Madaci Stem (Nausea)

2. Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Neem Darbejiya Lvs (Insecticide)

3. Ficus thonningii Moraceae Fig tree Chediya Root (Tetanus)

4. Ziziphus abbysinica Rhamnaceae Jujuba catch thorn Magaryar kura Root (Analgesic)

5. Acacia polyacantha Leguminosae: M Fodder tree Kumbar shaho Gastro Intestinal Disorder

6. Euphorbia camerunica Cactaceae Cactus Tunya Latex (Purgative)

7. Jatropha carcass Euphorbiaceae Purgin nut Bini da zugu Ringworm

8. Balanites aegyptiaca Baianitaceae Desert date Aduwa Desert date

9. Tamanndus indica Leguminosae: C Tamarind Tsamiya Laxative

10. Acacia nilotica Leguminosae: M Black tamarind Bagaruwa Tannin

11. Ipomoea fistulosa Convolvulaceae Carnea weed - Send away snakes off

12. Euphorbia deightonii Euphorbiaceae Cactus Tunya Latex (High blood pressure)

13. Parinari cutatellifolia Chrysobacanaceae Bread plum Rura Root (Rhinitis)



LIST OF PLANTS IN BUPPA VILLAGE


1. Acacia senegalensis Leguminosae: M Gum Arabic Kumba shaho Sore throat (Bark)

2. Borrassus aethiopum Palmae Fan palm Giginya Root (Sore throat)

3. Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Mango Mangwaro Piles

4. Manihot utilissima Euphoribiaceae Cassava Rogo Hernia (Lvs)

5. Ficus ingens Moraceae Fig Kawuri Piles

6. Borassus aethiopum Palmae Fan palm Giginya Root (Sore throat)

7. Parkia biglobosa Leguminosae: M Locust bean Dorawa Root (Pneumonia)

8. Ipomoea fistilosa Convolvulaceae Carnea’s weed - Send away snakes off

9. Calotropis procera Ascleipiadaceae Sodom apple Tumfafiya Root (Purgative)

10. Hollarhena floribunda Apocynaceae False rubber tree Bakin mayu Root (Gonorrhoea)

11. Isoberlinia doka Leguminosae: C Doka Doka Economic Wood

12. Acacia siebenana Leguminosae: M White thorn Farar kaya Root (Anaemia)

13. Cassia singueana Leguminosae: C Yellow senna Runhu Post natal care

14. Adansonia digitata Bombacaceae Baobab Kuka Lvs (Asthma)



LIST OF PLANTS ALONG KARAZZAH TO ZAH ROAD


1. Combretum racemosum Comretaceae red flowered combretum Baushe -

2. Euphorbia camerunica Cactaceae Cactus Tunya Latex (Purgative)

3. Opuntia-ficus-carica Cactaceae Cactus Tunya

4. Euphoribia deightonii Euphoribiaceae Cactus Tunya Latex (High blood pressure)

5. Burkea Africana Fabaceae: C Makarho Back (Gonorrhoea)

6. Antidesma venosum Euphorbiaceae Bark cloth Stem (Itching)

7. Cassia sieberiana Fabaceae: C Drumstick Marga Root (expel tapeworm)

8. Afzelia Africana Fabaceae: C African oak Kawo Antidote to poison

9. Uvaria chamae Annonaceae Finger root Lukuki Rheumatic colds (root)

10. Erythrophleum

suaveolens Fabaceae: C Odeal tree Sanberu Cardiotonic

11. Bombax costatum Bombacaceae Red silk cotton Gurjiya Bark (ease childbirth)

12. Fagara xanthozyloides Rutaceae Candle stick Fasakwari Root (sickle cell)

13. Baphia nitida Fabaceae: P Cam wood Majigi Anti-Microbial

14. Tamarindus indica Fabaceae: C Tamarind Tsamiya Laxative



15. Punica granatum Punicaceae Pomegranate Ruman Fruit (scurvy)

16. Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Guava Gwaiba Anti diarhoea (Lvs)

17. Ceiba pentandra Bombacaceae Silk cotton Rimi Soft wood

18. Stereospermum

kunthianum Bignoniaceae Kunths stercos Jiri Root (Dieuretic)

19. Rouvolfia caffra Apocynaceae Swizzle stick Wada

20. Adamsonia digitata Bombacaceae Baobab Kuka Lvs (Asthma)



LIST OF PLANT IN NUMAN L.G.A.

LIST OF PLANTS ALONG KPASHAM-YANGA ROAD


1. Parkinsonia aculeate Leguminosae:M Jerusalem thorn Aljanatu Lvs (Dieuretic)

2. Ziziphus mucrunata Rhamnaceae Jujube Magaryar kura Root (gonococcal Infection)

3. Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Neem tree Dogon yaro Lvs (Insecticide)

4. Carica papaya Caricaceae Paw paw Gwanda Yellow fever (Lvs)

5. Blighia sapida Sapindaceae Akee Gwanja kusa Bark (stimulant)

6. Entada africana Fabaceae: M Tawatsa Bark (ricket) antiseptic

7. Khaya senegalensis Meliaceae Mahogany Madaci Stem (Nausea)

8. Prosopis africana Fabaceae: M Axle wood Kirya

9. Detarium microcarpum Fabaceae: C Taura

10. Detarium Senegalese Fabaceae: M Tallow tree Taura Bark (Pneumonia)

11. Afromosia laxiflora Fabaceae: C Satin Wood Makarho (Bites, Dog, Snake)

12. Gmelina arborea Verbenaceae Gmelina Dinyar bature Insecticide (seeds)

13. Terminalia

avecenneides Combretaceae Baushe Root (Leprosy)

14. Combretum sericeum combretaceae African group Taro

15. Gliricidia sepium Fabaceae:P Chocholate tree Lus (RAT Poison)




16. Annona senegalensis Annonaceae Custard apple Gwandar daji Fruit (expel Worms)

17. Terminalia mollis Combretaceae Baushe Anti Microbal

18. Vitex doniana Verbenaceae Black plum Dinya Fruit (Anti Diarrhoea)

19. Bauhinia rufescens Fabaceae: C Camel’s foot Jirga Bark (Hepatitis)

20. Tamarindus indica Leguminosae: C Tamarind Tsamiya Laxative

21. Hyphaene thebiaca Palmae Dum palm Goriba Craft, Mat

22. Annogeissus leiocarpus Combretacea African birch Marke Stem (Cough)

23. Guiera senegalensis Combretacea Senegals guiera Sabara Anti Diarrhoea

24. Borassus aethiopum Palmae Fan palm Giginya Lvs. (Mat)

25. Combretum molle Combretacea Combretum Gogen damo Root (Convulsion)

26. Daniellia oliverii Leguminosae: C Balsam tree Kadaura Tooth Ache

27. Khaya senegalensis Meliaceae Mahogany Madaci Stem (Stomach Ache)

28. Acacia polyacantha Leguminosae: M Flat Thorn Acacia Kumbar Shaho Root (Snake Bite)

29. Terminalia

avviecennoide Combretaceae Terminacia Baushe Root (Leprosy)


31. Dichrostachys cinerea Leguminosae:M Marabou Thorn Dundu Root (Anti Venom)

32. Waltheria indica Sterculiaceae Indian waltheria Hankufa Tyroxine Suppressor




33. Ipomoea fistulusa Convolvulaceae Carnea’s weed - Keep snake off

34. Lannea acida Anacardiaceae Lannea plum Faru

35. Adamsonia digitata Bombacaceae Baobab Kuka Lvs (Asthma)

36. Phoenix dactylifera Palmae Date palm Dabino Lvs (Mat)

37. Musa sapientum Musaceae Banana Ayaba Yellow Fever

38. Eucalyptus citriodora Myrtaceae Eucalyptus Turare Bronchitis

39. Entada Africana Leguminosae:M African entada Tawatsa Root (Rickets)

40. Dichrostachys cinerea Leguminosae:M Marabou Thorn Dundu Root (Anti Venom)

41. Ziziphus mucrunata Rhamnaceae Jujuba Magaryar kura Root (Dieuretic)

42. Feretia apodanthera Rubiaceae Lallen jiba Root (Syphilis &

Gonorrhoea)

43. Saba florida Sapotaceae Ciwo Root (Jaundice)

44. Eragorastis ligulata Poaceae Wiry love grass Komayya Love remote

45. Leptadenia hastata Asclepiadaceae Ya diya Lvs. (Vermifuge)

46. Ficus platyphylla Moraceae Broad leaved fig Gamji Root (Female Sterility)

47. Detarium microcarpum Leguminosae:C Tallow tree Taura Bark (Pneumonia)



LIST OF PLANT IN LAMURDE L.G.A.

LIST OF PLANTS ALONG BILLE TO MAYO-BELWA ROAD



2. Dichrostachys cinerea Leguminosae:M Double flower Dundu Root (Anti Venom)

3. Waltheria indica Sterculiaceae Indian waltheria Hankufa Tyroxine Suppressor

4. Lannea acida Anacardiaceae Lannea plum Faru Root (Veneral Disease

5. Adamsonia digitata Bombacaceae Baobab Kuka Lvs. (Asthma)

6. Phoenix dactylifera Palmae Date Palm Dabino Lvs (Mat)

7. Musa sapientum Musaceae Banana Ayaba Yellow fever

8. Eucalyptus citriodora Myrtaceae Eucalyptus Turare Bronchitis

9. Entada Africana Leguminosae: M African entada Tawatsa Root (Rickets)

10. Dichrostachys cinerea Leguminosae: M Double flower Dundu Root (Anti Venom)

11. Ziziphus mucrunata Rhamnaceae Jujube Magaryar kura Root (Dieuretic)

12. Feretia apodanthera Rubiaceae - Lallen jiba Root (Syphilis & Gonorrhoea

13. Mitragyna Innermis Rubiaceae False Abura Giyayya Wick-low

14. Ficus thonningii Moraceae Fig tree Chediya Root (Jaundice)

15. Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Neem Darbejiya Lvs. (Insecticide)

16. Khaya senegalensis Meliaceae Mahogany Madaci Stem (Stomach Ache)




17. Ziziphus abbysinica Rhamnaceae Jujuba Magaryar kura Root (Dieuretic)

18. Jatropha curcas Euphorbiaceae Purging nut Bini da zugu Seeds Birth Control

19. Euphorbia camerunica Cactaceae Cactus Tunya

20. Acacia polyacantha Leguminosae: M Fodder tree Kumbar shaho Root (Snake Bite)

21. Ipomoea fistulosa Convolvulaceae Carnea weed - Send Away Snake off

22. Tamanndus indica Leguminosae: C Tamarind Tsamiya Fruit (Laxative)

23. Acacia nilotica Leguminosae: M Black tamarind Bagaruwa

24. Balanites aegyptiaca Bacanitaceae Desert date Aduwa Piles

25. Acacia Senegalensis Leguminosae: M Senegals acacia Kumba shaho Root (Snake Bite)

26. Manihot utilissima Euphoribiaceae Cassava Rogo Lvs. (Hernea)

27. Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Mango Mangwaro Piles

28. Borrassus aethiopum Palmae Fan palm Giginya Skin Disease

29. Ficus ingens Moraceae Fig Kawuri Bark (Tonic)

30. Parkia biglobosa Leguminosae: M Locust bean Dorawa Bark (Piles)

31. Borassus aethiopum Palmae Fan palm Giginya Lvs. (Craft)

32. Calotropis procera Ascleipiadaceae Sodom apple Tumfafiya Lvs. (Heammorhoides)

33. Acacia siebenana Leguminosae: M Fodder Farar kaya Bark (Vermifuge)


35. Hollarhena floribunda Apocynaceae Bunch of flower Bakin mayu Root (High Blood Pressure)

36. Cassia singueana Leguminosae: C Yellow senna Runhu Post natal Care



LIST OF PLANTS IN NEW DEMSA - PUDDE (DEMSA L.G.A)


1. Acacia Senegal Leguminosae: M Senegals acacia Kumba shaho Root (Snake Bite)

2. Manihot utilissima Euphorbiaceae Cassava Rogo Lvs. (Hernia)

3. Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Mango Mangwaro Stem (Piles)

4. Borrassus aethiopum Palmae Fan palm Giginya Lvs. (Mat)

5. Parkia biglobosa Leguminosae: M Locust bean Dorawa Lvs. (Hemorrhages)

6. Borassus aethiopum Palmae Fan palm Giginya Lvs. (Mat)

7. Ficus ingens Moraceae Fig Kawuri Bark (Tonic)

8. Hollarhena floribunda Apocynaceae False Rubber Bakin mayu Root (High Blood Pressure)

9. Calotropis procera Ascleipiadaceae Sodom apple Tumfafiya Lvs (Piles)

10. Ipomoea fistulosa Convolvulaceae Carnea’s weed - Send Away Snakes off


12. Adansonia digitata Bombacaceae Baobab Kuka Lvs. (Asthma)

13. Cassia singueana Leguminosae: C Yellow senna Runhu Post Natal Care

14. Acacia siebenana Leguminosae: M White Thorn Farar kaya Root (Snake Bite)

15. Ziziphus spina-christi Rhamnaceae Jujuba Magaryar kura Root (Dieuretic)

16. Cadaba farinosa Caparidaceae - Anza Root (food Poisoning)



APPENDIX ‘III’

List of Community Members Consulted along the Roads



1. KPASHAM - KEBALI - YANGA

9/3/2012

Lady Seraya Linus

Patricia Abraham

Tejia Linus

Ruth Daniel

Paulina Ndiddah

Rahman Ndidda

Wurizammah Ndidda

Zebulom Linus

Felix Jerome

Ndagi Jonathan

Felicia Aassa

Linus Zaro

Danjos

Lackson Istakids

Maigia Istakids

John Wakili

Pius Japhet

Innocent Eremiaya

Samiruna B. Kalu

Lewis J. Kalu

Akanyato Hauka

Humwupwa Haruna

Reuben Jonathan

Umashi Yohanna

James Audu

Dishon Edison

Gamaliel Marcus

Elewese Zakusa

Roger Moses

Maigari Bello

Musa Ibrahim

Pango Shedi

Edison Bakarorra

Abel Janko

Haruna Marcus

Babao Sericus

Marcles Jinde

Ibrahim Buba

Samuel Jokthan

Sanamo Niyanso

Gideon Jerrison

Goje Yang

Emmanuel Nwemi

Mathias Nzegilanwe

Thioshi Aliu

Raji Marcus

Leje Haruna

Shedrach Philip

Davis Marcus

Thombolowa Marcus

Kpeshi Paulvis

Shalom Anthony

Eremedi Nehemiah

Eremia Nehemiah

Mr. Gillah

Chabwanin Boy

Kingsley Rude

2. NewDemsa- Pudde 10/3/2012

Supplementary List to the Gender List

Mall. Buba Isah and his household

comprising of:

Mrs Ladi Buba Isa - wife

Mrs Hassana Buba Isa - wife

Mrs Ladi Buba Isa – wife

Mrs Blessing Amos – Chancellor’s

wife

Adamu Kodomum,

Dwalana Aliu

Somaila Donald

Rabiu Mohammad

Osoun Seaman

Losun Lefiya

Chabwanimim Boy Gillah.



Obadiah

John Wakili

Gipson Tawunan

Granso Babaka Maliki

Samaila Donath

3. Njiboli -Rugange 11/3/2012

Henry Samare - Carpenter

Wyeliff Basil - Carpenter

Enoch Zaria - Farmer

Musa Hamman - Civil Servant

Istiphanus Titus

Wakawa Pulsung

4. Labando - Borrong

Mohammed lawal

Suleiman Musa

Ahmadu Ahmadu

Abdulhamid Musa

Dauda Alhamdu

Shaibu Auchan

Goma Dabir

Bulus Dauda

Adamu Amedu

Gregory Eli,

Istifanus Titus,

Abdullahi Wakawa,

Shaibu Anchau,

Garuba Bawa,

Bagobiri Useni,

Freelan Christopher,

Elison Belmon,

Simon Missan

4 Mildo - Madagali 12/3/2012

Ardo - Baba Village Head

Rabe Ahmed Jumba

Hussaini Usman

Alhaji Abubakar Burda

Kawo Hamman

Aminu Farouk

Shehu Umar Adamu

Ayuba Yusuf

Bello Dalhatu

Buba Bappa

Salihu Abubakar

Saddam A. Buba

Ado A. Bappa

Ibrahim Jallo

Ibrahim A. Baba

Yonana Bunga

Anasi Buba

Yohanna Buba

Malwi Abdu

Danhajja Dalhatu

Hammadu Buba

Bitrus Queiza

Yerima Sidi

Isah A. Baba

Paul Yohanna (Teacher)

Pastor Peter Bakare

Pius Japhet

Simon B. Zagiyo

Esther Joseph

Ezekiel Dickson

Kamburu Madagali

Paul Yohannah

5 Kaya- Sabon Gari

Luka Mbaryam

Wazani D. Burbur

Isyaku Wafudu

Ilya Uluba

Jesibu Jida

Danladi Umar - Mason

Livinus Luka



Danjuma Margimari

Ijan Gari Apagu

Zakariya Ijabada

Usman Wazani

Bitrus Wifu

Jida Inginda

Wifu Simda

Sylvester Daniel

Catherine Thomas

Fidelis Manga

Yohana Mathias

Mal. Musa Pallam

Audi Ali

Lawan Bello.

Garba Bawa Bagobiri

6 Shuwa - Pallam

Philip Dugun Pallam – Teacher, video

camera man and Gen set/motorcycle

mechanic

Shagari LawalHealthAttendant

Solomon Isah C/Servant

Ishaya Apaju Farmer

Emmanuel Koji Applicant - Cert

in Public Admin

Anthony Ularamu applicant -SSCE

Simon Bzagiyu

Mrs. Anna Mallam

Ijumptil Luke

Esther Joseph.

Jaro Linus

Latia Danjos

John Wakili

7 Main Road - Koe - Koppa

Michael Tizhe

Marcus Cyprian - Business man

Joel Zra

Marcus Zra

Bitrus Emmanuel - Mason

Usman Baba

Abel Tizhe

Lazarus Sini - Carpenter

Andrew Boye - Blacksmith

Umaru Musa

Emmanuel Moses

Kojigili Zra

Tari Kwada

Cyprian D. Zirha - Teacher

Augustine Tailor - Butcher

Ibrahim Tar

Mrs. Martina Stephen

Mrs. Martina Steven (Nurse)

8 Bazza - Zah

Thomas Z Bashari

Daniel Tizhe

Philemon Mathias

Daniel V. Koji

Ironias Sebastine

Eugene Mathias

Thomas Tizhe

Lihama Linus

Anthony Yegwa

Noel Peter

Peter Tighu

Jacob Augustine

Wilfred Julius

Dahiru Ibrahim

Isiah Tizhe

Dauda Tumba

Bulama Lawrence Tumba - Village

Head

Solomon N Audu

Julius Tumba



Marcus Paul

Babangida John

Iko Yonana

Isa Tumba Karasude

Adqmu Garba

Danaladi jida

Ibrahim Zira

Yakubu Neyi

Tije Zira

danGaruba Goje

Yakubu Zira

Roseline Sunday

Juami Jospeh

Ishaya Sani

Tumba Bazza

Mbrisa Bitrus

Martin smion

Mal. Waga

Isaiah Semi

Isah Hubaiji

Dauda Wagalda

Tauba Tanza

9 Gyawana-Lamurde

Dommic Stephen

Samson Cleophas

Justin Manador

Mrs. Ladi Hadry

Cornelius Deckland

Granson Bakare

Victor Japhet

Jackson Matthew

Ambrose We

Kingsley Steven

11 Jambutu - Boggare

Maina Abdu

Sileiman Nasiru

Nama Maina

Umaru Gasawu

Gadawayo Huleri

Bashriu Ma

Alh. Suleiman Usman

Ruth Matthew

Mal. Mohd. Chibada

Hamza Adamu

12 Kwana waya-Namtari

Mrs Martina Jemmy

Suleiman Usman

Emma Aliyu

Isah Umar

Maina Abdu

Mohammed Kamilu

13 Bille-Mayo Belwa

Gibson Tawunan

Ibrahim Tari



APPENDIX ‘IV’

List of Women Groups Consulted in the Communities



1. Kpasham - Kebali.

Lady Saraya Linus

Patricia Abraham

Tejiya Linus

Ruth Daniel

Pauline Aassa

2. Kabeli-Lawe

Janet Paul

Hamediya Yusufu

Mary Jonathan

Christiana Gayus

Rhoda Aba

Rosetina Anthony

Laraba Anthony

Yosi Peter

Naomi Haneil

3. Lawe-yanga

Catherine Kemuel

Mary Gamaliel

Mighty Gilbert

Ladi Ericson

Ramatu Macless

Paulina Rueben

Pwalyenti Haruna

Agoso Tufe

Nelis Sidney

Tina Pwali

Helmina Bildad

Pwakulti Sidney

Doris Ericson

Pawanadi Jerison

Limna Alexander

Sabteka Timothy

Glary Jacob

Damaris Davison

Mercy Yohannah

Doris Clement

Wenti Dogara

Clara Gidieon

Rejoice P. Ericson

Forget Obadiah

Marbel Linton

Ley Azie

Faith Reuben

4. Dabah (Mayobelwa)

Esther Kilyobas

Cilyatu Wilson

Keturah Elam

Victoria Wilson

Cecilia Kalyabas

Rifikatu Alkali

5. Dubange Fade

Zirige

Hon. Agnes Daniel

Jeal Kefas

Wunba

Rejoice Ezra

Ladi Buba Isa

Hassana Isa

Ladi Isa

Blessing Amos

6. Nyibango

Hafsat Usman

Salamatu Kawo

Laraba Garga

Fadimatui Usman

Amina Adadu

Kuvum Yiguda

Ruth John

Esther Dalhatu

7. Bitiku

Aishatu Bulus



Cecilia Ijigil

Maru Dali

Juliana Musa

Rebecca Bullus

Naomi Gambo

Mangayo Mallam

Dressa Dali

Vitoria wazani

Ijafida Bulus

8. Pallam

Juliana Anthony

Esther Isa

Deborah Warda

Lucy Anthony

Laraba Sini

Jummai Sani

Stella Sunday

Musa Vandu

Rejoice Kwalha Anthony

9. Wruganyandi

Martina Stephen

Christiana Peter

Mary Joseph

Rose Steven

Rose Colomber

Lucy Christopher

Augustina Stephen

Maria Siprel

Susana Markus

Rebecca Andrew

Lucy Stephen

Lydia Peter

Paulina Augustine

Joesephen Aden

Elina Terry

10. Whobazhi

Umurat Umaru

Esther Geofery

Monica Mathias

Eunice Mathias

Saraya Daniel

Maimuna Sambo

Maria Clement

Esther Oliver

Mary Sylvester

11. Mampe

Hajiya Salome

Naomi Enoch

Ruth Peter

Monica Andarawus

Esther Bitrus

Cecilia Amos

Martha Markus

Hauwa Sunday

Saratu Sunday

12. Karausude (Zar)

Saratu Inuwa

Saratu Isa

Jummai Zira

Ladi Idi

Saratu James

Hannatu Inuwa

Naomi Ezra

Ladi John

Rebecca Bitrus

Saraya Danfulani

Hauwa Peter

Hauwa Ayuba

Saraya Inwa

Hajaratu Musa

Rebecca Amos

Lydia Joseph

Phoebe Zira



APPENDIX ‘V’

Munites of Meetings for the Discussion of Arap in Project Area



a) COMMUNITY MEETING HELD WITH PEOPLE OF DUBWANGUN ON 2ND

APRIL 2012

Agenda

1. Opening Prayer

2. Introduction

3. Chairman’s Opening Remarks

4. General Discussions

5. Any Other Business

The meeting started at about 10.30am with an opening prayer by Mr. Elisha Abba

Introduction

Professor Charles Okuofu an environmental Engineer from Yaroson Partnership Limited

the Chairman of the meeting introduced himself. All other members present at the

meeting introduced themselves.

The chairman started his opening speech by introducing RAMP II project of Adamawa

State Government through World Bank assisstant. The chairman stressed the following

points:

- The road to be constructed will be laterite with good ring pipe and box - culverts as,

well as bridges as the case may require

- That the aim of the meeting is to have an open discussion and interaction with

members of the community to establish the ownership of houses, farmlands as well

as economic trees to be affected by the road alignment; and also to hear the owners’

views.

The chairman further stated that the road would belong to them (community) and not the

government. The road will be delivered to the community by government for the

community to maintain.

General Discussion/Any Other Business

Responses from the community members:

- Michael Trune: “I am happy when I receive strangers like these” He cited the

example of the ADSUBEB project executed by Adamawa state government in their

community saying in the course of the project. He therefore called on his people

(villagers) to come together and support whatever the government is bringing to

them. The chairman made it known very clearly that it is not the intention to render

anybody homeless or even to relocate people unnecessarily. However, should there

be need to acquire anybody’s land, adequate compensation would be made.



- Samuel Shaba: Asked about the chainage markings on the wall of his house.

Response: Those markings on the houses and trees are to guide the surveyors and

contractors.

- Agnes Daniel: Asked about the compensation as to whether it is after or before the

construction, but it was made clear to her that a comprehensive compensation will be

made before construction if the need arises.

- Barnabas: Made it known to the consultant that there is an existing water pipe (3 -

4m deep) along the alignment from Chainage 2 + 000 to 2 +725 which the consultant

noted.

- Sylvanus Raun: Advised the youth to co-operate with the contractors during the

construction period so that all would benefit from the project.

The chairman requested Mr. Jimmy Joel (Brother to the PAP), to comment. He

responded that since the project is for the benefit of the community, he had no objection

particularly as compensation would be paid for whatever is affected.

In his closing remarks, the chairman thanked all the community members that attended

the meeting.

The meeting ended at about 11.45am with a closing prayer by Mrs. Doris Felix.



b) COMMUNITY MEETING HELD AT BILE ON 2nd

APRIL 2012

AGENDA

1. Opening prayer

2. Introduction

3. Chairman’s opening remarks

4. General discussions

5. Any Other Business

Before the meeting with the community, consultants held discussions with the village

Head of Bille: Chief Pius (Maigari Bille), at his residence. The Chief was told about the

need to change the road alignment and he was shown the proposed (new) route. He

confirmed the earlier thinking that the land belongs partly to Government and the

community. No objection was expressed about routing the road through that land except

that if any economic tree is cut, adequate compensation should be paid. Consultants

took the chief through the proposed route for clarity.

The meeting with the community members started about 3.00pm with an opening prayer

by Miss Memhgayans Michael.

The chairman started by telling the community the importance of the road to be

constructed. The road after construction will be handed to the community for proper

maintenance. The road will be lateritic and it is expected that the youth would be

involved in its maintenance. The chairman further stated that, after the road

construction, it is expected to open up the community and the rate of insecurity could be

increased, necessitating a need for a vigilante group. The rate of communicable diseases

could also increase to a higher level, and so the need for awareness creation. He charged

women to come out of their shells as there is no job that is strictly for men but that all

jobs are for both men and women.

The chairman ended by asking the following questions:

1. Do you want the road?

2. Are you ready to maintain the road?

Responses from the Community:

Samuel Elkanah: Asked of compensation of economic trees and farmland.

Response: Compensation would be paid as appropriate



Sylveaster Dada: Advised and suggested that during the construction the contractor

should engage local workers from the community.

Justine A. Dadawa: (1) Why should World Bank start their work from Bille to Tunga

and not from Maraba to Bille village?

Response: That was the decision of the State Government. We do not know.

Elkanah Malavi: Doesn’t the community have the right to choose.

Response: This is an issue we cannot comment on.

Haki Kadidi: We prefer the World Bank to handle the road from Mararaba Bille to Bille

town.

Response: It is a bit too late for that. As you can see, work has started on the section

Mararaba - Bille

The meeting ended with closing prayer at about 3.35pm by Ibrahim Dali.



c) VISIT TO KODOMUN DEMSA L.G.A ON 3RD

APRIL 2012

At Kodomun, we were directed to meet the village head of Kodomun in the person of

Theophilus H. Manadi. The village head advised that we should meet the paramount

ruler of Demsa first.

The consultants together with village head and his deputy paid a courtesy call on the

paramount ruller of Demsa, at New Demsa.

At the palace of the paramount ruler, the consultants (Yaroson Partnership) explained

the reason for the visitation. The paramount ruler of Demsa HRH ALHAMDU G.

TENEKE (Haman Batta Demsa) welcomed us to the palace and asked the consultants to

go ahead with their mission promising to give necessary support in the course of the

project. He asked the consultants to take account of any economic trees for necessary

compensation. After the courtesy call at Demsa, consultants came back to Kodomun

and drove along the proposed by-pass with the village head and his deputy (Galadima,

Pius Tagbona).

The village head of Kodomun observed that the new route did not affect people’s

farmland and that the land belongs to the community. Only a few economic trees would

need to be compensated. After the tour through the proposed by-pass, we all moved to

the village square and had a meeting with the villagers.



MEETING AT KODOMUN VILLAGE ON 3RD

APRIL 2012

AGENDA

1. Opening prayer

2. Introduction

3. Chairman’s opening remarks

4. General discussions/Any Other Business

5. Closing Remarks by the Chairman

The meeting started at about 12.28pm with an opening prayer by Mr. Dominic Zethan.

INTRODUCTION

The chairman and the other consultant introduced themselves and requested the

community members to do the same. The chairman started the meeting by telling the

people the importance of the road project to the community. The government according

to him will hand over the project to the community after execution for proper

maintenance. He stressed that the road is for the community to use throughout the year

without any problem. Farmers and businessmen will move easily and the rate of traffic

flow will increase. Also he said the rate of insecurity could increase. So there may be a

need for a vigilante group to be formed by the youths.

The chairman further created awareness of the possibility of diseases after the road

construction.

GENERAL DISCUSSION/A.O.B

Reactions from the community members:

Johana Lawi: Will the contractor that is going to handle the road project employ local

people?

Response: The contractor will be urged to do that.

Mrs. Ronika Lawi: Which type of road will be constructed for us?



Response: The road will be constructed to base course level with good lateritic finish.

Goth Jimoye (Mrs): How are we going to provide the workers of the project with food?

Response: “You are to prepare and sell the food to them”.

The chairman said that the community should interact and co-operate with the contractor

handling the project when the time comes so that all can benefit.

In his closing remarks, the chairman told the community that if they want the road they

should be prepared to own and be ready to maintenance it.

The meeting ended at about 1.10pm with a closing prayer by Mrs. Ronika Lawi.



d) MEETING AT THE PALACE OF HRH DR. JORAM J. FWA (OON) MURUM

MBULA) BORRONG WITH THE COUNCIL OF CHIEFS ON 4TH

APRIL 2012

His Royal Highness was away at Yola but had directed that the meeting be held. The

consultants introduced themselves to the council of Chiefs and told them the object of

their visit to Borrong. They went ahead to describe the new road route being proposed

and sought to know from the council, if there is anybody that the new road alignment

would touch or disturb their houses or farmlands.

The chairman told the council that the road to be built is for the community use therefore

after the construction the road will be handed to the community for proper maintenance.

After this interaction with the traditional council of chiefs, we all drove along the

proposed detour. The chiefs affirmed that the new alignment does not affect any

property or farmland and consented to the detour. However, they presented a request

from the paramount ruler to the effect that he (HRH) would prefer the road to terminate

at his palace, along a route commencing at the ECWA church and passing through a

built up area to terminate at the Police Station next to the palace. However, when the

consultants drove along the route, the following observations were made:

- There are some houses whose perimeter block-wall fences would be affected

- There is a stream with a channel width of about 10 - 15m and about 3m depth which

would require at least box culverts, along this route.

- The length of road here is 0.6km

- From the ECWA church to the end of the road (as proposed) is also about 0.6km but

without obstacles.

- There are 6 economic trees that would be affected.

When these facts were presented to the chiefs, they all assured us that there would be

no problem.

After meeting with the chiefs, consultants had a brief meeting with some community

members. The consultants asked the council if there is anybody affected by the

proposed road alignment. Such persons should speak up and be documented. There was

nobody so affected. In response to the chairman’s address, the council representative

welcomed the consultants and stated their readiness to cooperate in the execution of the

project.



MEETING WITH THE COMMUNITY MEMBERS

AGENDA

1. Opening prayer

2. Introduction

3. Chairman’s opening remark

4. General Discussion/Any Other Business

The meeting started at about 11.45am with an opening prayer by Jonah John. The

chairman started by introducing himself after which the rest of the community did the

same.

After the introductions, the consultant (Professor Okuofu) who acted as the chairman,

briefed the community members about the road, stressing the need for all (especially the

women), to get involved in the project and participate fully during construction. He

informed them that the road is meant to improve their living conditions and enhance

their farming and businesses. Therefore, there is need for them to assume ownership of

the road. He stressed the need for the community to take over the road maintenance

after it would have been built. The chairman also intimated the community about other

fallouts like possible increases in accidents, crimes and diseases which they would have

to contend with. Therefore, apart from road maintenance, the youth would have to try to

also arrange for adequate complementary security in collaboration with the police.

GENERAL DISCUSSION/A.O.B

Reaction from the Community members:

1. Panason Murna: is it only from Labondo to Borrong that the project would

cover? Response: Yes though there are other roads.

2. Edwin Edward: Will the construction be started this year or next year?

Response: Probably later this year.

3. Kany Teman: How will you take care of the marshy area along the alignment?

Response: There will be culverts

4. Samson Mango: Which contractor will handle the job?

Response: We do not know yet.



5. Patrick James: We have materials available for road constructions please,

contractors should patronize us.

Response: We’ll try to remember and inform him.

The closing prayer was said by Sarkin Hausa Alh. Bapatel

At the end of the meeting consultants left for Yola to meet with HRH Dr. Joran J. Fwa

the Murumbula of Borrong as he had requested.

At the meeting, the paramount ruler gave us a slightly different request from what his

chiefs had given earlier. His request specifically is that rather than terminate the road

opposite Late Major Fwa’s residence, it should be extended to the culvert near the

market. He would however also be pleased if the road his chiefs showed us could be

repaired. The consultants noted these and promised to convey the message to the

appropriate quarters.



APPENDIX ‘VI’

Cluses to be included in Bidding and Contract Document



Environmental Clauses

Waste Disposal

The roads project would necessarily generate different forms of solid wastes which would

require proper handling to avoid environmental degredation on or off site. The following

clauses are proposed.

Clause 1: At all times, the contractor shall maintain all sites in a clean, tidy, condition.

Appropirate and adequate facilities for storing wastes, to avoid wastes be provided.

Clause 2: The safe transportation and disposal of all wastes generated as a result of his

operations and activities shall be the responsibility of the contractor. Such transportation

and disposal shall be done such that no environmental pollution occurs; or any hazard to

man and animals caused. If the contractor involves a third party (sub-contractor) in this,

the contractor shall remain responsible until he demonstrates that the transportation and

disposal of the wastes have not given rise to pollution or created or potentially created

health hazards.

Clause 3: the contractor shall be responsible for providing adequate sanitary facilities for

his workforce and sub-contractors. The contractor shall not allow the discharge of any

untreated sanitary waste to any water source (surface or groundwater).

The contractor shall provide a detailed sanitary proposal to the FPMU/Consultant for

approval, ensuring that the proposed facilities shall not pollute water resources.

Water Resources

There is a likelihood of accidental sipllages occurring due to leakages of fuel, oil or some

other harzadous materials. Specific control measures are necessary to minimize this

possibility of polluting water resources. The following therefore need inclusion.

Clause 4: All reasonable measures shall be taken by the contractor, to prevent spillages

and leakages at all sites likely to cause water pollution. The measures shall include (but

not limited to) the provision of bunds around fuel and oil storage facilities, grease traps in

drainage channels associated with vehicle and plant washing and fuelling areas. The

contractor shall submit to the consultant, prior to locating such facilities, details of his

pollution prevention measures, for approval.

Replanting of Trees

The replacement of trees felled to provide space for the roads is an important mitigation

measure and would be controlled by the following clause.

Clause 5: The contractor shall exercise caution during site clearing, to reduce to a

minimum, the number of trees felled. For every tree felled, 4 new ones of appropriate

species shall be planted by the contractor.

Restoration of Burrow Pits

After extracting road construction materials, it is important to restore burrow pits to

mitigate the associated hazards. Therefore the following clause shall apply.



Clause 6: The contractor shall ensure that any gravel or other burrow pits working areas

etc, are regraded and covered with topsoil or a suitable product to ensure their natural

regeneration, to the satisfaction of the consultant.

Clause 7: Contractor shall arrange to store any top-soil suitable for later use. The topsoil

removal shall be in horizon with each horizon stored separately in piles for later reuse.

Each pile shall be grassed over or covered to the satisfaction of the consultant.

Materials Transport

The transportation of materials (sand stones) to site may not cause problems en-route.

Nonetheless, the following clause is recommended.

Clause 8: The contractor shall make sure that his vehicles do not cause any safety hazard,

noise, dust or nuisance to local inhabitants.

Noise and Air Pollution

Noise and air pollution could be problematic to people living near the roads corridor and

could be controlld thus:

Clause 9: All vehicles and plant operated by the contractor or his sub-contractor shall, at

all times, be maintained in accordance with the original manufacturers’ specifications and

service manuals with particular reference to noise and hydrocarbon particulate emissions.

The consultant shall exercise the right to cause the contractor to replace or rectify, within

days, any vehicle or plant which, in his opinion, is emitting excessive smoke or noise.

Socio-Economic Clauses

Traffic Management, Health and Safety During Constuction

Often, during road projects, temporary diversions are made for which all reinstatement is

required. In such cases, alternative pedestrian routes are required. Also, the road project

would attract the influx of workers who may not reside locally; and could import some

health disorders. Some clauses are recommended to control these situations.

Clause 10: The contractor shall provide, erect and maintain on the site and at such

locations on the approaches, traffic signs and control signals necessary for the direction

and control of traffic. The signs shall be reflectorized or properly illuminated at night as

approved by the consultant. They shall be kept clean and legible at all times. The

contractor shall reposition, remove or cover the signs as required during the different

work stages.

Clause 11: The contractor shall be responsible for taking reasonable precautions to keep

the roads clear of any spillage of materials from his operation, to the satisfaction of the

consultant; and shall clear any spillage without delay.

Clause 12: The contractor shall construct, maintain, remove and re-instate temporary

diversions to the satisfaction of the consultant.

Clause 13: The contractor shall organize periodic health awareness campaigns

(especially HIV/AIDS and Malaria), for the workforce and members of the communities

along the road routes.

Clause 14: The contractor shall spray the road with water during construction to

minimize dust production.

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