EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON PARTIAL ... - IRJMETS

e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )

Volume:04/Issue:06/June-2022 Impact Factor- 6.752 www.irjmets.com

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

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EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF

CEMENT BY GYPSUM AND FINE AGGREGATE BY WOOD ASH

L. Prabhakaran*1 *1Department Of Structural Engineering Arulmigu Meenakshi Amman College Of

Engineering, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India.

ABSTRACT

This project reports the exploratory study the suitability of the gypsum powder and wood ash as partial

replacement for in concrete. In developing countries where concrete is widely used, the high and steadily

increasing cost of concrete has made construction very expensive. The high cost of conventional building

material is a major factor affecting housing delivery in the world. This has necessitated research into

alternative materials of construction and analyzing tensile and compressive strength characteristics of concrete

produced using by gypsum powder and wood ash as substitutes for conventional cement and fine aggregate

with partial replacement using M30 grade concrete. The main objective is to encourage the use of these

products as construction materials in low-cost building. In this research work experiments have be conducted

with collection of materials and the data obtained by sieve analysis and specific gravity test. Sieve analysis is

carried out from various fine aggregate and coarse aggregate samples. The sample which units the

requirements are selected. The chemical test for the gypsum powder and wood ash has been determined .In

this project, cement is 10% replacement with Gypsum and the fine aggregate is partial replacement with

various level such as 5%, 10%, 15%and 20% by wood ash. Further the concrete is produced with various

proportions and tested and compared with conventional concrete.

I. INTRODUCTION

Concrete is one of the most used structural materials in construction. Every day the usage of concrete is

increasing .In order to reduce reliance of raw material in concrete producing, the green concrete had been

promoted. Green concrete is the concrete that had been produced using recycle or wasted natural materials.

One of the ways to produce green concrete is by using modified cement and aggregate.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

Atul Uniyal, Karan Singh (2019), “Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete using Ceramic Waste”

Waste and find the solution of resulting it the most serious problem of the word today. Waste utilization has

become an attractive alternative to disposal now days. There are number of researches, for use of waste in

industry most of them related to use these waste in construction are or use of waste in concrete to develop new

type of concrete. Use of waste producing is not only makes it economical but also a very good and attractive

solution of disposal problem. Ceramic waste from ceramic industry is used to produce a new type of concrete

by replacing the cement. According a report in India 30% of the daily production goes on waste during the

manufacturing, usages and transportation. Ceramic waste increases day by day because of its usages in

construction, so it is necessary for ceramic industry for diminishing the waste dump at ceramic industries is

recycling, reusing and substitution of concrete ingredients. Ceramic waste produce from industry is durable,

hard, and highly resistant to biological, chemical and physical degradation forces. Ceramic waste powder can be

used to produce lightweight concrete, without affecting. The compressive strength of concrete of the concrete

improved by the use of optimal dosage of ceramic tile powder. This study was carried to obtain the results, The

most optimal dosage for the partial alternative of cement by ceramic tile powder is 15 %. The compressive

strength of concrete decreases, when the addition of dosage is more than 15%. The results show if 20%

replacement of cement by ceramic tile powder will affect the strength of concrete.

Aravind B.Patil, R.H.Yadav, Mahesh D (2017) “AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CONCRETE WITH PARTIAL

REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT BY USING HYPO-SLUDGE” Over 300 million tones of industrial wastes are being

produced per annum by chemical and agricultural process in India. These materials possess problems of

disposal and health hazards. The wastes like phosphogypsum, fluorogypsum, hypo-sludge and red mud contain

obnoxious impurities which adversely affect the strength and other properties of building materials based on





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them. To reduce disposal and pollution problems emanating from these industrial wastes. it is most essential to

develop profitable building materials from them. This project is concerned with experimental investigation on

strength of concrete and optimum percentage of the partial replacement. By replacing the cement by 0%, 10%,

20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, and 70% of Hypo-sludge. And testing compression and split tensile strength of the

cubes and cylinder's. Based on limited experimental investigation concerning the compressive And split tensile

strength of concrete, the following observations are made regarding the resistance of partially replaced hypo

sludge: Compressive strength of the concrete can be increased when the Percentage of replacement is increased

up to 30% and when the replacement is increased above 30% Compressive strength decreases. The split tensile

strength of concrete has decreased when the percentage of the replacement with hypo sludge is increased. Use

of hypo sludge in concrete can save the paper industry disposal costs and produces a greener’ concrete for

construction. Disposal problem of the hypo sludge can be minimized by this project now days as it is a big

problem of getting the landfill. Environmental effects from wastes and residual amount of cement

manufacturing can be reduced through this low cost concrete. From this level, replacement of cement with this

waste of hypo sludge Material provides maximum compressive strength at 30% replacement . Cost of cement

has become low from this project. A better measure by a New Construction Material is formed out through this

project. The cost analysis indicates that percentage of cement reduction decreases the cost of concrete, but at

the same time the strength also decreases beyond optimum addition of 30% hypo sludge. This research

concludes that hypo sludge can be innovative supplementary Cementitious Construction Material.

Engr. Abdul Ghayoor khan, Dr. Bazid khan (2017) “Effect of Partial Replacement of Cement by Mixture

of Glass Powder and Silica Fume Upon Concrete Strength” All over the world the most common consuming

construction material is concrete. It is well know that concrete is the combination of cement, aggregates and

water. The production of cement results in the formation of carbon dioxide gas causes the environmental

pollution. About 7 percent of carbon dioxide gas is evolved from cement industries to atmosphere. Keeping in

view about the environmental pollution which may leads to some serious issues of health, so it is essential to

use locally available pozolanic materials as a partial replacement of cement because these materials are

economical as compared to Portland cement and also friendly to the environment without compromising on

concrete strength. In concrete cement can be partially replaced by different supplementary cementitious

materials. In the recent years pozzolonic materials, glass powder and silica fume are used in concrete as a

partial cement replacement to improve the strength of concrete. In this research work the mixture of glass

powder and silica fume were used in concrete as a partial cement replacement, to study its effect upon

concrete strength. The mix proportion of 1:2:4 was selected for all the concrete samples with water to binder

ratio of 0.55. For comparison, a control sample of concrete was prepared without mixture of glass powder and

silica fume to compare it with the various samples containing different percentages of mixture of glass powder

and silica fume as a partial replacement of cement in concrete. Results discovered that the usage of mixture of

glass powder and silica fume in concrete as a partial replacement of cement increases the concrete strength.

Such as compressive strength increases up to 8.64%, tensile strength increases up to 15% and flexural strength

increases up to 7.08% at the age of 28 days. It is concluded that maximum strength is achieved at 28 days by 30

percent replacement of cement through mixture of glass powder and silica fume in concrete and the strength

was decreased by increasing the mixture of glass powder and silica fume content beyond 30 percent. Therefore

30 percent replacement of cement is the optimum amount to achieve the higher strength. From the SEM

analysis of concrete samples it’s proved that both the pozzolonic materials contribute in hydration process and

further validated the strength test results.

T.Samba Siva Rao. K. Aditya Nandini, M.Tech (2016) “Experimental Investigation on Partial

Replacement of Cement with Fly Ash and Quarry Dust as Fine Aggregate” River sand is the most commonly

and widely used material for constructions. But now-a-days this has been expensive due to excessive cost of

transportation from natural sources and also large-scale depletion of these sources creates environmental

problems. As environmental transportation and other constraints make the availability and use of river sand

less attractive, a substitute or replacement product for concrete industry needs to be found. As it is the most

commonly used fine aggregate in the production of concrete, it poses the problem of acute shortage in many

areas. Where the continuous usage of it has started posing serious problems with respect to its availability, cost





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and environmental impact. In such a situation the Fly ash and Quarry rock dust can be an economic alternative

to the river sand. Quarry Rock Dust can be defined as residue, tailing or other non-voluble waste material after

the extraction and processing of rocks to form fine particles less than 4.75mm. Usually, Quarry Rock Dust is

used in large scale in the highways as a surface finishing material and also used for manufacturing of hollow

blocks and lightweight concrete prefabricated Elements. Use of Quarry rock dust as a fine aggregate in concrete

draws serious attention of researchers and investigators. Fly ash, also known as "pulverized fuel ash" is one of

the coal combustion products, composed of the fine particles that are driven out of the boiler with the flue

gases. This paper presents the feasibility of the usage of Quarry Rock Dust as forty percent substitutes for

Natural Sand in concrete and cement is replaced by fly ash. Mix design has been developed for three grades

using design an approach IS, for both conventional concrete, and non conventional concrete. Tests were

conducted on physical, mechanical and workability tests, sieve analysis, water absorption tests on concrete of

fly ash and Quarry Rock Dust and the results were compared with the Natural Concrete.

III. MIX DESIGN & MATERIAL PREPARATION

CEMENT

Cement is binder a substance in construction that sets and hardness and can be bind other materials together.

cement used in construction can be characterized hydraulic or non –hydraulic, depending up on the ability of

the presence of water. the most command cement is used is Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) .the type of 1 is

preferred according to IS;269-1976,which is used for general concrete structures. out of the total production,

ordinary Portland cement account for about 80%-90%.many tests were conducted some of them are

consistency tests, soundness test, etc.

FINE AGGREGATE

The fractions from 4.75mm to 150 micron are termed as fine aggregate. Locally available free of debris sand is

used as fine aggregates. Among various characteristics, the most important one is grading coarse may preferred

as fine aggregate, increases the water demand of concrete and very fine sand by essential as it usually has

larger content of tin particles in the form of cement. The sand particles should also pack to give minimum void

ratio. Higher voids content leads to requirement of more mixing water. Properties such as void ratio, gradation

specific surface and bulk density have to be assessed with optimum cement content and reducing mixing water.

In the present study the sand is used, conforms to zone-II (as per IS;3836-1970).

COARSE AGGREGATE

The fraction from 20mm to 4.75mm are used as coarse aggregate. Machine crushed angular granite metal of

20mm nominal size from the local sources was used as coarse aggregate. The coarse aggregate chosen for the

concrete was typically angular in shape, well graded, and smaller than maximum size suited for concrete. The

physical properties of coarse aggregate were investigated in accordance with IS:383-1963.

GYPSUM

Gypsum powder is a industrial waste used as a by-product of cement. It is useful in the hardening of cement and

quick setting of cement. Gypsum is calcium sulphate dehydrate (caso4.2H20), the white colour gypsum powder

is used for this investigation of the project.

WOOD ASH

Wood ash is a by-product of wood working operation such as sawing, milling, planning, routing, drilling and

sanding. It is composed of fine particles of wood.





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WATER

Potable water available in laboratory with Ph value of not less than 6 and conforming to the requirement of IS

456-2000 was used for mixing concrete and curing the specimen as well.

MIX PROPORTION

CEMENT(kg/m3)

FINE AGGREGATES

(kg/m3)

COARSE AGGREGATES

(kg/m3)

WATER

(liters/m3)

380.00 725.04 1227.6 160

1 1.90 3.2 0.42

CASTING OF AND CURING OF SPECIMENS

Once the concrete is completely mixed the concrete is poured in to the specimen of size 15cm×15cm×15cm,

Compaction is done by tamping rod. Any air trapped in the concrete will reduce the strength of the cube. Hence,

the cubes must be fully compacted. However, care must also be taken not to over compact the concrete as this

may cause segregation of the aggregates and cement paste in the mix. This may also reduce the final

compressive strength. During the compaction of each layer with the compacting bar, the strokes should be

distributed in a uniform manner over the surface of the concrete and each layer should be compacted to its full

depth.

For subsequent layers, the compacting bar should pass into the layer immediately below. Concrete were

removed from the moulds after 24 hours. And they were into curing tank. Curing was done for 7 days ,14 days

and 28 days. Curing of concrete test specimens is usually different from concrete placed during construction.

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has developed two standards for making and curing

concrete specimens. ASTM C192 is intended For laboratory samples while ASTM C31 is intended for field

samples. Document provide standardized requirements for making, curing, protecting, and transporting

concrete test specimens under field or laboratory conditions, respectively. ASTMC192 provides procedures for

evaluation of different mixtures in laboratory conditions. It is usually used in the initial stage of the project, or

for research purposes.





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SLUMP CONETEST

Slump test is the most commonly used method of measuring workability of concrete. As per IS 10262 -1982 the

slump values are obtained within the permissible limits

SI.No Type of Concrete Replacing Cement with

PhosphoGypsum

Replacing Sand with

Wood ash Slump (mm)

1 Conventional Concrete 0% 0% 75

2 1st Combination 10% 5% 70

3 2nd Combination 10% 10% 70

4 3rd Combination 10% 15% 62

5 4th Combination 10% 20% 55

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

SI.NO % Replacement of

GYPSUM

% Replacement of

WOOD ASH

CUBE DAYS(N/mm^3 )

7 Days 14 Days 28Days

1 0% 0% 21 23 26

2 10% 5% 19.52 22.21 26.15

3 10% 10% 21.47 24.10 35.10

4 10% 15% 18.34 22.12 24.48

5 10% 20% 15.74 19.10 21.20

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CUBE

% Wood Ash

SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST

SI.NO

% Replacement of

GYPSUM

% Replacement of

GYPSUM

CUBE DAYS (N/mm^2)

7 days 14 days 28 days

1 0% 0% 1.21 2.79 3.53

2 10% 5% 1.29 1.91 2.09

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

5% 10% 15% 20%

N/m

m^2

7 days

14 days

28 days





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3 10% 10% 1.79 3.66 4.12

4 10% 15% 1.52 2.60 3.58

5 10% 20% 1.19 1.58 3.08

TENSILE STRENGTH OF CUBE

% Wood Ash

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETE BEAM

% Wood Ash + Gypsum

0

1

2

3

4

5

5% 10% 15% 20%

N/m

m^

2

7 days

14 days

28 days

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5% 10% 15% 20%

N/m

m^

2

7 days

28 days

SI.NO Percentage 0f

Wood Ash + Gypsum

Beam (N/mm2)

7 days 28 days

1 0% 10% 1.17 3.30

2 5% 10% 1.45 3.62

3 10% 10% 1.86 4.10

4 15% 10% 1.52 3.48





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V. CONCLUSION

Following are some of the investigated conclusions from the above study; Wood Ash may vary in quantity and

quality because of many factors like temperature, type of wood or biomass, combustion type, etc. so it is quite

necessary to analyses the wood ash .Replacement of cement with gypsum helps to reduce the environmental

pollution. The Result indicates the maximum compressive and split tensile strength was attained partial

replacement of cement and sand by 10% replacement of gypsum and 5%,.10%,15%,20% of wood ash. For 10%

replacement, the compressive strength was increased about 15% and also the split tensile strength shows

increment about 17% than conventional concrete. The strength was decreased for less than 5% and 20%, the

strength of concrete reduces and lower than that of the control. Partial replacement of PG and WA reduces the

Environmental effects, produces economical and eco-friendly concrete.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I happy to wish my acknowledgement with deep since pleasure and gratitude to the great personalities of my

college who are offers to make me a great knowledge out of to passion. I am indebted to

Dr.P.Ragunathapandian, M.E., Ph.D. Principal of Arulmigu Meenakshi Amman College of Engineering,

Kanchipuram for helping me by providing all the facilities for the successful completion of my project work. I

would like to express my sincere gratitude and thanks to our beloved Dr.P.Ragunathapandian,M.E.,Ph.D. Head

of Department. Arulmigu Meenakshi Amman College of Engineering, Kanchipuram for his guidance and

encouragement provided throughout this project. I express my sincere gratitude and indebtedness to my guide

Mr.R.T.Anburaj.,M.E., Assistant Professor in department of civil engineering. Arulmigu Meenakshi Amman

College of Engineering, Kanchipuram, for his kind attitude, invaluable guidance immense help inspiration and

encouragement which helped me carrying out my present work. Finally, I would like to express my respect and

regards to my teaching and non teaching staffs and my classmates for their encouragement provided towards

the successful completion of my project.

VI. REFERENCES

[1] Atul Uniyal, Karan Singh (2019), “Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete using Ceramic Waste”

[2] Aravind B.Patil, R.H.Yadav, Mahesh D (2017) “An Experimental Study on Concrete with Partial

Replacement of Cement by using Hypo-Sludge”

[3] Engr. Abdul Ghayoor khan, Dr. Bazid khan (2017) “Effect of Partial Replacement of Cement by Mixture

of Glass Powder and Silica Fume Upon Concrete Strength”

[4] Okwadha G.D.O., PhD (2016) “Partial Replacement of Cement by Plant Solid Waste Ash in Concrete

Production”

[5] Veeresh Hiremath, Prof .Venu R .Patil (2016) “Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Cement

with Mineral Admixtures and Sand with Quarry Dust”

[6] T.Samba Siva Rao. K. Aditya Nandini, M.Tech (2016) “Experimental Investigation on Partial

Replacement of Cement with Fly Ash and Quarry Dust as Fine Aggregate”

[7] S.A. Raji, A. T. Samuel (2015) “Egg Shell as a Fine Aggregate in Concrete for Sustainable Construction”

[8] P. Vipul Naidu and Pawan Kumar Pandey (2014) “Replacement of Cement in Concrete”

[9] Dilip Kumar, Smita Singh, Neetesh Kumar & Ashish Gupta (2014) “Low Cost Construction Material for

Concrete as Sawdust”

[10] Venkata Sairam Kumar N., Dr. B. Panduranga Rao, Krishna Sai M.L.N (2013) “Experimental Study on

Partial Replacement of Cement with Quarry Dust”

[11] Indian Standard code of practice titled, “Plain and Reinforced Concrete, IS 456:2000”

[12] Indian Standard code of practice titled, “Concrete Mix Proportioning Guidelines, IS 10262:2009”.

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