Dracaena-MAP-Egypt project Dracaena ombet-MAP-Egypt Project -Final survey report 2 Content

Dracaena-MAP-Egypt project

Dracaena ombet status survey and conservation

action plan final report

Submitted to Conservation Leadership Program October 2008

Dracaena ombet-MAP-Egypt Project - Final survey report

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Content

1. D.ombet populations Survey Methodologies and

Field work Protocols:

1.1. Methodology standardization and filed logistics:

1.2. Pre-filed work protocols

1.2.1. Participatory eco-geographical D.ombet

distribution mapping and analysis

1.2.2. Para-professional training and ‘’ Researches

Action Participation Protocols’’

1.3. Field survey protocols:

1.4. Data management and analysis

1.4.1. Meta data

1.4.2. Data analysis

2. Filed survey and monitoring results:

2.1. Participatory eco-geographical D.ombet

distribution mapping

2.2. Populations survey and short term monitoring

results

2.2.1. Main observations:

2.2.2. Populations size and distribution:

2.2.3. Populations trend

2.2.4. Populations Healthy Status:

2.2.4.1. Survival status of ombet tree

2.2.4.2. Healthy status classes:

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2.2.4.3. Healthy status indices:

2.2.5. Population boundaries and coverage:

2.2.5.1. D. ombet’s Extent of Occurrence (EOO)

2.2.5.2. D.ombet Area of Occupancy (AOO)

2.2.6. D.ombet Population age structure and

classification

2.2.6.1. D.ombet Population age structure

2.2.6.2. Dracaena ombet age classification scheme:

Dracaena ombet age classes:

D.ombet size classes attributes:

2.2.7. Altitudinal patterns of the ombet tree in GE:

2.2.8. Ombet population's Hotspot in GEPA:

- Populations ranking and origin of the species

distribution

- On the origin of the presence and distribution of the

Tombet in GEPA:

- Tombet Populations' hotspots shrinking, fragmenting

and Alt-up-ward movement phenomena under effect of

the climate change:

- Alt-up-ward movement phenomena under effect of

the climate change:

2.2.9. Threats: Causes for the deterioration of

Dracaena ombet in GE:

- Insects, disease and rainfall:

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- Parasites

- Human exploitation & animal grazing:

- Drought and climate change

- Climate change and correlated changes of the local

communities' livelihood and Dracaena ecosystems.

2.2.10. THE USES and importance OF DRACAENA

OMBET

- Rope-making

- Camel fodder

- Medicine uses

2.2.11. SIGNS OF NATURAL REGENERATION

2.2.12. Tree ecology:

2.2.13. Reproduction:

2.2.14. Dracaena ombet morphology description

2.2.15. Associated plants communities:

2.2.16. Ombet population's Eco-geography and the

suitable habitats in GE

- Tombet Habitats Suitability Index

- Tombet population's eco-geographical zones

variables:

3- Dracaena ombet conservation action plan

Appendices

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First part: Dracaena ombet's populations Survey status

1. Survey and monitoring Methodology and Field work Protocols:

1.1. Methodology standardization and filed logistics:

Before conducting a fieldwork, we met GEPA MU & RSPADA representatives to arrange with

them the appropriate community introduction and discuss logistics organization. Then with

participation of a community guides we standardized and improved our methodologies

depending on available equipments, survey requirements and the nature of the study area. The

field survey team was organized into two groups, which each group included 5 members ''2

researchers and 3 community guides and number of local people''.

1.2. Pre-filed work protocols

1.2.1. (Participatory eco-geographical D.ombet distribution mapping and analysis) Before starting a filed work we conducted a simple eco-geographical exercise with the local

community. The goal of this work is ‘’ for ensuring coverage all the distribution range of

dracaena in the same time to integrate the available data about D.ombet distribution with a

gathered TK form community guides and locals, and also decreasing the area of search for

more cost effective. During this exercise we worked with locals for screening the Gabel Elba

topographic map (1:50000), which divided it into four main sub-regions (study sites).as results

for a discussion and a participatory analysis we get a good information about a potential

distribution range of D.ombet inside GE area.

1.2.2. Para-professional training and ‘’ Researches Action Participation Protocols’’

Towards empowering local people and support their role in monitoring and conservation of

Gabel Elba's biodiversity especially the endangered species, 5 members from local people, 3

community guides and team members participated in a Para-professional filed training. This

training conducted in August as part of the pilot survey carried out inside Wade Ashtet in GE,

this included on-job training on some required and simple filed skills for using GPS,

Photography and using a filed techniques for measures the plants community structure and

assess it healthy status by measure and scaled the current threats such as ‘grazing, drought

effect and human impacts such as charcoaling or tree cutting’.

The objective of this training to contribute in strengthens community capabilities to lead

monitoring, Assessment &conservation activities inside GEPA during Dracaena-MAP project

activities and for ongoing similar activities; and for more involved for them under the ‘’

Researches Action Participation Protocols’’ which used for this project activities.


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1.3. Field survey protocols:

Active search a long elevational belt (Prospecting) The main objective for this survey is to document the presence and distribution of the

Dracaena ombet species within and among the potential areas for its distribution, and to drawn

up a full distribution for D.ombet, assess its population status and tagging the tree for each

population as appropriate. The study was conducted in Gabel Elba mountain (altitudinal range

200–1436 m).

A grid cells system 0.1 used for support this technique, which an extensive observations made

by the project team during the filed visits for each area. All collected data and observations are

recorded on standard forms

The team members and local people who join the survey, was

divided into two work groups, in which each group take a

responsibility for conduct survey trips into four study sites

(Wades).

The population status of Dracaena ombet was documented

through extensive field survey and all the detected ombet trees

were counted in each population during the period from October

2007– March 2008 and each tree was geographically marked

with global positioning system (GPS). Phenological observations

were made and notes were compiled on vegetative as well as

reproductive events. For each tree the following attributes were

assessed and measured: tree trunk DBH, tree trunk height,

branches height, branches style, fruiting branches and the grazing

impact. For assess and ranking the trees based on its healthy

status, we used an illustrated guide sheet that prepared by the project tea (figure 10), which we

measured and scaled the tree branching style and status, trunk status and leaves status.

Inside each study site 10 quadrates of 50m × 50m size (covering 0.25 ha area) were laid

randomly in and around D.ombet. Individuals for estimate its density and for recording

associated woody plants and also assess the grazing impact (quantity of and presence of

grazing/animals traces).


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In order to understand the regeneration status, population size of seedlings, saplings, trees, and

sprout/coppice shoots were ascertained. Seed dispersal and seedling survival in relation to

distance from the mother plant was ascertained by counting the number of seedlings and

saplings with respect to the increase in the radial diameter from the mother plant.

For lack of seeds, five freshly collected young shoots were tested for a vegetative germination

in polythene bags filled with collected soil from the filed and kept in a greenhouse and kept

under regular watering. Germination was defined as the emergence of primary roots from the

shoot.

Tree branches status sheet


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1.4. Data management and analysis

1.4.1. Meta data For ensure the quality control and effectiveness

of our collected data, and for well organization

for these data to be avialbe as long term

information for other ongoing actions. We

designed ACCESS database (DMAP DB) for

the project monitoring program results, all data

included (trees GPS point, trees attributes, site

information, quadrates, climatic data and also

images of each tree and sites) inputted directly

in computer, arranged into related and well labeled files and linked folders.

Simple Metadata guide was prepared for standardization, better arrangement, stored and

accessibility for the information and the sustaining availability of well referenced data on long

term.

This figure shows example for labeling of

one of the project survey's image file, which

from the file name we can get a full

information about the image type, location,

time of photography, who is taken it and a

proximately GPS location using a 10 second

GIS Grid as shown in map 5. Each grid has

a horizontal defined number and a

perpendicular defined article, when GRIDS

read and recorded as H5, C14 as example.

1.4.2. Data analysis For analysis and understanding a collected

data, we used and matched some programs and software for getting best analysis for results.

Arc MAP 9.1 GIS software used for located our results on maps and inputted data on GIS

database, the GIS spatial analysis tools used for assess the trees spatial distribution,

hotspots/areas analysis and for ranking and analysis the population protection priority index.

GIS Data analysis fully occurred in GEPA MU, using the project equipments and as part of

established a special GIS unit for D-MAP Project for conservation D.ombet endangered tree.

Multivariate analysis software, MVSP 3.1, has been used for analysis the habitats results for

the gradients zones collected data, also DIVA GIS software has been used for extracting and

organized a climatic data for GE area and grids maps preparation. Microsoft Excel 2003 used

for arrange and analysis data and produce the result's graphs and charts.


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2. Filed survey and monitoring results:

2.1. Participatory eco-geographical D.ombet distribution mapping: The gathered information form this exercise inputted into the project GIS data base, as map 2

shown a potential distribution range for D.ombet linked to a GIS-GE elevation map. Based on

the gathered TK, locals indicated that in general D.ombet among these areas can be found

inside Two mountains missives (Elba Mountain and Shendeib Mountain). Which its

distribution range restricted on mountainous slopes within 6 main regions: (Yahmbe-Akwamtei

zone, Wade Aedie-Aedieb hills, Wade Tawela, wade Akaw-Darwina, Ashtet-Aretri and

Shendieb Area zone)

For more understanding for local people perspectives about D.ombet and its distribution, we

conducted many in-depth sessions, related for this exercise, which includes discussions about

the degree of distribution or a populations size and the approximately tree numbers for each

population inside each wade or region.

These results guided us as first step for understanding the dracaena distribution and also for

arrange a good suitable filed logistics and methodology. Map 4 shows a 10 seconds grids-


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divided map, as results for analyses these data using GIS techniques. This map shown results

of D.ombet distribution/populations size index inside GE area; we ranked D.ombet population

depending on its primary population size as it’s gathered from local people knowledge, rank

values form 1 to 10, which 1 equal for a greater tree numbers for a minor grid (10 sec), 10 refer

for zero tree number. We trying as soon as to prepare a proximately distribution but the main

objective for these exercise to learn together ‘’How’’ we can and ‘’what’’ the benefit of

involved and integrated the local community traditional knowledge into our consideration and

matched it with GIS techniques.

2.2. Populations survey and short term monitoring results

2.2.1. Main observations:

The DMAP has completed the D.ombet survey and populations assessment, the results of this

phase has been indicated that:

• This flagship species has a fragmented distribution with different subpopulations

showing varying degrees of vigor. Survey results for the first time found anew locations

for the Dracaena ombet distribution in the granite Elba mountains, which Dracaena

ombet detected within 13 localities, which 9 locations/population have been completely

surveyed and the other 4 regions have been explored for more further survey work ,

these areas included:-

Region Name Region

Reference

Code

Region Name Region Reference

Code

Wade Aedeib ADBK W. Ghway GWY

W. Aretri ART W. Naheeb NHB

W. Marafay MFY Outliers hills of W. Kansi-Srob KSR

W. Ashtet SHT Outliers hills of W. Aedieb ADBH

W. Akaw AKW Shendeib Mountains SHN

W. Tawella TWL Camerba mountains CAM

W. Darwina-

Tewoeit

DRW


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Distribution map of Dracaena ombet in Gabel Elba, Egypt

Spatial distribution patterns/Regions of Dracaena ombet in Gabel Elba


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• D.ombet's Populations grow at elevation range from 450 to 1250 m.

• In general all the D.ombet tree sub-populations marked by a bad age structure inside its

distribution range on Elba Mountain, which there is no sign for regeneration and there is

no new generation or seedlings observed during the filed survey, most of the trees

considers as mature old trees with trunk more than 70 cm in diameter and 2 m height,

only one seedling detected in Camerba it seem that its age less than 5 years and few

seedlings more than 35 cm in DBH was observed into Wade Ghway

• The best Dracaena woodland was

detected on Camerba mountain, which

has a good abundance (more than 500

trees), followed with area of Marafay –

Artri granite massive which include

about (200) tree. It seems that the 2

regions have link together, which these

populations lined run from behind W.

Akmatri over Camerba mountain area

down to the drainage of wade Marafay

then completely this population touch the other populations of wade Ashtete and Aretrai

in the northern Eastern part of GE.

• In the northern part of GE, the project team discovered for the first time, the best

Dracaena woodland in this side in GE, which include more than 150 tree in Wade

Tawella. But there are strong evidences that this woodland suffer from extreme drought

and unsuitable climatic condition that more than 60% of these population has

completely vanished, and most of this woodland trees found in unhealthy conditions.

• The other population in wade Aedieb-Kosheit, Akaw, Darwina, Aedieb outlier-hills

found there as relict populations or as isolated individuals ranging from (1-12 trees).

• its recognized that most of population abundance with best trees condition occur in

areas where the terrain consist of solid rock pavement with extensive cracks, in the

eastern northern side, down which water and soil flows after rains, providing moisture

and nourishment for the roots of the trees. Also in front of the cloud and wind on the

western part of the red sea coast.

• All the D.ombet trees woodlands and regenerations took place at the Eastern and

Northern eastern parts of the Elba and Shendeib mountains, which in northern parts the

Northeast dominance wind can blow and summer rain fall. No trees found or historical

known in at the western or the southern slopes of Elba Mountain, where the climate is

different from the eastern parts. Which the climate of western parts of the mountains

considers as part of Sahara climate ( hot and less exposures for rain or moisture)

• The field survey results indicated that that the ombet seeds seems to have a long

dormancy period and high viability period, which enable the seed to stay underground

for longer periods and only grow when there are favorable climatic conditions.


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• As all the omebt grows at high altitudes at hard slopes, it also seems that the seeds in

usual are not the kind that can be transmitted by animal, like acacia as example that

have a high rate of germination as after transmitting by camels in this area.. This can

indicate that may be the omebt seeds transmission happened by some kind of residents

wild birds in this area or/and, water and wind. In most of the areas of ombet woodland

the Raven birds (Fan-Tailed Raven) observed fly and stay of top of the ombet trees, and

local community stated that these birds like the ombet seeds and it observed eat its seeds

at the fruiting seasons in the past. This can lead that may be there is possibilities that

these birds acts as a main transmitting agent for the ombet seeds.

2.2.5. Populations size and distribution:

Tombet population detected inside 13 locations in GE, which based on the available resources,

project plan and timeline; and the project team capabilities, the project team has been

completely surveyed 9 sites. Wile the other 4 sites has explored and partially surveyed. The

following table show the populations' sites/locations and size (Number of observed trees inside

each location).

No

Area

Code

Populati

on size

Latitude

Longitude

01 Wade Darawina-Tewoet DRW 17 22°13'22.73 36°20'40.81

02 W. Ghway GHW 30 22°12'20.49 36°19'42.58

03 W. Aedieb-Kosheit ADBK 12 22°11'51.60 36°21'38.10

04 W. Tawella TWL 70 –(100) 22°13'19.30 36°22'16.80

05 W. Akaw AKW 10 22°13'23.34 36°21'21.07

06 W. Ashtet SHT 29 22°13'9.17 36°20'25.52

07 W. Aretri ART 148 22°12'56.20 36°20'10.40

08 W. Aedieb Hills ADBH 5 22°11'57.35 36°23'23.10

09 W. Marafay MFY 62 22°12'26.73 36°20'7.81

TOTAL

383

10 Shendieb Mountain

SHN 10 -15 22° 3'48.39 36°13'39.39

11 Camerba Mountain CAM 500-600 22°12'8.70 36°19'17.03

12 Wade Nahaeeb

NHB 50-70 22°12'8.18 36°19'31.47

13 Kans-Srob-hills KSB 1


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This indicate that the current Tombet population size within 9 sites of total 13 ( about 70%

within the area of the survey, we found that the tree distribution equal about 383 trees,

while the estimated total ombet tree population size within Gabel Elba could be 1000+/-

100 tree (it may be ranging from 950- 1050 tree).

From the records we estimated the Mean density of Tombet for whole GE to be equal about

= 55 tree/sq km

Table. Tree densities for locations:

Wade name ART MFY SHT DRW AKW TWL ADBK ADBH

Density/100 m2 5.13 16.50 6.25 3.75 2.50 6.43 2.25 1.00

Density/1000 m2

51.25 165.00 62.50 37.50 25.00 64.29 22.50 10.00

2.2.6. Populations trend:

Population status Survey Status

? FS PS EP

Stable Decline Rapid/sharp

decline

Unknown Fully

Surveyed

Partially

surveyed

Explored

Population status

No

Area

Populati

on size Survived

tree %

Decline %

Trend Survey

status

01 Wade Darawina 17 41.18

58.82

Rapid

decline FS

02 W. Ghway

30 68.3 31.7 Decline FS

03 W. Aedieb-

Kosheit

12 25 75 Rapid

decline FS

04 W. Tawella 70 32.86 67.14

Rapid

decline PS

05 W. Akaw

10 80 20 Decline FS


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06 W. Ashtet

29 51.72 48.28 Rapid

decline FS

07 W. Aretri

148 39.86

60.14

Rapid

decline FS

08 W. Aedieb Hills

5 80 100 Decline FS

09 W. Marafay 62 70.97

29.03

Decline FS

TOTAL 383 45.54 54.46 Rapid

decline

10 Shendieb

Mountain

10 -15 ? ? ? EP

11 Camerba

Mountain

500-600 ? ? Decline EP

12 Wade Nahaeeb 50-70 ? ? ? EP

13 Kansi-Srob 1 1 ? ? EP

2.2.7. Populations Healthy Status:

2.2.7.1. Survival status of ombet tree:

• From total 353 tree recorded and completely assessed, about 163 tree observed survived

against 190 dead tree. That represents about 46.1% survival percent from that total

detected population size.

• The following Figures show the percentage of the survived and dead tree within each

population in GE.


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Healthy status map of dracaena

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Taw

ella

DRW

SHT

ART

AKW A

DB

MRF

ADH

GW

Y

Survived trees

Dead Trees

Healthy status of dracaena


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2.2.7.2. Healthy status classes:

• Based on the survey methods and results, we divided the ombet trees healthy status into

4 classes/grades based on the tree vigor status: Healthy (70-100), moderate (35-70),

server (1-35%), Dead trees (= 0).

• From total 353 tree recorded and completely assessed, about 97 trees observed survived/

Healthy that represents about 27.47% of that total population size;

• 38 tree recorded as survived/moderate that represents about 10.76 % of that total

population size;

• 28 tree recorded as survived/server that represents about 7.93 % of that total population

size; and

• 190 trees recorded as Dead trees that represent about 53.82 % of that total population

size.

Ombet survival status map


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Ombet Healthy Status

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

ADBH ADBK AKW ART DRW MFY SHT TWL

location name

Tre

e n

um

be

r

Survived-Healthy

Survived-Moderate

Survived-Server

Dead

Number and status of populations (survived vs. dead tree)

This figure show the number of survived and dead tree for each Tombet population in GE,

which as shown there is a sharp decline in number of trees and population size. About 60% of

the detected trees have been recorded as dead tree which most of these dead trees concentrated

inside W.Tawella and W.Artri.

Generally the populations severe a rapidly, high decline and mortality rate among all its

populations. It seem that W.Marfay and W.shtet still save a good population healthy status that

still there is balance between the dead and healthy trees.

2.2.4.3. Healthy status indices:

In general as the previous results show that the survived-healthy tree equal only about 27.47 %

of that total population size; this low percentage return for the bad status for most of the trees

in GE. Which the effect of drought and other factors impacted most of these trees. This impact

affected the main, secondary and upper branches; leaves, and also affect the fruiting ability of

the trees. The following table and figure show the degree of impact on the tree's parts within

each wade


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(Impact index)

Wade

name /

impact

index

Primary

Branche

s Impact

Index

(PBII)

Secondary

Branches

Impact

Index

(SBII)

Upper

Branches

Impact

Index

(UBII)

New

Branches

Status

(NBSI)

Leaves

Impact

Index

(LII)

Leaves

Yellowish

Index

(LYI)

Fruiting

Index (FI)

DRW 50.00 61.11 66.67 5.56 100.00 66.67 11.11

SHT 36.67 73.33 86.67 26.67 60.00 60.00 6.67

ADB 66.67 66.67 83.33 0.00 100.00 25.00 8.33

TWL 70.00 85.71 94.29 12.86 98.57 34.29 7.14

GHW 10.00 23.33 26.67 3.33 93.33 93.33 16.67

AKW 20.00 60.00 60.00 10.00 70.00 80.00 10.00

TOTAL

% 42.22 61.69 69.61 9.74 86.98 59.88 9.99

It seem that all of the population have a bad impact indices, which the impact on the primary

branches reach about 42% among all ombet population, while the impact on secondary and

upper branches reach more than 60% and the impact on leaves reach more than 85%. In the

same time, this indices indicates for the low resilience ability of the ombet tree populations that

both of the tree fruiting and ability of giving new branches indices locate below the 10%

among all the ombet populations.

D.ombet Populations Healthy status

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

90.00

100.00

Primary

Branches

Impact Index

(PBII)

Secondary

Branches

Impact Index

(SBII)

Upper

Branches

Impact Index

(UBII)

New

Branches

Status (NBSI)

Leaves

Impact Index

(LII)

Leaves

Yellowish

Index (LYI)

Fruting Index

(FI)

Healthy-Impact Indices

Ind

ex %

DRW

SHT

ADB

TWL

GHW

AKW


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2.2.5. Population boundaries and coverage:

2.2.5.1. D. ombet’s Extent of Occurrence (EOO) in Egypt:

Depending on the IUCN (IUCN 2001), Extent of occurrence is defined as the area contained

within the shortest continuous imaginary boundary which can be drawn to encompass all the

known, inferred or projected sites of present occurrence of a taxon, excluding cases of

vagrancy. Extent of occurrence can often be measured by a minimum convex polygon (the

smallest polygon in which no internal angle exceeds 180 degrees and which contains all the

sites of occurrence).

Depending on the results of the population’s survey and mapping activities, we measured the

current EOO for the Dracaena ombet’s sub-populations in GE, which we estimated this area in

two stages

• In case of excluding the cases of vagrancy populations, this mean we including all the

closed populations, but only excluded Shendieb mountain’s population which is far

more than 20 km from the whole other populations, while all the other population very

close to each other (less than 3 km). Maps 4 show, the EOO for D.ombet’s populations,

which is equal and came among 23.8 sq km that represents about 15. 87% of the whole

Gabel Elba mountain massive area (= 150 sq km), and 0.066% of the total area of Elba

Protected Area (= 36000 sq km).

• In case of including all the cases of vagrancy and the closest populations, this including

Shendieb mountain’s population. For that and as maps 5 show, the EOO for D.ombet’s

populations is equal and came among 116.2 sq km, which represents about 23.24% of


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the whole Gabel Elba massive total area (= 500 sq km), and 0.32% of the total area of

Elba Protected Area (= 36000 sq km).

2.2.5.2. D.ombet Area of Occupancy (AOO)

Area of occupancy is defined as the area within its 'extent of occurrence' (see above) which is

occupied by a taxon, excluding cases of vagrancy. The measure reflects the fact that a taxon

will not usually occur throughout the area of its extent of occurrence, which may contain

unsuitable or unoccupied habitats (IUCN 2001).

The size of the area of occupancy will be a function of the scale at which it is measured, which

here for accurate AOO estimation, we need more accurate mapping scale, which should be at a

scale appropriate to relevant biological aspects of the species, the nature of threats and the

comprehensiveness of the available data. Thus to avoid bias and to estimate a relevant AOO,

we need to estimating area of occupancy at different scales.

For that in case of D. ombet populations’ available data, and based on the produced ombet

trees distribution map, that included a GPS record for each tree based on its geographical

location, we measured the AOO using a Grid technique, which the distribution map for the

species divided into equal grids depending on the used scale. For this we used 5 different scale

Grids system: at 1 Degree, 0.5 Degree, 0.25 D, 0.1 D, which equal areas = 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.05,

0.01 sq km respectively for each grid.

As the table below shown, there is a different estimated AOO for the same population at the

different scales; this return for the used Grid/scale which at small grid/scale reveals more areas

in which the taxon is unrecorded. Conversely, coarse-scale mapping/large grid reveals fewer

unoccupied areas, resulting in over-estimation that is more likely to be or accept.


22

Which here at using a 1 km grid, we can found as example, W.Darwina's populations which

equal 12 tree occupied large area (2 grids = 2 sq km), equla for W.Artri which have more than

164 tree and ocuupied 2 grid also.

While at fine scale, 0.25 km grid, we can found that W.Darwina population occupied only 5

grids/0.16 sq km, comparing with W.Artri that occupied 11 grids = 0.35 sq km.

As we used finer scale (smaller grid area) as we can get results reflects the facts on ground, and

can used for assessment the status of the threatened species.

These results indicate that:

1- In case of the current recorded populations (Included areas that occupied by the

dead and survived trees):

At 0.25 D grid scale, D.ombet populations occupied about 1.673 sq km, which this represents

about 0.034% of the total GE habitats estimated area (=5000 sq km) and about 1.116% of total

GE mountain massive area (= 150 sq km) ; and 7.91% of the suitable GE’s habitats for

D.ombet (=21.5 sq km).

While at 0.1 D or 10 Minutes grid scale, 0.01 sq km grid, D.ombet populations occupied about

0.787 sq km, which this represents about 0.0157% of the total GE habitats estimated area and

about 0.524% of total GE mountain massive area; and 3.72% of the suitable GE’s habitats for

D.ombet .

2- In case of the current recorded populations (Included areas that occupied only by survived

trees):

At 0.25 D grid scale, D.ombet populations occupied about 1.351 sq km, which this represents

about 0.027% of the total GE habitats estimated area, and about 0.9 % of total GE mountain

massive area; and 6.4% of the suitable GE’s habitats for D.ombet.

While at 0.1 D or 10 Minutes grid scale, 0.01 sq km grid, D.ombet populations occupied about

0.5 sq km, which this represents about 0.01% of the total GE habitats estimated area and about

0.333% of total GE mountain massive area; and 2.37% of the suitable GE’s habitats for

D.ombet .

This indicate that the total AOO loss in areas that Dracaena ombet tree occupied in GE = 36.36

% decline in 2007, and by using the same estimation base, we can doing the same estimation

for assess the future AOO of the ombet population (by 2017) for that we adopted a new case:

In case of the current recorded populations (including only areas that occupied by survived

healthy trees and excluding the survived server and moderate trees) this indicate that the total

AOO loss /decline in areas that Dracaena ombet tree occupied in GE = 60 % loss by 2017.


23

AOO in case of whole population (dead and survived trees)

Grid 1 Grid 2 Grid 3 Grid 4 Grid 5

Wade

Name

Gri

ds

No

Area

Sq

Km

Grids

No

Area

Sq

Km

Grids

No

Area

Sq Km

Grids

No

Area

Sq Km

Grids

No

Area

Sq

Km

ADB

H 1 3.200 1 0.800 1 0.1978 2

0.06435

2

0.015

898

ADB

K 1 3.200 1 0.800 1 0.1978 3 0.09653 5

0.039

744

TWL 2 6.401 3 2.401 5 0.989 11 0.35395 21

0.166

9248

MFY 2 6.401 3 2.401 3 0.5934 11 0.35395 24

0.190

7712

ART 2 6.401 3 2.401 5 0.989 11 0.35395 23

0.182

8224

SHT 1 3.200 1 0.800 1 0.1978 4 0.12871 10

0.079

488

AKW 1 3.200 2 1.600 2 0.3956 5 0.16089 7

0.055

6416

DRW 2 6.401 3 2.401 3 0.5934 5 0.16089 7

0.055

6416

TOT

AL 12 38.40 17

13.60

68 21 4.1538 52

1.67325

99

0.786

931

Total

exclu-

ding

overl-

apped

Grids

8

25.604

13

10.405

2

20

3.956

51

1.67325

6

98

0.7869

31


24

AOO in case of survived population (survived trees only)

Grid 1 Grid 2 Grid 3 Grid 4 0 Grid 5

Wde Name

Grids

No

Area

Sq Km

Grids

No

Area

Sq Km

Grids

No

Area

Sq Km

Grids

No

Area

Sq

Km

Grids

No

Area Sq

Km

ADB H 1 3.2005 1 0.8004 1 0.1978 2 0.064 2 0.0159

ADB K 1 3.2005 1 0.8004 1 0.1978 2 0.064 2 0.0159

TWL 2 6.401 2 1.6008 4 0.7912 8 0.257 10 0.0795

MFY 2 6.401 3 2.4012 3 0.5934 9 0.29 16 0.1272

ART 2 6.401 3 2.4012 5 0.989 11 0.354 17 0.1351

SHT 1 3.2005 1 0.8004 1 0.1978 3 0.097 6 0.0477

AKW 1 3.2005 1 0.8004 1 0.1978 4 0.129 6 0.0477

DRW 2 6.401 2 1.6008 2 0.3956 3 0.097 4 0.0318

TOTAL 12 38.406 14 11.206 18 3.5604 42 1.351 63 0.5008

Total

excluding

the

overlapped

Grids 8 25.604 12 9.6048 17 3.3626 42 1.351 63 0.5008

Lost/decline in area

of the Whole

Populations ( %)

0%

7.69%

15%

19.25%

36.36%

Table: Decline rate for each location

Wade Name

Decline in area of Each

Population (%) In 2007

Decline In area of each

Population (%) By 2017

Lost/decline difference

(2007-2017)

ADB H

0

50

50

ADB K

60.00

80 20

TWL

52.38

71.42 19.04

MFY

33.33

58.33 25

ART

26.1

65.21 39.11

SHT

40.00

50 10

AKW

14.28

28.56

14.28

DRW

42.86

57.14

14.28

Total 36.36 60% 23.64%


25

Dracaena ombet-MAP-Egypt Project - Final

survey report

26

2.2.6. D.ombet Population age structure and classification

2.2.6.1. D.ombet Population age structure The analysis results of age structure and growth of D. ombet in GE ‘‘with 90% of

confidence'' showed that:

• Most of D.ombet population's occurs in the stage of intensive disintegration

within 30–100 years.

• D. ombet populations have a high structural homogeneity since about 90% of

the sampled individuals belong to the last 3 size classes (fourth 'V', fifth 'VI'

and sixth 'VII' classes) with a diameter at breast height between 65 and 190

cm., and about 60 % of the samples individuals belong to the class (VI) with

a diameter at breast height between 75 and 125 cm.

• Dracaena ombet populations in GE has a bad age structure, which there is

very few regeneration signs, only a small numbers of young trees have

detected. The second size class 'II', ( 5-10 years old) only represents less than

1% of the whole populations with a diameter at breast height less than 35

cm.

• Among the samples individuals there is no observation for the first size class

'I' which represents the Dracaena ombet seedling (3-5 years old), but only

one seedling observed in Camerba Mountain during the exploration phase for

this area.

This may be return and indicate to:

- the effect of current drought from more than 15 years in GE

- the high mortality portion for the old tree more than 120 in DBH

- The age structure curve may be refer to a rapidly decline for the populations

in GE.

- The ombet only able to regenerate extensively with adequate rainfall

conditions after prolonged droughts.


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27

SIZE CLASSES

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

25

60

70

74

80

82

85

88

95

10

0

10

2

11

0

11

5

12

0

12

5

13

5

14

6

16

1

DBH

Siz

e c

las

s

Figure 3, 4 show the general age structure for the Dracaena ombet trees in GE

as results for the current survey, as this figure shown there is a bad age structure

for all the Dracaena ombet populations in GE, and most of the population

allocated at the middle part of this chart which this indicates for:

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Tre

e N

um

bers

No

size class

DBH Size Classes

1-20cm

21-40

41-60

61-80

81-100

101-120

121-140

141-160

161-180

181-200


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28

SIZE CLASSES RANGE

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

size classes

tre

es

No

SIZE CLASSES RANGE

2.2.6.2. Dracaena ombet age classification scheme: Although there us no defined way for determined the approximately age for the

Dracaena ombet tree, however that there is some references was discussed the

possibility of estimation of the age of the ''Dracaena Drago'' based on its branching

numbers and level. Therefore in our case we tried to prepare a scheme or guide that

can help not in estimate a net age for the tree but for estimate their age/size class

then can estimate their age based on its size class age range.

The following figures illustrate and figure the ombet size classes and its attributes

based on the observation inside GE. A well defined six classes has been defined as

following:

Dracaena ombet age classes: 1: plant with a single rosette and without a trunk.

2: plant with one rosette and a small and young trunk (less than 1m in height).

3: plant with one rosette and a trunk (more than 1 m in height).

4: plant with 2 main branches, more than one rosette and a crown with a diameter

smaller than 2 m.

5: plant with more than 2 main branches, few numbers of upper branches, more than

one rosette and with a crown larger than 2 m.


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29

6: plant with more than 2 main branches, many upper branches, more than one

rosette and with a crown larger than 2.5-3 m.

D.ombet size classes attributes:

Class Trunk Rosette Main

branches

Upper

branches

Crown Estimated

age

(Years)

DBH

(cm)

Class 1

None Single None None none 3- 5 0

Class 2 Less

than 1 m

One None None None 5 -10 ≤ 35

Class 3 More

than 1 m

One Small

branching

None None 15-20 >35-

64

Class 4 More

than 1 m

More

than one

Two-big Yes Diameter

Less than

2m

25-30 65-

74

Class 5 More

than 1 m

More

than one

Three -

Four

Yes , 2-3

levels

Diameter

more than

2m

40-50 75-

120

Class 6 More More Four- or Yes, more Diameter 70- more >


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30

than 1 m than one more than

four

than 3

levels

more than

2.5 m

100 120-

190

D.ombet size classes attributes and its estimated age range:

Prepared by usama Ghazali


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31

Ombet tree Size Classes representation among the populations

0.0 0.8

9.3

15.0

0.0 1.2

59.2

15.6

9.9

59.3

18.5

11.1

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

0 0-35 cm 36-64 cm 65-74 cm 75-120 cm 121-190 cm

1 2 3 4 5 6

Size Class / DBH

Pre

cen

t %

Past Precent

Current Precent

Decline Rate within the ombet size classes

9.315.6

59.2

15.0

0.0 0.80.0 0.6

5.18.5

27.2

4.5

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

0 0-35 36-64 65-74 75-120 121-190

1 2 3 4 5 6

Size class/DBH

Pre

ce

nta

ge

Past Precent

Current Precent

This chart shows the fluctuation of the ombet generation in GE, and the status of the

regeneration. Which it seems that there is slight increasing in representation of the

youngest generations (size classes 2, 3 and 4). No changes among the size class 5

(dominant class/generation), while there is a notable decreasing in the last / older


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32

size class 6. This can help in understanding that the ombet population have a stable

mid generation, with a sharply decline for the oldest generation about 75% of this

generation was vanished. While the other generation it seem have an equal decline

rate about 50-55%.

2.2.7. Altitudinal patterns of the ombet tree in GE:

• GE altitudinal range can be divided into 3 zones: low slopes (up to 450),

mid-slopes (450-1000), and upper slopes (1000-1436)

• Dracaena ombet trees found in altitudinal range between 400-1000 m above

the sea level on GE, this mean that is maily restricted to the mountains mid-

slopes.

• Most of the ombet populations (about 80%) grow in the mid-slope of GE in

areas range from 500-700 m, while 14% of the ombet populations grow

below the 500m and 6% grow above the 700 m and below 1000 m.

Altitude

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

400-500

500-600

600-700

700-800

800-900

900-1000

Altitude


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33

2.2.8. Ombet population's Hotspot in GEPA:

Areas of high Dracaena ombet diversity in GEPA

(Populations ranking and origin of the species distribution)

The choice of precise sites for conservation of target species is an essential

component of a conservation strategy and involves setting goals, targets and scales

(Balmford 2002). Apart from technical considerations, priority may well be given to

sites that are protected areas or centers of plant diversity or are centers of crop

origins or diversification. In practical terms, the size of the sites in which the target

species occur in is also an important consideration, as this may well determine

viable population size. As appear from the ombet distribution pattern it seems that

this species have a scattered distribution over its habitats, which some geographic

areas show greater diversity than others relating to the number of the trees

individuals. ''When attempting to prioritize ex situ collecting or locate in situ

reserves, it is important to know where such areas may be found''. Using the spatial

analysis software based on ARCGIS 9.1 depends on supports a complementary

method for mapping diversity, the “point-based” approach.

Following figures show outputs samples for Tombet's hotspot areas of diversity in

GEPA..Which the first figure (included the survived and dead trees within each

population) showed that the most historical (during the past 20-10 years) important

areas for the Tombet diversity that can rank as following:

1- W.Aretri 2- W.Tawella 3- W.Marfay 4- W.Shteet

5- W.Darwina 6- W.Aakaw & W.Aedieb-kosheit 7- W.Adeieb-hills


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34

While the 2

nd figure (in case excluding the dead trees within each population)

showed that the most current (from 5 years - present) important areas for the

Tombet diversity can rank as following:

1- W.Aretri 2- W.Marfay 3- W.Tawella

4- W.Shteet 5- W.Darwina & W.Aakaw 6- W.Adeieb-hills

7- W.Aedieb-kosheit


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35

The 3rd

figure (in case including only the healthy trees and excluding all the

survived-modetae, survived-server and dead trees within each population) showed

that the most potential/future (for next 15–20 years) important areas for the Tombet

diversity can rank as following:

1- W.Aretri 2- W.Shteet & W.Marfay 3- W.Tawella & W.Darwina

4- W.Aakaw & W.Adeieb-hills 5 - W.Aedieb-kosheit

On the origin of the presence and distribution of th Tombet in GEPA:

The following figure show the areas of high diversity of ombet tree in GEPA based

on the tree DBH. This factor could be used as indictor for the tree age, her we

attempting to understand the main areas of distribution and the oldest areas for

Tombet distribution in GEPA, which can ranging from the oldest to the youngest

area as following:

1- W.Aretri

2- W.Tawella

3- W.Shteet

4- W.Marfay

5- W.Darwina W.Aedieb-kosheit

6- W.Aakaw & W.Adeieb-hills


survey report

36

Tombet Populations' hotspots shrinking, fragmenting and Alt-up-ward

movement phenomena under effect of the climate change:

Through analysis the population distribution, the following figures show the

complementary distribution for the high areas of ombet trees diversity (hotspots),

which figure 15 show the past situation while figure 16 show the current situation.

It appears that the ombet populations face an accelerated fragmentation under the

climatic effect and/or other factors.

As maps show there is shrinking in the areas of ombet distribution correlated with

fragmentation or separation between the closest populations. These leads for

importance for establish and conserve bio-corridor among the Tombet populations,

particularly in the region that reach W.Tawella and W.Akaw. This to facilities the

dispersal among all populations, to support the internal-populations regenerations

compensation on along term, and to decrease impact of the ''edge effect'' on the

Tombet populations.


survey report

37

past populations situation Current situation

Alt-up-ward movement phenomena under effect of the climate change:

It has been reported that the globally endangered tree, the Dracaena ombet of the

Elba Mountains of Egypt is exhibiting widespread decline especially during the last

10 years. The survey’s results show that this decline is occurring and has

accelerated at the lower and middle elevations of the Dracaena ombet range, with

unhealthy trees, no sign of any new generation, pathogens affecting the trees and

widespread tree death between 450-850 m. At higher altitudes, the Dracaena

woodland in general is healthy, maybe due to a scattered distribution pattern for this

tree at these elevations, rather than a grove-distribution as at the mid elevation, or

maybe for other reasons. This altitudinal pattern of Dracaena woodland conditions

in the GEPA is very similar to that documented for the Dracaena ombet population

of the Erkowit Mountain in north east Sudan from about 50 years ago. We detected

the effects of pathogens among most of the population of trees, but these do not

appear to be responsible for the observed decline. It seems likely that the main

cause of the decline in extent and quality of Dracaena woodland is the gradual

drying up of the area of southern Egypt. There is no direct historical data available

from the GEPA about the distribution or status of Dracaena ombet, but there is

strong circumstantial evidence that this area has been drying up over the last few

hundred years. When comparing and matching available data about the extreme

drought especially in the last 10 years with the available data about the distribution

and status of Dracaena ombet in the GEPA during the last six years, it appears that

probably this drought has had a great impact on the current populations inside the

GEPA. As it is known, Dracaena ombet occurs only at a highelevation between 450

to 1,450 m in this area, which is affected by mists and cloud which come from the

east, from the Red Sea coast towards the GE summit. Local people, traditional

reports and the old explorers in this area have described the extent of this cloud/mist

coverage diminishing over the years.


survey report

38

The following figure show the differences between the past (upper map) and current

(lower map) areas of high diversity of Tomet inside W.Aretri and Marfay. It

appears that there is shrinking towards up-ward in the areas of and the high

diversity regions of Dracaena ombet on GEPA. As appear the center of the hotspot

of the Tombet trees has moved-up-ward (this movement estimated about 0.25 km

up-ward)

2.2.9. Threats: Causes for the deterioration of Dracaena ombet in GE:

It seems likely that a major cause of the decline in extent and quality of Dracaena

woodland is the very gradual drying of the area of south Egypt. Although there is

No direct history data is available from GEPA about the distribution or status of

dracaena ombet, however, there is strong circumstantial evidence that this area have

been drying over the last few hundred years, and especially with comparing and

matching the available data about the extreme drought especially the last 10 years

and the available data about distribution and status of Dracaena ombet in GEPA

along the last 6 years, depending in that it is appear that probably this drought have


survey report

39

a greater impact on the current populations decline in GEPA. As is known,

Dracaena ombet occurring only in a high elevation between 450 to 1450 m in this

areas affected by the mists and cloud which came from the east, across the red sea

coast towards GE submit. Local people and the old explorer's reports in this area

reported that the extent of this cloud/mist coverage diminished over the years and

the area subject for many years ago for more than continues 2-3 months of rains and

clouds.

- Insects, disease and rainfall: The project team found evidence of presence of harmful insects inside and on the

tree barks, most of the insects observation found on and at the top of ombet trees

just before their deterioration. Also local people in GE mentioned that insects has

bee observed during the last period paralleled with the drought conditions. It seem

that insects causes and accelerate the trees deterioration that may be happened under

the extreme drought and fluctuation of rainfall, which also in north Sudan the same

observation mentioned by local people of Erkwit mountain areas (SOS report).

- Parasites the project team observed some new cases for presences and distribution of plants

parasites on the Tombet trees, in wade camerba, Marafay and Tawella, the coculus

pendeduls as a most common parasite species in GE, this species observed climbing

on the tree crown, and it seem that have effect on the tree growth and survival.

- Human exploitation & animal grazing:


survey report

40

The project team doesn’t observed any direct human impact on the ombet trees, also

based on some local people, the local women was used to cut and use the ombet

tree leaves to make ropes, which the ombet leaves remarked by a strong and flexible

fibers. In concern with grazing there is no observed or detected evidence for any

grazing sign for domestic's animals such as goats or sheep on ombet trees. This may

be return for the morphological characteristics of the ombet tree, with long trunk,

umbrella-shape crown; Leaves in dense terminal linear from wide ovate base,

gradually narrowed to an acute apex. But locals mentioned that goats can only feed

on the young seedling especially the young leave which very rich with protein. Also

they used to collect some leaves from the ombet trees to feed their camels especially

in the drought seasons. in general the community do not believe that human

exploitation and animal grazing are critical factor in the deterioration of ombet tree.

But in a general view for effect of over-grazing on the Tombet ecosystem, the

project team observed a high degree of over-grazing within the habitats of dracaena

ombet, particularly on mid- and high slopes and especially within wadies of Aedieb,

Marfay and Camerba mountains. This also can indicate for the challenges of

feeding the animals of any ombet seedlings so that could effect the regenerations

balance of the Tomebt populations.

Grazing inside the dracaena mobet populations and habitats

Drought and climate change (The complex issue): Based on the protective evidences in this area and with full agree with local people

it seem that the current drought and poor rainfall that affect all the area from more

than 20 years and in general since 1950 has had an effect on all tree species,

livestock and human life and the whole ecosystem. The project team observed that


survey report

41

the existing tree regeneration and the historical habitat of ombet is found to be on

top of the hills far from the ground water, and that suggests the tree is mainly

dependent on rains and mist irrigation. Which have both fluctuated over the last 50

years that before the dry period, the area was more populated and had a rich and

vigor vegetation; GE vegetation had dense woodland which support a good

livelihood for the locals and their livestock. But the human interference in the area

has been accelerated after 1986 which with the natural resources reduction, and the

area and quantity of pasture, overgrazing and other human activities such as

charcoal production has been an ecological disaster for the areas. Lack of vegetation

in the lowland and wades, resulting in increased the overgrazing on high lands,

resulting in the removal of and affect the vegetation cover in these habitats

Knut Krzywinski (2001) is confident that the environmental factors, which are

broadly responsible for the decline of the Dracaena ombet, also underlie the

environmental degradation of the Red Sea cultural landscape and the African dry

land crises in general. He stated that; “Already in the sixties there were reports

about how the unique environment of Arkowit and the Dracaena ombet as a species

were in danger. The desertification of the Sahara borderland was threatening not

just single species, but an entire land ecosystem as well. The underlying factors are

complex, and to some extent the complexity relates to the intimate relationship

between the landscape itself, its vegetation, and the population surviving on its

resources and the culture they developed in the desert environment.”

It could be stated as the Sudanese team in monitoring of D.ombet in Erkowit area in

Sudan reported that ''it is too early to judge now on whether the acquired

information and data on climate is enough to prove any longer-lasting change. A

series of global climate changes are taking effect and influencing temperature,

precipitation, wind storms, and have consequences and side effects for the lives of

all creation in the World. But, it is not yet known whether these changes such as in

rainfall are part of a steady, sporadic or cyclical process''. The reason behind this

gist is the most likely observed change of trend in favor of a promising natural

restocking of the threatened Dracaena ombet.

It is most likely that the main reasons for the deterioration of the Dracaena ombet in

GEPA and in general at the Red Sea Hills are return for effect of the climatic

factors, which the period of deterioration is matched with the waves of drought that

faces the area along the last 50 years, especially in the decades 60s to the 80s of this

century (SOS report 2003). In addition also there is a cumulative other factors are

still considered such as effect of pests and diseases that affect plants that already

suffered from the drought.


survey report

42

Figure: drought effect stages on Dracaena ombet ( tree fallen down and leaves depletion )

Climate change and correlated changes of the local communities' livelihood

and Dracaena ecosystems.

As the past and current drought waves have direct effect on the Dracaena ombet

trees and its habitats and ecosystem, also this led to some indirect changes and

impact in the livelihoods of the rural communities that live in the same area and this

followed with indirect effect on the whole ecosystem of the dracaena ombet.

Resulting this gradually extreme drought and climatic conditions, this area turned to

evacuation region for people and for livestock, which people has been started to

down to the lower hills and to close towns and villages, and the local settlements

has become discontinuous and deadly like the local trees. The rural communities

lost most of their livestock under this harsh drought conditions and they started to


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43

be more dependence in other activities such as charcoal making especially from

acacia trees that could help the communities to earn more income in these harsh

environment and low natural resources. Also under these conditions, we did not

report any use for the ombet trees parts in commercials activities or charcoal

production.

But there is a notable over-exploitation of acacia woods in GE, which this accused a

new and potential threats to Dracaena ombet populations especially on the long-

term survival. Local communities used for long years to make a traditional charcoal

as traditional fuel source on the local manners and little demand among these tribes.

But as described above this traditional uses developed and rapidly accelerated into a

commercial use, followed with over-collecting and exploitation not only for the

dead initiated anew source for a resin obtained from the bark of the tree. At present

there tree, but also for the green acacia trees, which the urgent need or income

broken-down in his way all the shapes of the practiced traditional laws in GEPA.

Now we can assured that there many acacia woodlands areas along the costal plains,

wades and also the low and mid slopes in GE has been eradication, and respectively

the ecosystem has been depleted and override, especially a very sensitive ecosystem

on Elba mountains which the closely related Dracaena ombet occur.

Figure show the historical and timeline correlation among the current threats on

Dracaena ombet in GE (degree of the red color indicate for the intensity of the threat)


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44

Figure show the main threats on Dracaena ombet habitats, source of threats and the mitigations

measures needed


survey report

45


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46

2.2.10. THE USES and importance OF DRACAENA OMBET

Rope-making: • Women was used the ombet tree leaves to make ropes. They usually cut the young

soft leaves to make good ropes. Based on mohammed Gomaa, one of our

community guides, may be the community has bee used to used the plastics ones

which is very easy found it in the close urban areas in Abo Ramad, but to date still

there is may people have a skills to fabrics this traditional ropes from the dracaena

tree leaves. In Sudan some studies indicated that in areas close to Erkwoit

mountain, their are some ropes making recently by women at Gebeit Bogaleinai,

which the ropes in the women’s possession were not so strong, but were very

smooth and flexible. The leaves are used differently from the Dom leaves where

they put them under ground for one day to rot and then they use the pure fiber

inside the leave for making ropes (SOS Report).

Camel fodder: • In GEPA the men used to collect the Tombet tree raw fruits/seeds for their camels.

They mentioned that its edible fruits veru rich and give then energy, this mean that

its fruits have a high protein content and it is reported that its provide a good food

source for local community during the fruiting seasons and for some wild animals

such as hyrax and Nubian ibex. And also raw seeds are very healthy for camels,

especially it have a good water content. In Sudan it reported that the camels that eat

the Tombet seeds never get thirsty, because of its high water contents (SOS 2003).

But the raw Tombet seeds are very dangerous for sheep and goats, and may lead to

mortality immediately. Goat and sheep only can eat the Tombet flowers and dry

seeds (SOS 2003).

Medicine:

A- Local uses In GEPA, Dracaena is of considerable economic plant, GEPA local community

during the past. In Yemen, the hollow boles of Dracaena ombet are used in made

the Bee hives in Bura region (need refernce).

In GEPA, the interviews with local community indicated that there is a traditional

medicinal use for the Dracaena ombet as medicine plant in GE, which depending

on Mohammed Hassay (the healer of GE) the Tombet stems uses for stomach pains

and wounds treatments, and its leaves parts uses for Hair elongation. Table below

explain the methods and the dosage for these treatment.


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47

Disease Used

part

Dosage and method

Stomach pains and

wounds treatments

stem

The D.ombet stem scratching to collect an

exudation liquid which have viscous feel known

as ‘el saber’, then this exudation taken and but on

the wounds areas for some days

Hair elongation

Leaves By slotting the leaves of D.ombet and collect the

exudation liquid, which used as a hair cream.

B- Pharmacological uses In July 2007 a new Egyptian pharmacological research successes in isolated an

effective two medicinal materials from a Dracaena ombet leaves, Antinociceptive

and Anti-Inflammatory Steroidal Saponins. Two new steroidal saponins, namely

(25 R)-5beta-spirostan-3-beta-ol 3 -O-beta- D-galactopyranosyl-(1'''-->4'')- O-beta-

D-glucopyranosyl-(1''-->3')- O-beta- D-glucopyranoside (El Shanwany, 2007-

Planta Med. 2007 Jul 12;.)

2.2.11. SIGNS OF NATURAL REGENERATION At Camerba Mountain, at moderate east northern slope, some 8 small trees (0.1 – 1

meter) were observed (Photos 4 & 5). In this area the project team had make the

youngest seedling record for Dracaena in Egypt, which a small seedling with trunk

tall (10 cm) recorded on the slope of camerba mountain, it seem that its age less

than 3 years. At north-east of Wade Khway another 2 small seedling (0.4-1 m) also

recorded. But in the other areas there are no signs or observation for new generation.

Which most of the tree woodland that recorded are big trees (more than 1.5 -4

meters high), and estimated to be more than 15 years old. Mohmaaed Hassy, the

elder man in the Beja tribe, about seventy years, in Wade Aedeieb has mentioned

that when he was a child he used to play under these trees that looks like young and

less than 3-4 meters.


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ombet seedling in Camerba mountain Sign for regeneration in W.Ghway

Local community's member beside a young

dead ombet seedling

Good Signs for regeneration in

Camerba mountain

Also Mohammed Hassay indicates that he before tried to propagate the ombet by

cutting a one of the top part of the young branch and tried to propagate it on the

wade soil to germinate roots, but unfortunately the seedling died. This indicate the

local community willingness to contribute to the regeneration of the ombet as they

have a good traditional knowledge and aware of its value in their livelihood and the

traditional methods for agriculture and plants propagations. Based on Marwan the

Ghazouni, an Egyptian succulent plant specialist there are some natural signs of

regeneration of the “ombet” were observed at Shendeib Mountain in 2003. The

local communities stated that they have not observed any more seedling or new

generation in other areas during the last 5-7 years inside the areas we surveyed or at

any other un-accessible sites from what had been visited and surveyed.


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But on level of regeneration outside the natural habitats, that considers as try for ex-

situ conservation, some of the Egyptian succulents specialists, Marwan El Ghazouni

and Sheriff Abu Basha, has been successes in propagate about 40 new dracaena

seedling from the collected seed that they collect from Shendeib Mountain during

their visit for this area in 2003. These seedling conserved inside a private garden in

Cairo belong for them. In Elba the observation for the new seedling indicated that

most of these seedlings grow away from the big trees, outside the trees canopy,

where the seeds are expected to fall. Only one seedling more than 1.5 m detected in

Wade Tawella grow under the tree (its not completely ensured if this tree grown

from a seed germination or a vegetative part), but in general this observations can

leads for hypotheses about seed disbursement, germination requirements, seed

viability, dormancy, storage and optimum season and stage of seed collection

(which further studies and research are needed to fill this knowledge gap).

The project team initiated an experiment for germinate ombet seedling from a

vegetative parts, this return for lack of seeds which during the survey period there is

no signs for fruiting, for that the team and with support from local community was

planted some of the vegetative parts of the ombet tree (new germinated buds on the

top of the trees branches), which these parts transferred and planted in a

propagation puts and supported with soil from the valley and kept irrigated each 3

days with suitable water. But unfortunately after 3 months these parts did not give

any sign for survival or new roots.

Vegetative propagation attempts for ombet

tree

Vegetative parts from an ombet tree that

used for vegetative propagation

experiments


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Local community care with and carry out propagation experiment for Dracaena ombet

in a community nursery in GE

2.2.12. Tree ecology:

The project team observed that the existing tree regeneration and the historical

habitat of ombet is found to be on top of the hills on latitude range from 400-1100

m, far from the ground water, and that suggests the tree is mainly dependent on

rains and mist irrigation.

The Dracaena ombet tree morphology and physiology is designed by nature to

tolerate drought. The tree stem, branches and roots are composed of fibers that store

water, the leaves lanceulated shape, thick, smooth at lower and upper surface, and

erect in position so as to reduce transpiration and hence resist desiccation. The inner

part of the tree branches as well as the roots consist of fiber, this is a strong

indicator that this tree can reserve a considerable amount of water to resist drought,

and it probably depends on mist and rain fall rather than ground water. In almost in

all cases, the Dracaena ombet is found to grow and establish at the cracks between

rocks and shallow soil where no permanent ground water. That suggests the tree

totally relies on rainwater and mist supported by its ability to absorb and reserve

water for the dry season.

All the Dracaena ombet trees woodlands and regeneration took place at the Eastern

and northern eastern parts of the Elba and Shendeib mountains, which in northern

parts the Northeast dominance wind can blow and summer rain fall. No trees found

or historical known in at the western or the southern slopes of Elba Mountains,

where the climate is different from the eastern parts. Which the climate to the

western parts of the mountains is a considers as part of the Sahara climate (hot and

less exposures for rain or moisture).


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The project field survey results indicated that that the ombet seeds seems to have a

long dormancy period and high viability period, which enable the seed to stay

underground for longer periods and only grow when there are favorable climatic

conditions.

'Fan-Tailed Raven' colonies inside the

ombet woodland on GE high slopes

'Fan-Tailed Raven' bird stay of ombet tree

in Wade Marafay in GE

In general omebt grow at high altitudes at hard slopes, it also seems that the seeds in

usual are not the kind that can be transmitted by animal, like acacia as example that

have a high rate of germination after transmitting by camels in this area. This could

indicate that may be the omebt seeds transmission happen by some kind of residents

wild birds in this area or/and, water and wind. The Crow 'Fan-Tailed Raven' was

observed extensively by the project team in most of the areas of ombet woodland,

which it has a huge colonies on the top of GE Elba at the mid and high stony slopes

in areas very close for the ombet population distribution. These birds observed fly

and stay of top of the ombet trees, also local community stated that these birds like

ombet seeds and it observed eat its seeds at the fruiting seasons in the past. This

can lead that may be there is possibilities that the wild raven birds acts as a main

transmitting agent for the ombet seeds.

Also on a global scale it's very reliable to indicate that the global distribution of this

bird 'Fan-Tailed Raven' cover south east Egypt 'GE', North East Sudan, Eritrea,

Djibouti, north east Ethiopia, north Somalia and Arabia, which it’s the same areas

for the ombet distributions.(intensive study about the relation with between the

ombet and this bird is needed for more assessment for the ecology of ombet tree)

2.2.13. Reproduction: The Dracaena ombet fruits or berry 1-1.2 cm diameter, which each fruit have one

seed very small in size ( 5-6 mm diameter), and this refer that they are disbursed by

wind, water or carried by birds for that places far from the mother trees. This fact


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52

may help in explain the presence of new seedlings away from mother trees. In GE

and during the survey times there is no observation for any signs of fruiting or

seeds, only old fruiting branches founded on the top of some trees. Although some

of local community stated that they observed and collected some seeds during the

last 2 years, but there is no sign for seeds or new fruits. May be as the Dracaena

ombet considers as a Monocotyledons species, which it is this division of the plant

kingdom in most cases likely to have males and females at separate trees

(dioeciously). For that the ombet have a male and female types this will affect the

quantity and quality of the fruits which in case of un-pollination methods will be

there un-pollinated flowers that are not usually the same quality as the pollinated

ones, and this may also affect the viability of the population in GE under the current

climate change and also explain the limitation of presence of fruits in the areas of

the surveys.

2.2.14. Dracaena ombet morphology description Tree 2-4 m; Trunk 20-40 cm diameter, repeatedly forked; Branches forming an

umbrella-shape crown; Bark brownish ;Leaves in dense terminal rosttes 40-60x 2-3

cm linear from s wide ovate base, gradually narrowed to an acute apex. Thicj, rigid,

the margins smooth ;Panicle 50cm, much-branched, glabrous; Bracts minute,

lancolate; Pedicels 2-4 mm, articulate at middle; Perianth-segemnts 4-6 x 1.5-2.5

mm, connate at the base for 0.5 mm ;Stamens 3-4 mm; Filaments flattened; Ovary

oblong; Stigma shallowly 3-lobbed; Fruits or Berry 1-1.2 cm diameter, 1-seeded

;Seed 5-6 mm diameter, globose; Pollen is monosulcate (elliptical with a length-

wise slit), pollen surface is fossulate.


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Tree and a drawing for Leave and Panicle

2.2.15. Associated plants communities:

230 plant species were recorded during the Tombet survey phase (See annex 1), all

these plants recorded on the middle and upper slopes of GE where the habitats of


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the ombet occurs, these plants recorded associated with the Dracaena ombet and/or

within its micro habitats (including: middle and upper slopes, Mountainous

Drainages and mist oases; and the mountainous springs).

37 plant species recorded as closely correlated and associated species with the

D.ombet populations (these plants recorded inside the Tombet Quadrates), which

this mean that about 16% of the recorded plants very associated with the ombet

microhabitats.

Table 2: main associated indigenous plants where Dracaena ombet occurs (within three

representative habitats).

No Habitats/species name

MD -

MMO MUS MWS

4 Acacia asak (Forssk.) Willd. 0 1 0

5 Acacia etbaica 0 1 0

8 Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne subsp. Tortilis 1 1 0

17 Amaranthus graecizansL. subsp. Graecizans 1 1 0

25 Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. 1 1 0

36 Calligonum polygonoidesL. subsp. Comosum 0 1 0

41 Cenchrus setigerusVahl 0 1 0

44 Chrozophora oblongifolia (Delile) Spreng. 1 0 0

46 Cocculus pendulus(J.R. & G.Forst.) Diels 1 0 0

48 Commelina benghalensisL. 1 0 0

49 Commelina forsskaleiVahl 1 0 0

73 Dodonaea viscosa Jacq 0 1 0

78 Echinopus spinosus 0 1 0

80 Ephedra cilliata 1 1 0

88 Euclea racemosa Murray subsp. schimperi 1 1 1

90 Euphorbia consobrina N.E.Br. 1 1 0

91 Euphorbia cuneata Vahl 0 1 0

96 Ficus salicifolia Vahl 1 0 0

115 Hibiscus vitifolius L. 1 0 0

120 Ipomoea obscura(L.) Ker-Gawl. 1 1 0

121 Jasminum fluminense Vell. 1 0 0

122 Jasminum grandiforum 1 0 0

139 Lycium shawiiRoem. & Schult. 1 1 0

149 Ocimum forsskaoliiBenth. 1 1 0

150 Ocimum menthaefolium Hochst. staminosum Sims 1 1 0

151 Olea europaea L. 1 0 0

152 Onychium divaricatum(Poir.) Alston 0 1 0

156 Oxalis anthelmintica 1 1 0

158 Pancratium sickenbergeri 1 0 0

159 Pancratium tortuosumHerb. 1 0 0

180 Rhus abyssinica Hochst. 1 0 0

181 Rhus abyssinica Hochst. ex Oliver etbaica Engl. 1 0 0

190 Rumex simpliciflorusMurb. 1 0 0

192 Salvadora persica 0 1 0

204 Sisymbrium erysimoidesDesf. 1 0 0


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205 Solanum incanum 0 1 0

212 Solanum villosum Mill. subsp. villosum 1 1 0 Table key: MD-MO: mountainous drainage and mist oases ; MUS: mountainous upper slopes; MWS: mountainous water

springs; 0: absent; 1: presence

2.2.16. Ombet population's Eco-geography and the suitable habitats in GE

Tombet Habitats Suitability Index:

What are the main factors determining the ecological state of ombet tree habitats?. A

habitat suitability index for D.ombet is developed to provide the answer for this question

and to measure the future status of the ombet habitats and their effects and affects on the

ecological situation in GE. The following environmental variables are chosen as

determining parameters for habitat suitability, which included: climatc, geomorphologic

and biological factors. Collected semi-quantitative and qualitative knowledge about the

impact of those variables on suitability of a site for D.ombet is formalized using a fuzzy

set approach. The resulting index is implemented in GIS and applied to a test and measure

the available suitable habitats status in GE for D.ombet. The results are compared to the

actual distribution of ombet in the year 2007 to check their plausibility and status. This

approach could use as a simple evaluation of the habitat suitability for ombet in a spatial

scale and also as simulation tool, also the OHSI could support the any ecological impact

assessment processes that can guide towards mitigate any potential impact on the

important areas for Tombet distributions.

The finding of the O-HIS could conclude as following:

• Total Tombet suitable habitats in GE = 21.5 sq km

• Total Elba Mountain massive = 150 sq km

• Percentage of Tombet suitable habitats for the whole GE massive = 14.33%

• Suitable habitats index's parameters:

This table concludes the limiting factors/parameters that control the distribution of the

ombet population and shapes its habitats; based on these parameters we can divide the

ombet population's occurrence into different 6 eco-geographical zones, and could be

defined as following:

Zone 1: (included the Tombet populations of W. Artri's low slope)


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Zone 2: (included the Tombet populations of W. Marafay, Shtet, Darwina, Akaw, and the

mid and upper slope of w. Tawella; and the middle slope of w. Aretri)

Zone 3: (included the Tombet populations of W. Tawella's low slope)

Zone 4: (included the Tombet populations of Camerba Mountian and W. Ghway and W.

Nahaeeb)

Zone 5: (included the Tombet populations of W. Aedieb-Kosheit)

Zone 6: (included the Tombet populations of the outliers hills of W. Aedieb)

Map for different Tombet eco-geographical

zones (vector map for ombet distribution)

Satellite raster map for the ombet distribution

Table : limiting factors/parameters that control the distribution of the ombet population in

Gabel Elba

Bioclimatic

Variable Zone1 Zone2 Zone3 Zone4 Zone5 Zone6 Min Max Range

Altitude

(meter)

313-

550

420-

915

290-

650

612-

800

871-

1000

556-

600 290/300 1000 700

Minimum

Annual Temp. 18.5 17.9 18.7 16.8 15.4 17.2 15.4 18.7 3.3

Maximum

Annual Temp 30.6 30 30.7 29.1 27.7 29.3 27.7 30.7 3

Annual Mean

Temperature 24.6 24 24.7 22.9 21.6 23.2 21.6 24.7 3.1

Mean Monthly

Temperature

Range 12 12.1 12 12.2 12.3 12.2 12 12.3 0.3


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Isothermality

(2/7) (* 100) 52.8 53.1 53 52.9 53 53.1 52.8 53.1 0.3

Temperature

Seasonality

(STD * 100) 413.4 414.8 410.9 420.7 427.1 417.9 411 427.1 16.2 Max

Temperature of

Warmest

Month 36.1 35.5 36.1 34.6 33.3 34.8 33.3 36.1 2.8

Min

Temperature of

Coldest Month 13.3 12.7 13.5 11.5 10 11.9 10 13.5 3.5

Temperature

Annual Range 22.8 22.8 22.6 23.1 23.3 22.9 22.6 23.3 0.7 Mean

Temperature of

Wettest

Quarter 23.3 22.6 23.4 21.5 20.1 21.9 20.1 23.4 3.3

Mean

Temperature of

Driest Quarter 19.6 19 19.7 17.9 16.4 18.2 16.4 19.7 3.3 Mean

Temperature of

Warmest

Quarter 29.4 28.8 29.5 27.9 26.5 28.1 26.5 29.5 3

Mean

Temperature of

Coldest

Quarter 19.4 18.8 19.6 17.7 16.3 18.1 16.3 19.6 3.3

Annual

Precipitation 28 32 29 37 46 36 28 46 18

Precipitation of

Wettest Month 17 17 18 17 18 18 17 18 1

Precipitation of

Driest Month 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Precipitation

Seasonality

(CV) 205.4 178.3 209.9 149.9 124.8 165.8 125 209.9 85.1

Precipitation of

Wettest

Quarter 24 25 25 25 28 27 24 28 4

Precipitation of

Driest Quarter 0 1 0 2 3 1 0 3 3

Precipitation of

Warmest

Quarter 2 3 2 6 9 5 2 9 7 Precipitation of

Coldest

Quarter 3 4 3 4 6 5 3 6 3

Alt – Slope

(Degree) 89-90 89-90 89-90 89-90 89-90 89-90 89 90 1


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Aspect values for the ombet populations:

North: 13.31% of the ombet population's trees facing N

East: 2.27% of the ombet population's trees facing E

North East: 18.70% of the ombet population's trees facing NE

North West: 65.72% of the ombet population's trees facing NW

Tombet population's eco-geographical zones variables:

Z1 Z2 Z3


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Z4 Z5 Z6


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Second part: Dracaena ombet conservation action plan

1. Introduction:

This Dracaena ombet Conservation Action Plan (DCAP) has been produced for the

Dracaena ombet tree populations in GEPA, and it should be regarded as a National Action

Plan. It is intended that this DCAP should complement and fit within the context of the

national biodiversity action plan (BAP) and the GEPA management plan. The DCAP has

prepared as a key commitment to conservation action in the region, this to contribute to

Biodiversity conservation of the Park and how the various agencies, NGOs and local

people interact to maintain this situation. Through the GEPA and NCS’s activities in

conjunction with its partners this plan should not be seen as distinct or isolated from other

important documents and guidance which have appeared over the years on the local or

national level. Equally it should be recognized as part of the long term plan for the area. It

should be understood that this plan has prepared to fills a gap in the strategic plans within

the GEPA which preparation this plan considers as a significant contributor to the national

Biodiversity targets. Ultimately action and implementation will be guided by this plan, for

nothing can be gained by words without action. Implementation can work by integrated the

plan’s activities and recommendation in consideration during implementation the GEPA

management plan in two main direction, either by conservation of habitat, or by measures

aimed at species.

1.1. Why Dracaena ombet Action Plan? Dracaena ombet is listed as endangered plant (EN) in the IUCN Red List, is one of the few

species that can survive the extensive periods of drought in all parts of its range and is

likely to therefore be an important part of the desert ecosystem Dracaena ombet, grows on

Gabel Elba in Egypt and also in Sudan, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia and Somalia. This

plant recorded in the highest zones of slope of Gabel Elba, which the occurrence of

Dracaena in Gabel Elba is its most northern limit within the red sea costal mountains and

all its distribution range in the world. Is in rapid decline due to Overgrazing, over-cutting,

droughts and possibly attack by parasitic pests or disease have contributed to the decline.

In northern Sudan it appears that the populations of D. ombet have completely vanished

from Erkowit. There is no enough up to date information about population or ecology of

D.ombet in Egypt. Dracaena populations occur in a remote areas which not easily

accessible for researchers.

This project has been conducting inside GEPA, this park is Egypt’s most important

Protectorate, is a “biodiversity hotspot” in Egypt, many afro-tropical elements have their

northern limits at Gabel Elba. Some 458 plant species are known from GE, representing

almost 25% of Egypt flora. GEPA contain twenty globally threatened species, also has the

potential to be a UNESCO World Heritage Site Also GE is a “biodiversity hotspot” in

Egypt and represents a northern limit of Eastern Afromontane as globally biodiversity

hotspot.

This strategic action plan and its recommended actions will improve monitoring and

conservation effectiveness of D.ombet tree in Egypt, The action plan promotes focused


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leadership and increased collaboration and education to sustain healthy population and to

support long term monitoring program and ensure the ongoing species conservation actions

by promote a community participation and set priorities, and fully utilize all available and

appropriate program tools.

In April 2008, DMAP’s Team finished the first pioneer intensive monitoring and

assessment phase for the Dracaena ombet in GEPA, this phase results leads to setting the

priority for species conservation and supported the project team which developed a Long

Term Monitoring Program for D.ombet. Based on LTMP and the species conservation

priority an action plan prepared for improve monitoring and conservation effectiveness of

D.ombet tree in Egypt and ensuring the ongoing activities for D.ombet conservation in

Egypt.

The following four strategic immediate goals and included an unabridged list of current

and Possible future actions under five specific objectives to address those goals, which are

to:

• Improve knowledge about D.ombet

• Reduce the current decline rate in its population to 20% by 2009 and stabilized the

population status.

• Prepared and implanted community-based long term monitoring

• Increase communication and awareness about the species, threats, importance and

the conservation activates needs.

In summary there are five main reasons for the production of a DCAP based upon making

best use of resources, time and energy by:

► Identifying species population priorities for local action

► Focusing limited resources for species conservation

► Identifying key partners and mechanisms to deliver action

► Informing policy makers

► Identify a role model for other species conservation action in Egypt

1.2. For whom this report: This action plan is prepared and submitted mainly for the management team of the CLP

and its partners. This report also contains information which may be useful for many

general interests; this report it focuses specifically on assessment the current status of

endangered tree Dracaena ombet in Egypt, with some depth literature review and

organization for the D.ombet distribution and status in the global level. The report address

specifically the research and survey results for D.ombet, but also describe the related

activities which carried parallel with the research activities under the project such as public

awareness; capacity building and training; GIS work; traditional knowledge documentation

and a community work.


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1.3. Action plan scope: This action plan and the include data and results related only for the Gable Elba area

between latitude 22 to 22.30 and longitude 35 to 37. we want to as soon as to give a

detailed results, but as it shown in this report, it represents a preliminary report for the first

project phase, thus lead that there is many information will be gathered at end of the

project which will included and contribute in the final update for the final project report

and a compound ecological, socio-economic and the species populations studies.

2. Species description and status

2.1. Species Taxonomy and morphology

Kingdom: Plantae

Phylum: Tracheophyta

Class: Liliopsida

Order :Liliales

Family : Dracaenaceae

Genus : Dracaena

Species:Ombet

Species authority: Kotschy & peyr

Tree 2-4 m; Trunk 20-40 cm diameter, repeatedly forked; Branches forming an umbrella-

shape crown; Bark brownish ;Leaves in dense terminal rosttes 40-60x 2-3 cm linear from s

wide ovate base, gradually narrowed to an acute apex. Thicj, rigid, the margins smooth

;Panicle 50cm, much-branched, glabrous; Bracts minute, lancolate; Pedicels 2-4 mm,

articulate at middle; Perianth-segemnts 4-6 x 1.5-2.5 mm, connate at the base for 0.5 mm

;Stamens 3-4 mm; Filaments flattened; Ovary oblong; Stigma shallowly 3-lobbed; Fruits or

Berry 1-1.2 cm diameter, 1-seeded ;Seed 5-6 mm diameter, globose; Pollen is monosulcate

(elliptical with a length-wise slit), pollen surface is fossulate.

2.2. Species global assessment information

2.2.1. IUCN red list status

Red List Category & Criteria:

EN A1cd ver 2.3 (1994)

Year Assessed:

1998

Assessor/s: World Conservation Monitoring Centre

History: 1978- Vulnerable/Endangered (Lucas and Synge 1978) 1997- Vulnerable (Walter and Gillett 1998)


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Action programs

This includes the vision, aim, immediate objectives, specific objectives and projects

and activities of the action plan. The vision, aim, immediate objectives and specific

objectives are indicated in Table 5. After identifying the threats of the species

across its range, there is need for appropriate interventions or solutions to mitigate

those threats. The solutions in this action plan have been packaged as vision, aim,

objectives and projects and activities.

Vision The strategic action plan and its recommended actions is to ‘improve and ensure

monitoring an conservation effectiveness of D.ombet tree in Egypt and to sustaining,

healthy population of Dracaena ombet across the entire range and habitats in GE’.

The Action Plan will not achieve this vision during its five-year lifetime, but will

contribute towards it.

Aim Within five years, this action plan aims to ‘Have the initiative implemented to

address the threats necessary to stabilise the current threats and contribute in

increase D.omebt populations in GE’.

Objectives Stabilizing and increasing the populations of the Lappet-faced Vulture within five

years will be achieved through the implementation of three strategic immediate and

nine specific objectives shown in Table 3. The indicators are for the vision, aim and

the priority specific objectives.

Vision Indicator Ensure a sustaining, healthy

population of Dracaena ombet across

the entire range and habitats in GE’

D.omebt no longer endangered species on the national level

Aim Within five years, this action plan

aims to ‘Have the initiative

implemented to address the threats

necessary to stabilize the current

threats and contribute in increase

D.omebt populations in GE’.

Population of D.omebt across 90% of range states known by end of 2008 Initiatives to conserve the population in place by 2010.

Immediate Objectives A. Improve knowledge about D.ombet

The Dracaena ombet ecology, biology and population distribution knowledge gathered


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by 2010 B. Reduce the current decline rate in its population to 20% by 2009 and stabilized the population status.

80% of the ombet populations conserved

C. Prepared and implanted community-based long term monitoring

Community based monitoring program in place

D. Increase communication and awareness about the species, threats, importance and the conservation activates needs.

Environmental education, awareness and communication programs in place

Specific objectives: 1. Improve knowledge about D.omebt’s population distribution, traditional knowledge, threats and population dynamics.

Up-to-date distribution map available by 2008

Population of D.ombet in all the range states

known by 2008

traditional knowledge documents by 2009

2. Prepared and implanted a long term monitoring program

- Population dynamics information available by 2009 - Dracaena ombet’s Monitoring filed station establishes by 2008 in GE. - long term monitoring set up based on string involving for local community of GE

3. Restored and rehabilitated the populations

- restoration and rehabilitation of 50% of the population areas by 2010

4. Increase public awareness about the species among local community and at the national level.

- Public awareness and education plan for D.omebt prepared and implemented by 2009.

5. Increase publicity, networking and communication at the international level with other interested parties.

- Increase number of involved stakeholders on the national level in implemented the conservation action plan. - Increase the national publicity about the species. - establish and support international dragon partnership

6. Increase capacity building of the stakeholders

Increase number of trained locals in filed of endangered species mananagment Increase capacity of the local NGO and GEPA


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65

7 Reduced the habitats’ degradation, loss and distribution for Dracaena ombet distribution.

- Protect at least 70% of GE's critical habitats for D.ombet - Restore at least 50% of D.ombet habitats - Prepare the Ombet's critical habitats conservation action plan

Action Activities needed Action activities are what need to be done to achieve the different objectives. They

are numbered according to the corresponding specific objectives which are also

numbered according to the corresponding immediate objective.

� Improve knowledge about D.omebt’s population distribution,

traditional knowledge, threats and population dynamics.

1.1. Monitoring activities for Assess population size, occurrence and

distribution 1.2. Long term monitoring for its population dynamics and habitats

requirements 1.3. Monitoring for assessing the productivity, new generation, mortality

and survival rate and trend for produce a good ageing scheme and decline

rate. Using trees tagging methods.

1.4. Research and assessment for the current TK about the species among the local community of GE.

1.5. Training in Endangered species monitoring and conservation for local

community and GE staff.

1.6. Asses the Dracaena ombet against the IUCN regional assessment

guidelines.

1.7. Prepare a suitability habitats GIS based map for Dracaena ombet in GE

� Prepared and implanted a long term monitoring program

2.1. Establishing the Dracaena ombet’s Monitoring filed station

establishes by 2008 in GE. 2.2. Establishing an NGO, as community foundation for conservation

endangered species in GE 2.3. Reduced the current habitats disturbance due to the human

activities e.g charcoaling and mining 2.4. Encourage research on Dracaena ombet in GE among the

researchers and scientific institutions


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� Restored and rehabilitated the populations

3.1. Establish a community plants nursery project, to help in activities

of restoration and rehabilitation the D.ombet populations. 3.2. Conduct a feasibility study for rehabilitation of the D.omebt in GE. 3.3. If grazing is identified as impact or cause for tree damage,

establish trees enclosures and grazing restricted sites as part of the zoning plan, and promote local community for avoid grazing their animals inside the restricted zones.

3.4. Re-introduction the Dracaena ombet in suitable habitats that may be in past included dracaena population (guanine-introduction).

� Increase public awareness about the species among local community and at the national level.

4.1. Involving more stakeholders on the national level in implemented the

conservation action plan. 4.2. encourage more stakeholders, interested groups and individuals to

visit and explore GE 4.3. Use the local media, appropriate magazines etc. to inform about the

species, their habitat requirements, importance and their distribution in the county.

4.4. Prepare Public awareness and education plan for D.omebt 4.5. implements public awareness activities with participation of local

community and local schools 4.6. Establish an electronic website and electronic work group about GE

and the species. 4.7. Make the national NGO, academic institution and universities aware

about the status of D.omebt and importance of the related research. 4.8. Produce information material on the species status and conservation

activities e.g. poster, films, children stories.

� Increase publicity, networking and communication at the international level with other interested parties.

5.1. Encourage establishment of the Dracaena international partnership

with other interested int. project and groups.


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5.2. To gather baseline information about the distribution, status and conservation of D.omebt in its global range ( North East Africa and West Arabia)

5.3. Improve coordination and fundraising for D.ombet in Egypt. 5.4. Improve coordination and collaboration with other agencies in Africa

for more knowledge improvement about global status of D.OMBET

� Increase capacity building of the stakeholders

6.1. Training in Endangered species monitoring and conservation for local

community and GE staff. 6.2. Involving the stakeholders in implementation the Dracaena ombet

long term monitoring program 6.3. involving RSPADA as local NGO in the international Dracaena

Partnership 6.4. Support RSPADA and GEPA’s rangers with effective national and

international training

� Reduced degradation and loss of suitable habitats for Dracaena

ombet and a whole GE ecosystem.

7.1. Through awareness and promote implanting legislation change the negative human impact on the suitable habitats in GE. Such a charcoaling activities and acacia tree cut.

7.2. Through promote implementing the legislation and ensure that the appropriate Environmental Impact Assessment process is followed for all developments or mining activities in GE, and that the possible impact on the D.ombet distribution and suitable habitats range.

7.3. Gathering data and information about the climate status and change in GE and its long term effect on the D.ombet in GE.

7.4. Through awareness, collaborative agreements and promotion law enforcement control the over-exploitation of acacia trees for charcoaling and fuel wood production.


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Dracean ombet conservation and

action plan

Dracaena ombet-MAP-Egypt Project -

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69

Table 1. Shows the details of how the specific projects will be implemented

i.e., its priority as far as the conservation of the species is concerned; agencies

that will take a lead to implement the project; time scale, cost risks and

opportunities that one has to bear in mind.

RSPADA Red Sea Protected Area Development Association

GEPA Gabel Elba Protected Area

LC Local Community

DPI Dracaena Partnership International

CLP Conservation Leadership Programme

NCS Nature Conservation Sector

EEAA Egyptian Environment Affairs Agency

SVU South Valley University

RSG Red Sea Governorate

Table 1. Action plan and implementation of the activities

Project Overall

priority

Agencies

responsible

Time

scale

Cost

L.E

Indicator

� Improve knowledge about D.omebt’s population distribution, traditional knowledge, threats and population dynamics.

Monitoring activities for Assess population size, occurrence and distribution

***** RSPADA, GEPA and LC

2007-2009

10000 population size, occurrence and distribution assessed in 100% of its range

Long term monitoring for its population dynamics and habitats requirements

***** RSPADA, GEPA, LC and EGY-U

2008-2010-Ongoing

15000 Annual action plan review

Monitoring for assessing the productivity, new generation, mortality and survival rate and trend for produce a good ageing scheme and decline rate. Using


2008-2010

* Mortality and survival rate detected by 2010


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trees tagging methods. Research and assessment for the current TK about the species among the local community of GE.

**** RSPADA, GEPA and LC

2008-2008

2000 TK documented by 2008

Training in Endangered species monitoring and conservation for local community and GE staff.


2008-2009

3000 Number of GEPA Staff and local people trained

Prepare a suitability habitats GIS based map for Dracaena ombet in GE.


2008-2009

2000 a suitability habitats GIS based map prepared by 2008

Assess the Dracaena ombet against the IUCN regional assessment guidelines.

**** GEPA 2008 * Regional assessment prepared and reviewed by the iucn

� Prepared and implanted a long term monitoring program

Establish a Dracaena ombet’s Monitoring filed station establishes by 2008 in GE.

***** RSPADA, GEPA and LC, RSG

2008 50000 Dracaena ombet’s Monitoring filed station establishes by 2008 in GE prepared and operated .

Establish an NGO, as community foundation for conservation endangered species in GE


2008/09

1000 NGO, as community foundation established and participated in D.ombet conservation.


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Reduced the current habitats disturbance due to the human activities e.g charcoaling and mining


2008-2009

* Habitats action plans

Encourage research on Dracaena ombet in GE among the researchers and scientific institutions

*** GEPA, EGY-U, NCS

2008-2010

* Number of researchers in reference to D.ombet

� Restored and rehabilitated the populations

Establish a community plants nursery project, to help in activities of restoration and rehabilitation the D.ombet populations.


2008 10000 Community based plants nursery established and oriented for the activities support.

Conduct a feasibility study for rehabilitation of the D.omebt in GE.


2009 3000 Feasibility study for rehabilitation of the D.omebt prepared and supported the restoration activities.

If grazing is identified as impact or cause for tree damage, establish trees enclosures and grazing restricted sites as part of the zoning plan, and promote local community for avoid grazing their animals inside the restricted zones.

*** RSPADA, GEPA and LC

2008-09

4000 Number of enclosures established


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Re-introduction the Dracaena ombet in suitable habitats that may be in past included dracaena population (guanine-introduction).

***** GEPA. RSPADA, LC

2009-2010

20000 4 Sites rehabilitated or re-introduced dracaena into.

� Increase public awareness about the species among local community

and at the national level.

Involving more stakeholders on the national level in implemented the conservation action plan.

*** RSPADA, GEPA, NCS

2008-ongoing

* Number of stakeholders involved

Use the local media, appropriate magazines etc. to inform about the species, their habitat requirements, importance and their distribution in the county.


ongoing

* Number of published materials

Prepare Public awareness and education plan for D.omebt


2008, 09

* Public awareness plan prepared

implements public awareness activities with participation of local community and local schools


2008-ongoing

5000 Number of Public awareness conducted

Establish an electronic website and electronic work group about GE and the species.

*** RSPADA, GEPA

2008 * Website established

Make the national *** RSPADA, 2008- * Number of


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73

NGO, academic institution and universities aware about the status of D.omebt and importance of the related research.

GEPA ongoing

NGOs and institutes participated

Produce information material on the species status and conservation activities e.g. poster, films, children stories.

*** RSPADA, GEPA

2008 5000 Number of the materials prepared

encourage more stakeholders, interested groups and individuals to visit and explore GE


2008-2010

Visits and volunteers increased

� Increase publicity, networking and communication at the international level with other interested parties.

To gather baseline information about the distribution, status and conservation fo D.omebt in its global range ( North East Africa and west Arabia)

** RSPADA, GEPA

2008-2009

* Globally Baseline data about D.ombet prepared

Encourage establishment of the Dracaena international partnership with other interested int. project and groups.

**** GEPA, NCS 2008-09

* Globally Dragon tree Partnership established


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Improve coordination and fundraising for D.ombet in Egypt. Improve coordination and collaboration with other agencies in Africa for more knowledge improvement about global status of D.OMBET

*** RSPADA, GEPA

Ongoing

* Small project proposal prepared and submitted for funding agencies Building the Dracaena ombet Int. partnership

� Increase capacity building of the stakeholders

Training in Endangered species monitoring and conservation for local community and GE staff.


2008-2009

3000 Number of GEPA Staff and local people trained

Involving the stakeholders in implementation the D.ombet entation the Dracaena ombet long term monitoring program

**** RSPADA, GEPA, NCS

2008-2010

1000 Numbers of new stakeholders involved

involving RSPADA as local NGO in the international Dracaena Partnership

**** RSPADA, GEPA, NCS

2008-2009

1500 RSPADA involved in the DPI

Support RSPADA and GEPA’s rangers with effective national and

**** NCS, GEPA 2009-2010

Numbers of RSPADA and GEPA staff


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international training

received training

� Reduced degradation and loss of suitable habitats for Dracaena ombet

and a whole GE ecosystem.

Through awareness and promote implanting legislation change the negative human impact on the suitable habitats in GE. Such a charcoaling activities and acacia tree cut.


ongoing

2500 Special legislation for protecting ombet prepared and adopted locally Human exploitation for the ombet habitats resources reduced

Through promote implementing the legislation and ensure that the appropriate Environmental Impact Assessment process is followed for all developments or mining activities in GE, and that the possible impact on the D.ombet distribution and suitable habitats range.

*** RSPADA, GEPA and LC

2008-ongoing

2000 Special legislation for protecting ombet prepared and adopted locally Ombet habitats importance included in the national EIA

Gather data and information about the climate status and change in GE and its long term effect on the D.ombet in GE.


2008-ongoing

30000 Weather stations settled and operated Monitoring Filed station established and operated


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Appendices:

Appendix 1: Tombet population's eco-geographical zones variables maps:

Suitable Tombet Aspect Map

Suitable Tombet Altitude Map


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PREC_ANNUAL

MIN TEMP

MAX TEMP

PREC_WARM MONTH

PREC-SEASON

MEAN TEMP


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Annex 2:

Associated indigenous plants within the Dracaena ombet's habitats in Gabel

Elba Protected Area.

No Habitats/species name

MD -

MMO MS MS

1 Abutilon bidentatumA.Rich. 0 1 0

2 Abutilon fruticosum 1 0 0

3 Abutilon pannosum(G.Forst.) Schltdl. 0 1 0

4 Acacia asak (Forssk.) Willd. 0 1 0

5 Acacia etbaica 0 1 0

6 Acacia laeta 1 0 0

7 Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth. 1 0 0

8 Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne subsp. tortilis 1 1 0

9 Achyranthes aspera 1 1 0

10 Actiniopteris australis 0 0 1

11 Adiantum capillus-veneris 0 0 1

12 Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schult. var. javanica 1 0 0

13 Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult. 1 0 0

14 Allium spathaceum Steud. ex A. Rich 1 0 0

15 Allium spathaceum Steud. ex A. Rich 0 1 0

16 Amaranthus graecizansL. subsp. graecizans 1 0 0

17 Amaranthus graecizansL. subsp. graecizans 1 1 0

18 Ammi majusL. 1 0 0

19 Anagallis arvensis L. var. caeruleaGouan 1 0 0

20 Anagallis arvensis L. var. caeruleaGouan 0 1 0

21 Aneilema tacazzeanumHochst. ex C.B.Cl. 1 1 0

22 Aristida meccana 1 0 0

23 Arnebia hispidissima(Lehm.) DC. 1 0 0

24 Asphodelus fistulosus L. var. tenuifoliusCav. 1 0 0

25 Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. 1 1 0

26 Belpharis ciliaris (L.) B.L. Burtt. 0 1 0

27 Beorhavia repens 1 0 0

28 Bidens bipinnata L. 1 0 0

29 Bidens pilosa L 1 0 0

30 Bidens schimperi Sch.Bip. 1 0 0

31 Biscutella elbensis J. Chrtek 1 1 0

32 Blainvilla acmella (L.) Philipson 1 0 0

33 Calendula arvensis L. 1 0 0

34 Calendula tripterocarpa Rupr. 1 0 0

35 Calligonum polygonoidesL. subsp. comosum 1 0 0

36 Calligonum polygonoidesL. subsp. comosum 0 1 0

37 Caralluma retrospiciens (Ehrenb.) N.E. Br. 1 0 0

38 Caralluma retrospiciens (Ehrenb.) N.E. Br. 1 0 0

39 Carthamus nitidus Boiss. 1 0 0

40 Caylusea hexagyna (Forssk.) M.L.Green 1 0 0


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41 Cenchrus setigerusVahl 0 1 0

42 Centaurea aegyptiaca L. 1 0 0

43 Cheilanthes catanensis 0 0 1

44 Chrozophora oblongifolia (Delile) Spreng. 1 0 0

45 Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt 1 0 0

46 Cocculus pendulus(J.R. & G.Forst.) Diels 1 0 0

47 Cometes abyssinicaR.Br. ex Wall 1 0 0

48 Commelina benghalensisL. 1 0 0

49 Commelina forsskaleiVahl 1 0 0

50 Commicarpus boissieri(Heimerl) Cufod. 1 0 0

51 Commicarpus helenae (Schult.) Meikle 1 0 0

52 Commiphora opobalsamum (L.) Engl. 0 1 0

53 Convolvulus hystrix Vahl 1 1 0

54 Convolvulus rhyniospermus Choisy 1 0 0

55 Convolvulus siculus L. subsp. agrestis (Hochst. ex Schweinf.) Verdc. 1 0 0

56 Conyza aegyptiaca (L.) Dryand. in Ait. 1 0 0

57 Conyza aegyptiaca (L.) Dryand. in Ait. 1 1 0

58 Corchorus trilocularis L. 0 1 0

59 Corchorus trilocularis L. 0 1 0

60 Crotalaria impressaNees ex Walp. 1 0 0

61 Crotalaria microphyllaVahl 1 0 0

62 Crotalaria senegalensis (Pers.) DC. 1 0 0

63 Cucumis prophetarumJuss. subsp. prophetarum 1 0 0

64 Cuscuta chinensisLam. 1 0 0

65 Cuscuta pedicellataLedeb. 1 0 0

66 Cyperus bulbosusVahl 1 0 0

67 Dactyloctenium scindicum Boiss. 1 1 0

68 Delonix elata(L.) Gamble 0 1 0

69 Diceratella elliptica (DC.) Jonsell 1 1 0

70 Dichanthium foveolatum (Delile) Roberty 1 1 0

71 Dieeratella elliptica (DC.) Jonsell.A36 1 1 0

72 Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC. 1 0 0

73 Dodonaea viscosa Jacq 0 1 0

74 Dracaena ombetKy & Peyr. 1 1 0

75 Ecbolium viride 0 1 0

76 ecbolium viride 0 1 0

77 Echinops hussonii Boiss. 0 1 0

78 Echinopus spinosus 0 1 0

79 Echium horridum Batt. 1 0 0

80 Ephedra cilliata 1 1 0

81 Eragrostis aegyptiaca (Willd.) Delile 1 0 0

82 Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) F.T. Hubb. 1 0 0

83 Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) R.Br. 1 0 0

84 Eragrostis tenella (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Sch. 1 0 0

85 Erodium laciniatum(Cav.) Willd. subsp. laciniatum 1 0 0

86 Erodium neuradifoliumDel. ex Godron 1 0 0

87 Euclea racemosa Murray subsp. schimperi (A.DC.) F.White 1 0 0

88 Euclea racemosa Murray subsp. schimperi (A.DC.) F.White 1 1 1

89 Euphorbia arabicaT.Anderson 0 1 0

90 Euphorbia consobrina N.E.Br. 1 1 0

91 Euphorbia cuneata Vahl 0 1 0

92 Euphorbia grossheimii (Prokh.) Prokh. 1 0 0

93 Euphorbia scordifolia 1 0 0


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94 Farsetia longisiliqua Decne 1 1 0

95 Ficus palmata Forssk. 1 0 0

96 Ficus salicifolia Vahl 1 0 0

97 Filago prolifera Pomel 1 0 0

98 Forsskalea tenacissima L. 1 1 0

99 Forsskalea viridis 1 0 0

100 Funaria mediterranea 0 0 1

101 Funaria pallescens 0 0 1

102 Funaria pulchella 0 0 1

103 Galium setaceumLam.hb 1 0 0

104 Galium spurium L. tenerum Gr. et Godr. 1 1 0

105 Geranium biuncinatum Kokwaro 1 0 0

106 Gisekia pharnaceoides L. var. pharnaceoides 1 0 0

107 Glossonema boveanum subsp nubicum (Decne.) 1 0 0

108 Gnaphalium luteo- album L. 1 1 0

109 Grewia tenax(Forssk.) Fiori 1 0 0

110 Gynandropsis gynandra(L.) Briq 1 0 0

111 Haplophyllum tubeculatum ( Forssk.) Adr. Juss. 1 0 0

112 Helichrysum glumaceumDC 1 0 0

113 Heliotropium aegyptiacumLehm 1 0 0

114 Heliotropium arbainense Fres. 1 0 0

115 Hibiscus vitifolius L. 1 0 0

116 Hippocrepis constricta 1 0 0

117 Hyophila laxitexta 0 0 1

118 Hyperrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf 1 0 0

119 Ifloga spicata (Forssk.) Sch. Bip. subsp. Elbaensis 1 0 0

120 Ipomoea obscura(L.) Ker-Gawl. 1 1 0

121 Jasminum fluminense Vell. 1 0 0

122 Jasminum grandiforum 1 0 0

123 Juncus rigidusC.A.Mey. 0 0 1

124 Justicia heterocarpaT. Anderson subsp. heterocarpa 0 1 0

125 Kickxia hastata (R. Br. ex Benth.) Dandy 1 0 0

126 Kickxia heterophylla(Schousb.) Dandy 1 0 0

127 kickxia peudoscoparia 1 1 0

128 Lantana viburnoides ( Forssk.) Vahl 1 1 0

129 Launaea capitata (Spreng.) Dandy 1 0 0

130 Launaea massauensis (Fresen.) Sch.Bip. ex Kuntze 1 0 0

131 Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Hook.f. 1 0 0

132 Launaea procumbens(Roxb.) Lack 1 0 0

133 Lavandula coronopifolia Poir. 1 0 0

134 Lavandula multifida L. 1 0 0

135 Leptothrium senegalensis(Kunth) Clayton 1 1 0

136 Lindenbergia indica (L.) Vatke 1 0 0

137 Lindenbergia indica (L.) Vatke 0 1 0

138 Lindenbergia sinaica (Decne.) Benth. 1 1 0

139 Lycium shawiiRoem. & Schult. 1 1 0

140 Matthiola elliptica R. Br. ex DC. 0 1 0

141 Matthiola elliptica R. Br. ex DC. 1 1 0

142 Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell 1 0 0

143 Melanoloma pullatumCass 1 0 0

144 Micromeria biflora Benth. 1 0 0

145 Misopates orontium(L.) Rafin. 1 0 0

146 Moringa peregrina ( Forssk.) Fiori 0 1 0


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147 Neurada procumbensL. 1 0 0

148 Notholaena vellea 0 0 1

149 Ocimum forsskaoliiBenth. 1 1 0

150 Ocimum menthaefolium Hochst. staminosum Sims 1 1 0

151 Olea europaea L. 1 0 0

152 Onychium divaricatum(Poir.) Alston 0 1 0

153 Onychium melanolepis 1 0 1

154 Ophioglossum polyphyllumA.Br. 1 0 0

155 Osteospermum vaillantii (Decne) T.Norl. 1 1 0

156 Oxalis anthelmintica 1 1

157 Oxygonum sinuatum(Meisn.) Dammer 1 0 0

158 Pancratium sickenbergeri 1 0 0

159 Pancratium tortuosumHerb. 1 0 0

160 parietaria debilis 1 0 0

161 Paronychia argenteaLam. 1 0 0

162 Pennisetum setaceum(Forssk.) Chiov 1 0 0

163 Pennisetum setaceum(Forssk.) Chiov 1 0 0

164 Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov 1 0 0

165 Peristrophe paniculata (Forssk.) Brummitt 0 1 0

166 Phyllanthus rotundifolius Willd. 1 0 0

167 Pimpinella etbaica Schweinf. 1 1 0

168 Pistacia khinjuk 1 0 0

169 Plagiochasma rupestre 0 0 1

170 Plantago afra L. 1 1 0

171 Plantago amplexicaulis 1 0 0

172 Polycarpaea repens 1 0 0

173 Polycarpaea robbairea(Kuntze) Greuter & Burdet 1 0 0

174 Polygala erioptera DC. 1 0 0

175 Portulaca oleracea L. subsp. oleracea 1 0 0

176 Pupalia lappacea (L.) Juss. 1 0 0

177 Reichardia picroides (L.) Roth 1 1 0

178 Reichardia tingitana (L.) Roth 1 1 0

179 Reseda pruinosa Del. 1 0 0

180 Rhus abyssinica Hochst. 1 0 0

181 Rhus abyssinica Hochst. ex Oliver etbaica Engl. 1 0 0

182 Rhus flexicaulisBaker 1 0 0

183 Rhus. tripartita (Ucria) Grande 1 0 0

184 Rhynchosia pulverulentaStocks 1 0 0

185 Riccia aegyptiaca 0 0 1

186 Riccia atromarginata 0 0 1

187 Riccia crystallina 0 0 1

188 Ruellia patula 0 0 1



191 Rumex vesicarius L. 1 0 0

192 Salvadora persica 0 1 0

193 Sclerocephalus arabicus Boiss. 1 0 0

194 Sclerocephalus linearisDecne. 1 0 0

195 Scrophularia arguta Sol 0 1 0

196 Scrophularia arguta Sol. 1 0 0

197 Seddera arabica (Forrsk.) Choisy 1 0 0

198 Seddera latifolia Hochst. et Steudel 1 0 0

199 Senecio flavus (Decne.) Sch. 1 0 0


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200 Senna italica Mill. 1 0 0

201 Seraria viridis (L.) Beauv. 1 0 0

202 Setaria verticillata (L.) P.Beauv. 1 0 0

203 Sida ovata Forssk. 1 0 0

204 Sisymbrium erysimoidesDesf. 1 0 0

205 Solanum incanum 0 1 0

206 Solanum dubium Fres. 1 0 0

207 Solanum forsskaoliiDunal 1 0 0

208 Solanum incanumL. 0 1 0

209 Solanum nigrumL. var. elbaensisT?ckh. & Boulos 1 0 0

210 Solanum schimperianumHochst. ex A.Rich. 1 1 0

211 Solanum unguiculatum A. Rich. 1 1 0

212 Solanum villosum Mill. subsp. villosum 1 1 0

213 Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. 1 0 0

214 Spergula diandra (Guss.) Boiss. 1 0 0

215 Spergula fallax(Lowe) E.H.L.Krause 1 0 0

216 Stipa capensis Thunb. 1 0 0

217 Stipagrostis raddiana (Savi) de Winter 1 0 0

218 Tephrosia purpurea(L.) Pers. subsp. apollinea 1 1 0

219 Timmiella barbula 0 0 1

220 Tragus berteronianus 1 0 0

221 Tribulus bimucronatusViv. 1 0 0

222 Tribulus terrestris L. 1 0 0

223 Trichodesma africana 1 0 0

224 Trichodesma ehrenbergii Schweinf. 1 0 0

225 Triumfetta flavescens 1 0 0

226 Umbilicus botryoides Hochst. ex A. Rich 0 0 1

227 Veronica cinerascens Sch. Bip. Or other species 1 0 0

228 Veronica inslensis Gamal-Eldin or V.beccabunga 0 0 1

229 Withanica obtusifolia Taeckh. 0 1 0

230 Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Willd. 1 0 0

Annex 3. Tombet population's eco-geographical zones variables:

x:36.31310 y:22.22557 alt:313

Tmin Tmax Rain

-----------------------------------

Jan 13.3 24.3 0

Feb 13.3 25 0

Mar 14.7 26.7 0

Apr 16.9 29.9 1

May 20.2 32.9 1

Jun 21.3 35.1 0

Jul 23.3 36.1 0

Aug 23.7 36 1

Sep 22.4 34.8 1

Oct 20.2 31.9 4

Nov 18 28.7 17

Dec 15.2 25.5 3

x:36.34699 y:22.23485 alt:420

Tmin Tmax Rain

-----------------------------------

Jan 12.7 23.7 1

Feb 12.7 24.4 0

Mar 14.1 26.2 0

Apr 16.3 29.3 2

May 19.6 32.4 1

Jun 20.7 34.6 0

Jul 22.7 35.5 0

Aug 23.1 35.5 2

Sep 21.8 34.3 1

Oct 19.5 31.4 5

Nov 17.3 28.1 17

Dec 14.6 24.9 3


Final survey report

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--------------------------------

Year 18.5 30.6 28

--------------------------------

Year 17.9 30 32 Z1 Z2

x:36.39266 y:22.23021 alt:290

Tmin Tmax Rain

-----------------------------------

Jan 13.5 24.4 0

Feb 13.5 25.1 0

Mar 14.9 26.8 0

Apr 17 29.9 1

May 20.3 33 1

Jun 21.4 35.2 0

Jul 23.4 36.1 0

Aug 23.8 36.1 1

Sep 22.5 34.9 1

Oct 20.3 32 4

Nov 18.1 28.8 18

Dec 15.4 25.6 3

--------------------------------

Year 18.7 30.7 29

x:36.32023 y:22.18846 alt:612

Tmin Tmax Rain

-----------------------------------

Jan 11.6 22.6 1

Feb 11.5 23.4 0

Mar 12.9 25.2 1

Apr 15.2 28.4 3

May 18.6 31.5 1

Jun 19.7 33.7 0

Jul 21.7 34.5 1

Aug 22.1 34.6 3

Sep 20.7 33.5 2

Oct 18.3 30.4 5

Nov 16.2 27 17

Dec 13.5 23.8 3

--------------------------------

Year 16.8 29.1 37 Z3 Z4

x:36.34949 y:22.19810 alt:871

Tmin Tmax Rain

-----------------------------------

Jan 10 21.2 1

Feb 10 22 1

Mar 11.5 23.9 1

Apr 13.7 27.1 4

May 17.2 30.3 2

Jun 18.5 32.5 0

Jul 20.4 33.2 2

Aug 20.7 33.3 4

Sep 19.2 32.3 3

Oct 16.8 29.1 6

Nov 14.7 25.5 18

Dec 12 22.4 4

--------------------------------

Year 15.4 27.7 46

x:36.39979 y:22.18454 alt:556

Tmin Tmax Rain

-----------------------------------

Jan 11.9 22.9 1

Feb 11.9 23.7 0

Mar 13.3 25.5 0

Apr 15.5 28.6 2

May 18.8 31.7 1

Jun 20 33.9 0

Jul 22 34.8 1

Aug 22.4 34.8 2

Sep 21 33.7 2

Oct 18.7 30.7 5

Nov 16.6 27.3 18

Dec 13.8 24.1 4

--------------------------------

Year 17.2 29.3 36 Z5 Z6


Final survey report

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Dracaena-MAP-Egypt project Dracaena ombet-MAP-Egypt Project -Final survey report 2 Content

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